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grief, despair, shame, and hopelessness. Some hold reactions to specific traumatic experiences. Some cope with painful emotions with pain-avoidant behaviors like withdrawing, drinking, or overeating. Some cope with painful emotions with self-punishing behaviors like cutting, starving, or isolating. Some rebel with risky or self-destructive behaviors like drinking, smoking, or engaging in unprotected sex. Some try to manage hurtful people with strategic pleasing behaviors like complying or overachieving. Some try to prevent attacks from others by engaging in aggressive behaviors—putting up a façade of strength, intimidation, control, or power. And some try to control other parts of self with warnings, threats, commands, or admonitions intended to encourage behaviors that please others or discourage behaviors that might upset others.
94:. Embodied simulation means that internal representations of the body states associated with the actions, emotions, and sensations of the observed are evoked in the observer, 'as if' he or she were doing a similar action or experiencing a similar emotion or sensation. Gallese believes this process to be a basic functional mechanism of the brain, which engages automatically and unconsciously, not the result of a willed or conscious cognitive effort, not aimed at interpreting the intentions of others. This suggests that the formation of introjects of the significant people in our lives, is a biological reflex that—for better or worse—we have no control over.
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three internal
Resource ego states: a Nurturing Adult Self, a Protective Adult Self, and a Spiritual Core Self. The therapist then guides these three Resources to gently help wounded child ego states get unstuck from the past by meeting their unmet developmental needs, helping them process through painful emotions, and by establishing an emotional bond. The relationship wounded child parts have with these Resources is considered the primary agent for change.
71:, a state of mind can become engrained when a positive event is experienced repeatedly; when a negative event is experienced repeatedly; or when a traumatic event is overwhelming. The DNMS assumes engrained states of mind can become sub-personalities, parts of self, or ego states with a point of view. Some parts form by reacting to others, while others form by introjecting others.
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behaviors; and have an adaptive point of view. Some healthy parts of self may be adaptive introjects, or internal representations of caring, supporting people. A DNMS therapist will help a patient mobilize healthy, internal, Resource ego states that can reparent wounded parts of self to help them heal.
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Once identified, these introjects are then invited to connect with the
Resources. A DNMS therapist will guide the Resources to meet their developmental needs, process through their painful emotions, and strengthen an emotional bond. According to the DNMS model, these interactions with Resource parts
143:. They live in the past; are stuck in painful emotions; hold negative, irrational beliefs about self and world; engage in unwanted or inappropriate behaviors; and have a maladaptive point of view. The DNMS model presumes two categories of wounded ego states—reactive parts and maladaptive introjects.
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fire during significantly positive or negative relationship events. Neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that certain neural circuits get activated in a person who is carrying out an action, expressing an emotion, or experiencing a sensation, and in a person who is observing that person's action,
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Two DNMS case-study articles have been published in peer-reviewed journals. One is a case study about a patient with dissociative identity disorder. The other is eight case studies representing the work of three DNMS therapists. While these published case-studies tend to support the assertion that
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According to this hypothesis, maladaptive introject is a part of self that forms when mirror neurons fire in the presence of a significant role model who is physically or emotionally wounding (such as an abusive or rejecting parent.) In the DNMS model a maladaptive introject is conceptualized as a
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were not adequately met is the degree to which a client may be stuck in childhood. This model aims to identify ego states that are stuck in the past and help them get unstuck by remediating those unmet developmental needs. The processing starts with the DNMS therapist guiding a patient to mobilize
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The processing starts with the
Resource Development Protocol. This protocol strengthens a client's connection to three healthy parts of self—a Nurturing Adult Self, a Protective Adult Self, and a Spiritual Core Self. These Resources are based on real experiences a patient has had of nurturing and
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When the mask is activated (or when the recording plays) the wounding message is directed to reactive parts who perceive the wounding experience from the past is still happening in the present. (The relationship between maladaptive introjects and reactive parts in the DNMS model is similar to the
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According to Siegel, reactive parts of self form in reaction to significantly wounding experiences. People are usually very aware of the problem behaviors, beliefs, or emotions of reactive parts. There are many types of reactive parts. Some hold raw emotions, like anxiety, terror, anger, sadness,
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According to this hypothesis, healthy parts of self form in response to positive, affirming relationships with role models who are loving and attuned. They live in the present; feel and manage the full range of emotions; hold positive beliefs about self and world; engage in appropriate, desirable
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Next a series of steps are employed to identify a group of important maladaptive introjects connected by a common theme, such as rejection, abuse, or enmeshment. The steps include an
Attachment Needs Ladders questionnaire, a Conference Room Protocol, and a Switching the Dominance Protocol.
59:(wounded ego states that mimic abusive, neglectful, or dysfunctional caregivers. The model assumes that these ego states cause the most trouble for clients, so helping them heal may result in a significant benefit—leading to a decrease in unwanted behaviors, beliefs, and emotions.
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part of self with an intrinsically good true nature that is unwillingly wearing a mask or costume that conveys the role model's wounding messages. The mask is the mirror neuron's engrained recording of a past wounding experience.
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Introjection is the unconscious internalization of another person's behaviors, ideas, values, or points of view. An introject is an internal representation of another person. The DNMS assumes an introject can form when
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Freud, S. (1923/1961). The ego and the id. In J Strachey (Ed. and Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of
Sigmund Freud (Vol.19). London: Hogarth Press. (Original work published in
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Gallese V., Eagle M.E., and Migone P. (2007). Intentional attunement: Mirror neurons and the neural underpinnings of interpersonal relations. Journal of the
American Psychoanalytic Association, 55: 131-176.
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Parts of self can interact with each other like family members—for example, cooperatively, antagonistically, or both. They can have competing agendas, which can lead to internal conflicts. The DNMS is an
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The DNMS endeavors to get maladaptive introjects unstuck from the past. This is intended to stop the internal conflict generated between wounding introjects masks and wounded reactive parts.
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the DNMS is effective, they do not meet the criteria for empirical research. The DNMS has not yet been tested in controlled clinical trials and cannot be called an evidence-based therapy.
230:
Schmidt, Shirley Jean (2009). The
Developmental Needs Meeting Strategy: An Ego State Therapy for Healing Adults with Childhood Trauma and Attachment Wounds. San Antonio: DNMS Institute.
102:. Like other ego state therapies, it aims to help individual wounded ego states heal, and encourage cooperation and integration between ego states. (Other ego state therapies include
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Schmidt, S.J. (2004) Developmental Needs
Meeting Strategy: A new treatment approach applied to dissociative identity disorder. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 5(4), 55-78.
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Siegel argues that wounded parts of self form in response to traumas; and to negative, wounding relationships with role models who are abusive, neglectful, rejecting, and
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protecting a loved one, and peak spiritual experiences—so that patients understand their
Resources are real parts of self, not just imaginary helpers.
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Perls, F.S., Hefferline, R.F., & Goodman, P. (1951). Gestalt therapy: Excitement and growth in the human personality. New York: Dell.
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therapy) is applied at key points in the protocol to enhance the process. The DNMS focuses special attention on healing maladaptive
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Berne, E. (1961). Transactional analysis in psychotherapy, a systematic individual and social psychiatry. New York: Grove Press.
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Schmidt, S.J., & Hernandez, A. (2007). The
Developmental Needs Meeting Strategy: Eight case studies. Traumatology. 13:27-48.
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Gallese V., Fadiga L., Fogassi L., and Rizzolatti G. (1996). Action recognition in the premotor cortex. Brain 119: 593-609.
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of self will help introjects heal. As they heal, patients report unwanted behaviors, beliefs, and emotions diminish.
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Perls, F. S. (1973). The Gestalt approach and eyewitness to therapy. Science and Behavior Books, Inc.
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Watkins, J. G., & Watkins, H. H. (1997). Ego states: Theory and therapy. New York: Norton.
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90:. He believes shared activation of neural circuits leads to
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86:, one of the discoverers of mirror neurons, calls this
51:Alternating bilateral stimulation (made popular by
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513:Cognitive behavioral therapy
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553:Emotionally focused therapy
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857:Cognitive restructuring
578:Person-centered therapy
397:DNMS Institute web site
80:emotion, or sensation.
788:Contingency management
667:Transtheoretical model
657:Eclectic psychotherapy
634:Transactional analysis
156:Maladaptive introjects
118:, Voice Dialogue, and
112:transactional analysis
16:Psychotherapy approach
1274:Psychotherapy by type
738:Common factors theory
702:Residential treatment
165:relationship between
135:Wounded parts of self
126:Healthy parts of self
1167:Lorna Smith Benjamin
1002:Harry Stack Sullivan
927:Sensitivity training
728:Clinical formulation
33:psychological trauma
899:Group psychotherapy
810:Counterconditioning
687:Brief psychotherapy
558:Existential therapy
92:embodied simulation
1027:Milton H. Erickson
862:Emotion regulation
842:Autogenic training
733:Clinical pluralism
662:Multimodal therapy
461:Analytical therapy
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1187:William R. Miller
1172:Marsha M. Linehan
1142:Jean Baker Miller
1102:Salvador Minuchin
982:Ludwig Binswanger
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770:Behaviour therapy
697:Online counseling
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614:Narrative therapy
518:Cognitive therapy
363:978-3-423-15050-7
328:978-0-393-70259-0
311:978-0-553-20540-4
284:978-0-345-33836-5
256:978-1-57230-453-6
236:978-0-615-27469-0
100:ego state therapy
88:shared activation
41:ego state therapy
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1177:Vittorio Guidano
1147:Otto F. Kernberg
1017:Donald Winnicott
874:Free association
819:Exposure therapy
798:Stimulus control
778:Aversion therapy
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604:Feminist therapy
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1152:Nathan Azrin
1127:Arthur Janov
1087:Joseph Wolpe
1072:Albert Ellis
1052:George Kelly
1037:Erik Erikson
997:Karen Horney
967:Alfred Adler
962:Pierre Janet
952:Josef Breuer
884:Hypnotherapy
619:Play therapy
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1112:Haim Ginott
1042:Carl Rogers
1007:Fritz Perls
922:Psychodrama
847:Biofeedback
649:Integrative
594:Art therapy
573:Logotherapy
1097:Aaron Beck
1012:Anna Freud
907:Co-therapy
762:Techniques
692:Counseling
680:Approaches
545:Humanistic
488:behavioral
218:References
57:introjects
37:attachment
1057:Rollo May
992:Otto Rank
977:Carl Jung
707:Self-help
141:enmeshing
1268:Category
889:Modeling
879:Homework
783:Chaining
721:Research
563:Focusing
206:See also
197:Research
171:underdog
793:Shaping
748:History
440:Schools
167:top dog
27:) is a
940:People
361:
326:
309:
296:1923).
282:
254:
234:
587:Other
45:needs
639:List
359:ISBN
324:ISBN
307:ISBN
280:ISBN
252:ISBN
232:ISBN
169:and
53:EMDR
25:DNMS
19:The
122:.)
1270::
114:,
110:,
106:,
817:/
425:e
418:t
411:v
365:.
330:.
313:.
286:.
258:.
238:.
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