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March 2021, the second phase of the restoration has been completed, which includes cleaning the Great
Pillars Hall and restoring the original colors and clarity of painted scenes on walls and ceilings. More activity continues at the temple, including a cooperative effort started in 2019 with the French Archaeological delegation to turn the temple courtyard into an open museum.
492:
1045:"Trajan was, in fact, quite active in Egypt. Separate scenes of Domitian and Trajan making offerings to the gods appear on reliefs on the propylon of the Temple of Hathor at Dendera. There are cartouches of Domitian and Trajan on the column shafts of the Temple of Knum at Esna, and on the exterior a frieze text mentions Domitian, Trajan, and Hadrian"
603:
The
Supreme Council of Antiquities began the project of restoration and maintenance of the temple in 2005. Efforts stopped in 2011 and then resumed in 2017, after the completion of necessary scientific and archaeological studies, along with careful experimental studies using modern techniques. As of
721:
The
Dendera complex has long been one of the most tourist-accessible ancient Egyptian places of worship. It used to be possible to visit virtually every part of the complex, from the crypts to the roof. However, the highest part of the roof of Hathor temple has been closed since
544:
reportedly were used for storing vessels and divine iconography. An opening in the Flame Room floor leads to a narrow chamber with representations on the walls of the objects which were kept in them. In the second chamber, a relief depicts Pepi I offering a statuette of the God
705:
In March 2023, during the recent excavations at the site archaeologists uncovered a limestone sphinx. This sphinx is depicted with a slight grin and dimples and is thought to have been created in the image of the Roman emperor
Claudius. On the sphinx's head sits a
635:. Numerous reliefs of Trajan making offerings to Egyptian deities can be seen. The presence of the Roman mammisi at the Dendera Temple Complex is indicative of the long and complicated history of the Romans in Egypt. As seen in the images below, Roman Emperor
163:
This would have functioned similarly to a Roman bathhouse, but strictly for bathing and an overnight stay to manifest healing dreams. The waters at
Dendera were sacred and were often used to bless the inscriptions on statues so that they could cure
520:, to do so, or whether they stole it. (It is also said that in 1822, an antiquities thief using the name "Claude Le Lorraine" removed the zodiac from Dendera, brought it back to France, and sold it to the King.) The real one is now in the Louvre.
1429:
1414:
1468:". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Vol. 276, No. 1257, The Place of Astronomy in the Ancient World (May 2, 1974), pp. 51–65
512:(or Denderah zodiac) is a widely known relief found in a late Greco-Roman temple, containing images of the zodiac system still recognized today (i.e. Taurus and Libra ). A sketch was made during the
117:, and the period characterized by Roman provincial rule. There is evidence that there was an even earlier building on this site, circa 2250 B.C.E., which could have begun during the reign of
875:
516:. In 1820 it was removed from the temple ceiling by French colonizers and later replaced with a copy. There is controversy as to whether they were granted permission by Egypt's ruler,
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673:
1365:"Soot removal from ancient Egyptian complex painted surfaces using a double network gel: Empirical tests on the ceiling of the sanctuary of Osiris in the temple of Seti I—Abydos"
464:, which appear on temple walls, are good examples of Ptolemaic Egyptian art. On the rear of the temple exterior is a carving of Cleopatra VII Philopator (the popular, well-known
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to four images of Hathor. (Hathor is understood to be Ihy's mother.) In the crypt accessible from the Throne Room, Ptolemy XII has jewelry and offerings for the gods.
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583:, is depicted as one of the ancient gods, a "primeval creator." Harsomtus is likely depicted at the Dendera Temple Complex due the main temple being dedicated to
815:
1534:
479:
There are ten dead deities represented at
Dendera, specifically on/in Hathor's temple, that can be connected to the nine dead deities at Horus's temple in
689:
109:, was inhabited by thousands at its peak. Due to its massive size, the structures throughout the complex were constructed over many eras, such as the
587:. In Egyptian mythology, Harsomtus is referenced as either Hathor's son or lover. In six reliefs he is positioned within an oval container called a
211:
The
Dendera Temple is not to be confused with the Dendera Necropolis, which consists of a series of tombs. The Dendera Necropolis dates back to the
827:
445:
528:, dated it back to the Ptolemaic period, and it has been proved that he was correct, as Egyptologists now date it back to the first century BC.
1415:"The Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities completes the second phase of the restoration and developing project at the Dendera Temple in Qena"
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Convention for the
Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict with Regulations for the Execution of the Convention
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The Hathor temple's subterranean tombs contain twelve chambers. Some reliefs seen in the tombs are dated to as late as the reign of
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construction of the Temple of Hathor. The necropolis runs across the eastern edge of the western hill and over the northern plain.
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The texts in the lower crypts of the Hathor temples of
Dendera: their statements for the function and meaning of these areas
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The temple that dominates this complex, the structure that commands the attention of those who visit, is the Temple of
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Die Texte in den unteren
Krypten des Hathortempels von Dendera: ihre Aussagen zur Funktion und Bedeutung dieser Räume
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Brodie, Neil, and Colin Renfrew. "Looting and the World's Archaeological Heritage: The Inadequate Response."
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The entirety of the complex is surrounded by a sizable mudbrick wall. Dendera, an oasis on the banks of the
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1133:"Pharaonic temples in Upper Egypt from the Ptolemaic and Roman periods - UNESCO World Heritage Centre"
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https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/archaeologists-egypt-unearth-small-sphinx-statue-180981770/
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42:
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Sage and Emperor: Plutarch, Greek Intellectuals, and Roman Power in the Time of Trajan (98-117 A.D.)
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is depicted in the reliefs as an Egyptian Pharaoh and he is making offerings to the Egyptian gods.
1293:"The Theology of Hathor of Dendera: Aural and Visual Scribal Techniques in the Per-Wer Sanctuary"
220:
110:
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304:
192:
Used as a resting place for the statues of the gods when outside of the temple during festivals
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Kuta, Sarah. "Smiling Sphinx Statue Unearthed in Egypt." Smithsonian Magazine. March 8, 2023.
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483:. This would be due to the either parental or marital relationship between Hathor and Horus.
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122:
1625:. Edited by J. A. (John Alexander) Hammerton. New ed. ... New York: Wise & Co., 1937.
318:
was quite active in constructing buildings and decorating them. He appears, together with
8:
537:
1684:
Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum (2023). "Middle Kingdom Monuments: Dendera Temple Complex".
1671:. 28 July 2003. Retrieved 16 March 2023. https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1824/
1623:
Wonders of the Past: a World-Wide Survey of the Marvellous Works of Man in Ancient Times
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129:(ca. 1500 BC). The earliest extant (surviving) building in the compound today is the
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Verner, Miroslav; Bryson-Gustova, Anna (2013). "Dendera: The Heliopolis of Hathor".
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1560:"Petrified Sound and Digital Color: A Hathor Colum in the New Ptolemaic Galleries."
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https://egyptianmuseum.org/explore/middle-kingdom-monuments-dendera-temple-complex
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287:. The original temple structure underwent continuous modifications throughout the
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Dendera in the third millennium B.C. down to the theban domination of upper Egypt
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Al-Emam, Ehab; Motawea, Abdel Ghafour; Caen, Joost; Janssens, Koen (2021).
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295:. The existing temple's structure began construction in 54 B.C.E, the late
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1667:"Pharaonic temples in Upper Egypt from the Ptolemaic and Roman periods".
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Kaper, O.E. “A Fragment from the Osiris Chapels at Dendera in Bristol.”
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Temple of the World: Sanctuaries, Cults, and Mysteries of Ancient Egypt
1506:. 2004. (ed. An analysis of how the Egyptians didn't have electricity).
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Emperor Trajan as a Pharaoh making an offering to the Gods, in Dendera.
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Jaarbericht Van Het Vooraziatisch Egyptisch Genootschap Ex Oriente Lux
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https://en.unesco.org/sites/default/files/1954_Convention_EN_2020.pdf
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Sacred Lake (source of water for sacred rituals and for everyday use)
1678:. Edited by Jacco Dieleman and Carol Redmount. PDF. Lockwood Press.
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1630:
https://archive.org/details/wondersofpastwor00hamm/page/n11/mode/2up
1596:
GABER, AMR (2015). "THE TEN DEAD DEITIES OF THE TEMPLE OF DENDERA".
322:, in offering scenes on the propylaeum of the Temple of Hathor. His
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United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. “
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Salem, Aisha. “Finders Keepers? The Repatriation of Egyptian Art.”
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The compound's massive mudbrick walls, as seen from the temple roof
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41:; the 19th-century English spelling in most sources, including
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and up until the beginning of the reign of the Roman emperor
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1650:. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. p. 153.
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Arnold, Dieter; Heywood, Ann; Chen, Sara (August 12, 2018).
1080:. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. p. 153.
881:
Digitally manipulated photograph of an interior wall in the
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Restored ceiling of the Temple of Hathor (photographed 2011)
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Ceiling of the temple before restoration (photographed 2007)
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The second stage of the roof was closed in November 2004.
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Buildings and structures completed in the 23rd century BC
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468:) and her son, Ptolemy XV Philopator Philometor Caesar (
1493:". T. Nelson and Sons, 1885. 380 pages. Page 218 - 226
1348:. The Egyptian Society of South Africa. Archived from
683:
brings offerings to Hathor and Ra-Harakhte, Dendera.
1017:
An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt
326:also appears in the column shafts of the Temple of
1780:Former religious buildings and structures in Egypt
1151:
960:"Middle Kingdom Monuments: Dendera Temple Complex"
1785:1st-century BC religious buildings and structures
1700:https://scholarship.law.ufl.ed/jtlp/vol10/iss1/6.
1490:Egypt Past and Present: Described and Illustrated
742:Satellite buildings of the Dendera Temple complex
627:is a subsidiary building dating to the reigns of
1766:
1570:Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt
1547:High-resolution Images of Dendera Temple Ceiling
1107:Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt
990:Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt
571:The Hathor Temple has stone reliefs that depict
271:as a Pharaoh making an offering to the Gods, in
251:" northern entrance of the Temple of Hathor, in
1274:Napoleon and the Scientific Expedition to Egypt
1246:"Egypt's Most Wanted: An Antiquities Wish List"
1208:"The Ten Dead Deities of the Temple of Dendera"
1047:Stadter, Philip A.; Stockt, L. Van der (2002).
1640:41 (December 31, 2008): 31–45. Retrieved from
1192:A History of Egypt Under the Ptolemaic Dynasty
1718:. Translated by Bryson-Gustova, Anna. Cairo:
1046:
121:and completed during the reign of his son,
1680:https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8np4d4hf.
1523:, J.J. Augustin publisher, New York, 1968.
1430:"Smiling Sphinx Statue Unearthed in Egypt"
575:, in the form of a snake, emerging from a
125:. Evidence also exists of a temple in the
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1592:10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.081804.120551
1474:Ancient Egyptian Science: A Source Book
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1053:. Leuven University Press. p. 75.
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1720:The American University in Cairo Press
1696:Journal of Technology Law & Policy
1648:Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology
1131:mondial, UNESCO Centre du patrimoine.
1099:
1097:
1077:Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology
1073:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1020:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 325.
754:Entrance to the Dendera Temple complex
303:. The hypostyle hall was built in the
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1181:
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710:that has a cobra-shaped tip called a
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188:French, “barque”/ Late Latin “barca”)
144:The features in the complex include:
1427:
1276:. Linda Hall Library. Archived from
1103:
1013:
983:
958:Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum (2023).
591:, which might represent the womb of
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1598:The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
1487:William Henry and Davenport Adams "
1212:The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
1137:UNESCO Centre du patrimoine mondial
1130:
1094:
1034:
598:
337:Layout elements of the temple are:
13:
1516:, Bookshop A. Franck, Paris, 1875.
1443:
1301:University of California, Berkeley
1176:
857:Kiosk of Hathor on the temple roof
766:Entrance gate to the temple, with
595:. These resemble a lamp or light.
61:. It is one of the best-preserved
14:
1816:
1676:The Theology of Hathor of Dendera
1642:https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14086
1528:
933:"Search Photos, Prints, Drawings"
869:Close-up of a column on the Kiosk
486:
69:. The area was used as the sixth
1456:Egyptian Stars under Paris Skies
1195:. Methuen & Co. p. 251.
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1563:The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
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1199:
1158:. Thames & Hudson. p.
993:. Routledge. pp. 252–254.
148:Hathor temple (the main temple)
16:Ancient Egyptian temple complex
1795:23rd-century BC establishments
1150:Wilkinson, Richard H. (2000).
1143:
1124:
1007:
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951:
925:
904:List of Ancient Egyptian sites
92:
1:
1669:UNESCO: World Heritage Center
1584:Annual Review of Anthropology
1291:Richter, Barbara Ann (2012).
919:
885:, highlighting the bas-relief
809:Columns of the Hypostyle Hall
524:, the man who deciphered the
384:Shrine of the Nome of Dendera
381:Great Seat and main sanctuary
1686:Roscicrucian Egyptian Museum
1646:Kipfer, Barbara Ann (2000).
1565:Retrieved February 12, 2023.
1154:The Temples of Ancient Egypt
1074:Kipfer, Barbara Ann (2000).
964:Roscicrucian Egyptian Museum
514:Napoleonic campaign in Egypt
7:
1688:. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
890:
579:. Harsomtus, also known as
10:
1821:
1674:Richter, Barbara A. 2016.
1628:Seen in book format here:
1572:. Routledge. p. 252.
1537:. satellite-sightseer.com.
1465:Ancient Egyptian Astronomy
1382:10.1186/s40494-020-00473-1
1323:] (in German). Mainz.
1315:Waitkus, Wolfgang (1997).
1110:. Routledge. p. 252.
728:
716:
556:
501:
423:Shrine of the throne of RĂŞ
27:The Dendera Temple complex
18:
1568:Bard, Kathryn A. (2005).
1504:Electric lights in Egypt?
1392:10067/1749480151162165141
1104:Bard, Kathryn A. (2005).
1014:Bard, Kathryn A. (2015).
531:
522:Jean-François Champollion
217:First Intermediate Period
88:Temple of Hathor, Dendera
1790:Hellenistic architecture
939:. United States Congress
450:Court of the First Feast
19:Not to be confused with
1698:10, no. 1 (June 2005).
1499:, Catchpenny Mysteries.
1270:"The Zodiac of Dendera"
472:), who was fathered by
169:Mammisi of Nectanebo II
151:Temple of the birth of
1535:Dendera Temple complex
1346:"Dendera Temple Crypt"
1187:Mahaffy, John Pentland
620:
568:
499:
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219:, which pre-dates the
102:
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1751:26.14167°N 32.67028°E
797:at the Dendera Temple
615:
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299:, under the reign of
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242:
235:Plan of Hathor Temple
234:
213:Early Dynastic Period
137:– last of the native
100:
87:
1722:. pp. 442–481.
1434:Smithsonian Magazine
1428:Kuta, Sarah (2023).
347:Small Hypostyle Hall
123:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I
1747: /
1497:The Dendera Reliefs
1471:Marshall Clagett, "
1206:GABER, AMR (2015).
937:Library of Congress
538:Ptolemy XII Auletes
405:Shrine of Hathor's
367:Access to stairwell
1756:26.14167; 32.67028
1502:Frank Dörnenburg,
1459:". pr.caltech.edu.
1344:Grenville, Keith.
701:Recent discoveries
621:
569:
518:Muhammad Ali Pasha
500:
411:Shrine of gods of
281:
261:
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127:Eighteenth Dynasty
103:
90:
1621:Hammerton, J. A.
1586:, 2005: 343-361.
1578:978-1-134-66525-9
1510:Mariette, Auguste
1477:". Diane, 1989.
1352:on 25 April 2010.
1280:on 14 March 2009.
1117:978-1-134-66525-9
1060:978-90-5867-239-1
1027:978-0-470-67336-2
1000:978-1-134-66525-9
914:Tomb of Nyibunesu
667:at Dendera, Egypt
651:Side with reliefs
553:The Dendera light
456:Staircase to roof
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186:(Def.: Boat;
185:
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65:complexes of
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1350:the original
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1278:the original
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1253:. Retrieved
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1153:
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1139:(in French).
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979:
967:. Retrieved
963:
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943:12 September
941:. Retrieved
936:
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909:Tomb of Meni
723:
720:
711:
707:
704:
622:
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588:
577:lotus flower
570:
535:
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462:Cleopatra VI
459:
375:Hall of the
364:Exit to well
336:
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305:Roman period
282:
210:
197:Gateways of
187:
143:
135:Nectanebo II
104:
50:
46:
38:
34:
26:
25:
1754: /
1604:: 239–262.
1250:HISTORY.com
1218:: 239–262.
785:Reliefs of
413:Lower Egypt
160:Sanatorium
93:Description
77:, south of
75:Upper Egypt
1769:Categories
1742:32°40′13″E
1708:.” 1954.
1255:2018-02-24
920:References
768:bas-relief
623:The Roman
616:The Roman
439:Shrine of
432:Shrine of
426:Shrine of
417:Shrine of
399:Shrine of
393:Shrine of
387:Shrine of
350:Laboratory
314:In Egypt,
133:raised by
1739:26°8′30″N
1610:0307-5133
1401:230508990
1224:0307-5133
795:Caesarion
573:Harsomtus
470:Caesarion
466:Cleopatra
401:Harsomtus
324:cartouche
243:"Gate of
164:diseases.
1617:26379046
1543:(French)
1514:Dendérah
1232:26379046
1189:(1899).
987:(2005).
969:16 March
891:See also
360:Treasury
320:Domitian
309:Tiberius
245:Domitian
199:Domitian
173:Basilica
139:pharaohs
51:Denderah
1541:Dendera
883:Mammisi
729:Gallery
717:Tourism
712:uraeus.
625:mammisi
618:mammisi
453:Passage
407:Sistrum
273:Dendera
253:Dendera
131:mammisi
55:Dendera
47:Tentyra
43:Belzoni
39:Tantere
1805:Hathor
1726:
1654:
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1304:: 127.
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772:sphinx
681:Trajan
665:Trajan
637:Trajan
629:Trajan
585:Hathor
542:crypts
540:. The
532:Crypts
436:collar
419:Hathor
377:Ennead
341:Large
316:Trajan
307:under
293:Trajan
285:Hathor
269:Trajan
249:Trajan
203:Trajan
119:Pepi I
113:, the
79:Abydos
63:temple
45:, was
1613:JSTOR
1397:S2CID
1319:[
1296:(PDF)
1228:JSTOR
845:Crypt
722:2003.
708:nemes
581:Horus
434:Menat
395:Sokar
328:Khnum
277:Egypt
257:Egypt
59:Egypt
35:Iunet
1724:ISBN
1652:ISBN
1606:ISSN
1574:ISBN
1479:ISBN
1325:ISBN
1220:ISSN
1164:ISBN
1112:ISBN
1082:ISBN
1055:ISBN
1022:ISBN
995:ISBN
971:2023
945:2019
898:Esna
770:and
631:and
495:The
481:Edfu
389:Isis
332:Esna
247:and
201:and
153:Isis
107:Nile
71:nome
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1588:doi
1453:, "
1387:hdl
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547:Ihy
441:Ihy
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29:(
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