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for inspiration. The
Democracy Wall movement also included non-Marxists and anti-Marxists, although these participants were a minority. Demands for "democracy" were frequent but without an agreed-upon meaning. Participants in the movement variously associated the concept of democracy with socialism,
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for authoring the document. In it, Wei argued that political liberalization and the empowerment of the laboring masses was essential for modernization, that the CCP was controlled by reactionaries and that the people must struggle to overthrow the reactionaries via a long and possibly bloody fight.
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Academic Lin Chun criticizes the phrase "democracy movement" as typically used in the scholarly and media discourse on China, noting that the term is often used exclusively to refer to the "demands and activism of an urban, educated group of people seeking liberal more than democratic values." She
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from both rebel and conservative factions were the core of the movement. Democracy Wall participants agreed that "democracy" was the means to resolve the conflict between the bureaucratic class and the people, the nature of the proposed democratic institutions was a major source of disagreement. A
954:, the government's first reaction to the democracy movement was an effort to focus on the personal behavior of individual dissidents and argue that they were tools of foreign powers. In the mid-1990s, the government began using more effective arguments which were influenced by
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communism, liberal democracy, capitalism, and
Christianity. They drew on a diverse range of intellectual resources "ranging from classical Marxist and socialist traditions to Enlightenment philosophers, experiments in Yugoslavia, and Western liberal democracy."
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The beginning of China's democracy movements is usually regarded as the
Democracy Wall movement of November 1978 to spring 1981. The Democracy Wall movement framed the key issue as the elimination of bureaucratism and the bureaucratic class. Former
60:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
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or revealing official secrets. Thirdly, the government attempts to address the grievances of possible supporters of the movement. This is intended to isolate the leadership of the movement, and prevent disconnected
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movement of
November 1978 to spring 1981 is typically regarded as the beginning of contemporary Chinese democracy movement. In addition to the Democracy Wall movement, the events of the
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notes, for example, that the political turbulence in universities over the period 1986 to 1989 had specific flash points ranging from anger at the government's "too soft" position on
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CCP leaders assert there are already elements of democracy; they dubbed the term "Chinese socialist democracy" for what they describe as a participatory representative government.
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engendered by the movement, the government has taken a three-pronged approach. First, dissidents who are widely known in the West such as
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Paltemaa, Lauri (24 October 2007). "The
Democracy Wall Movement, Marxist Revisionism, and the Variations on Socialist Democracy".
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erupted in 1989. These protests were violently suppressed by government troops on June 4, 1989. In response, a number of pro-
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which put the gains that China had made into jeopardy. In contrast to Wei's argument that democracy was essential to
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing
Chinese Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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Cultural Revolution at the Margins: Chinese Socialism in Crisis
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are among the notable examples of
Chinese democracy movements.
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Ministry of
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Significant documents of the Democracy Wall Movement include
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2010 Macau transfer of sovereignty anniversary protest
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2007 Macau transfer of sovereignty anniversary protest
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1193:. 2012-01-11. Archived from
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2226:Vice President
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2100:
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2065:
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2028:
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2024:
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2020:
2015:
2010:
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1991:
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1987:
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1961:
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1954:National parks
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1936:
1934:Climate policy
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1320:Historiography
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1035:
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1027:
1024:
1015:state security
947:
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897:
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888:
882:
879:
863:Eastern Europe
811:Democracy Wall
807:Beijing Spring
802:
799:
791:Democracy Wall
783:one-party rule
762:
761:
759:
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751:
744:
736:
733:
732:
730:
729:
724:
719:
713:
710:
709:
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704:
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694:
692:Wang Shaoguang
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684:
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674:
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659:
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642:
638:
637:
632:
630:Daniel A. Bell
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622:
620:Kang Xiaoguang
617:
612:
607:
602:
600:Zheng Yongnian
597:
592:
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582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
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541:
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364:
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354:
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327:
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289:Beijing Spring
285:
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282:Mainland China
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256:
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66:adding a topic
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33:
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3:
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3172:
3169:
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3159:
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3149:
3145:
3144:Protestantism
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3140:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3129:Folk religion
3127:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3115:
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3110:
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3033:Ethnic groups
3031:
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3017:
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3004:
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2999:
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2946:Four Beauties
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2785:Urban society
2783:
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2741:Social issues
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2719:Rural society
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2619:Chinese Dream
2617:
2615:
2612:
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2584:
2583:Space program
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2239:
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2233:State Council
2231:
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2119:Civil service
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2019:
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1728:
1727:
1726:
1725:South Central
1723:
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1512:Jin (266–420)
1510:
1506:
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1483:
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1355:Ethnic groups
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1197:on 2012-01-11
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991:Wei Jingsheng
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961:
957:
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952:Ideologically
943:
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914:
908:
907:
903:
898:This section
896:
892:
887:
886:
878:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
851:
848:
844:
843:Wei Jingsheng
841:manifesto by
840:
835:
832:
831:Paris Commune
828:
824:
819:
812:
808:
798:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
779:bureaucratism
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585:Jiang Shigong
583:
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568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
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552:
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531:
529:
526:
524:
523:Zhang Qianfan
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
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501:
499:
498:Zhang Weiying
496:
494:
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72:
71:main category
68:
67:
62:
59:
55:
51:
49:
48:
41:
39:
34:You can help
30:
21:
20:
3134:Christianity
3124:Confucianism
3084:Urbanization
3020:Demographics
2996:Gang of Four
2961:Four Symbols
2860:Martial arts
2634:Prostitution
2521:Architecture
2375:Central bank
2243:Vice Premier
2195:United front
2124:Constitution
2080:Penal system
2058:Human rights
1995:Subdivisions
1833: /
1829: /
1752:Southwestern
1747:Northwestern
1450:Western Zhou
1398:Yellow River
1348:1949–present
1219:
1199:. Retrieved
1195:the original
1188:
1179:
1147:
1102:
1096:
1037:
1029:
1003:criminal law
984:
960:Edmund Burke
950:
935:
929:January 2024
926:
911:Please help
899:
859:Soviet Union
852:
836:
814:
766:
765:
726:
697:Qiu Zhanxuan
635:Chen Kuiyuan
595:Xiao Gongqin
565:Zhang Weiwei
260:
93:edit summary
84:
64:
35:
2900:Variety art
2895:Tea culture
2823:Calligraphy
2808:Archaeology
2668:Food safety
2463:Gold mining
2365:Aquaculture
2360:Agriculture
2320:Coast Guard
2087:Naming laws
1921:Environment
1909:South China
1388:Paleolithic
1380:Prehistoric
1338:before 1912
1222:. Durham :
672:Cui Zhiyuan
625:Yan Xuetong
590:Wu Jiaxiang
570:Jin Canrong
560:Wang Huning
503:Wu Jinglian
3254:Categories
3161:Irreligion
3058:Statistics
3028:Emigration
2991:Four Wangs
2880:Philosophy
2865:Mass media
2848:Literature
2746:Patriarchy
2709:Propaganda
2629:Corruption
2614:Censorship
2404:E-commerce
2111:Government
1904:East China
1876:Waterfalls
1822:Peninsulas
1790:Grasslands
1201:2022-12-02
1069:References
995:Fang Lizhi
972:revolution
968:radicalism
855:corruption
818:Red Guards
662:Deng Liqun
657:Dai Jinhua
615:Jiang Qing
575:Eric X. Li
518:He Weifang
508:Liu Xiaobo
493:Zhu Xueqin
455:Liberalism
40:in Chinese
3048:Languages
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2956:Four arts
2843:Libraries
2773:Structure
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2221:President
2188:Politburo
2141:Elections
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2097:Terrorism
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1665:Geography
1572:High Qing
1393:Neolithic
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1343:1912–1949
1334:Economic
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1171:881183403
1127:143933209
1119:1067-0564
900:does not
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555:Chen Yuan
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340:Hong Kong
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3234:Category
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3069:Post-80s
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2260:Military
2068:in Tibet
2032:Politics
1969:Wildlife
1881:Wetlands
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1020:protests
999:Wang Dan
687:Wang Hui
682:Sima Nan
677:Li Minqi
667:Gao Mobo
649:New Left
605:Hu Xijin
580:Gan Yang
533:Li Yinhe
488:Xu Youyu
483:Xu Jilin
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2500:Tourism
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2327:Militia
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1420:Ancient
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2853:Poetry
2828:Cinema
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220:Status
3225:Index
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3089:Women
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2818:Art
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1500:Han
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1428:Xia
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