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259:, this period might be a hundred years or more. Presumably, even if the energy achieved in the LHC, ~ 10 eV, were increased by up to 12 orders of magnitude, this would only result in producing more copious amounts of the particles known today, with no underlying structure being probed. The aforementioned timespan might be shortened by observing the GUT scale through a radical development in
348:, the new heavy neutrino states must have masses below the GUT scale in order to produce the observed O(1 meV) masses. Indicative examples of the order of magnitude of the corresponding masses and fermion mixing parameters in accordance with experimental data have been calculated within the context of katoptrons.
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Unified
Theories themselves, and adding new interactions at any intermediate energy scale generally disrupts this gauge coupling unification. The disruption arises from the new quantum fields- the new forces and particles- which introduce new coupling constants and new interactions that modify the existing
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at the GUT scale. When the values of the gauge coupling constants of the weak nuclear, strong nuclear, and electromagnetic forces are plotted as a function of energy, the 3 values appear to nearly converge to a common single value at very high energies. This was one theoretical motivation for Grand
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Precision measurements of known particles and processes, such as extremely rare particle decays, have already indirectly probed energy scales up to 1 PeV (10 GeV) without finding any confirmed deviations from the
Standard Model. This significantly constrains any new physics that might exist below
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In the
Standard Model, there is no physics which stabilizes the Higgs boson mass to its actual observed value. Since the actual value is far below the GUT scale, whatever new physics ultimately does stabilize it must become apparent at lower energies
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As of 2019, the LHC has excluded the existence of many new particles up to masses of a few TeV, or about 10x the mass of the top quark. Other indirect evidence in favor of a large energy desert for a certain distance above the
293:") at a new energy scale associated with the breaking of the new symmetry, ruling out the conventional energy desert. They can, however, contain an analogous "desert" between the new energy scale and the GUT scale.
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So far there is no direct evidence of new fundamental particles with masses between the electroweak and GUT scale, consistent with the desert. However, there are some theories about why such particles might exist:
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Such exact gauge unification is a generic feature of supersymmetric models, and remains a major theoretical motivation for developing them. Such models automatically introduce new particles ("
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coupling constants at higher energies. The fact that the convergence in the
Standard Model is actually inexact, however, is one of the key theoretical arguments
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refers to a theorized gap in energy scales, between approximately the electroweak energy scale–conventionally defined as roughly the vacuum expectation value or
496:). Depending on the results of currently ongoing experiments, these effects may already indicate the existence of unknown new particles below about 100 TeV.
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The absence of any observed proton decays, which has already ruled out many new physics models that can produce them up to (and beyond) the GUT scale.
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Precision measurements have produced several outstanding discrepancies with the
Standard Model in recent years. These include anomalies in certain
422:, suggests it's very unlikely that there are any new particles with masses much higher than those which can be found in the standard model or the
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The leading theoretical explanations of neutrino masses, the various seesaw models, all require new heavy neutrino states below the GUT scale.
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will be discovered until reaching the scale of approximately 10 eV. According to the theory, measurements of TeV-scale physics at the
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Alternatives to the desert exhibit particles and interactions unfolding with every few orders of magnitude increase in the energy scale.
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39:
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Afshordi, Niayesh; Kim, Hyungjin; Nelson, Elliot (15 March 2017). "Pulsar Timing
Constraints on Physics Beyond the Standard Model".
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Afshordi, Niayesh (21 November 2019). "On the origin of the LIGO "mystery" noise and the high energy particle physics desert".
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involved, with no new physics below 10 m (the currently probed length scale) and above 10 m (the GUT length scale).
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will simply have nothing more fundamental to discover, over a very long period of time. Depending on the rate of the
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All the
Standard Model particles were discovered well below the energy scale of approximately 10
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The idea of the desert was motivated by the observation of approximate, order of magnitude,
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will become strongly coupled before 1 PeV, leading to other new physics in the TeVs.
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can also lead to exact unification after a similar energetic desert. If the known
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the Desert, since making the unification exact requires new physics below the
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require the new, long-lived particles to have masses far below the GUT scale.
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decay modes and rates are so far consistent with the
Standard Model.
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782:"Superparticle sum rules in the presence of hidden sector dynamics"
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248:(ILC) will allow extrapolation all the way up to the GUT scale .
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scale (or even no particles at all beyond this scale) includes:
557:"MASS GENERATION AND THE DYNAMICAL ROLE OF THE KATOPTRON GROUP"
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Kawamura, Yoshiharu; Kinami, Teppei; Miura, Takashi (2009).
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Above these energies, desert theory with the assumption of
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or 1 TeV. The heaviest
Standard Model particle is the
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decays and a discrepancy in the measured value of the
609:"Cosmological bounds on TeV-scale physics and beyond"
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251:The particle desert's negative implication is that
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
607:Afshordi, Niayesh; Nelson, Elliot (7 April 2016).
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426:. However, this research has also indicated that
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267:events, or another, yet undeveloped technology.
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516:"Neutrinos, their partners, and unification"
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719:"What No New Particles Means for Physics"
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149:It can also be described as a gap in the
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
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282:, adjustment of parameters can make the
189:, with a mass of approximately 173 GeV.
407:Research from experimental data on the
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286:exact. This unification is not unique.
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280:Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model
717:Wolchover, Natalie (9 August 2016).
463:weakly interacting massive particles
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44:adding citations to reliable sources
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13:
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842:Physics beyond the Standard Model
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520:The European Physical Journal C
257:increase in experiment energies
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55:"Desert" particle physics
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819:10.1088/1126-6708/2009/01/064
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246:International Linear Collider
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772:10.1016/0370-2693(90)90612-A
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745:"LHC, SSC and the universe"
555:Triantaphyllou, G. (2001).
514:Triantaphyllou, G. (1999).
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743:Dimopoulos, Savas (1990).
643:10.1103/PhysRevD.93.083505
244:(LHC) and the near-future
158:gauge coupling unification
583:10.1142/S0217732301002274
494:anomalous magnetic moment
561:Modern Physics Letters A
177:Standard model particles
542:10.1007/s100520050609
424:Large Hadron Collider
409:cosmological constant
242:Large Hadron Collider
837:Grand Unified Theory
435:quantum field theory
332:Mirror matter desert
253:experimental physics
120:Grand Unified Theory
40:improve this article
810:2009JHEP...01..064K
763:1990PhLB..246..347D
635:2016PhRvD..93h3505A
336:Scenarios like the
261:accelerator physics
366:. You can help by
311:. You can help by
207:. You can help by
750:Physics Letters B
729:Simons Foundation
613:Physical Review D
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38:Please help
33:verification
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734:19 December
656:20 February
471:dark matter
469:models for
465:(WIMP) and
442:Higgs boson
394:electroweak
274:MSSM desert
138:(about 246
136:Higgs field
126:(GUT), the
831:Categories
794:(1): 064.
699:1703.05331
678:1911.09384
626:1504.00012
526:(4): 703.
501:References
265:cosmic ray
228:The desert
142:)–and the
96:April 2015
66:newspapers
801:0810.3965
651:119110506
591:0217-7323
278:With the
238:particles
187:top quark
171:GUT scale
144:GUT scale
387:Evidence
375:May 2017
320:May 2017
216:May 2017
806:Bibcode
759:Bibcode
631:Bibcode
482:B meson
167:against
151:lengths
134:of the
118:In the
80:scholar
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418:, and
128:desert
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796:arXiv
694:arXiv
673:arXiv
647:S2CID
621:arXiv
569:arXiv
528:arXiv
486:Muon
467:axion
461:Both
416:noise
87:JSTOR
73:books
792:2009
736:2016
658:2023
587:ISSN
477:too.
413:LIGO
59:news
814:doi
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