Athenian democracy

1743:(ἄρχων ἐπώνυμος / epốnumos Arkhon or ὁ ἄρχων / ho Arkhon, literally "the archon", without further precision), who gave his name to the year. It was the highest political office in the city-state. The eponymous archon probably assumed leadership of the state after the end of the monarchy, while priestly tasks and warfare fell to other archons. The succession of eponymous archon was of great historical importance, as the year was named after him, while he was placed first at the beginning of laws, treaties, and public inscriptions. He was responsible for civil administration and public jurisdiction. He was guardian of widows and orphans and supervised family disputes. He also took care of the theater by appointing patrons and winners of tetralogies. In historical narratives, years were usually identified by the name of the archon who had held the eponymous office on that date. 1562:). The age limit of 30 or older, the same as that for office holders but ten years older than that required for participation in the assembly, gave the courts a certain standing in relation to the assembly. Jurors were required to be under oath, which was not required for attendance at the assembly. The authority exercised by the courts had the same basis as that of the assembly: both were regarded as expressing the direct will of the people. Unlike office holders (magistrates), who could be impeached and prosecuted for misconduct, the jurors could not be censured, for they, in effect, were the people and no authority could be higher than that. A corollary of this was that, at least acclaimed by defendants, if a court had made an unjust decision, it must have been because it had been misled by a litigant. 1670:('he who wishes', or 'anyone who wishes'). This expression encapsulated the right of citizens to take the initiative to stand to speak in the assembly, to initiate a public lawsuit (that is, one held to affect the political community as a whole), to propose a law before the lawmakers, or to approach the council with suggestions. Unlike officeholders, the citizen initiator was not voted on before taking up office or automatically reviewed after stepping down; these institutions had, after all, no set tenure and might be an action lasting only a moment. However, any stepping forward into the democratic limelight was risky. If another citizen initiator chose, a public figure could be called to account for their actions and punished. In situations involving a public figure, the initiator was referred to as a 1912:

representatives, so their role was that of administration, rather than governing. The powers of officials were precisely defined and their capacity for initiative limited. When it came to penal sanctions, no officeholder could impose a fine over fifty drachmas. Anything higher had to go before a court. Competence does not seem to have been the main issue, but rather, at least in the 4th century BC, whether they were loyal democrats or had oligarchic tendencies. Part of the ethos of democracy, rather, was the building of general competence by ongoing involvement. In the 5th century setup, the ten annually elected generals were often very prominent, but for those who had power, it lay primarily in their frequent speeches and in the respect accorded them in the assembly, rather than their vested powers.

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But whether democracy depended on this extra time is impossible to say. The breadth of slave ownership also meant that the leisure of the rich (the small minority who were actually free of the need to work) rested less than it would have on the exploitation of their less well-off fellow citizens. Working for wages was clearly regarded as subjection to the will of another, but at least debt servitude had been abolished at Athens (under the reforms of Solon at the start of the 6th century BC). Allowing a new kind of equality among citizens opened the way to democracy, which in turn called for a new means, chattel slavery, to at least partially equalise the availability of leisure between rich and poor. In the absence of reliable statistics, all these connections remain speculative. However, as

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society would be more promiscuous. With this in mind, they feared that women may engage in affairs and have sons out of wedlock which would jeopardize the Athenian system of property and inheritance between heirs as well as the citizenry of potential children if their parentage was called into question. In terms of intelligence, Athenian men believed that women were less intelligent than men and therefore, similarly to barbarians and slaves of the time, were considered to be incapable of effectively participating and contributing to public discourse on political issues and affairs. These rationales, as well as the barring women from fighting in battle, another requirement of citizens, meant that in the eyes of Athenian men, by nature, women were not meant to be allowed citizenship.

55: 1977:, the generals could be among the most powerful people in the polis. Yet in the case of Pericles, it is wrong to see his power as coming from his long series of annual generalships (each year along with nine others). His officeholding was rather an expression and a result of the influence he wielded. That influence was based on his relation with the assembly, a relation that in the first instance lay simply in the right of any citizen to stand and speak before the people. Under the 4th century version of democracy, the roles of general and of key political speaker in the assembly tended to be filled by different persons. In part, this was a consequence of the increasingly specialized forms of warfare practiced in the later period. 1591:, first prosecutor then defendant. In a public suit the litigants each had three hours to speak, much less in private suits (though here it was in proportion to the amount of money at stake). Decisions were made by voting without any time set aside for deliberation. Jurors did talk informally amongst themselves during the voting procedure and juries could be rowdy, shouting out their disapproval or disbelief of things said by the litigants. This may have had some role in building a consensus. The jury could only cast a "yes" or "no" vote as to the guilt and sentence of the defendant. For private suits only the victims or their families could prosecute, while for public suits anyone ( 1335: 1327: 1948: 3031: 1904:, "straightenings" or 'submission of accounts') to review their performance. Both of these processes were in most cases brief and formulaic, but they opened up the possibility of a contest before a jury court if some citizen wanted to take a matter up. In the case of scrutiny going to trial, there was the risk for the former officeholder of suffering severe penalties. Even during his period of office, any officeholder could be impeached and removed from office by the assembly. In each of the ten "main meetings" ( 1450:, 'arm stretching') with officials judging the outcome by sight. This could cause problems when it becomes too dark to see properly. However, any member could demand that officials issue a recount. For a small category of votes, a quorum of 6,000 was required, principally grants of citizenship, and here small colored stones were used, white for yes and black for no. At the end of the session, each voter tossed one of these into a large clay jar which was afterwards cracked open for the counting of the ballots. 31: 1548:

selected boards of ten responsible for areas ranging from naval affairs to religious observances. Altogether, the boule was responsible for a great portion of the administration of the state, but was granted relatively little latitude for initiative; the boule's control over policy was executed in its probouleutic, rather than its executive function; in the former, it prepared measures for deliberation by the assembly, in the latter, it merely executed the wishes of the assembly.

748: 7187: 2076:. From Socrates' arguments at his trial, Loren Samons writes, "It follows, of course, that any majority—including the majority of jurors—is unlikely to choose rightly." However, "some might argue, Athens is the only state that can claim to have produced a Socrates. Surely, some might continue, we may simply write off events such as Socrates' execution as examples of the Athenians' failure to realize fully the meaning and potential of their own democracy." 1221:

In the mid-5th century, the number of adult male citizens was perhaps as high as 60,000, but this number fell precipitously during the Peloponnesian War. This slump was permanent, due to the introduction of a stricter definition of citizen described below. From a modern perspective, these figures may seem small, but among Greek city-states Athens was huge: most of the thousand or so Greek cities could only muster 1,000–1,500 adult male citizens each; and

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belonging to the city" or Attikē gunē which meant 'an Attic woman/wife'. Even the term Athenian was largely reserved for just male citizens. Before Pericles' law that decreed citizenship to be restricted to children of both Athenian men and women, the polis did not register women as citizens or keep any form of registration for them which resulted in many court cases of witnesses having to prove that women were wives of Athenian men.

1885:), each office had restrictive term limits. For example, a citizen could only be a member of the Boule in two non-consecutive years in their life. In addition, there were some limitations on who could hold office. Age restrictions were in place with thirty years as a minimum, rendering about a third of the adult citizen body ineligible at any one time. An unknown proportion of citizens were also subject to disenfranchisement ( 1481:. Additional meetings might still be called, especially as up until 355 BC there were still political trials that were conducted in the assembly, rather than in court. The assembly meetings did not occur at fixed intervals, as they had to avoid clashing with the annual festivals that followed the lunar calendar. There was also a tendency for the four meetings to be aggregated toward the end of each state month. 1045: 1462: 989:

resident of Attica a political function: Athenian citizens had the right to participate in assembly meetings. Solon sought to break away at the strong influence noble families had on the government by broadening the government's structure to include a wider range of property classes rather than just the aristocracy. His constitutional reforms included establishing four property classes: the

2267:. This cannot be adequately explained by simply referring to the immature "objective" conditions, the low development of productive forces and so on—important as may be—because the same objective conditions prevailed at that time in many other places all over the Mediterranean, let alone the rest of Greece, but democracy flourished only in Athens" . 2255:. Another group, on the other hand, considers that, since many Athenians were not allowed to participate in its government, Athenian democracy was not a democracy at all. "omparisons with Athens will continue to be made as long as societies keep striving to realize democracy under modern conditions and their successes and failures are discussed." 2276:

negative accounts of Plato and Aristotle, who saw it as the rule of the poor, who plundered the rich. Democracy came to be viewed as a "collective tyranny". "Well into the 18th century democracy was consistently condemned." Sometimes, mixed constitutions evolved with democratic elements, but "it definitely did not mean self-rule by citizens".

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Eponymous Heroes in the agora. The proposal would be considered by the Council, and would be placed on the agenda of the Assembly in the form of a motion. If the Assembly voted in favor of the proposed change, the proposal would be referred for further consideration by a group of citizens called nomothetai (literally "establishers of the law").

88:. Although Athens is the most famous ancient Greek democratic city-state, it was not the only one, nor was it the first; multiple other city-states adopted similar democratic constitutions before Athens. By the late 4th century BC, as many as half of the over one thousand existing Greek cities might have been democracies. Athens practiced a 1442:. In the 5th century at least, there were scarcely any limits on the power exercised by the assembly. If the assembly broke the law, the only thing that might happen is that it would punish those who had proposed that it had agreed to. If a mistake had been made, from the assembly's viewpoint it could only be because it had been misled. 1935:

to do things and those that do not may learn from those that do. During the period of holding a particular office, everyone on the team would be observing everybody else as a sort of check. However, there were officials, such as the nine archons, who while seemingly a board carried out very different functions from each other.

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Pericles and Cimon in 450 BC, only those descended from two Athenian parents could claim citizenship. Although the legislation was not retrospective, five years later, when a free gift of grain had arrived from the Egyptian king to be distributed among all citizens, many "illegitimate" citizens were removed from the registers.

1492:), with a fine being imposed on those who got the red on their clothes. After the restoration of democracy in 403 BC, pay for assembly attendance was introduced. This promoted a new enthusiasm for assembly meetings. Only the first 6,000 to arrive were admitted and paid, with the red rope now used to keep latecomers at bay. 1034:(a council of 400 members, with 100 citizens from each of Athens's four tribes) ran daily affairs and set the political agenda. The Areopagus, which formerly took on this role, remained but thereafter carried on the role of "guardianship of the laws". Another major contribution to democracy was Solon's setting up of an 1754:” of the city and, therefore, a sacred official with tasks in the secular area. He was responsible for religious ceremonies and presided over the Areopagus. He imposed religious prohibitions that had to be followed. Additionally, he oversaw the districts and sacred sites, offered community sacrifices, and led 2009:. While modern critics are more likely to find fault with the restrictive qualifications for political involvement, these ancients viewed democracy as being too inclusive. For them, the common people were not necessarily the right people to rule and were likely to make huge mistakes. According to Samons: 884:). This approximately translates as the "people's hand of power", and in the context of the play it acts as a counterpoint to the inclination of the votes cast by the people, i.e. that authority as implemented by the people in the Assembly has power. The word is then completely attested in the works of 2279:

It would be misleading to say that the tradition of Athenian democracy was an important part of the 18th-century revolutionaries' intellectual background. The classical example that inspired the American and French revolutionaries, as well as English radicals, was Rome rather than Greece, and, in the

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With participation in Athenian Democracy only being available to adult male Athenian citizens, women were always left out of government and public roles. Even in the case of citizenry, the term was rarely used in reference to women. Rather, women were often referred to as an astē which meant "a woman

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For the most part, Athens followed a citizenship-through-birth criterion. This criterion could be further divided into three categories: free birth from an Athenian father, free and legitimate birth from an Athenian father, and free and legitimate birth from an Athenian father and an Athenian mother.

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seems to have been an Athenian development. This triggers the paradoxical question: Was democracy "based on" slavery? It does seem clear that possession of slaves allowed even poorer Athenians — owning a few slaves was by no means equated with wealth — to devote more of their time to political life.

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Similarly, Plato and Aristotle criticized democratic rule as the numerically preponderant poor tyrannizing the rich. Instead of seeing it as a fair system under which everyone has equal rights, they regarded it as manifestly unjust. In Aristotle's works, this is categorized as the difference between

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The assembly had four main functions: it made executive pronouncements (decrees, such as deciding to go to war or granting citizenship to a foreigner), elected some officials, legislated, and tried political crimes. As the system evolved, the last function was shifted to the law courts. The standard

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Citizenry in ancient Athens is speculated to have not simply been a legal obligation to the state, but also a form of ethnic-nationality. The title of "Athenian" was given to free residents deeming them citizens and granted them special privileges and protections over other residents in the city who

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issued reforms in 508 and 507 BC that undermined the domination of the aristocratic families and connected every Athenian to the city's rule. Cleisthenes formally identified free inhabitants of Attica as citizens of Athens, which gave them power and a role in a sense of civic solidarity. He did this

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A case can be made that discriminatory lines came to be drawn more sharply under Athenian democracy than before or elsewhere, in particular in relation to women and slaves, as well as in the line between citizens and non-citizens. By so strongly validating one role, that of the male citizen, it has

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and sell off its women and children simply for refusing to become subjects of Athens. The common people were numerically dominant in the navy, which they used to pursue their own interests in the form of work as rowers and in the hundreds of overseas administrative positions. Furthermore, they used

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Increasingly, responsibility was shifted from the assembly to the courts, with laws being made by jurors and all assembly decisions becoming reviewable by courts. That is to say, the mass meeting of all citizens lost some ground to gatherings of a thousand or so which were under oath, and with more

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The modern desire to look to Athens for lessons or encouragement for modern thought, government, or society must confront this strange paradox: the people that gave rise to and practiced ancient democracy left us almost nothing but criticism of this form of regime (on a philosophical or theoretical

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No office appointed by lot could be held twice by the same individual. The only exception was the boule or council of 500. In this case, simply by demographic necessity, an individual could serve twice in a lifetime. This principle extended down to the secretaries and undersecretaries who served as

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The random assignment of responsibility to individuals who may or may not be competent has obvious risks, but the system included features meant to mitigate possible problems. Athenians selected for office served as teams (boards, panels). In a group, one person is more likely to know the right way

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Solon's reforms allowed the archons to come from some of the higher propertied classes and not only from the aristocratic families. Since the Areopagus was made up of ex-archons, this would eventually mean the weakening of the hold of the nobles there as well. However, even with Solon's creation of

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originally simply meant "private citizen"; in combination with its more recent meaning of "foolish person", this is sometimes used by modern commentators to demonstrate that the ancient Athenians considered those who did not participate in politics as foolish. But the sense history of the word does

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The boule also served as an executive committee for the assembly, and oversaw the activities of certain other magistrates. The boule coordinated the activities of the various boards and magistrates that carried out the administrative functions of Athens and provided from its own membership randomly

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In the 5th century BC, there is often a record of the assembly sitting as a court of judgment itself for trials of political importance and it is not a coincidence that 6,000 is the number both for the full quorum for the assembly and for the annual pool from which jurors were picked for particular

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Throughout its history, Athens had many different constitutions under its different leaders. Some of the history of Athens' reforms as well as a collection of constitutions from other Ancient Greek city-states was compiled and synthesized into a large all-encompassing constitution created by either

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In the realm of Athenian men's rationalization, part of the reasons for excluding women from politics came from widely held views that women were more sexual, and intellectually handicapped. Athenian men believed that women had a higher sex drive and consequentially if given free range to engage in

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Some Athenian citizens were far more active than others, but the vast numbers required for the system to work testify to a breadth of direct participation among those eligible that greatly surpassed any present-day democracy. Athenian citizens had to be descended from citizens; after the reforms of

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Estimates of the population of ancient Athens vary. During the 4th century BC, there might well have been some 250,000–300,000 people in Attica. Citizen families could have amounted to 100,000 people, and out of these some 30,000 would have been adult male citizens entitled to vote in the assembly.

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ended Cassander's rule over Athens, Demetrius of Phalerum went into exile and the democracy was restored in 307 BC. However, by now Athens had become "politically impotent". An example of this was that, in 307, in order to curry favour with Macedonia and Egypt, three new tribes were created, two in

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Whether the democratic failures should be seen as systemic, or as a product of the extreme conditions of the Peloponnesian war, there does seem to have been a move toward correction. A new version of democracy was established in 403 BC, but it can be linked with both earlier and subsequent reforms

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Remarkably, it seems that blocking and then successfully reviewing a measure was enough to validate it without needing the assembly to vote on it. For example, two men have clashed in the assembly about a proposal put by one of them; it passes, and now the two of them go to court with the loser in

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or public suit. For private suits, the minimum jury size was 200 (increased to 401 if a sum of over 1,000 drachmas was at issue), for public suits 501. Under Cleisthenes's reforms, juries were selected by lot from a panel of 600 jurors, there being 600 jurors from each of the ten tribes of Athens,

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In addition to being barred from any form of formal participation in government, women were also largely left out of public discussions and speeches with orators going as far as leaving out the names of wives and daughters of citizens or finding round about ways of referring to them. Pushed out of

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Another tack of criticism is to notice the disquieting links between democracy and a number of less than appealing features of Athenian life. Although democracy predated Athenian imperialism by over thirty years, they are sometimes associated with each other. For much of the 5th century at least,

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In the 5th century, there were no procedural differences between an executive decree and a law. They were both simply passed by the assembly. However, beginning in 403 BC, they were set sharply apart. Henceforth, laws were made not in the assembly, but by special panels of citizens drawn from the

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In 594 BC, Solon is said to have created a boule of 400 to guide the work of the assembly. After the reforms of Cleisthenes, the Athenian Boule was expanded to 500 and was elected by lot every year. Each of Cleisthenes's 10 tribes provided 50 councilors who were at least 30 years old. The Boule's

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in 462/1. While Ephialtes's opponents were away attempting to assist the Spartans, he persuaded the Assembly to reduce the powers of the Areopagus to a criminal court for cases of homicide and sacrilege. At the same time or soon afterward, the membership of the Areopagus was extended to the lower

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A new law might be proposed by any citizen. Any proposal to modify an existing law had to be accompanied by a proposed replacement law. The citizen making the proposal had to publish it advance: publication consisted of writing the proposal on a whitened board located next to the statues of the

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Thucydides, from his aristocratic and historical viewpoint, reasoned that a serious flaw in democratic government was that the common people were often much too credulous about even contemporary facts to rule justly, in contrast to his own critical-historical approach to history. For example, he

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The allotment of an individual was based on citizenship, rather than merit or any form of personal popularity which could be bought. Allotment, therefore, was seen as a means to prevent the corrupt purchase of votes and it gave citizens political equality, as all had an equal chance of obtaining

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Justice was rapid: a case could last no longer than one day and had to be completed by the time the sun set. Some convictions triggered an automatic penalty, but where this was not the case the two litigants each proposed a penalty for the convicted defendant and the jury chose between them in a

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status (and above), presumably because these classes' financial interests gave them an incentive towards effective governance. A member had to be approved by his deme, each of which would have an incentive to select those with experience in local politics and the greatest likelihood at effective

1173:, which, recruited from the elected archons, had an aristocratic character and was entrusted with wide powers. From the time of Hadrian, an imperial curator superintended the finances. The shadow of the old constitution lingered on and archons and Areopagus survived the fall of the Roman Empire. 988:

was appointed premier archon and began issuing economic and constitutional reforms in an attempt to alleviate some of the conflict that was beginning to arise from the inequities that permeated throughout Athenian society. His reforms ultimately redefined citizenship in a way that gave each free

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The system showed a marked anti-professionalism. No judges presided over the courts, nor did anyone give legal direction to the jurors. Magistrates had only an administrative function and were laymen. Most of the annual magistracies in Athens could only be held once in a lifetime. There were no

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early in the Peloponnesian war and there it stayed; the original amount is not known. Notably, this was introduced more than fifty years before payment for attendance at assembly meetings. Running the courts was one of the major expenses of the Athenian state and there were moments of financial

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Since the middle of the 20th century, most countries have claimed to be democratic, regardless of the actual composition of their governments. Yet after the demise of Athenian democracy few looked upon it as a good form of government. No legitimation of that rule was formulated to counter the

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in 405 BC). However, by the 4th century, citizenship was given only to individuals and by a special vote with a quorum of 6,000. This was generally done as a reward for some service to the state. In the course of a century, the number of citizenships so granted was in the hundreds rather than

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contained many arguments against democratic rule and in favour of a much narrower form of government: "The organization of the city must be confided to those who possess knowledge, who alone can enable their fellow-citizens to attain virtue, and therefore excellence, by means of education."

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level). And what is more, the actual history of Athens in the period of its democratic government is marked by numerous failures, mistakes, and misdeeds—most infamously, the execution of Socrates—that would seem to discredit the ubiquitous modern idea that democracy leads to good government.

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or Assembly, which was open to all the male citizens. Solon also made significant economic reforms including cancelling existing debts, freeing debtors, and no longer allowing borrowing on the security of one's own person as a means of restructuring enslavement and debt in Athenian society.

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Later, and until the end of World War Il, democracy became dissociated from its ancient frame of reference. After that, it was not just one of the many possible ways in which political rule could be organised. Instead, it became the only possible political system in an egalitarian society.

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making a jury pool of 6,000 in total. For particularly important public suits the jury could be increased by adding in extra allotments of 500. 1,000 and 1,500 are regularly encountered as jury sizes and on at least one occasion, the first time a new kind of case was brought to court (see

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Citizens active as officeholders served in a quite different capacity from when they voted in the assembly or served as jurors. By and large, the power exercised by these officials was routine administration and quite limited. These officeholders were the agents of the people, not their

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The reforms of Cleisthenes meant that the archons were elected by the Assembly, but were still selected from the upper classes. The Areopagus kept its power as "Guardian of the Laws", which meant that it could veto actions it deemed unconstitutional, however, this worked in practice.

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points out to other cities that adopted governments in the democratic style. However, accounts of the rise of democratic institutions are in reference to Athens, since only this city-state had sufficient historical records to speculate on the rise and nature of Greek democracy.

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saw the great strength of the Athenian democracy in the high level of cultivation that citizens enjoyed, and called for improvements in the educational system of Britain that would make possible a shared civic consciousness parallel to that achieved by the ancient Athenians".

841:), meaning "beginning (that which comes first)", and hence also "first place or power", "sovereignty". One might expect, by analogy, that the term "demarchy" would have been adopted for the new form of government introduced by Athenian democrats. However, the word "demarchy" ( 2071:

himself was put on trial and executed for "corrupting the young and believing in strange gods". His death gave Europe one of the first intellectual martyrs still recorded, but guaranteed democracy an eternity of bad press at the hands of his disciple and enemy to democracy,

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were considered "non-citizens". In the timeline of Athenian laws, Solon's laws outlined a clear boundary between the protections that exist between citizens, Athenians, who were considered free and non-citizens, non-Athenians, who legally could be subjected to slavery.

918:). Herodotus wrote some of the earliest surviving Greek prose, but this might not have been before 440 or 430 BC. Around 460 BC an individual is known with the name of Democrats, a name possibly coined as a gesture of democratic loyalty; the name can also be found in 2055:

happened to be the citizen presiding over the assembly that day and refused to cooperate (though to little effect) and stood against the idea that it was outrageous for the people to be unable to do whatever they wanted. In addition to this unlawful injustice, the

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had the right to vote in Athens. The percentage of the population that actually participated in the government was 10% to 20% of the total number of inhabitants, but this varied from the fifth to the fourth century BC. This excluded a majority of the population:

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Generals were elected not only because their role required expert knowledge, but also because they needed to be people with experience and contacts in the wider Greek world where wars were fought. In the 5th century BC, principally as seen through the figure of

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in 413 BC, a group of citizens took steps to limit the radical democracy they thought was leading the city to ruin. Their efforts, initially conducted through constitutional channels, culminated in the establishment of an oligarchy, the Council of 400, in the

116:(in 462 BC) contributed to the development of Athenian democracy. Cleisthenes broke up the unlimited power of the nobility by organizing citizens into ten groups based on where they lived, rather than on their wealth. The longest-lasting democratic leader was 1881:. Neither was compulsory; individuals had to nominate themselves for both selection methods. In particular, those chosen by lot were citizens acting without particular expertise. This was almost inevitable since, with the notable exception of the generals ( 1697:

Although, voters under Athenian democracy were allowed the same opportunity to voice their opinion and to sway the discussion, they were not always successful, and, often, the minority was forced to vote in favor of a motion that they did not agree with.

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has argued that "the final failure, of Athenian democracy was not due, as it is usually asserted by its critics, to the innate contradictions of democracy itself but, on the contrary, to the fact that the Athenian democracy never matured to become an

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Elected officials, too, were subject to review before holding office and scrutiny after office. And they could also be removed from office at any time that the assembly met. There was even a death penalty for "inadequate performance" while in office.

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Aristotle also wrote about what he considered to be a better form of government than democracy. Rather than any citizen partaking with an equal share in the rule, he thought that those who were more virtuous should have greater power in governance.

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Several German philosophers and poets took delight in what they saw as the fullness of life in ancient Athens, and not long afterwards "English liberals put forward a new argument in favor of the Athenians". In opposition, thinkers such as

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During an Athenian election, approximately one hundred officials out of a thousand were elected rather than chosen by lot. There were two main categories in this group: those required to handle large sums of money, and the 10 generals, the

2188:, those with foreign mothers, were now to be excluded. These mixed marriages were also heavily penalized by the time of Demosthenes. Many Athenians prominent earlier in the century would have lost citizenship had this law applied to them: 2050:

in command failed to collect survivors. The Athenians tried and sentenced six of the eight generals to death. Technically, it was illegal, as the generals were tried and sentenced together, rather than one by one as Athenian law required.

1840:, a type of judicial administrators. Finally, Cleisthenes added a secretary, who was in charge of writing the notifications of the other nine archons. Therefore, eventually their number reached ten, as with other Athenian magistracies. 1099:. The oligarchy endured for only four months before it was replaced by a more democratic government. Democratic regimes governed until Athens surrendered to Sparta in 404 BC, when the government was placed in the hands of the so-called 1646:('indictment against measures contrary to the laws') was introduced. Under this, anything passed or proposed by the assembly could be put on hold for review before a jury – which might annul it and perhaps punish the proposer as well. 1762:. His area of responsibility also corresponded to his legal authority in cases of murder and of impiety, like theft of temples and the illegality of the priestly office. It was believed that the wife of the archon basileus, the 984:, were largely harsh and restrictive, with nearly all of them later being repealed, the written legal code was one of the first of its kind and considered to be one of the earliest developments of Athenian democracy. In 594 BC, 2332:(1846–1856) that "Athenian democracy was neither the tyranny of the poor, nor the rule of the mob". He argued that only by giving every citizen the vote would people ensure that the state would be run in the general interest. 1639:

As the system evolved, the courts (that is, citizens under another guise) intruded upon the power of the assembly. Starting in 355 BC, political trials were no longer held in the assembly, but only in a court. In 416 BC, the

1367:), and the courts (a minimum of 200 people, on some occasions up to 6,000). Of these three bodies, the assembly and the courts were the true sites of power – although courts, unlike the assembly, were never simply called the 2238:

pointed out, other societies also kept slaves but did not develop democracy. Even with respect to slavery, it is speculated that Athenian fathers had originally been able to register offspring conceived with slave women for

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held the office as a mark of honour. Four presided over the judicial administration. The council (whose numbers varied at different times from 300 to 750) was appointed by lot. It was superseded in importance by the

1415:: any adult male citizen over the age of 20 could take part, and it was a duty to do so. The officials of the democracy were in part elected by the Assembly and in large part chosen by lottery in a process called 865:

It is unknown whether the word "democracy" was in existence when systems that came to be called democratic were first instituted. The first conceptual articulation of the term is generally accepted to be c. 470

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time to focus on just one matter (though never more than a day). One downside to this change was that the new democracy was less capable of responding quickly in times where quick, decisive action was needed.

1445:

As usual in ancient democracies, one had to physically attend a gathering to vote. Military service or simple distance prevented the exercise of citizenship. Voting was usually by show of hands (χειροτονία,

1371:('the people'), as they were manned by just those citizens over thirty. Crucially, citizens voting in both were not subject to review and prosecution, as were council members and all other officeholders. 1027:

making under 200 medimnoi. By granting the formerly aristocratic role to every free citizen of Athens who owned property, Solon reshaped the social framework of the city-state. Under these reforms, the

1939:

assistants to magistrates such as the archons. To the Athenians, it seems what had to be guarded against was not incompetence but any tendency to use the office as a way of accumulating ongoing power.

3678:

dates it to the reign of Acastus or the archonate of Medonte, but these references are mythical, not historical. See also Claude Mossé La démocratie grecque MA Editions, Paris 1986, Article: Archontes

1311:

the public sphere, women's role was confined to the private sphere of working in the home and being cast as a second-rate human, subservient to her male guardian whether that be a father or husband.

1298:(ξενίας γραφή) was an action brought against any one who unlawfully exercised the rights of citizenship. If convicted, the person was sold as a slave and the property was forfeited to the state. 1623:

lawyers as such; litigants acted solely in their capacity as citizens. Whatever professionalism there was tended to disguise itself; it was possible to pay for the services of a speechwriter or

1599:

further vote. No appeal was possible. There was however a mechanism for prosecuting the witnesses of a successful prosecutor, which it appears could lead to the undoing of the earlier verdict.

1361:

There were three political bodies where citizens gathered in numbers running into the hundreds or thousands. These are the assembly (in some cases with a quorum of 6,000), the council of 500 (

1544:, where the boule met. A chairman for each tribe was chosen by lot each day, who was required to stay in the tholos for the next 24 hours, presiding over meetings of the Boule and Assembly. 1103:, who were pro-Spartan oligarchs. After a year, pro-democracy elements regained control, and democratic forms persisted until the Macedonian army of Phillip II conquered Athens in 338 BC. 1236:(fragment 13) claimed that there were 150,000 slaves in Attica, but this figure is probably no more than an impression: slaves outnumbered those of citizen stock but did not swamp them. 3011: 1900:

the people and could be punished very severely. In addition to being subject to review prior to holding office, officeholders were also subject to an examination after leaving office (

1777:(ἄρχων πολέμαρχος / polemarkhos Arkhon), whose original function was to direct the army, a military attribution inherited from the kings, but who lost that power to the benefit of the 1375:

trials. By the mid-4th century, however, the assembly's judicial functions were largely curtailed, though it always kept a role in the initiation of various kinds of political trial.

1477:, with other meetings called as needed. In the following century, the meetings were set to forty a year, with four in each state month. One of these was now called the main meeting, 1865:, himself a noble, portrays the Areopagus as a court established by Athena herself, an apparent attempt to preserve the dignity of the Areopagus in the face of its disempowerment. 2155:

By being inclusive, opponents to the system become naturally included within the democratic framework, meaning democracy itself will generate few opponents, despite its flaws.

1595:, "whoever wants to" i.e. any citizen with full citizen rights) could bring a case since the issues in these major suits were regarded as affecting the community as a whole. 1176:

In 88 BC, there was a revolution under the philosopher Athenion, who, as tyrant, forced the Assembly to agree to elect whomever he might ask to office. Athenion allied with

1133:, kept some of the traditional institutions in formal existence, although the Athenian public would consider them to be nothing more than Macedonian puppet dictators. Once 1276:, a relatively large portion of the population took part in the government of Athens and of other radical democracies like it, compared to oligarchies and aristocracies. 1153:, able to manage internal affairs. This allowed Athens to practice the forms of democracy, though Rome ensured that the constitution strengthened the city's aristocracy. 2141:

the income from empire to fund payment for officeholding. This is the position set out by the anti-democratic pamphlet known whose anonymous author is often called the

1272:); for some Athenians, this amounted to permanent (and in fact inheritable) disqualification. Given the exclusive and ancestral concept of citizenship held by Greek 2215:

the Athenian women admire the tanned, muscular bodies of their Spartan counterparts – and women could own property in their own right, as they could not at Athens.

1889:), excluding some of them permanently and others temporarily (depending on the type). Furthermore, all citizens selected were reviewed before taking up office ( 1125:

This led to the Hellenistic control of Athens, with the Macedonian king appointing a local agent as political governor in Athens. However, the governors, like

1114:

had led a coalition of the Greek states to war with Persia in 336 BC, but his Greek soldiers were hostages for the behavior of their states as much as allies.

2023:; Athenians erroneously believed that Sparta's kings each had two votes in their ruling council and that there existed a Spartan battalion called Pitanate 7243: 1484:

Attendance at the assembly was not always voluntary. In the 5th century, public slaves forming a cordon with a red-stained rope herded citizens from the

1631:), but this may not have been advertised in court. Jurors would likely be more impressed if it seemed as though litigants were speaking for themselves. 1515:, or deliberations for the Ecclesia to discuss and approve on. During emergencies, the Ecclesia would also grant special temporary powers to the Boule. 2167:

By blurring the distinction between the natural and political world, democracy leads the powerful to act immorally and outside their own best interest.

2042:

In 406 BC, after years of defeats in the wake of the annihilation of their vast invasion force in Sicily, the Athenians at last won a naval victory at

1283:

Citizenship applied to both individuals and their descendants. It could also be granted by the assembly and was sometimes given to large groups (e.g.

1257:(foreign residents in Athens). The women had limited rights and privileges, had restricted movement in public, and were very segregated from the men. 140:; the most detailed accounts of the system are of this fourth-century modification, rather than the Periclean system. Democracy was suppressed by the 3318: 1650:

the assembly prosecuting both the law and its proposer. The quantity of these suits was enormous. The courts became in effect a kind of upper house.

2507:

Raaflaub, Kurt A. (2007). "The Breakthrough of Demokratia in Mid-Fifth-Century Athens". In Raaflaub, Kurt A.; Ober, Josiah; Wallace, Robert (eds.).

7238: 829:, which means "force" or "power"), and thus means literally "people power". In the words "monarchy" and "oligarchy", the second element comes from 4334: 2891: 2243:

Since the 19th century, the Athenian version of democracy has been seen by one group as a goal yet to be achieved by modern societies. They want

4152: 3333: 1969:

could be recovered from their estates; election in general strongly favoured the rich, but in this case, wealth was virtually a prerequisite.

1724:, which was composed of members of powerful noble families. While there seems to have also been a type of citizen assembly (presumably of the 1261:

Athenians considered circumstances of one's birth to be relevant to the type of political identity and positions they could hold as citizens.

2313: 2152:

Collectivizing political responsibility lends itself to both dishonest practices and scapegoating individuals when measures become unpopular.

1728:

class), the archons and the body of the Areopagus ran the state and the mass of people had no say in government at all before these reforms.

734: 1666:

The institutions sketched above – assembly, officeholders, council, courts – are incomplete without the figure that drove the whole system,

1423:

format was that of speakers making speeches for and against a position, followed by a general vote (usually by show of hands) of yes or no.

1685:

We do not say that a man who takes no interest in politics is a man who minds his own business; we say that he has no business here at all.

729: 1195:, the nominal independence of Athens dissolved and its government converged to the normal type for a Roman municipality, with a Senate of 3785: 1855:, stripped the Areopagus of its role in supervising and controlling the other institutions, dramatically reducing its power. In the play 776: 5934: 3925: 3999: 2133:

the son of Milesias (not the historian), an aristocrat, stood in opposition to these policies, for which he was ostracised in 443 BC.

3671: 1349: 1532:) of the Boule for a period of thirty-six days. All fifty members of the prytaneis on duty were housed and fed in the tholos of the 2981: 2304:(1712–1778), "democracy came to be associated with popular sovereignty instead of popular participation in the exercise of power". 2207:

Likewise the status of women seems lower in Athens than in many Greek cities. In Sparta, women competed in public exercise – so in

4062: 2825: 1908:) a year, the question was explicitly raised in the assembly agenda: were the office holders carrying out their duties correctly? 1268:

Also excluded from voting were citizens whose rights were under suspension (typically for failure to pay a debt to the city: see

1797:, as the deciding factor during debate over engagement in battle; it is disputed whether this vote implies that the position of 1426:

Though there might be blocs of opinion, sometimes enduring, on important matters, there were no political parties, and likewise

2482: 4137: 54: 4204: 3862: 3839: 3628: 2945: 2811: 2440: 2289: 2136:

At times the imperialist democracy acted with extreme brutality, as in the decision to execute the entire male population of

1770:

during a festival at the Boukoleion in Athens, to ensure the city's safety; It is not known exactly how this law was enacted.

3645: 3553:. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 699–703 – via Gale Virtual Reference Library. 2219:

was by no means an Athenian invention, but it has been claimed that Athens had worse misogyny than other states at the time.

5322: 3955: 3303: 2184:, in 450 BC, restrictions were tightened so that a citizen had to be born to an Athenian father and an Athenian mother. So 4327: 1951: 1188:, left the Athenians their lives and did not sell them into slavery; he also restored the previous government, in 86 BC. 17: 1836:

From an unknown date,. the three archons became nine archons, the three main ones being supported by six others, called

1407:, the assembly's members were not elected, but attended by right when they chose. Greek democracy created at Athens was 1318:

Despite being barred from the right to vote and citizenship overall, women were granted the right to practice religion.

7248: 5944: 5634: 5327: 5261: 4107: 4077: 2876: 2401: 2373: 2161:

The democratic government depends on the control of resources, which requires military power and material exploitation.

1145:

fought Macedonia in 200, the Athenians abolished the first two new tribes and created a twelfth tribe in honour of the

3428: 3234: 3219: 5332: 5307: 4223: 4181: 4122: 3984: 3910: 2623: 1830:

He exercised judicial functions relating to non-Athenian citizens (he mainly supervised litigation involving metics).

4014: 3417:

Goldhill, S., 2004, The Good Citizen, in Love, Sex & Tragedy: Why Classics Matters. John Murray, London, 179-94.

2793: 1896:

While citizens voting in the assembly were free of review or punishment, those same citizens when holding an office

1067:

by making the traditional tribes politically irrelevant and instituting ten new tribes, each made up of about three

7141: 5890: 5317: 5312: 3900: 1873:

Approximately 1,100 citizens (including the members of the council of 500) held office each year. They were mostly

686: 586: 144:

in 322 BC. The Athenian institutions were later revived, but how close they were to a real democracy is debatable.

102:, woman or slave.) Adult male citizens probably constituted no more than 30 percent of the total adult population. 3742: 3727: 3687: 2778: 2685: 1989:

Athenian democracy had many critics, both ancient and modern. Ancient Greek critics of Athenian democracy include

1501: 5784: 5644: 5639: 4916: 4092: 3563: 2996: 1886: 1558: 1269: 769: 4239:

A company of citizens : what the world's first democracy teaches leaders about creating great organizations

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in Ancient Greece that instituted a democratic resume. People tried to throw back this agitating government as

1507:

roles in public affairs included finance, maintaining the military's cavalry and fleet of ships, advising the

7163: 6720: 6213: 5729: 5649: 5347: 5057: 2225:

was more widespread at Athens than in other Greek cities. Indeed, the extensive use of imported non-Greeks ("

1511:, approving of newly elected magistrates, and receiving ambassadors. Most importantly, the Boule would draft 541: 2733: 1781:

after 487 BC. C., when the archonate was chosen by lot. According to some historians, the polemarch was the

1750:(ἄρχων βασιλεὺς / árkhôn basileùs), who took over the religious functions of the ancient kings. He was the “ 7136: 5665: 5119: 601: 43: 4245:

Meier C. 1998, Athens: a portrait of the city in its Golden Age (translated by R. and R. Kimber). New York

3336:

The Greek Polis and the Invention of Democracy: A Politico-cultural Transformation and Its Interpretations

1526:

The members from each of the ten tribes in the Boule took it in turns to act as a standing committee (the

7233: 6191: 5799: 5675: 5337: 5291: 5246: 5022: 4711: 2060:

later on regretted the decision and decided that they had been misled. Those charged with misleading the

1681:

Pericles, according to Thucydides, characterized the Athenians as being very well-informed on politics:

631: 396: 141: 6730: 3378: 3126: 3111: 3096: 2700: 1583:

The cases were put by the litigants themselves in the form of an exchange of single speeches timed by a

7258: 7253: 6852: 6725: 5858: 5853: 5829: 5739: 5256: 4354: 4307: 4047: 1824: 1431: 867: 762: 2647: 2158:

A democratic Athens with an imperial policy will spread the desire for democracy outside of the polis.

2149:

Democratic rule acts in the benefit of smaller self-interested factions, rather than the entire polis.

2145:. This writer (also called pseudo-Xenophon) produced several comments critical of democracy, such as: 1326: 7263: 7210: 7153: 6109: 5912: 5897: 5819: 5754: 5074: 4969: 4443: 4377: 1390: 1384: 1250: 1215: 1197: 1036: 47: 5721: 5701: 4899: 4557: 2027:. To Thucydides, this carelessness was due to common peoples' "preference for ready-made accounts". 1931:, though this check was imperfect and did not prevent elections from involving pandering to voters. 5907: 5870: 5804: 5470: 5357: 3393: 3363: 2244: 1412: 1177: 666: 511: 371: 58:

The relief representation depicts the personified Demos being crowned by Democracy. About 276 BC.

2108: 1642: 1576: 964:, made up of ex-archons. The members of these institutions were generally aristocrats. In 621 BC, 7190: 6314: 6114: 6099: 5902: 5885: 5865: 5834: 5734: 5670: 5286: 5271: 5241: 5202: 5079: 4931: 4433: 2906: 2130: 1794: 1185: 1122:

in 324 BC; after his death, Athens and Sparta led several states to war with Macedonia and lost.

1096: 671: 606: 516: 491: 346: 125: 2861: 7148: 6151: 5922: 5880: 5814: 5779: 5231: 5215: 4911: 4852: 4701: 4696: 3202: 1363: 1030: 981: 496: 486: 453: 381: 336: 316: 297: 237: 227: 222: 202: 3797: 1474: 1473:

In the 5th century BC, there were 10 fixed assembly meetings per year, one in each of the ten

7200: 6429: 6419: 6409: 6394: 6084: 5824: 5794: 5749: 5744: 5375: 5342: 5144: 5049: 5035: 4691: 4562: 4526: 3189: 2430: 2297: 2235: 2084:

were much more extensive. Much of his writings were about his alternatives to democracy. His

1755: 1134: 1126: 890: 551: 531: 506: 501: 481: 443: 418: 3072: 1619:

crisis in the 4th century when the courts, at least for private suits, had to be suspended.

1334: 6672: 6666: 6652: 6136: 6094: 6066: 5951: 5764: 4994: 4790: 2759: 2252: 2222: 2092: 2086: 1111: 724: 526: 428: 361: 292: 287: 267: 173: 59: 2416:

Josiah Ober, The Rise and Fall of Classical Greece (2015) Princeton University Press, USA.

8: 6803: 6773: 6161: 6056: 6051: 5488: 4803: 4716: 4686: 4640: 4403: 3822:

Tangian, Andranik (2020). "Chapter 1 Athenian democracy and Chapter 6 Direct democracy".

2526: 2264: 2043: 1624: 1427: 1138:

honour of the Macedonian king and his son, and the other in honour of the Egyptian king.

1115: 1091: 939: 719: 709: 546: 521: 458: 438: 408: 391: 386: 376: 351: 306: 282: 257: 232: 217: 7020: 6917: 6823: 6467: 6384: 6272: 5774: 5598: 5114: 5094: 4822: 4706: 4501: 4428: 3845: 3545: 3478: 3054: 1844:

the citizen's assembly, the archons and Areopagus still wielded a great deal of power.

1813:

military responsibilities continued until 487 BC, when a new procedure was adopted and

1806: 1786: 1782: 1435: 1232:) and slaves, with the latter perhaps somewhat more numerous. Around 338 BC the orator 691: 621: 611: 556: 331: 326: 247: 212: 195: 3826:. Studies in Choice and Welfare. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. pp. 3–43, 263–315. 3012:

Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Xenias Graphe

1534: 96:

and executive bills. Participation was open to adult, free male citizens (i.e., not a

7196: 7095: 6682: 6231: 6079: 6031: 5875: 5844: 5789: 5706: 5583: 5455: 5276: 5109: 5062: 5002: 4876: 4858: 4834: 4816: 4771: 4726: 4721: 4372: 4219: 4200: 4193: 4177: 4035:

The Athenian Democracy in the Age of Demosthenes: Structure, Principles, and Ideology

4032: 3980: 3906: 3849: 3835: 3651: 3486: 3482: 3436: 2951: 2941: 2629: 2619: 2436: 2397: 2369: 2080:

While Plato blamed democracy for killing Socrates, his criticisms of the rule of the

1716:

Just before the reforms of Solon in the 7th century BC, Athens was governed by a few

1079:(further subdivisions). Every male citizen over 18 had to be registered in his deme. 714: 641: 366: 356: 302: 183: 156: 133: 3058: 1947: 7025: 6557: 6522: 6339: 6196: 6074: 5961: 5956: 5281: 5236: 5067: 4974: 4590: 4423: 4408: 4398: 4303: 4251:

Mass and Elite in Democratic Athens: Rhetoric, Ideology and the Power of the People

3827: 3513: 3470: 3046: 2389: 2361: 2317: 2259: 2248: 2064:

were put on trial, including the author of the motion to try the generals together.

1740: 1408: 1059: 965: 956:

Before the first attempt at democratic government, Athens was ruled by a series of

651: 646: 596: 423: 311: 272: 262: 242: 89: 81: 2586: 2456: 7040: 6798: 6586: 6399: 6141: 6007: 5939: 5266: 4864: 4846: 4840: 4754: 4731: 4605: 4516: 4476: 4413: 4291: 3881: 3275: 2688:

The Origins of Democratic Thinking: The Invention of Politics in Classical Athens

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The Origins of Democratic Thinking: The Invention of Politics in Classical Athens

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who met in Philadelphia in 1787 did not set up a Council of the Areopagos, but a

2230: 2176:

been argued that democracy compromised the status of those who did not share it.

2098: 1747: 1222: 1149:

king. The Athenians declared for Rome, and in 146 BC Athens became an autonomous

752: 576: 536: 321: 7065: 6778: 4125:

The Tradition of Ancient Greek Democracy and Its Importance for Modern Democracy

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The non-citizen component of the population was made up of resident foreigners (

1160:

ranked as the highest officials. They were elected, and even foreigners such as

6922: 6862: 6857: 6813: 6594: 6542: 6532: 6512: 6502: 6246: 6241: 6236: 5089: 4888: 4882: 4870: 4670: 4645: 4418: 4343: 3793: 3474: 2661: 2309: 1244:

Only adult male Athenian citizens who had completed their military training as

1100: 681: 571: 341: 129: 70: 3831: 3517: 3050: 1358:

provides a run-down of the structure of Athens' government and its processes.

7227: 7158: 7075: 7050: 6740: 6662: 6344: 6287: 6186: 6176: 6146: 6128: 6002: 5154: 4936: 4828: 4784: 4746: 4585: 4506: 3440: 2955: 2633: 1857: 1454:

required the voters to scratch names onto pieces of broken pottery (ὄστρακα,

1439: 581: 448: 401: 277: 35: 4002:

Political Dissent in Democratic Athens: Intellectual Critics of Popular Rule

3883:

Political Dissent in Democratic Athens: Intellectual Critics of Popular Rule

2917: 2312:

were worried about the ignorance of democratic decision-making bodies, but "

1180:

and went to war with Rome; he was killed during the war and was replaced by

178: 30: 6975: 6927: 6793: 6647: 6517: 6156: 5992: 5498: 5460: 5159: 3896: 3156: 2339:

Now democracy only appears in its original direct form in small countries.

2321: 2208: 2197: 2164:

The values of freedom of equality include non-citizens more than it should.

2142: 2006: 1994: 1966: 1540: 1142: 1055: 977: 3972: 2935: 2192:, the founder of democracy, had a non-Athenian mother, and the mothers of 1556:

Athens had an elaborate legal system centered on full citizen rights (see

6995: 6887: 6867: 6695: 6203: 6181: 6171: 6166: 6089: 6046: 5593: 5503: 5493: 5380: 5370: 5134: 4511: 4486: 4297: 4234: 3877: 2189: 2180:

Originally, a male would be a citizen if his father was a citizen, Under

1928: 1751: 1611: 1584: 1273: 1063: 1048: 561: 252: 109: 93: 6700: 3943:

What's Wrong with Democracy?: From Athenian Practice to American Worship

3865:

What's Wrong with Democracy?: From Athenian Practice to American Worship

3759:

What's Wrong with Democracy?: From Athenian Practice to American Worship

3073:"The Internet Classics Archive | The Athenian Constitution by Aristotle" 2864:

Introduction to Athenian Democracy of the Fifth and Fourth Centuries BCE

2368:. Historia - Einzelschriften. Stuttgart, Germany: Franz Steiner Verlag. 1606:, a feature described by Aristotle as fundamental to radical democracy ( 747: 6932: 6902: 6897: 6882: 6768: 6735: 6404: 6374: 6041: 5769: 5603: 5445: 5440: 5430: 5415: 5400: 5390: 5365: 4741: 4496: 4451: 4140:

Athenian Political Thought and the Reconstruction of American Democracy

3531: 1990: 1814: 1674:('accuser'), a term also used in cases involving homicide, rather than 1469:

with the speaker's platform, the meeting place of the people of Athens.

1404: 973: 855: 636: 566: 433: 121: 120:. After his death, Athenian democracy was twice briefly interrupted by 73: 2828:

Hellenistic Constructs: Essays in Culture, History, and Historiography

2394:

Democracy beyond Athens: Popular Government in the Greek Classical Age

1965:. One reason that financial officials were elected was that any money 1817:

were then appointed by lot. He also resumed some religious functions:

1389:

The central events of the Athenian democracy were the meetings of the

6907: 6833: 6818: 6788: 6783: 6715: 6639: 6624: 6609: 6552: 6452: 6104: 6036: 5608: 5588: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5513: 5508: 5478: 5425: 5385: 5164: 5030: 4984: 4964: 4595: 4466: 3675: 2226: 2047: 2002: 1961: 1921: 1882: 1874: 1862: 1778: 1774: 1721: 1711: 1580:), all 6,000 members of the jury pool may have attended to one case. 1565:

Essentially there were two grades of a suit, a smaller kind known as

1528: 1508: 1451: 1416: 1233: 1170: 1146: 1130: 1083: 961: 949: 885: 852: 848: 790: 661: 616: 476: 163: 137: 113: 2796:

Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age

2111:

416 BC; end of assembly trials 355 BC). For instance, the system of

6957: 6947: 6937: 6912: 6690: 6657: 6619: 6562: 6477: 6462: 6319: 6309: 6226: 6221: 5618: 5613: 5573: 5568: 5543: 5523: 5450: 5405: 5395: 5251: 5149: 5084: 5012: 4620: 3490: 2521: 2301: 2216: 2181: 2068: 2052: 1974: 1878: 1852: 1767: 1603: 1602:

Payment for jurors was introduced around 462 BC and is ascribed to

1519: 1192: 1181: 1161: 1007: 969: 859: 656: 626: 591: 413: 117: 39: 6710: 1820:

He presided over ceremonies in honor of soldiers killed in combat.

894:

6.43.3) in both a verbal passive and nominal sense with the terms

7100: 7090: 7035: 7030: 7015: 7005: 6990: 6985: 6872: 6760: 6750: 6629: 6604: 6599: 6572: 6567: 6547: 6537: 6527: 6492: 6482: 6472: 6424: 6414: 6389: 6354: 6349: 6324: 5977: 5759: 5420: 5410: 5169: 5139: 5129: 5124: 5104: 5099: 4979: 4926: 4635: 4625: 4615: 4610: 4600: 4312: 2435:. Lancaster Pamphlets in Ancient History. Routledge. p. 74. 1725: 1288: 1284: 1245: 1165: 1119: 1069: 84:, comprising the city of Athens and the surrounding territory of 7045: 6359: 4293:

Drawing Lots: From Egalitarianism to Democracy in Ancient Greece

2038:

was also reckless and arbitrary. Two examples demonstrate this:

1877:, with a much smaller (and more prestigious) group of about 100 7070: 7000: 6980: 6942: 6808: 6614: 6507: 6444: 6434: 6379: 5997: 5982: 5578: 5563: 5538: 5533: 5518: 5179: 5174: 4941: 4921: 4665: 4655: 4650: 4521: 4481: 4471: 4456: 2293: 2285: 2281: 2201: 2020: 1759: 1717: 1707: 1634: 1342:

by Aristotle that details the constitution of Classical Athens.

1157: 957: 922: 919: 676: 85: 3408:"Funeral Oration", Thucydides II.40, trans. Rex Warner (1954). 2366:

The First Democracies: Early Popular Government Outside Athens

1954:, marble Roman copy after a Greek original from c. 430 BC 1209: 1054:

In 561 BC, the nascent democracy was overthrown by the tyrant

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Demokratia: a conversation on democracies, ancient and modern

3647:

Athenian Generals: Military Authority in the Classical Period

3461:

Parker, Walter C. (January 2005). "Teaching Against Idiocy".

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Race and citizen identity in the classical Athenian democracy

2907:

agathe.gr: The Unenfranchised II – Slaves and Resident Aliens

2193: 2137: 2073: 1998: 1615: 1485: 1461: 1394: 1254: 1229: 985: 945: 913: 907: 901: 895: 879: 873: 842: 836: 830: 824: 818: 812: 806: 800: 794: 105: 98: 77: 1823:

He offered ritual sacrifices in memory of the tyrannicides,

1118:'s relations with Athens later strained when he returned to 7085: 7060: 7010: 6497: 6487: 3617:

N. G. L. Hammond, Studies in Greek History, (1973), 346-364

2046:

over the Spartans. After the battle, a storm arose and the

2031:"arithmetic" and "geometric" (i.e. proportional) equality. 1489: 1466: 1075: 3001:, Cambridge University Press, 30 Aug 1991, pp. 25–26. 1518:

Cleisthenes restricted the Boule's membership to those of

1458:), though this did not occur within the assembly as such. 3786:"Ostracism: selection and de-selection in ancient Greece" 3278:

Greek Popular Morality in the Time of Plato and Aristotle

2764: 2752: 2457:"Ancient Greek civilization - The reforms of Cleisthenes" 3945:, University of California Press, 2004, p. 12 & 195. 3692:, Cambridge University Press, 30 Aug 1991, pp. 1–2. 2879:

Late Classical and Early Hellenistic Corinth: 338–196 BC

2511:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 112. 3973:"Manifestations of Populism in late 5th Century Athens" 3885:, Princeton University Press, 2001, pp. 54 & 78–79. 3770:

Raaflaub, Kurt A., Ober, Josiah and Wallace Robert W.,

3761:, University of California Press, 2004, pp. 44–45. 136:. It was modified somewhat after it was restored under 1927:

government office. This also acted as a check against

1766:, should marry and have sexual relations with the god 1731:

Originally, the archons, always chosen from among the

2714: 2712: 2288:, Rome was a republic but not a democracy. Thus, the 1073:(geographical divisions), each consisting of several 817:, traditionally interpreted "people" or "towns") and 3504:

Sparkes, A.W. (1988). "Idiots, Ancient and Modern".

3351:

A History of the Classical Greek World: 478 – 323 BC

2857: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2849: 4112:, Harvard University Press, 2010, pp. 256–259. 3928:

Xenophon: Ethical Principles and Historical Enquiry

3630:

The Constitutional Antiquities of Sparta and Athens

1654:annual jury pool of 6,000. These were known as the 1569:(δίκη) or private suit, and a larger kind known as 1058:but was reinstated after the expulsion of his son, 4192: 4127:, Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, 2005, p. 10. 3544: 3032:"The Position of Attic Women in Democratic Athens" 2709: 2553: 2551: 2396:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 4028: 4026: 2846: 1090:In the wake of Athens's disastrous defeat in the 7225: 4195:The Athenian Democracy in the age of Demosthenes 3777: 2483:"Athenian Democracy: a brief overview !!!!" 1720:(three, then later nine) and the council of the 1502:Boule (ancient Greece) § The Athenian Boule 980:. While the laws, later come to be known as the 4548: 2548: 2129:democracy fed off an empire of subject states. 4023: 3817: 3815: 3774:, University of California Press, 2007 p. 182. 2830:, University of California Press, 1997, Ch. 5. 2005:the pupil of Plato, and a writer known as the 1785:of the armed forces of the city-state. At the 1204: 4328: 4067:, Volume 7, ABC-CLIO, 1997, pp. 312–314. 3867:, University of California Press, 2004, p. 6. 3824:Analytical theory of democracy. Vols. 1 and 2 3633:. S. Sonnenschein & Company. p. 153. 2798:, University of California Press, 1993, p.29. 2618:(2nd ed.). London, New York: Routledge. 1330:Constitution of the Athenians, 4th century BC 1005:. The classifications were based on how many 770: 4257: 4232: 4065:The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery 3396:The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Greek Law 3334:Arnason, JP., Raaflaub, KA. and Wagner, P., 3319:Bertoch, MJ., The Greeks had a jury for it, 3144:The Origins of Citizenship in Ancient Athens 2984:The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Greek Law 1893:) at which time they might be disqualified. 1701: 1635:Shifting balance between assembly and courts 1347:Aristotle or one of his students called the 1321: 4037:, University of Oklahoma Press, 1991, p.53. 3812: 3426: 2382: 2354: 1610:1294a37). Pay was raised from two to three 1210:Size and make-up of the Athenian population 1082:The third set of reforms was instigated by 872:(l. 604) with the line sung by the Chorus: 69:developed around the 6th century BC in the 7244:1st-century BC disestablishments in Greece 5214: 4335: 4321: 4004:, Princeton University Press, 2001, p. 43. 3146:, Princeton University Press, 2014 p. 182. 2826:Cartledge, P, Garnsey, P. and Gruen, ES., 2251:in the Athenian way, perhaps by utilizing 777: 763: 3905:. Cornell University Press. p. 108. 3783: 3398:Cambridge University Press, 2005, p. 130. 3184:Terry Buckley, Aspects of Greek History: 3029: 2986:Cambridge University Press, 2005, p. 278. 2940:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2587:"Draconian laws | Definition & Facts" 2342: 960:, or magistrates, and the council of the 4275: 4142:, Cornell University Press, 1994, p. 96. 4108:Grafton, A., Most, G.A. and Settis, S., 4082:, Harvard University Press, 2010, p.259. 3970: 3368:, Cornell University Press, 1978, p.250. 2896:, Princeton University Press, 2013 p. 9. 2783:, Harvard University Press, 1997, p. 42. 2506: 2388: 2360: 1946: 1460: 1333: 1325: 1239: 1043: 53: 29: 7239:6th-century BC establishments in Greece 4213: 4171: 4078:Grafton, A., Most, GA. and Settis, S., 3821: 3626: 3506:Australian Journal of Political Science 3503: 3429:"Trump and the True Meaning of 'Idiot'" 3308:, Cornell University Press, 1978, p.36. 2918:agathe.gr: The Unenfranchised I – Women 2807: 2805: 2734:"The Development of Athenian Democracy" 2613: 2428: 2424: 2422: 2034:To its ancient detractors, rule by the 14: 7226: 6268: 4266: 4216:A History of the Athenian Constitution 4190: 3960:, John Wiley & Sons, 2013, p. 103. 3772:Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece 3460: 3454: 3353:, John Wiley & Sons, 2011, p. 235. 3338:, John Wiley & Sons, 2013' p. 167. 2509:Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece 1551: 1011:a man's estate made per year with the 7125: 6267: 5696: 5200: 4547: 4367: 4316: 4278:Democracy and Participation in Athens 4138:Roberts, J., in Euben, J.P., et al., 4019:, John Wiley & Sons, 2013, p.107. 4017:Companion to Ancient Greek Government 3958:Companion to Ancient Greek Government 3895: 3690:Democracy and Participation in Athens 3643: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 2999:Democracy and Participation in Athens 2929: 2927: 2925: 2760:"The Final End of Athenian Democracy" 2731: 2609: 2607: 2480: 2290:Founding Fathers of the United States 1225:, a major power, had at most 15,000. 1087:level of the propertied citizenship. 6736:Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus 4368: 4248: 3542: 3264:History of the Athenian Constitution 3251:History of the Athenian Constitution 2933: 2802: 2419: 1789:Herodotus described the vote of the 1661: 1438:did not exist. Voting was by simple 1253:, freed slaves, children, women and 847:) had already been taken and meant " 4258:Ober, Josiah; Hendrick, C. (1996). 3747:, Routledge, 2005, pp. 42–43. 3239:, Routledge, 2005, pp. 30–31. 2738:Dēmos: Classical Athenian Democracy 2247:to be added to or even replaced by 1915: 27:Government regime in ancient Athens 24: 5697: 4342: 3578: 3427:Anthamatten, Eric (12 June 2017). 3294:, Routledge, 2005, pp. 36–38. 3224:, Routledge, 2005, pp. 31–32 3016: 2922: 2722:, Routledge, 2005, pp. 55–56 2604: 2542:Encyclopedia of Democratic Thought 1301: 1191:After Rome became an Empire under 1015:making at least 500 medimnoi, the 968:replaced the prevailing system of 38:depicting the Athenian politician 25: 7280: 4285: 4155:Politics Antiquity and Its Legacy 4097:, Cassell/Continuum, 1997, p.194" 3568:, Routledge, 2005, pp. 8–9. 3323:, October, 1971, Vol. 57, p.1013. 3280:, Hackett Publishing, 1994, p.23. 3131:, Routledge, 2005, p 33–34. 2690:, CUP Archive, 25 Aug 1989, p.21. 1694:not support this interpretation. 1488:into the assembly meeting place ( 1023:making 200-300 medimnoi, and the 858:. (In present-day use, the term " 7205: 7195: 7186: 7185: 4157:, Oxford University Press, 2009. 3930:, BRILL, 2012, pp. 196–199. 3549:. In Borchert, Donald M. (ed.). 2575:, CUP Archive, 25 Aug 1989, p.7. 1868: 1184:. The victorious Roman general, 851:", the office or rank of a high 746: 7206: 4174:Athens from Alexander to Antony 4146: 4131: 4116: 4101: 4086: 4071: 4056: 4041: 4008: 3993: 3964: 3949: 3934: 3919: 3902:The Fall of the Athenian Empire 3889: 3871: 3856: 3764: 3751: 3736: 3721: 3708: 3696: 3681: 3664: 3637: 3620: 3611: 3598: 3572: 3557: 3536: 3524: 3497: 3420: 3411: 3402: 3387: 3372: 3357: 3342: 3327: 3312: 3297: 3284: 3269: 3256: 3243: 3228: 3213: 3195: 3178: 3165: 3150: 3135: 3120: 3105: 3090: 3065: 3005: 2990: 2975: 2962: 2911: 2900: 2885: 2870: 2834: 2819: 2787: 2781:Athens from Alexander to Antony 2772: 2725: 2694: 2679: 2654: 2640: 2579: 2564: 2296:, that, eventually, met on the 2258:Greek philosopher and activist 862:" has acquired a new meaning.) 730:Latin America and the Caribbean 34:Nineteenth-century painting by 4095:Towards An Inclusive Democracy 4050:Women in Athenian Law and Life 3977:New Studies in History and Law 3203:"Boule: ancient Greek council" 2662:"Solon's laws | Greek history" 2533: 2515: 2500: 2474: 2449: 2410: 1658:(νομοθέται, 'the lawmakers'). 933: 13: 1: 4807: 4794: 4775: 4758: 4280:. Cambridge University Press. 3784:Cartledge, Paul (July 2006). 3672:Constitution of the Athenians 2347: 1538:, a building adjacent to the 1523:participation in government. 1356:Constitution of the Athenians 1350:Constitution of the Athenians 1019:making 300-500 medimnoi, the 542:Democracy and economic growth 5935:Funeral and burial practices 5120:Military of Mycenaean Greece 3971:Adamidis, Vasileios (2019). 2813:A Companion to Greek Studies 2328:George Grote claimed in his 1984: 1495: 1106: 908: 896: 874: 831: 819: 807: 795: 735:Middle East and North Africa 602:Peaceful transition of power 147: 7: 4172:Habicht, Christian (1997). 3926:Hobden, F. and Tuplin, C., 3366:The Law in Classical Athens 3306:The Law in Classical Athens 2540:Clarke, PB. and Foweraker, 2200:were not Greek at all, but 2019:points to errors regarding 1993:the general and historian, 1942: 1378: 1205:Participation and exclusion 632:Proportional representation 132:BC, towards the end of the 10: 7285: 5859:Greek Revival architecture 5201: 4308:World History Encyclopedia 4296:(2024) by Irad Malkin and 4165: 3650:. BRILL. pp. 79, 80. 3581:"Herodotus, The Histories" 3551:Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3475:10.1177/003172170508600504 3394:Cohen D. and Gagarin, M., 2982:Cohen D. and Gagarin, M., 2894:Status in Classical Athens 2544:. Routledge, 2003, p. 196. 2481:Blackwell, Christopher W. 1919: 1825:Harmodius and Aristogeiton 1735:, were three magistrates: 1705: 1499: 1395: 1382: 1213: 944:Athens was never the only 937: 928: 914: 902: 880: 843: 837: 825: 813: 801: 7249:Society of ancient Greece 7181: 7132: 7126: 7121: 6966: 6843: 6832: 6759: 6681: 6638: 6585: 6443: 6295: 6286: 6282: 6263: 6212: 6127: 6065: 6027: 6020: 5970: 5930: 5921: 5843: 5720: 5716: 5692: 5658: 5627: 5469: 5356: 5300: 5267:Attalid kings of Pergamon 5222: 5213: 5209: 5196: 5075:Antigonid Macedonian army 5048: 5021: 4993: 4950: 4907: 4898: 4740: 4679: 4576: 4572: 4543: 4442: 4391: 4387: 4363: 4350: 4214:Hignett, Charles (1962). 4052:, Routledge, 2008, p. 15. 3832:10.1007/978-3-030-39691-6 3732:, Routledge, 2005, p.29. 3718:, Routledge, 2005, p. 55. 3518:10.1080/00323268808402051 3383:, Routledge, 2005, p.60. 3116:, Routledge, 2005, p.57. 3101:, Routledge, 2005, p.32. 3051:10.1017/S0017383514000072 3030:Pritchard, David (2014). 2881:, Routledge, 2014, p. 44. 2705:, Routledge, 2005, p.25. 2270: 2115:was introduced. In this: 1702:Archons and the Areopagus 1678:('the one who pursues'). 1385:Ecclesia (ancient Athens) 1322:Main bodies of government 1216:Slavery in ancient Greece 976:to be enforced only by a 4276:Sinclair, R. K. (1988). 3627:Gilbert, Gustav (1895). 2972:, Routledge, 2005, p.54. 2732:Blackwell, Christopher. 2561:, Routledge, 2005, p.10. 2245:representative democracy 805:) combines the elements 687:Wars between democracies 667:Territorial peace theory 512:Democratic confederalism 4110:The Classical Tradition 4080:The Classical Tradition 3703:Encyclopædia Britannica 3207:Encyclopædia Britannica 3186:A Source-Based Approach 2666:Encyclopedia Britannica 2648:Encyclopædia Britannica 2591:Encyclopedia Britannica 2461:Encyclopedia Britannica 2001:the pupil of Socrates, 1186:Publius Cornelius Sulla 1097:Athenian coup of 411 BC 672:Tyranny of the majority 607:Political demonstration 517:Democratic peace theory 492:Deliberative referendum 5301:Artists & scholars 5216:List of ancient Greeks 4853:Second Athenian League 4702:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 4527:Ancient Greek colonies 3543:Benn, Stanley (2006). 2815:, CUP Archive, p. 447. 2614:Thorley, John (2004). 2429:Thorley, John (2005). 2343:References and sources 2122: 2016: 1955: 1687: 1470: 1343: 1340:Constitution of Athens 1331: 1156:Under Roman rule, the 1051: 982:Draconian Constitution 497:Democratic backsliding 487:Criticism of democracy 63: 51: 42:delivering his famous 7269:Democracy by location 6420:Sybaris on the Traeis 5145:Sacred Band of Thebes 4885:(c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD) 4399:Cycladic civilization 4267:Rhodes, P.J. (2004). 4249:Ober, Josiah (1989). 4191:Hansen, M.H. (1987). 3644:Hamel, Debra (1998). 3585:www.perseus.tufts.edu 2236:Cornelius Castoriadis 2117: 2011: 1950: 1851:Ephialtes, and later 1683: 1464: 1337: 1329: 1240:Citizenship in Athens 1178:Mithridates of Pontus 1135:Demetrius Poliorcetes 1127:Demetrius of Phalerum 1047: 552:Electoral competition 532:Democratic transition 507:Democratic centralism 502:Democratic capitalism 57: 33: 5945:mythological figures 5666:Ancient Greek tribes 4791:Peloponnesian League 3790:History & Policy 2934:Lape, Susan (2010). 2253:electronic democracy 1861:, performed in 458, 1756:mystery celebrations 875:dēmou kratousa cheir 527:Democratic socialism 112:(in 508–07 BC), and 60:Ancient Agora Museum 6057:Tunnel of Eupalinos 6052:Theatre of Dionysus 5676:Ancient Macedonians 5292:Tyrants of Syracuse 4804:Amphictyonic League 4404:Minoan civilization 3188:, Routledge, 2006, 2265:inclusive democracy 1552:Courts (Dikasteria) 1116:Alexander the Great 940:Athenian Revolution 881:δήμου κρατούσα χειρ 753:Politics portal 547:Democracy promotion 522:Democratic republic 18:Democracy in Athens 7234:Athenian democracy 6731:Menestheus's Limin 6385:Pandosia (Lucania) 6273:Greek colonisation 5635:Athenian statesmen 5396:Diogenes of Sinope 5257:Kings of Macedonia 5247:Kings of Commagene 5115:Macedonian phalanx 5095:Hellenistic armies 4843:(c. 424–c. 395 BC) 4707:Indo-Greek Kingdom 4429:Hellenistic Greece 4304:Athenian Democracy 4269:Athenian democracy 4153:Vlassopoulos, K., 4093:Fotopoulos Takis, 3745:Athenian Democracy 3730:Athenian Democracy 3716:Athenian Democracy 3566:Athenian Democracy 3433:The New York Times 3381:Athenian Democracy 3292:Athenian Democracy 3237:Athenian Democracy 3222:Athenian Democracy 3129:Athenian Democracy 3114:Athenian Democracy 3099:Athenian Democracy 2970:Athenian Democracy 2720:Athenian Democracy 2703:Athenian Democracy 2616:Athenian democracy 2559:Athenian Democracy 2432:Athenian Democracy 1956: 1807:commander-in-chief 1801:was an equal to a 1787:Battle of Marathon 1783:commander-in-chief 1471: 1436:Westminster system 1344: 1332: 1052: 1013:pentakosiomedimnoi 991:pentakosiomedimnoi 692:Waves of democracy 652:Right to candidacy 622:Popular referendum 612:Political equality 482:Citizens' assembly 67:Athenian democracy 64: 52: 7259:Ancient Greek law 7254:Political systems 7219: 7218: 7177: 7176: 7117: 7116: 7113: 7112: 7109: 7108: 6683:Iberian Peninsula 6615:Lipara/Meligounis 6581: 6580: 6259: 6258: 6255: 6254: 6232:Cypriot syllabary 6123: 6122: 6032:Athenian Treasury 6016: 6015: 5688: 5687: 5684: 5683: 5277:Ptolemaic dynasty 5237:Archons of Athens 5192: 5191: 5188: 5187: 5063:Athenian military 5044: 5043: 4877:League of Corinth 4859:Thessalian League 4835:Chalcidian League 4817:Acarnanian League 4727:Ptolemaic Kingdom 4539: 4538: 4535: 4534: 4206:978-0-8061-3143-6 3841:978-3-030-39690-9 2947:978-0-511-67676-5 2442:978-1-13-479335-8 2390:Robinson, Eric W. 2362:Robinson, Eric W. 2330:History of Greece 1662:Citizen-initiator 1151:civitas foederata 1092:Sicilian campaign 787: 786: 642:Right to petition 134:Peloponnesian War 16:(Redirected from 7276: 7264:Direct democracy 7209: 7208: 7199: 7189: 7188: 7123: 7122: 6841: 6840: 6340:Heraclea Lucania 6293: 6292: 6284: 6283: 6265: 6264: 6025: 6024: 5957:Twelve Olympians 5928: 5927: 5718: 5717: 5694: 5693: 5282:Seleucid dynasty 5262:Kings of Paionia 5211: 5210: 5198: 5197: 5068:Scythian archers 4975:Graphe paranomon 4905: 4904: 4812: 4809: 4799: 4796: 4780: 4777: 4767: 4763: 4760: 4574: 4573: 4545: 4544: 4424:Classical Greece 4409:Mycenaean Greece 4389: 4388: 4365: 4364: 4337: 4330: 4323: 4314: 4313: 4281: 4272: 4263: 4254: 4242: 4229: 4210: 4198: 4187: 4159: 4150: 4144: 4135: 4129: 4120: 4114: 4105: 4099: 4090: 4084: 4075: 4069: 4063:Rodriguez, JP., 4060: 4054: 4045: 4039: 4030: 4021: 4012: 4006: 3997: 3991: 3990: 3968: 3962: 3953: 3947: 3938: 3932: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3893: 3887: 3875: 3869: 3860: 3854: 3853: 3819: 3810: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3800:on 16 April 2010 3796:. 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6988: 6983: 6978: 6972: 6970: 6964: 6963: 6961: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6849: 6847: 6838: 6830: 6829: 6827: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6765: 6763: 6757: 6756: 6754: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6687: 6685: 6679: 6678: 6676: 6675: 6670: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6644: 6642: 6636: 6635: 6633: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6591: 6589: 6583: 6582: 6579: 6578: 6576: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6533:Megara Hyblaea 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6513:Hybla Gereatis 6510: 6505: 6503:Heraclea Minoa 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6449: 6447: 6441: 6440: 6438: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6301: 6299: 6290: 6280: 6279: 6276: 6275: 6269: 6261: 6260: 6257: 6256: 6253: 6252: 6250: 6249: 6247:Attic numerals 6244: 6242:Greek numerals 6239: 6237:Greek alphabet 6234: 6229: 6224: 6218: 6216: 6210: 6209: 6207: 6206: 6201: 6200: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6133: 6131: 6125: 6124: 6121: 6120: 6118: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6071: 6069: 6063: 6062: 6060: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6028: 6022: 6018: 6017: 6014: 6013: 6011: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5974: 5972: 5968: 5967: 5965: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5948: 5947: 5937: 5931: 5925: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5894: 5893: 5891:Musical system 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5862: 5861: 5850: 5848: 5841: 5840: 5838: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5726: 5724: 5714: 5713: 5710: 5709: 5704: 5698: 5690: 5689: 5686: 5685: 5682: 5681: 5679: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5662: 5660: 5656: 5655: 5653: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5631: 5629: 5625: 5624: 5622: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5475: 5473: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5362: 5360: 5354: 5353: 5351: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5323:Mathematicians 5320: 5315: 5310: 5304: 5302: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5232:Kings of Argos 5228: 5226: 5220: 5219: 5207: 5206: 5194: 5193: 5190: 5189: 5186: 5185: 5183: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5090:Cretan archers 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5071: 5070: 5060: 5054: 5052: 5046: 5045: 5042: 5041: 5039: 5038: 5033: 5027: 5025: 5019: 5018: 5016: 5015: 5010: 5005: 4999: 4997: 4991: 4990: 4988: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4956: 4954: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4908: 4902: 4896: 4895: 4893: 4892: 4889:Achaean League 4886: 4883:Euboean League 4880: 4874: 4871:Epirote League 4868: 4862: 4856: 4850: 4844: 4838: 4832: 4826: 4820: 4819:(c. 500–31 BC) 4814: 4801: 4788: 4782: 4769: 4751: 4749: 4747:Confederations 4738: 4737: 4735: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4683: 4681: 4677: 4676: 4674: 4673: 4671:Lissus (Crete) 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4582: 4580: 4570: 4569: 4566: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4549: 4541: 4540: 4537: 4536: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4448: 4446: 4440: 4439: 4437: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4419:Archaic Greece 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4395: 4393: 4385: 4384: 4381: 4380: 4375: 4369: 4361: 4360: 4358: 4357: 4351: 4348: 4347: 4344:Ancient Greece 4340: 4339: 4332: 4325: 4317: 4311: 4310: 4301: 4287: 4286:External links 4284: 4283: 4282: 4273: 4264: 4255: 4246: 4243: 4233:Manville, B.; 4230: 4224: 4211: 4205: 4188: 4182: 4167: 4164: 4161: 4160: 4145: 4130: 4123:Hansen, M.H., 4115: 4100: 4085: 4070: 4055: 4040: 4022: 4007: 3992: 3985: 3963: 3948: 3933: 3918: 3911: 3888: 3870: 3855: 3840: 3811: 3794:United Kingdom 3776: 3763: 3750: 3735: 3720: 3707: 3695: 3680: 3663: 3656: 3636: 3619: 3610: 3597: 3571: 3556: 3535: 3523: 3512:(1): 101–102. 3496: 3453: 3419: 3410: 3401: 3386: 3371: 3356: 3341: 3326: 3311: 3296: 3283: 3268: 3255: 3242: 3227: 3212: 3194: 3177: 3173:Ekklesiazousai 3164: 3149: 3134: 3119: 3104: 3089: 3064: 3045:(2): 174–193. 3015: 3004: 2997:Sinclair, RK., 2989: 2974: 2961: 2946: 2921: 2910: 2899: 2884: 2869: 2845: 2833: 2818: 2801: 2786: 2771: 2751: 2724: 2708: 2693: 2678: 2653: 2639: 2624: 2603: 2578: 2563: 2547: 2532: 2514: 2499: 2473: 2448: 2441: 2418: 2409: 2403:978-0521843317 2402: 2381: 2375:978-3515069519 2374: 2352: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2344: 2341: 2310:Samuel Johnson 2272: 2269: 2241: 2240: 2231:chattel slaves 2220: 2205: 2169: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2078: 2077: 2065: 1986: 1983: 1944: 1941: 1920:Main article: 1917: 1914: 1870: 1867: 1834: 1833: 1832: 1831: 1828: 1821: 1771: 1744: 1703: 1700: 1663: 1660: 1636: 1633: 1553: 1550: 1500:Main article: 1497: 1494: 1479:kyria ekklesia 1413:representative 1411:, rather than 1383:Main article: 1380: 1377: 1323: 1320: 1303: 1300: 1287:in 427 BC and 1241: 1238: 1214:Main article: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1141:However, when 1108: 1105: 1101:Thirty Tyrants 938:Main article: 935: 932: 930: 927: 869:The Suppliants 785: 784: 782: 781: 774: 767: 759: 756: 755: 742: 741: 738: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 706: 703: 702: 699: 698: 695: 694: 689: 684: 682:War referendum 679: 674: 669: 664: 659: 654: 649: 644: 639: 634: 629: 624: 619: 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 579: 574: 572:Libertarianism 569: 564: 559: 554: 549: 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 473: 471:Related topics 470: 469: 466: 465: 462: 461: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 405: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 374: 372:Representative 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 300: 295: 290: 285: 280: 275: 270: 265: 260: 255: 250: 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 210: 205: 199: 194: 193: 190: 189: 187: 186: 181: 176: 170: 167: 166: 160: 159: 149: 146: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7281: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7231: 7229: 7222: 7212: 7204: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7192: 7184: 7183: 7180: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7143: 7140: 7139: 7138: 7135: 7134: 7131: 7124: 7120: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 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6588: 6584: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6450: 6448: 6446: 6442: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6302: 6300: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6288:Magna Graecia 6285: 6281: 6274: 6271: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6219: 6217: 6215: 6211: 6205: 6202: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6162:Arcadocypriot 6160: 6158: 6155: 6154: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6134: 6132: 6130: 6126: 6116: 6115:Zeus, Olympia 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6100:Hera, Olympia 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6072: 6070: 6068: 6064: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6029: 6026: 6023: 6019: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6003:Mount Olympus 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5975: 5973: 5971:Sacred places 5969: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5946: 5943: 5942: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5932: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5920: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5892: 5889: 5888: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5860: 5857: 5856: 5855: 5852: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5842: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5795:Olympic Games 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5785:Homosexuality 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5663: 5661: 5657: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5632: 5630: 5626: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5472: 5468: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5363: 5361: 5359: 5355: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5299: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5199: 5195: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5155:Seleucid army 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5069: 5066: 5065: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5047: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5020: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4992: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4949: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4909: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4897: 4890: 4887: 4884: 4881: 4878: 4875: 4872: 4869: 4866: 4863: 4860: 4857: 4854: 4851: 4848: 4845: 4842: 4839: 4836: 4833: 4830: 4829:Delian League 4827: 4824: 4821: 4818: 4815: 4805: 4802: 4792: 4789: 4786: 4785:Ionian League 4783: 4773: 4770: 4766: 560 BC 4756: 4753: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4743: 4739: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4684: 4682: 4678: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4507:Magna Graecia 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4441: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4396: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4356: 4353: 4352: 4349: 4345: 4338: 4333: 4331: 4326: 4324: 4319: 4318: 4315: 4309: 4305: 4302: 4299: 4295: 4294: 4290: 4289: 4279: 4274: 4270: 4265: 4261: 4256: 4252: 4247: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4231: 4227: 4225:0-19-814213-7 4221: 4217: 4212: 4208: 4202: 4197: 4196: 4189: 4185: 4183:0-674-05111-4 4179: 4175: 4170: 4169: 4158: 4156: 4149: 4143: 4141: 4134: 4128: 4126: 4119: 4113: 4111: 4104: 4098: 4096: 4089: 4083: 4081: 4074: 4068: 4066: 4059: 4053: 4051: 4044: 4038: 4036: 4033:Hansen, MH., 4029: 4027: 4020: 4018: 4011: 4005: 4003: 3996: 3988: 3986:9789605982386 3982: 3978: 3974: 3967: 3961: 3959: 3952: 3946: 3944: 3937: 3931: 3929: 3922: 3914: 3912:9780801467264 3908: 3904: 3903: 3898: 3892: 3886: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3868: 3866: 3859: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3818: 3816: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3780: 3773: 3767: 3760: 3754: 3748: 3746: 3743:Thorley, J., 3739: 3733: 3731: 3728:Thorley, J., 3724: 3717: 3714:Thorley, J., 3711: 3704: 3699: 3693: 3691: 3684: 3677: 3673: 3667: 3659: 3653: 3649: 3648: 3640: 3632: 3631: 3623: 3614: 3607: 3601: 3586: 3582: 3579:Godley, A.D. 3575: 3569: 3567: 3564:Thorley, J., 3560: 3552: 3547: 3539: 3533: 3527: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3500: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3457: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3423: 3414: 3405: 3399: 3397: 3390: 3384: 3382: 3379:Thorley, J., 3375: 3369: 3367: 3360: 3354: 3352: 3349:Rhodes, PJ., 3345: 3339: 3337: 3330: 3324: 3322: 3315: 3309: 3307: 3300: 3293: 3290:Thorley, J., 3287: 3281: 3279: 3272: 3265: 3259: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3238: 3235:Thorley, J., 3231: 3225: 3223: 3220:Thorley, J., 3216: 3208: 3204: 3198: 3191: 3187: 3181: 3174: 3168: 3161: 3158: 3153: 3147: 3145: 3138: 3132: 3130: 3127:Thorley, J., 3123: 3117: 3115: 3112:Thorley, J., 3108: 3102: 3100: 3097:Thorley, J., 3093: 3078: 3074: 3068: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3033: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3013: 3008: 3002: 3000: 2993: 2987: 2985: 2978: 2971: 2968:Thorley, J., 2965: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2943: 2939: 2938: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2919: 2914: 2908: 2903: 2897: 2895: 2888: 2882: 2880: 2873: 2867: 2865: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2843: 2837: 2831: 2829: 2822: 2816: 2814: 2808: 2806: 2799: 2797: 2790: 2784: 2782: 2779:Habicht, C., 2775: 2767: 2766: 2761: 2755: 2739: 2735: 2728: 2721: 2718:Thorley, J., 2715: 2713: 2706: 2704: 2701:Thorley, J., 2697: 2691: 2689: 2682: 2667: 2663: 2657: 2650: 2649: 2643: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2625:0-203-62256-1 2621: 2617: 2610: 2608: 2592: 2588: 2582: 2576: 2574: 2567: 2560: 2557:Thorley, J., 2554: 2552: 2545: 2543: 2536: 2529: 2528: 2523: 2518: 2510: 2503: 2488: 2484: 2477: 2462: 2458: 2452: 2444: 2438: 2434: 2433: 2425: 2423: 2413: 2405: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2385: 2377: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2357: 2353: 2340: 2337: 2333: 2331: 2326: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2305: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2277: 2268: 2266: 2261: 2256: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2237: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2178: 2177: 2173: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2148: 2147: 2146: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2132: 2126: 2121: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2104: 2101: 2100: 2095: 2094: 2093:The Statesman 2089: 2088: 2083: 2075: 2070: 2066: 2063: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2040: 2039: 2037: 2032: 2028: 2026: 2022: 2015: 2010: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1982: 1978: 1976: 1970: 1968: 1964: 1963: 1953: 1949: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1930: 1923: 1913: 1909: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1875:chosen by lot 1869:Officeholders 1866: 1864: 1860: 1859: 1858:The Eumenides 1854: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1839: 1829: 1826: 1822: 1819: 1818: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1805:or that of a 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1742: 1738: 1737: 1736: 1734: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1713: 1709: 1699: 1695: 1692: 1686: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1668:Ho boulomenos 1659: 1657: 1651: 1647: 1645: 1644: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1620: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1600: 1596: 1594: 1593:ho boulomenos 1590: 1586: 1581: 1579: 1578: 1572: 1568: 1563: 1561: 1560: 1549: 1545: 1543: 1542: 1537: 1536: 1531: 1530: 1524: 1521: 1516: 1514: 1513:probouleumata 1510: 1503: 1493: 1491: 1487: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1468: 1463: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1424: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1392: 1386: 1376: 1372: 1370: 1366: 1365: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1351: 1341: 1336: 1328: 1319: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1299: 1297: 1296:Xenias Graphe 1293: 1290: 1286: 1281: 1277: 1275: 1271: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1247: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1226: 1224: 1217: 1202: 1200: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1174: 1172: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1139: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1093: 1088: 1085: 1080: 1078: 1077: 1072: 1071: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1033: 1032: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1009: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 987: 983: 979: 975: 972:by a written 971: 967: 963: 959: 954: 951: 947: 941: 926: 924: 921: 910: 903:δημοκρατέομαι 898: 897:dēmokrateomai 893: 892: 887: 876: 871: 870: 863: 861: 857: 854: 850: 833: 821: 809: 797: 792: 780: 775: 773: 768: 766: 761: 760: 758: 757: 754: 749: 744: 743: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 711: 708: 707: 701: 700: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 663: 660: 658: 657:Right to vote 655: 653: 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 582:Majority rule 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 474: 468: 467: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 449:Supermajority 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 379: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 347:Participatory 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 278:Hybrid regime 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 200: 197: 192: 191: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 171: 169: 168: 165: 162: 161: 158: 154: 153: 145: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 108:(in 594 BC), 107: 103: 101: 100: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 72: 68: 61: 56: 49: 45: 41: 37: 36:Philipp Foltz 32: 19: 7221: 7006:Dionysopolis 6976:Abonoteichos 6928:Pantikapaion 6518:Hybla Heraea 5854:Architecture 5810:Prostitution 5499:Aristophanes 5358:Philosophers 5328:Philosophers 5160:Spartan army 4951: 4891:(280–146 BC) 4879:(338–322 BC) 4873:(370–168 BC) 4861:(374–196 BC) 4855:(378–355 BC) 4837:(430–348 BC) 4831:(478–404 BC) 4825:(499–449 BC) 4512:Peloponnesus 4434:Roman Greece 4292: 4277: 4271:. Edinburgh. 4268: 4262:. Princeton. 4259: 4253:. Princeton. 4250: 4238: 4235:Ober, Josiah 4215: 4194: 4173: 4154: 4148: 4139: 4133: 4124: 4118: 4109: 4103: 4094: 4088: 4079: 4073: 4064: 4058: 4049: 4043: 4034: 4016: 4010: 4001: 3995: 3976: 3966: 3957: 3951: 3942: 3941:Samons, L., 3936: 3927: 3921: 3901: 3891: 3882: 3873: 3864: 3863:Samons, L., 3858: 3823: 3802:. Retrieved 3798:the original 3789: 3779: 3771: 3766: 3758: 3757:Samons, L., 3753: 3744: 3738: 3729: 3723: 3715: 3710: 3702: 3698: 3689: 3683: 3666: 3646: 3639: 3629: 3622: 3613: 3608:, 1971, 1-34 3605: 3600: 3588:. Retrieved 3584: 3574: 3565: 3559: 3550: 3538: 3526: 3509: 3505: 3499: 3466: 3462: 3456: 3444:. Retrieved 3432: 3422: 3413: 3404: 3395: 3389: 3380: 3374: 3365: 3359: 3350: 3344: 3335: 3329: 3320: 3314: 3305: 3299: 3291: 3286: 3277: 3276:Dover, KJ., 3271: 3263: 3258: 3250: 3245: 3236: 3230: 3221: 3215: 3206: 3197: 3185: 3180: 3172: 3167: 3159: 3157:Aristophanes 3152: 3143: 3137: 3128: 3122: 3113: 3107: 3098: 3092: 3080:. Retrieved 3076: 3067: 3042: 3038: 3007: 2998: 2992: 2983: 2977: 2969: 2964: 2936: 2913: 2902: 2893: 2887: 2878: 2877:Dixon, MD., 2872: 2863: 2841: 2836: 2827: 2821: 2812: 2795: 2789: 2780: 2774: 2763: 2754: 2742:. Retrieved 2737: 2727: 2719: 2702: 2696: 2687: 2686:Farrar, C., 2681: 2669:. Retrieved 2665: 2656: 2651:, Areopagus. 2646: 2642: 2615: 2594:. Retrieved 2590: 2581: 2572: 2571:Farrar, C., 2566: 2558: 2541: 2535: 2525: 2517: 2508: 2502: 2490:. Retrieved 2487:www.stoa.org 2486: 2476: 2464:. Retrieved 2460: 2451: 2431: 2412: 2393: 2384: 2365: 2356: 2338: 2334: 2329: 2327: 2322:George Grote 2306: 2300:. Following 2278: 2274: 2257: 2242: 2239:citizenship. 2212: 2209:Aristophanes 2198:Themistocles 2185: 2174: 2170: 2143:Old Oligarch 2135: 2127: 2123: 2118: 2112: 2105: 2097: 2091: 2087:The Republic 2085: 2081: 2079: 2061: 2057: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2024: 2017: 2012: 2007:Old Oligarch 1995:Aristophanes 1988: 1979: 1971: 1960: 1957: 1937: 1933: 1925: 1910: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1895: 1890: 1872: 1856: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838:thesmothétai 1837: 1835: 1811:polemarchos' 1810: 1802: 1798: 1790: 1763: 1732: 1730: 1715: 1696: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1665: 1655: 1652: 1648: 1641: 1638: 1628: 1621: 1607: 1601: 1597: 1592: 1588: 1582: 1575: 1570: 1566: 1564: 1557: 1555: 1546: 1541:bouleuterion 1539: 1533: 1527: 1525: 1517: 1512: 1505: 1483: 1478: 1475:state months 1472: 1455: 1447: 1444: 1425: 1421: 1403:). Unlike a 1400: 1388: 1373: 1368: 1362: 1360: 1355: 1348: 1345: 1339: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1295: 1294: 1282: 1278: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1243: 1227: 1219: 1196: 1190: 1175: 1155: 1150: 1140: 1124: 1110: 1089: 1081: 1074: 1068: 1056:Peisistratos 1053: 1035: 1029: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 978:court of law 955: 943: 889: 868: 864: 788: 454:Totalitarian 337:Non-partisan 317:Majoritarian 298:Jeffersonian 238:Deliberative 228:Cosmopolitan 223:Conservative 207: 203:Anticipatory 155:Part of the 104: 97: 76:(known as a 66: 65: 7154:Place names 7066:Salmydessus 6888:Kalos Limen 6868:Chersonesus 6858:Borysthenes 6563:Tauromenion 6375:Metapontion 6137:Proto-Greek 6090:Erechtheion 6085:Athena Nike 6047:Philippeion 5876:Mathematics 5847:and science 5730:Agriculture 5594:Stesichorus 5504:Bacchylides 5494:Archilochus 5381:Antisthenes 5371:Anaximander 5343:Seven Sages 5333:Playwrights 5313:Geographers 5308:Astronomers 5135:Pezhetairos 4762: 1100 4742:Federations 4641:Megalopolis 4578:City states 4553:City states 4298:Josine Blok 4176:. Harvard. 3546:"Democracy" 3321:ABA Journal 2892:Kamen, D., 2794:Green, P., 2190:Cleisthenes 2067:In 399 BC, 1929:demagoguery 1815:magistrates 1799:polemarchos 1795:Callimachus 1791:polemarchos 1752:high priest 1629:logographos 1625:logographer 1585:water clock 1448:kheirotonia 1434:—as in the 1292:thousands. 1274:city-states 1064:Cleisthenes 1049:Cleisthenes 934:Development 562:Kleroterion 444:Substantive 419:Semi-direct 142:Macedonians 110:Cleisthenes 94:legislation 7228:Categories 7056:Polemonion 6933:Phanagoria 6903:Kimmerikon 6898:Kerkinitis 6883:Hermonassa 6873:Dioscurias 6769:Aspalathos 6716:Kalathousa 6691:Akra Leuke 6620:Phoenicusa 6405:Scylletium 6390:Poseidonia 6310:Brentesion 6197:Pamphylian 6192:Macedonian 6110:Samothrace 6095:Hephaestus 6042:Long Walls 6021:Structures 5962:Underworld 5908:Technology 5871:Literature 5805:Philosophy 5770:Euergetism 5659:By culture 5604:Thucydides 5446:Pythagoras 5441:Protagoras 5431:Parmenides 5416:Heraclitus 5401:Empedocles 5391:Democritus 5376:Anaximenes 5366:Anaxagoras 5318:Historians 4811: 595 4798: 550 4779: 800 4764: – c. 4692:Cappadocia 4497:Ionian Sea 4487:Hellespont 4452:Aegean Sea 4218:. Oxford. 4199:. Oxford. 4048:Just, R., 4015:Beck, H., 4000:Ober, J., 3956:Beck, H., 3804:9 December 3657:9004109005 3606:Antichthon 3604:E.Badian, 3590:24 October 3469:(5): 344. 3171:Aristoph. 3160:Acharnians 2348:References 2227:barbarians 2213:Lysistrata 2186:Metroxenoi 2131:Thucydides 2113:nomothesia 1991:Thucydides 1656:nomothetai 1535:Prytaneion 1432:opposition 1428:government 1405:parliament 1198:decuriones 1062:, in 510. 1001:, and the 915:δημοκρατία 909:dēmokratia 856:magistrate 802:δημοκρατία 796:dēmokratia 793:" (Greek: 789:The word " 725:Historical 637:Referendum 592:Ochlocracy 567:Liberalism 557:Initiative 434:Sociocracy 362:Procedural 332:Multiparty 293:Jacksonian 288:Industrial 268:Grassroots 253:Electronic 122:oligarchic 74:city-state 7142:in Epirus 7091:Trapezous 7036:Mesambria 7021:Eupatoria 6991:Apollonia 6986:Anchialos 6948:Theodosia 6918:Nymphaion 6908:Myrmekion 6878:Gorgippia 6834:Black Sea 6819:Tragurion 6804:Nymphaion 6789:Epidauros 6784:Epidamnos 6774:Apollonia 6751:Zacynthos 6673:Ptolemais 6667:Apollonia 6640:Cyrenaica 6630:Therassía 6625:Strongyle 6605:Ereikousa 6528:Leontinoi 6468:Apollonia 6345:Hipponion 6142:Mycenaean 6105:Parthenon 6037:Lion Gate 5940:Mythology 5903:Sculpture 5866:Astronomy 5800:Pederasty 5775:Festivals 5760:Education 5640:Lawgivers 5609:Timocreon 5589:Sophocles 5584:Simonides 5559:Philocles 5554:Panyassis 5549:Mimnermus 5514:Herodotus 5509:Euripides 5479:Aeschylus 5426:Leucippus 5386:Aristotle 5165:Strategos 5031:Synedrion 4985:Ostracism 4965:Areopagus 4917:Free city 4712:Macedonia 4596:Byzantion 4502:Macedonia 4467:Cyrenaica 4444:Geography 4378:Geography 4241:. Boston. 3979:: 11–28. 3897:Kagan, D. 3850:216190330 3676:Aristotle 3674:, III 3, 3483:144893136 3441:0362-4331 3262:Hignett, 3249:Hignett, 2956:798549142 2840:Habicht, 2634:174145266 2044:Arginusae 2003:Aristotle 1985:Criticism 1967:embezzled 1962:strategoi 1922:Sortition 1891:dokimasia 1883:strategoi 1863:Aeschylus 1803:strategos 1779:strategos 1722:Areopagus 1712:Areopagus 1689:The word 1676:ho diokon 1672:kategoros 1589:clepsydra 1529:prytaneis 1496:The Boule 1452:Ostracism 1417:sortition 1234:Hyperides 1171:Areopagus 1147:Pergamene 1131:Cassander 1112:Philip II 1107:Aftermath 1084:Ephialtes 962:Areopagus 950:Aristotle 891:Histories 886:Herodotus 853:municipal 849:mayoralty 791:democracy 662:Sortition 617:Polyarchy 477:Anarchism 459:Workplace 439:Sovereign 429:Socialist 409:Sectarian 387:Christian 377:Religious 352:Pluralist 307:Illiberal 283:Inclusive 258:Empowered 233:Defensive 218:Consensus 164:Democracy 148:Etymology 138:Eucleides 114:Ephialtes 7191:Category 7169:Theatres 7096:Tripolis 7031:Kerasous 7026:Heraclea 6958:Tyritake 6913:Nikonion 6824:Thronion 6746:Salauris 6701:Emporion 6658:Berenice 6648:Balagrae 6600:Euonymos 6573:Tyndaris 6558:Syracuse 6553:Selinous 6523:Kamarina 6478:Casmenae 6463:Akrillai 6380:Neápolis 6315:Caulonia 6296:Mainland 6227:Linear B 6222:Linear A 6152:Dialects 6129:Language 5923:Religion 5881:Medicine 5815:Religion 5780:Folklore 5765:Emporium 5740:Clothing 5735:Calendar 5619:Xenophon 5614:Tyrtaeus 5599:Theognis 5574:Polybius 5569:Plutarch 5544:Menander 5524:Hipponax 5451:Socrates 5406:Epicurus 5252:Diadochi 5150:Sciritae 5110:Hetairoi 5085:Ballista 5050:Military 5013:Gerousia 5003:Ekklesia 4970:Ecclesia 4952:Athenian 4900:Politics 4813:–279 BC) 4800:–366 BC) 4781:–389 BC) 4717:Pergamon 4687:Bithynia 4680:Kingdoms 4621:Pergamon 4563:Military 4558:Politics 4355:Timeline 4237:(2003). 3899:(2013). 3878:Ober, J. 3705:: archon 3491:EJ709337 3059:74391789 2527:Anabasis 2522:Xenophon 2466:10 March 2392:(2011). 2364:(1997). 2314:Macaulay 2302:Rousseau 2217:Misogyny 2202:Thracian 2182:Pericles 2069:Socrates 2053:Socrates 2048:generals 1975:Pericles 1943:Election 1902:euthunai 1853:Pericles 1768:Dionysus 1764:basilina 1758:and the 1608:Politics 1604:Pericles 1520:zeugitai 1509:generals 1440:majority 1401:ekklesía 1396:ἐκκλησία 1391:assembly 1379:Ecclesia 1285:Plateans 1193:Augustus 1182:Aristion 1162:Domitian 1070:trittyes 1037:Ecclesia 1021:zeugitai 1008:medimnoi 999:zeugitai 970:oral law 860:demarchy 844:δημαρχία 627:Populism 382:Buddhist 327:Monitory 248:Economic 213:Cellular 208:Athenian 118:Pericles 48:Assembly 40:Pericles 7211:Outline 7164:Temples 7101:Zaliche 7081:Thèrmae 7071:Sesamus 7041:Odessos 7016:Cytorus 7011:Cotyora 6761:Illyria 6726:Mainake 6721:Kypsela 6610:Hycesia 6568:Thermae 6548:Segesta 6538:Messana 6493:Helorus 6473:Calacte 6453:Akragas 6415:Sybaris 6400:Rhegion 6355:Krimisa 6305:Alision 6214:Writing 6187:Locrian 6177:Epirote 6147:Homeric 6080:Artemis 6067:Temples 6008:Olympia 5978:Eleusis 5913:Theatre 5898:Pottery 5825:Warfare 5820:Slavery 5755:Economy 5750:Cuisine 5745:Coinage 5722:Society 5707:Culture 5702:Society 5650:Tyrants 5489:Alcaeus 5471:Authors 5421:Hypatia 5411:Gorgias 5348:Writers 5170:Toxotai 5140:Sarissa 5130:Peltast 5125:Phalanx 5105:Hoplite 5100:Hippeis 5023:Macedon 4995:Spartan 4980:Heliaia 4927:Proxeny 4636:Larissa 4631:Kerkyra 4626:Eretria 4616:Miletus 4611:Ephesus 4606:Corinth 4601:Chalcis 4522:Taurica 4392:Periods 4373:History 4166:Sources 3670:In his 3446:26 June 2530:4.4.15. 2492:31 July 2298:Capitol 2280:age of 2223:Slavery 1879:elected 1733:aristoi 1726:hoplite 1718:archons 1456:ostraka 1289:Samians 1246:ephebes 1223:Corinth 1166:Hadrian 1158:archons 1120:Babylon 1060:Hippias 1017:hippeis 995:hippeis 958:archons 929:History 920:Aeolian 392:Islamic 367:Radical 357:Popular 303:Liberal 184:Indices 174:History 7201:Portal 7149:People 7137:Cities 7076:Sinope 7061:Rhizos 7051:Phasis 7001:Bathus 6996:Athina 6981:Amisos 6943:Tanais 6938:Pityus 6863:Charax 6814:Pharos 6809:Orikon 6706:Helike 6696:Alonis 6663:Cyrene 6595:Didyme 6508:Himera 6483:Catana 6445:Sicily 6435:Thurii 6430:Terina 6395:Pixous 6350:Hydrus 6325:Croton 6157:Aeolic 6075:Aphaea 5998:Dodona 5983:Delphi 5952:Temple 5628:Others 5579:Sappho 5564:Pindar 5539:Lucian 5534:Ibycus 5519:Hesiod 5456:Thales 5224:Rulers 5203:People 5180:Xyston 5175:Xiphos 5036:Koinon 4942:Tyrant 4932:Stasis 4922:Koinon 4722:Pontus 4697:Epirus 4666:Sparta 4656:Rhodes 4651:Megara 4646:Thebes 4591:Athens 4517:Pontus 4482:Epirus 4472:Cyprus 4457:Aeolis 4222: 4203: 4180: 3983: 3909: 3848: 3838: 3654: 3489: 3481: 3439: 3162:17–22. 3057: 2954: 2944: 2842:passim 2740:. 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