Dental cement - Knowledge

45:(GIC), can come in capsules and are mechanically mixed using rotating or oscillating mixing machines. Resin cements are not cements in a narrow sense, but rather polymer based composite materials. ISO 4049: 2019 classifies these polymer-based luting materials according to curing mode as class 1 (self-cured), class 2 (light-cured), or class 3 (dual-cured). Most of the commercially available products are class 3 materials, combining chemical- and light-activation mechanisms. 1788:

dentures. Zinc phosphate exhibits a very high compressive strength, average tensile strength and appropriate film thickness when applies according to manufacturer guidelines. However, issues with the clinical use of zinc phosphate are its initially low pH when applied in an oral environment (linked to pulpal irritation) and the cement's inability to chemically bond to the tooth surface, although this has not affected the successful long-term use of the material.

1908: 1624:. They are commonly used to definitively cement indirect restorations, especially resin bonded bridges and ceramic or indirect composite restorations, to the tooth tissue. They are usually used in conjunction with a bonding agent as they have no ability to bond to the tooth, although there are some products that can be applied directly to the tooth (self-etching products). 1672:

Zinc polycarboxylate was invented in 1968 and was revolutionary as it was the first cement to exhibit the ability to chemically bond to the tooth surface. Very little pulpal irritation is seen with its use due to the large size of the polyacrylic acid molecule. This cement is commonly used for the

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Historically, zinc phosphate and polycarboxylate cements were used for this technique; however, since the mid-1980s composite resins have been the material of choice due to their adhesive properties. Common resin cements utilised for bonded amalgams are RMGIC and dual-cure resin based composite.

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was the very first dental cement to appear on the dental marketplace and is seen as the “standard” for other dental cements to be compared to. The many uses of this cement include permanent cementation of crowns, orthodontic appliances, intraoral splints, inlays, post systems, and fixed partial

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Formerly known as the most commonly used luting agent, zinc phosphate cement works successfully for permanent cementation. It does not possess anticariogenic effects, is not adherent to tooth structure, and acquires a moderate degree of intraoral solubility. However, zinc phosphate cement can

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is a method to protect the pulp chamber if the clinician suspects it may have been exposed by caries or cavity preparation. Indirect pulp caps are indicated for suspected micro-exposures whereas direct pulp caps are place on a visibly exposed pulp. In order to encourage pulpal recovery, it is

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does not bond to tooth tissue and therefore requires mechanical retention in the form of undercuts, slots and grooves. However, if insufficient tooth tissue remains after cavity preparation to provide such retentive features, a cement can be utilised to help retain the amalgam in the cavity.

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being the most prevalent. Normally a patch test done by dermatologists will be used to diagnose the condition. Glass ionomer cements have been used to substitute zinc oxide eugenol cements (thus removing the allergen), with positive outcome from patients.

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Zinc oxide eugenol constituents a mixture of zinc oxide and eugenol to form a polymerised eugenol cement. The setting reaction produces an end product called zinc eugenolate, which readily hydrolyses, producing free eugenol that causes adverse effects on

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When a cavity reaches close proximity to the pulp chamber, it is advisable to protect the pulp from further insult by placing a base or liner as a means of insulation from the definitive restoration. Cements indicated for liners and bases include:

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materials are used to cement fixed prosthodontics such as crowns and bridges. Luting cements are often of similar composition to restorative cements; however, they usually have less filler, meaning the cement is less viscous.

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requirements as they will be in the oral cavity for a long period of time. Some dental cements can contain chemicals that may induce allergic reactions on various tissues in the oral cavity. Common allergic reactions include

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dressings. Zinc oxide eugenol is a cement commonly used for provisional restorations and root canal obturation. Although classified as non-cariogenic by the US Food and Drug Administration, eugenol is proven to be

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irritate nerve pulp; hence, pulp protection is required but the use of polycarboxylate cement (zinc polycarboxylate or glass ionomer) is highly recommended since it is a more biologically compatible cement.

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Sulaiman, Taiseer A.; Abdulmajeed, Awab A.; Altitinchi, Ali; Ahmed, Sumitha N.; Donovan, Terence E. (June 2018). "Mechanical properties of resin-based cements with different dispensing and mixing methods".

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Traditionally cements have separate powder and liquid components which are manually mixed. Thus working time, amount and consistency can be individually adapted to the task at hand. Some cements, such as

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Cementation of inlays, onlays, crowns and bridges made of precious metal, non-precious metal as well as metal ceramic and all-ceramic (zirconium oxide, aluminium oxide and lithium disilicate ceramic)

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Retention – if an adhesive bond occurs between the cement and the restorative material, retention is greatly enhanced. Otherwise, the retention depends on the geometry of the tooth preparation.

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have a wide range of dental and orthodontic applications. Common uses include temporary restoration of teeth, cavity linings to provide pulpal protection, sedation or insulation and cementing

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Dental cements can be utilised in a variety of ways depending on the composition and mixture of the material. The following categories outline the main uses of cements in dental procedures.

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restorations, cements are usually used as a temporary restorative material. This is generally due to their reduced mechanical properties which may not withstand long-term occlusal load.

2275:. Dean, Jeffrey A. (Jeffrey Alan),, Jones, James E. (James Earl), 1950-, Vinson, LaQuia A. Walker,, Preceded by (work): McDonald, Ralph E., 1920- (Tenth ed.). St. Louis, Missouri. 1608: 58:

cement is considered the most biocompatible material with a low allergy potential despite the occasional initial acid pain (as a consequence of inadequate powder/liquid ratio)

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A slow chelation reaction of two eugenol molecules and one zinc ion to form zinc eugenolate without moisture. However, setting can be completed fast when water is present.

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Goldey, Glenn J.; Roumis, Demetris K.; Glickfeld, Lindsey L.; Kerlin, Aaron M.; Reid, R. Clay; Bonin, Vincent; Schafer, Dorothy P.; Andermann, Mark L. (November 2014).

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Eugenol is widely used in dentistry for different applications including impression pastes, periodontal dressings, cements, filling materials, endodontic sealers and

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Deshpande A N, Verma S, Macwan C. January 2014. Allergic Reaction Associated with the use of Eugenol Containing Dental Cement in a Young Child. Research Gate.

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Resistant to dissolution in saliva, or other oral fluid – a primary cause of decementation is dissolution of the cement at the margins of a restoration

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Calcium hydroxide in water (water can be substitute by a solution of methyl cellulose in water or a synthetic polymer in volatile organic solvent)

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Supplied as a powder (zinc oxide and aluminosilicate glass mixture) and liquid (aqueous solution of phosphoric acid with buffers)

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Usually a powder (zinc oxide with other metallic oxides, e.g. magnesium oxide) and liquid (aqueous solution of phosphoric acid)

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Thermocycling significantly reduces the fracture toughness of all resin-based cements except RelyX Unicem 2 AND G-CEM LinkAce.

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Dual-cured – can be light cured at the restoration margins but chemically cure in areas that the curing lamp cannot penetrate

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All automixed resin-based cements have greater compressive strength than hand-mixed counterpart, except for Variolink II.

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Allergy contact dermatitis has been proven to be the highest clinical occurrence usually localised to soft tissues with

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Forms unconsumed cores of zinc oxide and glass particles enclosed by matrix of zinc and aluminium phosphates.

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Cements are classified on the basis of their components. Generally, they can be classified into categories:

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Supplied as a powder (mainly zinc oxide and reinforcing agents: quartz and hydrogenated rosin and liquid

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High strength in tension, shear and compression to resist stress at the restoration–tooth interface.

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MSEd, AEGIS Communications, By Mojdeh Dehghan, DDS, Ashanti D. Braxton, DDS, James F. Simon, DDS.

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Supplied as two pastes or as a powder (zinc oxide) and liquid (zinc acetate, eugenol, olive oil)

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Supplied as a powder (zinc oxide and copperions) and liquid (aqueous solution of phosphoric acid)

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important to use a sedative, non-cytotoxic material such as setting calcium hydroxide cement.

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Zinc polycarboxylate is also sometimes referred to as zinc polyacrylate or zinc polyalkenoate

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Expands minimally, can thus compensate for polymerisation shrinkage under composite fillings

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resin cements, including the latest generation of self-adhesive resin cements that contain

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Zinc polycarboxylate cements adhere to enamel and dentine by means of chelation reaction.

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Self-etch – these etch the tooth surface and do not require an intermediate bonding agent

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All-ceramic crowns – due to uptake of water causing swelling and pressure on the crown

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High micromechanical bonding to prepared enamel, dentin, alloys, and ceramic surfaces

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Soluble in mouth particularly where stannous fluoride is incorporated in the powder

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Components of the liquid include poly(acrylic) acid, itaconic acid and maleic acid.

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Cementation of all-ceramic restorations – with compressive strength below 200 MPa

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installation of crowns, bridges, inlays, onlays, and orthodontic appliances.

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Higher powder/liquid ratio can be achieved, so the set material can be strong

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Dental materials such as filling and orthodontic instruments must satisfy

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Used as lining material under silicate and resin-based filling materials

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Light cured under a metal crown since it would not cure through the metal

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Provide a good marginal (bacteria-tight) seal to prevent marginal leakage

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Zinc oxide (powder) + poly(acrylic) acid (liquid) = Zinc polycarboxylate

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Jack L Ferracane, 2001. Materials in Dentistry Second Edition. Colombia

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Chelate compounds are formed and chelation is largely due to zinc ions

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All-ceramic crowns with high strength cores such as alumina or zirconia

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Rapid set – time limitation especially in cementation of several units

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Good thermal insulation properties as a liner under metal restorations

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cement is considered the most sensitive type due to the properties of

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of neuronal activity in brains of animal models in basic experimental

2066:"ISO 4049: 2019 (en) Dentistry — Polymer-based restorative materials" 1825: 1563: 1551: 1528:. These contain metal oxide fillers embedded in a metal salt matrix. 2064:

International Organization for Standardization (12 February 2023).

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Interferes with polymerisation process and leads to discoloration

2234:"An Overview of Permanent Cements | ID | aegisdentalnetwork.com" 2092:

Daugela, Povilas; Oziunas, Rimantas; Zekonis, Gediminas (2008).

2094:"Antibacterial potential of contemporary dental luting cements" 2018:. Pearson, Gavin J. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. 1954:"Removable cranial windows for long-term imaging in awake mice" 1845: 1641:

Resin cements come in a range of shades to improve aesthetics.

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Cements can be classified based on the type of their matrix:

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Minimal invasive caries treatment with modified ART technique

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Lining for all filling materials (polymer-based and amalgam)

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Setting expansion may lead to cracking of all-ceramic crowns

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McDonald and Avery's dentistry for the child and adolescent

2130:. Walls, Angus. (9th ed.). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Pub. 1951: 1833: 233:

Indirect pulp-capping only if pretreated with copal varnish

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Low film thickness (maximum 25 microns acc. to ISO 9917-1).

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and reduced healing occurs whereas for low concentrations

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READY2PROTECT Copperioncement (Hoffmann Dental Manufaktur)

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Titanium-based restorations (cement discolouration occurs)

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Indirect pulp capping in combination with Copal Varnish

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Acid-base Cements (1993) A. D. Wilson and J.W. Nicholson

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Dental cements based on organometallic chelate compounds

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If a ZOE cement has been used for the previous temporary

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When resin cement to be used for permanent cementation

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Stomatologija, Baltic Dental and Maxillofacial Journal

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Lining for all filling materials (amalgam, composites)

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appliances. Recent uses of dental cement also include

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or other types of fillers in an organic resin matrix.

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Any cement which is non-adhesive (NOT resin cements)

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