228:
90:
230:
234:
233:
229:
235:
232:
499:, defined as "military, intelligence and government officials who try to secretly manipulate government", while about a third (35%) of all participants thought it was a false conspiracy theory, and the remainder (17%) had no opinion. Of those who believe a deep state exists, more than half (58%) said it was a major problem, a net of 28% of those surveyed.
329:", attributed at the time to a "senior official in the Trump Administration". In the essay, Taylor was critical of President Trump and claimed "that many of the senior officials in own administration are working diligently from within to frustrate parts of his agenda and his worst inclinations". Former House Speaker
570:, or "networks of officials, private firms, media outlets, think tanks, foundations, NGOs, interest groups, and other forces that attend to the needs of capital, not of everyday life" while "concealed from public gaze" or "hidden in plain sight," citing political scientist Jason Lindsay's 2013 article.
510:
but a majority believe that a deep state likely exists in the United States when described as "a group of unelected government and military officials who secretly manipulate or direct national policy". Three-fourths (74%) of the respondents say that they believe this type of group probably (47%) or
184:, wrote in a 2020 piece for Business Insider that Trump has used the term "deep state" to refer to the U.S. government, in particular government Institutions that "frustrate" him, as well as block or fail to implement his government policy such as courts, the Justice Department, and the news media.
391:
professor Jon D. Michaels argued that compared with developing governments such as Egypt, Pakistan, and Turkey, governmental power structures in the United States are "almost entirely transparent". Michaels argues that the
American 'deep state', which is really the 'American bureaucracy', includes
196:
alleged that there was a deep state protecting "powerful vested interests" and that a "web of entrenched interests in the US government and beyond ... dictate
America’s defense decisions, trade policies and priorities with little regard for the actual interests or desires of the American people".
563:, for which he cites Mike Lofgren's 2014 definition: "a hybrid association of elements of government and parts of top-level finance and industry that is effectively able to govern... without reference to the consent of the governed as expressed through the formal political process."
1462:'This is a dark conspiratorial view that is being pushed by Steve Bannon, his allies at Breitbart and some others in the conservative movement that is trying to delegitimize the opposition to Trump in many quarters and pass the blame to others,' said David Gergen.
231:
1654:
1354:
455:
Anthropologist C. August
Elliott likened military involvement in the Trump administration as a "shallow state" in which they were forced to guide the administration "away from a potential shipwreck".
392:
federal agencies responsible for regulation, welfare, crime prevention, and defense, and the employees who operate them, fundamentally differs from Trump's use of the term in five important respects:
93:
The multiple terms that are used by
Americans to describe the Deep State in America and their frequency of usage by different Americans on different areas of the political spectrum as illustrated by
1096:
600:
has suggested that a myth about the deep state is that it functions as one entity; in reality, he states "the deep state contains multitudes, and they are often at odds with one another".
110:, quotes Americans sharing their belief in the existence of a "dual state": a hidden national security hierarchy and shadow government that monitors and controls elected politicians.
104:
is thought to have originated in Turkey in the 1990s, belief in the concept of a deep state has been present in the United States since at least the 1950s. A 1955 article in the
423:– the bureaucracy should be seen as part of the constitutional system of checks and balances in the US, which often serves as a final check on presidential or agency overreach.
1756:
1291:
466:
is an "elastic label" in that "its story conforms to the intricate grammar of those conspiracy narratives", referencing the transition of conservative rhetoric regarding "
1572:
736:
326:
2263:
1030:
305:
173:, saying, "Let me tell you, you take on the intelligence community, they have six ways from Sunday at getting back at you." Various commentators, as well as the
399:– In the US, bureaucrats come from a diverse range of socio-economic backgrounds, especially when compared to those in the Middle East, and even Western Europe.
2363:
1058:
1704:
427:
Critics warned that use of the term in the United States could undermine public confidence in institutions and be used to justify suppression of dissent.
2378:
273:. Some Trump allies and right-wing media outlets alleged that Obama was coordinating a deep state resistance to Trump. President Trump's supporters used
2048:
1808:
1406:
2150:
2358:
1427:
1231:
1954:
1782:
1263:
709:
477:
called the idea ridiculous, arguing that the United States government is controlled by a bureaucracy, rather than a government-wide conspiracy.
1682:
1375:
452:, argued that there is no deep state and that "to the extent that there is a bipartisan foreign-policy elite, it is hiding in plain sight".
2022:
1309:
204:
alleged that there were individuals in the intelligence community attempting to sabotage relations between the United States and Russia.
528:
to respondents, 70% of
Republicans, 38% of independents, and 13% of Democrats agreed that a deep state was "trying to overthrow Trump".
81:
done in 2017 and 2018 suggests that approximately half of all
Americans believe in the existence of a deep state in the United States.
1834:
824:
2368:
1862:
1600:
1077:
42:
30:
1475:
370:
pro-Trump conspiracy theory movement. Trump's talk of a deep state has been described as "repeating a longtime talking point."
75:, which posits a cabal of generals and defense contractors who enrich themselves through pushing the country into endless wars.
2388:
1182:
2199:
2127:
805:
654:
301:
405:– American agencies are generally "transparent and accessible", in comparison to those of the Middle East, Asia, and Europe.
1138:
1002:
130:
22:
2003:
753:
1546:
1518:
856:
262:
216:
122:
alleges that such a deep state has existed since 1871, when the president's power over federal employees was restricted.
1157:
2339:
2313:
46:
1730:
155:
did not succeed in resisting or changing what he calls the "double government" and points to Obama's failure to close
2224:
106:
1931:
577:, which consists of "an ever more unchecked and unaccountable centre... working behind a veil of secrecy," citing
589:
442:, and other supporters of the Trump administration in order to delegitimize the critics of the Trump presidency.
72:
2071:
322:
239:
1757:"How QAnon and other dark forces are radicalizing Americans as the COVID-19 pandemic rages and election looms"
2240:
596:, who has identified this complex as the private part of the deep state. University professor and journalist
156:
2122:
2383:
978:
353:
1909:
1451:
1241:
539:
poll found that 39% of
Americans believe that there is a deep state working to undermine President Trump.
181:
138:
880:
680:
1333:
2217:
Shadow
Government: Surveillance, Secret Wars, and a Global Security State in a Single Superpower World
1683:"Mick Mulvaney said the deep state is '100% true,' and government officials should obey Trump or quit"
2331:
1573:"Anonymous NY Times op-ed shows Deep State thugs are working against the will of the American people"
770:
2095:
2079:
1882:
1232:"Moyers & Company | the Deep State Hiding in Plain Sight | Season 3 | Episode 8"
829:
486:
250:
163:
141:
of the U.S. government" that is "in many ways autonomous from the executive, and increasingly so".
49:
entities and leaders, to exercise power alongside or within the elected United States government.
1975:
644:
901:
2373:
1204:
1117:
68:, who referenced an alleged "deep state" working against him and his administration's agenda.
532:
261:
and his strategists alleged that the deep state was interfering with his agenda and that the
1959:
1867:
1635:
940:
714:
278:
134:
61:
57:
8:
2305:
1835:"In small-town Wisconsin, looking for the roots of the modern American conspiracy theory"
1432:
1411:
1359:
634:
503:
474:
60:, but began to be used to refer to the American government as well, including during the
1608:
1292:"Kucinich: 'Deep State' Trying to Take Down Trump, 'Our Country is Under Attack Within'"
944:
363:
alleged that claims of a deep state working against Trump were "absolutely, 100% true".
1659:
1523:
1338:
740:
449:
388:
313:
148:
1310:"Edward Snowden: 'Poisoning people who are long out of their service is contemptible'"
2335:
2309:
2271:
2220:
2195:
1705:"Even If It's 'Bonkers,' Poll Finds Many Believe QAnon And Other Conspiracy Theories"
1480:
956:
801:
659:
1731:"Twitter disables Michael Flynn, Sidney Powell accounts for spreading QAnon content"
1631:
1183:"The Deep State by Mike Lofgren: 9780143109938 | PenguinRandomHouse.com: Books"
89:
1380:
1035:
952:
948:
459:
282:
144:
1264:"Is Michael Flynn the first casualty of a 'deep state' coup? It's not unthinkable"
341:
saying this was the deep state "working against the will of the
American people".
1456:
1268:
974:
928:
491:
242:
201:
126:
119:
737:"Blaming the Deep State: Officials Accused of Wrongdoing Adopt Trump's Response"
177:, have pointed to this statement as evidence for the existence of a deep state.
2393:
2323:
1980:
1209:
1101:
998:
649:
639:
578:
467:
439:
330:
297:
245:(pictured) has been targeted by numerous "deep state" conspiracy theorists and
212:
71:
The term has precedents since at least the 1950s, including the concept of the
1334:"Rumblings of a 'Deep State' Undermining Trump? It Was Once a Foreign Concept"
417:– actions of civil servants in the US are inherently defensive, not proactive.
2352:
2275:
1783:"QAnon Supporters, Anti-Vaxxers Spread A Hoax Bill Gates Created Coronavirus"
1355:"Inside Trump's fury: The president rages at leaks, setbacks and accusations"
1007:
960:
705:
624:
614:
597:
516:
378:
360:
293:
166:
64:. However, the theory reached mainstream recognition under the presidency of
2151:"Americans who favor impeachment want President Trump removed, too | YouGov"
1452:"President Trump's Allies Keep Talking About the 'Deep State'. What's That?"
1402:
629:
593:
445:
435:
431:
334:
258:
246:
193:
152:
78:
65:
1352:
735:
Barnes, Julian E.; Goldman, Adam; and Savage, Charlie (December 18, 2018)
159:, a major campaign promise, as evidence of the existence of a deep state.
1158:"What the American 'deep state' actually is, and why Trump gets it wrong"
897:
857:"Americans skeptical of government, more politically engaged, poll finds"
754:"Trump accidentally undercuts his own 'deep state' FBI conspiracy theory"
270:
266:
94:
1925:
1923:
1122:
619:
552:
286:
26:
2072:"Lies, Damn Lies and the Deep State: Plenty of Americans See Them All"
495:
poll of
Americans in April 2017, about half (48%) thought there was a
2328:
In Deep: the FBI, the CIA, and the Truth about America's "Deep State"
1920:
929:"The Impact of the Loyalty-Security Measures on the State Department"
757:
356:" on sensitive intelligence issues was an example of the deep state.
345:
798:
IN DEEP: THE FBI, THE CIA, AND THE TRUTH ABOUT AMERICA'S "DEEP STATE
359:
In 2020, Trump cabinet member and acting White House Chief of Staff
2100:
2023:"Opinion: Why The Term 'Deep State' Speaks To Conspiracy Theorists"
1577:
1078:"Donald Trump thinks there's a "deep state" conspiracy against him"
983:
825:"Nearly half of Americans think there's a 'deep state' in US: Poll"
338:
1059:"Schumer: Trump 'really dumb' for attacking intelligence agencies"
385:
maintain that it is a conspiracy theory with no basis in reality.
1839:
1639:
411:– the American deep state is "internally diverse and fragmented."
1353:
Rucker, Phillip; Costa, Robert; Parker, Ashley (March 5, 2017).
169:
called Trump "really dumb" for having repeatedly criticized the
162:
In a 2017 interview several weeks before Trump was inaugurated,
2096:"Poll: Majority believe 'deep state' manipulates U.S. policies"
521:
2049:"Deep State: Inside Donald Trump's Paranoid Conspiracy Theory"
1655:"Compares Exclusive C.I.A. Khashoggi Briefing to 'Deep State'"
56:
originated in the 1990s as a reference to an alleged longtime
1519:"I Am Part of the Resistance Inside the Trump Administration"
1139:"Do U.S. Politicians Need to Fear Our Intelligence Agencies?"
609:
536:
367:
1407:"Trump and Republicans see a 'deep state' foe: Barack Obama"
1809:"Troops weren't sent to Europe to free trafficked children"
327:
I Am Part of the Resistance Inside the Trump Administration
174:
1097:"Leaky intelligence community is swamping President Trump"
333:
described this as evidence of the deep state at work, and
1374:
Lucey, Catherine; Superville, Darlene (January 2, 2018).
1236:
1003:"Donald Trump and the Coming Fall of the American Empire"
860:
349:
318:
208:
170:
38:
34:
927:
Morgenthau, Hans J.; Kennan, George F. (April 1, 1955).
771:"How the 'deep state' conspiracy theory went mainstream"
470:" from "meddlesome bunglers" to "conniving ideologues".
306:
Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections
265:
was part of the deep state because it did not prosecute
1875:
1428:"Is Trump fighting the deep state or creating his own?"
1331:
1031:"Vote all you want. The secret government won't change"
366:
The concept of a deep state is a central tenant of the
2069:
430:
Political commentator and former presidential adviser
1028:
381:
has described how critics of Trump's use of the term
113:
1502:
Tomasky, Michael (August 16, 2018). "title needed".
1198:
1196:
1601:"Rand Paul: No question that there is a deep state"
511:definitely (27%) exists in the federal government.
1946:
1863:"The Memo: Is Trump a victim of the 'deep state'?"
710:"The Impending Senate Vote on Confirming Nominees"
506:found most respondents (63%) were unfamiliar with
215:has alleged that there is a deep state made up of
1755:Bomey, Nathan; Guynn, Jessica (October 2, 2020).
1652:
1607:(Podcast). Event occurs at 30:19. Archived from
1376:"Trump accuses DOJ of being part of 'deep state'"
1193:
2350:
2046:
1952:
1854:
1564:
926:
555:comments on the similarity of three constructs:
524:poll found that, without giving a definition of
1955:"Why it's dangerous to talk about a deep state"
1663:(Interview). Washington, D.C.: Associated Press
1425:
1373:
1327:
1325:
1323:
200:In 2017, former Democratic U.S. Representative
2322:
1598:
819:
817:
16:Political terminology in the context of the US
2302:American Exception: Empire and the Deep State
1967:
1632:"Do you want to know what the deep state is?"
1401:
129:argued that the increase in the power of the
2364:Conspiracy theories promoted by Donald Trump
1547:"A Top Republican Fires Back at 'Anonymous'"
1320:
434:said that the term had been appropriated by
222:
180:Rebecca Gordon, a teacher and author at the
2299:
2004:"MOABs win battles but they don't win wars"
1908:Michaels, Jon D. (September–October 2017).
1474:Crowley, Michael (September–October 2017).
1419:
1346:
814:
795:
542:
29:is a clandestine network of members of the
2379:Political terminology of the United States
2214:
2093:
1754:
1629:
1395:
1256:
1056:
1029:Smith, Jordan Michael (October 18, 2014).
448:, professor of international relations at
187:
41:), working in conjunction with high-level
1780:
1516:
1332:Davis, Julie Hirschfeld (March 6, 2017).
1115:
1094:
850:
848:
2359:Conspiracy theories in the United States
2261:
1929:
1907:
1832:
1544:
1449:
973:
881:"The Turkish Origins of the 'Deep State'
226:
88:
2189:
2183:
2001:
1860:
1698:
1696:
1653:Senator Rand Paul (December 10, 2018).
1501:
1473:
1445:
1443:
1202:
1136:
1116:Codevilla, Angelo (February 17, 2020).
1095:Armerding, Taylor (February 22, 2017).
1057:Shelbourne, Mallory (January 3, 2017).
997:
704:
2351:
2174:
2168:
2010:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
1974:Walt, Stephen M. (September 7, 2018).
1953:Graham, David A. (February 20, 2017).
1806:
896:
845:
285:officials were influencing policy via
192:In 2014, former Congressional staffer
2179:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 224.
2148:
2128:Monmouth University Polling Institute
2040:
2002:Elliott, C. August (April 15, 2017).
1889:. UCLA School of Law. August 15, 2017
1545:McCarthy, Kevin (September 7, 2018).
1118:"It's time to abolish CIA & FISA"
1075:
991:
979:"The Deep State Is A Very Real Thing"
678:
655:Shadow government (conspiracy theory)
1973:
1807:Czopek, Madison (January 26, 2021).
1800:
1781:Broderick, Ryan (January 23, 2020).
1774:
1748:
1728:
1722:
1702:
1693:
1495:
1440:
1426:Tharoor, Ishaan (February 1, 2017).
131:United States Intelligence Community
23:American political conspiracy theory
2020:
1203:Lofgren, Mike (February 21, 2014).
300:was part of the deep state for the
263:United States Department of Justice
13:
2293:
2047:Hafford, Michael (March 9, 2017).
1833:Sullivan, Tim (January 21, 2024).
1570:
1205:"Essay: Anatomy of the Deep State"
1155:
854:
114:Usage by journalists and academics
14:
2405:
2264:"Five myths about the deep state"
2262:Ambinder, Marc (March 10, 2017).
2241:"'Deep State' Truthout Interview"
2123:"Public Troubled by 'Deep State'"
1729:Choi, Matthew (January 8, 2021).
1599:Laura Ingraham (March 20, 2018).
1450:Abramson, Alana (March 8, 2017).
933:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
344:In 2018, Republican U.S. Senator
107:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
2177:The State: Past, Present, Future
1703:Rose, Joel (December 30, 2020).
1630:Paul, Rand (December 4, 2018).
1137:Stanley, Jay (January 9, 2017).
549:The State: Past, Present, Future
421:Not an Extraconstitutional Force
317:published an anonymous op-ed by
2369:Corruption in the United States
2255:
2233:
2208:
2142:
2115:
2087:
2063:
2014:
1995:
1901:
1861:Stanage, Niall (June 5, 2017).
1826:
1675:
1646:
1623:
1592:
1538:
1517:Anonymous (September 5, 2018).
1510:
1467:
1367:
1302:
1284:
1224:
1175:
1149:
1130:
1109:
1088:
1076:Rozsa, Matthew (May 30, 2017).
1069:
1050:
1022:
967:
920:
890:
953:10.1080/00963402.1955.11453586
874:
800:. W. W. Norton & Company.
796:David Rohde (April 21, 2020).
789:
763:
746:
729:
698:
672:
415:A Bulwark, Not a Battering Ram
1:
2389:Politics of the United States
2190:Lindsey, Jason Royce (2013).
2175:Jessop, Bob (December 2015).
902:"Is QAnon a game gone wrong?"
752:Ruper, Aaron (June 17, 2019)
665:
588:has been associated with the
575:4th branch of U.S. government
302:Special Counsel investigation
277:to refer to allegations that
251:2022 FBI search of Mar-a-Lago
157:Guantanamo Bay detention camp
84:
2219:. Chicago: Haymarket Books.
2192:The Concealment of the State
2070:Langer Research Associates.
1910:"Trump and the 'Deep State'"
1504:The New York Review of Books
681:"Trump vs. the 'Deep State'"
679:Osnos, Evan (May 21, 2018).
373:
7:
603:
590:military–industrial complex
182:University of San Francisco
73:military–industrial complex
10:
2410:
2332:W. W. Norton & Company
1976:"The Battle for Crazytown"
480:
1932:"The American Deep State"
1930:Michaels, Jon D. (2017).
289:or other internal means.
223:Usage by Trump and allies
2215:Engelhardt, Tom (2014).
1476:"The Deep State Is Real"
543:Closely related concepts
164:Senate Democratic Leader
1605:The Laura Ingraham Show
645:Power behind the throne
257:During his presidency,
188:Usage by public figures
33:(especially within the
1187:PenguinRandomhouse.com
254:
151:stated that President
97:
1296:realclearpolitics.com
533:National Public Radio
502:A March 2018 poll by
279:intelligence officers
240:U.S. Attorney General
238:
92:
2300:Good, Aaron (2022).
1960:The Atlantic Monthly
900:(October 16, 2020).
715:The Atlantic Monthly
135:September 11 attacks
118:Political scientist
62:Obama administration
58:deep state in Turkey
2384:Political geography
2306:Skyhorse Publishing
2268:The Washington Post
2243:. February 22, 2016
1611:on December 6, 2018
1433:The Washington Post
1412:The Washington Post
1360:The Washington Post
1272:. February 16, 2017
945:1955BuAtS..11d.134M
635:Illiberal democracy
504:Monmouth University
475:Charles Krauthammer
352:only briefing the "
249:supporters for the
2149:Frankovic, Kathy.
2051:. Rollingstone.com
1660:The New York Times
1551:The New York Times
1524:The New York Times
1339:The New York Times
977:(March 15, 2017).
741:The New York Times
473:Fox News panelist
450:Harvard University
389:UCLA School of Law
337:wrote an op-ed at
314:The New York Times
255:
149:Michael J. Glennon
100:Although the term
98:
31:federal government
2201:978-1-4411-7245-7
1936:Notre Dame L. Rev
1571:Bossie, David N.
1481:Politico Magazine
1405:(March 7, 2017).
1316:. March 18, 2018.
1156:Gordon, Rebecca.
1001:(July 22, 2017).
908:. Financial Times
887:, April 10, 2017.
807:978-1-324-00355-7
708:(July 15, 2013).
660:Smoke-filled room
547:In his 2015 book
348:alleged that the
236:
2401:
2345:
2319:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2248:
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2231:
2230:
2212:
2206:
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2187:
2181:
2180:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2155:today.yougov.com
2146:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2094:Morin, Rebecca.
2091:
2085:
2084:
2076:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2021:Nunberg, Geoff.
2018:
2012:
2011:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1927:
1918:
1917:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1887:www.law.ucla.edu
1879:
1873:
1872:
1858:
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1743:
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1726:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1700:
1691:
1690:
1687:Business Insider
1679:
1673:
1672:
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1668:
1650:
1644:
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1621:
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1618:
1616:
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1447:
1438:
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1423:
1417:
1416:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1381:Associated Press
1371:
1365:
1364:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1329:
1318:
1317:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1240:. Archived from
1228:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1200:
1191:
1190:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1162:Business Insider
1153:
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1128:
1127:
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1107:
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1092:
1086:
1085:
1073:
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1047:
1045:
1043:
1036:The Boston Globe
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1609:the original
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630:Fifth column
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323:Miles Taylor
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259:Donald Trump
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247:Donald Trump
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194:Mike Lofgren
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1987:October 20,
1813:@politifact
1615:December 5,
1216:October 18,
721:October 21,
690:October 23,
551:, academic
403:Not Shadowy
397:Not Elitist
271:James Comey
267:Huma Abedin
95:David Rohde
2353:Categories
2032:August 24,
1387:January 2,
1123:Asia Times
1042:August 22,
781:August 12,
666:References
620:Dual power
592:by author
586:Deep state
568:dark state
561:deep state
553:Bob Jessop
526:deep state
508:deep state
497:deep state
464:deep state
462:said that
383:deep state
275:deep state
147:professor
133:since the
125:Historian
102:deep state
85:Prevalence
54:deep state
47:industrial
27:deep state
2281:August 9,
2276:0190-8286
2247:August 9,
2134:March 23,
2107:March 23,
1761:USA TODAY
961:0096-3402
885:jstor.org
866:March 23,
837:March 23,
458:Linguist
374:Criticism
346:Rand Paul
311:In 2018,
292:In 2018,
52:The term
43:financial
2326:(2021).
2101:Politico
2080:ABC News
2008:ABC News
1868:The Hill
1735:POLITICO
1578:Fox News
1167:April 4,
1063:The Hill
1014:July 29,
984:HuffPost
830:ABC News
775:Newsweek
604:See also
487:ABC News
339:Fox News
325:titled "
2055:May 29,
1942:: 1653.
1840:AP News
1818:May 28,
1792:May 28,
1766:May 28,
1740:May 28,
1714:May 28,
1640:Twitter
941:Bibcode
906:FT Film
481:Polling
211:leaker
207:Former
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522:YouGov
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2075:(PDF)
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1082:Salon
610:Cabal
537:Ipsos
368:QAnon
304:into
287:leaks
2336:ISBN
2310:ISBN
2283:2017
2272:ISSN
2249:2017
2221:ISBN
2196:ISBN
2162:2019
2136:2018
2109:2018
2057:2019
2034:2018
1989:2018
1895:2020
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1820:2024
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1532:2018
1489:2017
1457:Time
1389:2018
1278:2020
1250:2020
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1169:2022
1143:ACLU
1044:2017
1016:2017
957:ISSN
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1709:NPR
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350:CIA
319:DHS
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171:CIA
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