33:
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805:. In June 2019, the Alliance of Solwara Warriors wrote the PNG government calling for them to cancel all deep sea mining licenses and ban seabed mining in national waters. They claimed that PNG had no need for seabed mining due to its abundant fisheries, productive agricultural lands, and marine life. They claimed that seabed mining benefited only a small number of already wealthy people, but not local communities and Indigenous populations. Others chose to engage in more artistic forms, such as Joy Enomoto. She created a series of woodcut prints titled
786:. The lease licensed access to 59 square kilometers. Nautilus was allowed to mine to a depth of 1,600 meters for a period of 20 years. The company then began the process of gathering the materials and raising money for the project. The intent was to mine a high grade copper-gold resource from a weakly active hydrothermal vent. The target was 1.3 tons of materials, consisting of 80,000 tons of high-grade copper and 150,000 to 200,000 ounces of gold sulfide ore, over 3 years. The project was to operate at 1600 mbsl using
1200:
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1318:(UNEP) emphasizes the need for a comprehensive assessment of the environmental impacts of deep-sea mining, which targets polymetallic nodules at depths of 3–6.5 km (1.9–4.0 mi), polymetallic sulphides at 1–4 km (0.62–2.5 mi), and cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts between <400 m and 3.5 km. Researchers and governments have raised significant concerns about the potential impacts on unique and fragile
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452:. The hot, mineral-rich water precipitates and condenses when it meets cold seawater. The stock area of the chimney structures of hydrothermal vents can be highly mineralized. The Clipperton Fracture Zone hosts the world's largest deposit nickel resource. These nodules sit on the seafloor and require no drilling or excavation. Nickel, cobalt, copper and manganese make up nearly 100% of the contents.
1402:. Macrofauna (species longer than 0.5mm) were reported to have high species diversity, numbering 80 -100 per square meter. The highest species diversity was found among polymetallic nodules. In a follow-up survey in areas with potential for seabed mining, researchers identified over 1,000 species, 90% previously unknown, with over 50% dependent on polymetallic nodules for survival.
732:, California, and the Gulf of Alaska. Hawaii has both nodules and CRCs, while the other sites hold CRCs. Each area features distinct risks. Mining Hawaii could generate plumes that could damage important fisheries and other marine life. California's waters host massive ship traffic and communication cables. Alaska waters are rich in bottom-dwelling commercially valuable sea life.
857:(ISA) are mostly located in the CCZ. As of May 2024 the ISA has entered into 17 contracts with private companies and national governments in the CCZ, one contract with the Government of India in the Central Indian Ocean Basin (CIOB), and one contract with Chinese contractor Beijing Pioneer Hi-Tech Development Corporation in the Prime Crust Zone (PCZ) in the Western Pacific.
5326:
Amon, Diva J.; Gollner, Sabine; Morato, Telmo; Smith, Craig R.; Chen, Chong; Christiansen, Sabine; Currie, Bronwen; Drazen, Jeffrey C.; Fukushima, Tomohiko; Gianni, Matthew; Gjerde, Kristina M.; Gooday, Andrew J.; Grillo, Georgina
Guillen; Haeckel, Matthias; Joyini, Thembile; Ju, Se-Jong; Levin, Lisa
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Mestre, Nélia C.; Rocha, Thiago L.; Canals, Miquel; Cardoso, Cátia; Danovaro, Roberto; Dell’Anno, Antonio; Gambi, Cristina; Regoli, Francesco; Sanchez-Vidal, Anna; Bebianno, Maria João (September 2017). "Environmental hazard assessment of a marine mine tailings deposit site and potential implications
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While the Area is primarily regulated by international law, non-state actors must be backed by a sponsoring state that is responsible and guarantees that the non-state actor abides by the contract and UNCLOS regulations. Sponsorship is defined by national law, which stipulates conditions, procedures,
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Plumes are caused when mine tailings (usually fine particles) are returned to the ocean. Because the particles are fine (small and light), they can remain suspended in the water column for extended periods and spread over large areas if regenerated at the surface of the ocean. Tailings increase water
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Sweetman, Andrew K.; Smith, Alycia J.; de Jonge, Danielle S. W.; Hahn, Tobias; Schroedl, Peter; Silverstein, Michael; Andrade, Claire; Edwards, R. Lawrence; Lough, Alastair J. M.; Woulds, Clare; Homoky, William B.; Koschinsky, Andrea; Fuchs, Sebastian; Kuhn, Thomas; Geiger, Franz; Marlow, Jeffrey J.
1570:
Exploitation requires both states and private entities to obtain an approved contract from ISA, after evaluation by ISA's Legal and
Technical Commission (LTC). Based on the LTC evaluation, the ISA Council approves or rejects the contract. Approval creates an exclusive right to prospect, explore, and
876:
was to enable "the effective and responsible management of the seabed minerals of the Cook
Islands in a way that also...seeks to maximize the benefits of seabed minerals for present and future generations of Cook Islanders." The Sea Bed Minerals (Exploration) Regulations Act and the Sea Bed Minerals
820:
In
December 2017 the company had difficulties in raising money and eventually could no longer pay what it owed to the Chinese shipyard where the "production support vessel" was docked. Nautilus lost access to the ship and equipment. In August 2019, the company filed for bankruptcy, delisted from the
1511:
A new insight into the complexity of the abyssal environment has been provided by a team of researchers from the
Scottish Society of Marine Sciences. They have found that manganese nodules on the deep sea floor produce oxygen.. The manganese nodules act as a kind of battery due to their composition
777:
Nautilus
Minerals held a 70% stake and Papua New Guinea purchased a 30% stake in 2011. PNG's economy relies upon the mining industry, which produces around 30–35% of GDP. Nautilus Minerals is a Canadian deep-sea mining company. The project was approved in January 2011, by PNG's Minister for Mining,
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Submarine seamount provinces are linked to hotspots and seafloor spreading and vary in depth. They show characteristic distributions. In the
Western Pacific, a study conducted at <1500 m to 3500 m bsl reported that cobalt crusts concentrate on less than 20° slopes. The high-grade cobalt crust in
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Exploration requires ISA approval. Exploration contracts can last up to 15 years, extendable thereafter for periods up to 5 years. Contracts cover large areas: 150,000 km (58,000 sq mi)) for polymetallic nodules, 10,000 km (3,900 sq mi) for polymetallic sulphides, and
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Green
Minerals is another Norwegian company which has expressed interested in mining seafloor massive sulfide (SMS) deposits in the Norwegian EEZ. In January 2023, Green Minerals signed a memorandum of understanding with the ISA to obtain an exploration licence for PMNs in the CCZ. In its May 2024
911:
Code (2012)-compliant
Mineral Resource Statement for parts of the EEZ totalling 6.7 billion tons of polymetallic nodules (wet), grading 0.44% Co, 0.21% Cu, 17.4% Fe, 15.8% Mn, and 0.37% Ni. Of this total resource, 304 million tons of nodules grading 0.5% Co, 0.15% Cu, 18.5% Fe, 15.4% Mn, and 0.25%
460:
Cobalt-rich crusts (CRCs) form on sediment-free rock surfaces around oceanic seamounts, ocean plateaus, and other elevated features. The deposits are found at depths of 600–7,000 m (2,000–23,000 ft) and form 'carpets' of polymetallic rich layers about 30 cm (12 in) thick at the
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International law influences state legislation within continental shelves, as all states are obliged to protect and preserve the marine environment. All states must evaluate DSM's ecological effects within their jurisdiction. States must also ensure that DSM activities do not damage other states'
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but as for now supplies are controlled by China or “authoritarian countries”. In June the energy ministry submitted "a proposal to announce the first licensing round on the
Norwegian continental shelf for public consultation." According to the government, the aim is to understand if a sustainable
2784:
Gollner, Sabine; Kaiser, Stefanie; Menzel, Lena; Jones, Daniel O.B.; Brown, Alastair; Mestre, Nelia C.; van Oevelen, Dick; Menot, Lenaick; Colaço, Ana; Canals, Miquel; Cuvelier, Daphne; Durden, Jennifer M.; Gebruk, Andrey; Egho, Great A.; Haeckel, Matthias; Marcon, Yann; Mevenkamp, Lisa; Morato,
1995:
Muñoz-Royo, Carlos; Peacock, Thomas; Alford, Matthew H.; Smith, Jerome A.; Le Boyer, Arnaud; Kulkarni, Chinmay S.; Lermusiaux, Pierre F. J.; Haley, Patrick J.; Mirabito, Chris; Wang, Dayang; Adams, E. Eric; Ouillon, Raphael; Breugem, Alexander; Decrop, Boudewijn; Lanckriet, Thijs (27 July 2021).
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rights over natural resources within. No other state or non-state actor can prospect/explore/exploit resources in a continental shelf without the consent of the coastal state. If a coastal state allows DSM within its continental shelf, licenses with accompanying conditions and procedures must be
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One report states that biomass loss stemming from deep sea mining is estimated to be significantly smaller than that from mining on land. One estimate of land ore mining reports that it will lead to a loss of 568 megatons of biomass (approximately the same as that of the entire human population)
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precipitate from ocean water or sediment-pore water around a nucleus, which may be a shark's tooth or a quartz grain, forming potato-shaped nodules some 4–14 cm (1.6–5.5 in) in diameter. They accrete at rates of 1–15 mm per million years. These nodules are rich in metals including
1536:(ISA). It was established in 1994. The United States is not a member of ISA. In 2021, China became the biggest contributor to ISA's administrative budget. Beijing also regularly donates to specific ISA funds. In 2020, China announced a joint training center with ISA in the Chinese port city of
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In 2023, the SBMA announced the results of a technical report on the polymetallic nodule deposit of the Cook Islands' exclusive economic zone, undertaken on its behalf by RSC Mining and Mineral Exploration. The study was based on the analysis of both historical samples from previous scientific
36:
Schematic of a polymetallic nodule mining operation. From top to bottom, the three zoom-in panels illustrate the surface operation vessel, the midwater sediment plume, and the nodule collector operating on the seabed. The midwater plume comprises two stages: (i) the dynamic plume, in which the
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mapped. These ecosystems are essential for ocean and carbon cycling and are vulnerable to climate change. There are widespread calls for a moratorium on deep-sea mining until its environmental, social, and economic risks are fully investigated. The International Seabed Authority (ISA) aims to
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Norway's Institute of Marine Research recommended five to ten years of research before allowing mining. In late April 2024, the Norwegian Offshore Directorate invited interested parties to nominate blocks in this area for a first round of mineral exploration licences. First licence awards are
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Koschinsky, Andrea; Heinrich, Luise; Boehnke, Klaus; Cohrs, J Christopher; Markus, Till; Shani, Maor; Singh, Pradeep; Smith Stegen, Karen; Werner, Welf (November 2018). "Deep-sea mining: Interdisciplinary research on potential environmental, legal, economic, and societal implications".
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dispatched research vessels in search of deposits. Initial estimates of DSM viability were exaggerated. Depressed metal prices led to the near abandonment of nodule mining by 1982. From the 1960s to 1984 an estimated US $ 650 million was spent on the venture, with little to no return.
144:
and spread pollution from heavy metal-laden plumes. Critics have called for moratoria or permanent bans. Opposition campaigns enlisted the support of some industry figures, including firms reliant on the target metals. Individual countries with significant deposits within their
5327:
A.; Metaxas, Anna; Mianowicz, Kamila; Molodtsova, Tina N.; Narberhaus, Ingo; Orcutt, Beth N.; Swaddling, Alison; Tuhumwire, Joshua; Palacio, Patricio Urueña; Walker, Michelle; Weaver, Phil; Xu, Xue-Wei; Mulalap, Clement Yow; Edwards, Peter E. T.; Pickens, Chris (1 April 2022).
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This kind of estimation does not take into account the recoverability of the situation: how long does nature need to reclaim an abandoned site. By contrast, a different study reported that deep sea mining would be approximately 25 times worse for biodiversity than land mining.
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and exploitation. Prospecting entails searching for minerals and estimating their size, shape and value. Exploration analyses the resources, testing potential recovery and potential economic/environmental extraction impacts. Exploitation is the recovery of these resources.
1472:. Nodules the size of potatoes have shown to be able to produce an electric current that is almost equal to the voltage in an AA-sized battery. This generate electric currents strong enough to perform electrolysis, which splits water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen.
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A 2018 article argued that "the 'new global gold rush' of deep sea mining shares many features with past resource scrambles – including a general disregard for environmental and social impacts, and the marginalisation of indigenous peoples and their rights".
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environment and pollution cannot spread beyond the licensing state's jurisdiction. A contractor must make mandatory contributions to the ISA for mineral exploitation on an extended continental shelf as such extensions impact the 'common heritage of mankind'.
1347:
Near-bottom plumes occur when the tailings are pumped back down to the mining site. Depending on particle size and water currents, surface plumes can spread widely. In shallow water, sediment can resuspend following storms, starting another cycle of damage.
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is governed by various treaties and regulations, based on the principles within UNCLOS (1982): outlined in Part XI and Annexes III and IV and found in the Implementation Agreement of 1994 and ISA regulations. ISA regulations are specific to each of
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The environmental organization "The Oxygen Project" generally proposes, as an alternative to deep sea mining, "system change to sustainable alternative economic models that don't require infinite resource extraction from our environment". The
5953:
Verichev, Stanislav; Drobadenko, Valery; Malukhin, Nikolay; Vilmis, Alexandr; Lucieer, Pieter; Heeren, John; Van Doesburg, Bob (2012). "Assessment of Different Technologies for Vertical Hydraulic Transport in Deep Sea Mining Applications".
3027:
Fuyuan, Zhang; Weiyan, Zhang; Kechao, Zhu; Shuitu, Gao; Haisheng, Zhang; Xiaoyu, Zhang; Benduo, Zhu (August 2008). "Distribution Characteristics of Cobalt-rich Ferromanganese Crust Resources on Submarine Seamounts in the Western Pacific".
1868:
BMW pledged not to use DSM materials in its cars. In October 2023, the UK joined Canada and New Zealand in calling for a moratorium. In the beginning of August 2024, 32 countries were against the immediate beginning of deep sea mining.
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affects the environment of DSM sites as they are normally pitch dark. Mining efforts may increase light levels to illuminate the bottom. Shrimp found at hydrothermal vents suffered permanent retinal damage when exposed to submersible
899:, a US-based private investment firm led by President and CEO Hans Smit. Hans Smit previously led Neptune Minerals, Inc a DSM company interested in SMS exploitation in Papua New-Guinean waters. He also served as Managing Director of
1734:
China's COMRA tested its polymetallic nodules collection system at 4,200 feet of depth in the East and South China Seas. The Dayang Yihao was exploring the Clarion-Clipperton Zone for China Minmetals when it crossed into the U.S.
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Hein, James R.; Mizell, Kira; Koschinsky, Andrea; Conrad, Tracey A. (June 2013). "Deep-ocean mineral deposits as a source of critical metals for high- and green-technology applications: Comparison with land-based resources".
1512:
with different metals and release oxygen into the environment. Because it was previously thought that only plants and algae produce dark oxygen (oxygen produced without light), this can be seen as a scientific landslide.
1825:
In July 2024, at the 29th General Assembly of the International Seabed Authority in Kingston, Jamaica, 32 countries united against the imminent start of mining for metallic nodules on the seafloor. In his address titled
1728:(IUCN). However, the effectiveness of the moratorium may be questionable as no enforcement mechanisms have been set up, planned or specified. Researchers have outlined why there is a need to avoid mining the deep sea.
720:) were found in the Central and Eastern Manus Basin around Papua New Guinea and the crater of Conical Seamount to the east. It offers relatively shallow water depth of 1050 m, along with a nearby gold refinery.
37:
sediment-laden discharge water rapidly descends and dilutes to a neutral buoyancy depth, and (ii) the subsequent ambient plume that is advected by the ocean current and subject to background turbulence and settling.
1155:
Capital Markets Day Presentation, it confirmed its ambitions to commence mining operations on SMS deposits on the Norwegian continental shelf and EEZ by 2028, as well as explore for PMNs in the CCZ in the future.
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4893:
Sweetman, Andrew K.; Smith, Alycia J.; de Jonge, Danielle S. W.; Hahn, Tobias; Schroedl, Peter; Silverstein, Michael; Andrade, Claire; Edwards, R. Lawrence; Lough, Alastair J. M.; Woulds, Clare (22 July 2024).
3770:
1821:
voted in favor of a Motion for Resolution, expressing environmental concerns regarding Norway's decision to open vast areas in Arctic waters for deep-sea mining activities and reaffirming its support for a
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The continuous-line bucket system (CLB) is an older approach. It operates like a conveyor-belt, running from the bottom to the surface where a ship or mining platform extracts the minerals, and returns the
5274:
3740:
1292:
Polymetallic minerals require special treatment. Issues include spatial tailing discharges, sediment plumes, disturbance to the benthic environment, and analysis of regions affected by seafloor machines.
436:
Polymetallic or sulfide deposits form in active oceanic tectonic settings such as island arcs and back-arcs and mid ocean ridge environments. These deposits are associated with hydrothermal activity and
5920:
121:, and then depositing extra discharge down the water column. Related technologies include robotic mining machines, as surface ships, and offshore and onshore metal refineries. Wind farms, solar energy,
1311:
Technology is under development to mitigate these issues. This includes selective pick-up technology that leaves alone nodules that contain life and leaves behind some nodules to maintain the habitat.
5605:
1706:
Researchers assess to what extent international law and existing policy support the practice of a proactive knowledge management system that enables systematic addressing of uncertainties about the
114:
was the first country to approve a deep sea mining permit for the Solwara 1 project, despite three independent reviews highlighting significant gaps and flaws in the environmental impact statement.
1461:. Phytoplankton sit at the bottom of the food chain. Reducing phytoplankton reduces food availability for all other organisms. Metals carried by plumes can accumulate in tissues of shellfish. This
117:
The most common commercial model of deep sea mining proposed involves a caterpillar-track hydraulic collector and a riser lift system bringing the harvested ore to a production support vessel with
5193:
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versus 42 megatons of biomass from DSM. In addition, land ore mining will lead to a loss of 47 trillion megafauna organisms, whereas deep-sea mining is expected to lead to a loss of 3 trillion.
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2941:
2441:
1560:', which means that its natural resources can be prospected, explored and exploited only in accordance with international regulations and that profits from these materials must be shared.
880:
In February 2022, the Cook Islands government Seabed Minerals Agency (SBMA) announced the award of three five-year licences exploration activities in Cook Islands EEZ to private companies
5134:
Ginzky, Harald; Singh, Pradeep A.; Markus, Till (1 April 2020). "Strengthening the International Seabed Authority's knowledge-base: Addressing uncertainties to enhance decision-making".
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Where should metals for the green transition come from? Comparing environmental, social, and economic impacts of supplying base metals from land ores and seafloor polymetallic nodules
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Resource assessment and pilot mining are part of exploration. If successful, "resources" attain a "reserves" classification. Bottom scanning and sampling use technologies such as
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making up 2.5% of their weight. It is estimated that the global ocean floor holds more than 120 million tons of cobalt, five times the amount found in terrestrial reserves.
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activists blocking the collection of data to support a mining permit. Obstructing canoes and dinghies were countered by water hoses. The mining ship was conducting research for
885:
5545:
825:, and was liquidated. PNG lost over $ 120 million dollars. Nautilus was purchased by Deep Sea Mining Finance LTD. PNG has yet to cancel the extraction license contract.
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who attempted to ban seabed mining. Their campaign against the Solwara 1 project lasted for 9 years. Their efforts led the Australian government to ban seabed mining in the
1581:
are delineated at 200 nautical-miles from the coast, but can be extended up to 350 nautical-miles. The continental shelf falls under coastal state jurisdiction, which has
1520:
Deep-sea mining is not governed by a universal legal framework. Various norms and regulations have emerged both at an international level and within individual countries.
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1072:
to start mining in the CCZ through its Nauru-domiciled Nauru Ocean Resources Inc. (NORI) subsidiary. It controls two further ISA exploration licences in the CCZ through
1239:(ROVs) are used to collect mineral samples from prospective sites, using drills and other cutting tools. A mining ship or station collects the deposits for processing.
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Prospecting does not require ISA approval and can be done by notifying ISA of the approximate area and formally declaring compliance with UNCLOS and ISA regulations.
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Amon, Diva J.; Ziegler, Amanda F.; Dahlgren, Thomas G.; Glover, Adrian G.; Goineau, Aurélie; Gooday, Andrew J.; Wiklund, Helena; Smith, Craig R. (29 July 2016).
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The Solwara 1 Project was the first time a legitimate legal contract and framework had been developed on deep sea mining. The project was based off the coast of
3266:
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hydrothermal crusts and encrustations precipitate quickly, near 1600–1800 mm/Ma, and grow in hydrothermal fluids at approximately 200 °C (392 °F)
5002:
DeLoughrey, Elizabeth (2015). "Ordinary Futures: Interspecies Worldings in the Anthropocene". In Deloughrey, Elizabeth; Didur, Jill; Carrigan, Anthony (eds.).
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affects deep sea fish species and marine mammals. Impacts include behavior changes, communication difficulties, and temporary and permanent hearing damage.
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Ni, are assessed at Indicated Resource, whereas Inferred Resources account for 6.4 billion tons grading 0.4% Co, 0.2% Cu, 17% Fe, 16% Mn, and 0.4% Ni.
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Hydraulic suction mining instead lowers a pipe to the seafloor and pumps nodules up to the ship. Another pipe returns the tailings to the mining site.
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The United States did not ratify UNCLOS. Instead, it is governed by the Deep Seabed Hard Mineral Resources Act, which was originally enacted in 1980.
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Petterson, Michael G.; Tawake, Akuila (January 2019). "The Cook Islands (South Pacific) experience in governance of seabed manganese nodule mining".
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Robotics and AI technologies used to selectively harvest nodules while minimizing disturbances to the deep sea environment are under development.
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3737:"The Metals Company and Allseas Announce Successful Completion of Harbor Wet-Test Commissioning of Robotic Polymetallic Nodule Collector Vehicle"
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A moratorium on deep-sea mining until rigorous and transparent impact assessments are carried out is enacted at the 2021 world congress of the
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Community and environmental activists launched the Deep Sea Mining Campaign and Alliance of Solwara Warriors, comprising 20 communities in the
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A 2023 study identified four regions in US territorial waters where deep sea mining would be possible: the Hawaiian Islands, the southeastern
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2101:
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5217:"Challenging the Need for Deep Seabed Mining From the Perspective of Metal Demand, Biodiversity, Ecosystems Services, and Benefit Sharing"
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1370:. A study of benthic communities in the CCZ assessed a 350 square mile area with an ROV. They reported that the area contained a diverse
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declared that it would take legal action against the decision. According to the government, the seabed contains many resources including
172:
Deep sea ore deposits are classified into three main types: polymetallic nodules, polymetallic sulfide deposits, and cobalt-rich crusts.
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3524:
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subsidiary UK Seabed Resources Limited (UKSRL). This saw UKSRL's two PMN exploration licences in the CCZ, as well as its 19.9% stake in
4977:
4454:"Insights into the abundance and diversity of abyssal megafauna in a polymetallic-nodule region in the eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone"
3900:
3640:"Sinking Seabed Mining: Papua New Guinean, Australian and New Zealand civil society welcome ban on seabed mining in Northern Territory"
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Telmo; Pham, Christopher K.; Purser, Autun; Sanchez-Vidal, Anna; Vanreusel, Ann; Vink, Annemiek; Martinez Arbizu, Pedro (August 2017).
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at sea depths mostly between 1 and 4 km (0.62 and 2.5 mi). These minerals are rich in copper, gold, lead, silver and others.
32:
5537:
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1305:) must consider potential its environmental impacts. Deep sea mining has yet to receive a comprehensive evaluation of such impacts.
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Kuhn, T; Wegorzewski, A; Vink, A (2017). "Composition, Formation, and Occurrence of Polymetallic Nodules". In Sharma, Rahul (ed.).
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Petterson, Michael G.; Kim, Hyeon-Ju; Gill, Joel C. (2021). "Conserve and Sustainably Use the Oceans, Seas, and Marine Resources".
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Polymetallic nodules are found at depths of 4–6 km (2.5–3.7 mi) in all major oceans, but also in shallow waters like the
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10,909 meters (35,790 feet). Chief designer Ye Cong said the seabed was abundant with resources and a "treasure map" can be made.
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2582:
John J. Gurney, Alfred A. Levinson, and H. Stuart Smith (1991) Marine mining of diamonds off the West Coast of Southern Africa,
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In 2001, China Ocean Mineral Resources Research and Development Association (COMRA), received China's first exploration license.
87:
and has granted 31 exploration licenses so far: 19 for polymetallic nodules, mostly in the CCZ; 7 for polymetallic sulphides in
5420:"The Metals Company announces a controversial timeline for deep sea mining that worsens the divide in an already bitter battle"
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204:. These nodules typically range in size from 4–14 cm (1.6–5.5 in) in diameter, though some can be as large as 15 cm (5.9 in).
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A DSM moratorium was adopted at the 2021 Global biodiversity summit. At the 2023 ISA meeting a DSM moratorium was enacted.
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cruises, as well as data from recent work undertaken by SBMA PMN exploration contractors CIIC-SR and Moana. RSC produced a
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Seabed Minerals Authority (SBMA) granted three exploration licenses for cobalt-rich polymetallic nodules within their EEZ.
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Shewry, Teresa (2017). "Going Fishing: Activism against Deep Ocean Mining, from the Raukūmara Basin to the Bismarck Sea".
1096:(SMS), but also potentially Cobalt-rich crusts in the Norwegian EEZ, as well as on its continental shelf extension, along
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hydrogenetic cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts grow at 1–5 mm/Ma, but offer higher concentrations of critical metals.
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As of July 2024, only exploratory licenses have been issued, with no commercial-scale deep sea mining operations yet. The
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1998:"Extent of impact of deep-sea nodule mining midwater plumes is influenced by sediment loading, turbulence and thresholds"
1344:(cloudiness). Plumes form wherever the tailings are released, typically either near the bottom plumes or at the surface.
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Glasby, G. P.; Emelyanov, E. M.; Zhamoida, V. A.; Baturin, G. N.; Leipe, T.; Bahlo, R.; Bonacker, P. (3 December 1996).
1491:, but disruption of the ocean floor, which is by far the largest carbon storage reservoir on Earth, can lead to reduced
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MMP, focused on underwater mining activities, and worked on underwater mining systems used for subsea diamond mining.
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After in April 2024, the Norwegian government opened up an exploration area in the Norwegian and Greenland Seas, the
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95:. There is a push for deep sea mining to commence by 2025, when regulations by the ISA are expected to be completed.
4514:"An Overview of Seabed Mining Including the Current State of Development, Environmental Impacts, and Knowledge Gaps"
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Deep Sea Minerals: Cobalt-rich Ferromanganese Crusts, a physical, biological, environmental, and technical review
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2918:
2761:
2604:
2554:"The Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) has refused an application by Chatham Rock Phosphate Limited (CRP)"
1754:(CCZ) with a prototype mining vehicle named Patania II. This test was the first of its kind since the late 1970s.
133:
17:
2219:
6091:
6086:
5909:
1711:
1533:
854:
691:
80:
5910:"Who Will Claim Common Heritage?–Corporate interests endanger international agreement on deep seabed minerals"
1076:-based Marawa Research and Exploration Ltd., and Tonga Offshore Mining Limited (TOML), which it acquired from
188:
7480:
7455:
6760:
1765:
1603:
1279:
3084:
Ahnert, A.; Borowski, C. (2000). "Environmental risk assessment of anthropogenic activity in the deep-sea".
180:
6931:
6680:
6660:
6412:
4229:
2919:
Deep Sea Minerals: Sea-Floor Massive Sulphides, a physical, biological, environmental, and technical review
3788:
7036:
6690:
5474:
1964:
1777:
1750:(GSR) and the German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) conduct a test in the
1557:
1285:
Extraction involves gathering material (mining), vertical transport, storing, offloading, transport, and
1209:
1144:
1363:
Preliminary studies indicated that the seabed requires decades to recover from even minor disturbances.
7519:
7464:
7364:
7287:
6695:
6525:
6355:
6063:
5993:
5329:"Assessment of scientific gaps related to the effective environmental management of deep-seabed mining"
1731:
Nauru requested the ISA to finalize rules so that The Metals Company be approved to begin work in 2023.
1607:
1220:
1159:
4943:
2531:
1801:
Chinese prospecting ship Dayang Hao prospected in China-licensed areas in the Clarion Clipperton Zone.
496:
the Western Pacific correlated with latitude and longitude, a region within 150°E–140°W and 30°S–30°N
7167:
7125:
7087:
6652:
6446:
5507:
5073:
4929:
Marine Policy: The current status of deep-sea mining governance at the International Seabed Authority
1953:
1838:
highlighted the critical need to protect the deep ocean from exploitation and modern-day colonialism.
1773:
3236:
2677:
7162:
6685:
6626:
6537:
1488:
1308:
Environmental impacts include sediment plumes, disturbance of the bottom, and tailing disposition.
481:
477:, and rare earth elements. Temperature, depth and seawater sources shape how the formations grow.
152:
As of 2021, the majority of marine mining used dredging operations at depths of about 200 m, where
126:
5442:
5440:
5413:
5411:
2493:
7374:
7140:
6670:
6221:
5851:
5627:
4824:
3802:
3122:
Deep Sea Minerals: Manganese Nodules, a physical, biological, environmental, and technical review
2762:
Deep Sea Minerals: Manganese Nodules, a physical, biological, environmental, and technical review
1751:
1736:
1430:
838:
814:
610:
146:
99:
61:
4140:
3491:
3489:
7333:
6723:
6145:
5876:
5789:"Magellan Calls for Greenpeace to Leave Their Research Vessel Under Increasing Safety Concerns"
5466:
5437:
5408:
5296:
2942:"Massive deposit of battery-grade nickel on deep-sea floor gets confidence boost with new data"
1524:(UNCLOS) sets the overarching framework. The United States did not ratify the founding treaty.
1204:
1143:, an ISA contractor for PMNs in the CCZ. OMS is majority-controlled by Singaporean state-owned
822:
153:
4050:
3931:
3267:"China breaks national record for Mariana Trench manned-dive amid race for deep sea resources"
2678:"Environments of formation of ferromanganese concretions in the Baltic Sea: a critical review"
2494:"Google, BMW, Volvo, and Samsung SDI sign up to WWF call for temporary ban on deep-sea mining"
853:
Licences for mineral exploration in the area beyond national jurisdiction registered with the
745:
The world's first large-scale mining of hydrothermal vent mineral deposits was carried out by
64:(CCZ) alone contains over 21 billion metric tons of these nodules, with minerals such as
7303:
7135:
7011:
6919:
6609:
6502:
6302:
5914:
4625:
Nath, B. Nagender; Sharma, R. (July 2000). "Environment and Deep-Sea Mining: A Perspective".
4512:
Miller, Kathryn A.; Thompson, Kirsten F.; Johnston, Paul; Santillo, David (10 January 2018).
3532:
3486:
3397:
2308:
Costa, Corrado; Fanelli, Emanuela; Marini, Simone; Danovaro, Roberto; Aguzzi, Jacopo (2020).
1899:
1214:
706:
92:
6043:
5215:
Miller, K. A.; Brigden, K.; Santillo, D.; Currie, D.; Johnston, P.; Thompson, K. F. (2021).
4970:
3901:"The Metals Company acquires third seabed contract area to explore for polymetallic nodules"
2151:"Greenpeace responds to Norway's proposal to licence first Arctic areas for deep sea mining"
1453:. Because they block the sun, they inhibit growth of photosynthesizing organisms, including
7110:
6765:
6461:
5340:
5143:
4678:
4634:
4565:
4465:
4392:
4265:
3037:
3001:
2855:
2801:
2727:
2272:
2009:
1492:
1263:
770:
84:
53:
1794:
Supporters of mining were led by Norway, Mexico, and the United Kingdom, and supported by
8:
7177:
7115:
7082:
7021:
6953:
6818:
6813:
6791:
6365:
3557:
2786:
1903:
1831:
1818:
1769:
1374:
megafaunal community. Megafauna (species longer than 20 mm (0.79 in)) included
118:
5344:
5147:
5055:
4682:
4638:
4569:
4469:
4396:
4383:
Sharma, R. (October 2005). "Deep-Sea Impact Experiments and their Future Requirements".
4269:
3041:
3005:
2859:
2805:
2731:
2276:
2013:
617:. It stretches over 4.5 million square kilometers of the Northern Pacific Ocean between
140:
and the Deep Sea Mining Campaign claimed that seabed mining has the potential to damage
7490:
7451:
7384:
7359:
7354:
7172:
7049:
6843:
6715:
6479:
6350:
6277:
6214:
5366:
5167:
4770:
Paulikas, Dana; Katona, Steven; Ilves, Erika; Stone, Greg; O'Sullivan, Anthony (2020).
4650:
4589:
4486:
4453:
4408:
3854:"Deep sea mining and killing the seas so you can drive an electric car - Green Prophet"
3186:
3101:
3053:
3049:
2871:
2825:
2658:
2412:
1969:
1958:
1858:
1795:
1611:
1442:
1065:
802:
656:
262:
216:
141:
5074:"Broadening Common Heritage: Addressing Gaps in the Deep Sea Mining Regulatory Regime"
2716:
2310:"Global Deep-Sea Biodiversity Research Trends Highlighted by Science Mapping Approach"
1191:
deep sea mining there can occur. Otherwise, "deep-sea mining would not be permitted".
757:, which contains 15 confirmed vent fields according to the InterRidge Vents Database.
7379:
7239:
7059:
6968:
6936:
6853:
6806:
6733:
6705:
6474:
6469:
6267:
5967:
5708:
5370:
5358:
5248:
5171:
5159:
5015:
4742:
4704:
4654:
4581:
4491:
4412:
4335:
4307:
4148:
4085:
3945:
3919:
3442:
3190:
3178:
3057:
2898:
2875:
2817:
2743:
2739:
2717:"Manganese cycles and the origin of manganese nodules, Oneida Lake, New York, U.S.A."
2697:
2662:
2648:
2416:
2404:
2035:
1997:
1975:
1578:
845:
conducted pilot test work, recovering over ten thousand tons of nodules in the CCZ.
774:
717:
571:
449:
438:
129:
are the main driver of the critical metals demand that incentivises deep sea mining.
4593:
3105:
3013:
2867:
2829:
2813:
2352:
2190:
753:, at the 'Izena hole/cauldron' vent field within the hydrothermally active back-arc
648:
contains the world's fourth largest deposit in the South Penrhyn basin close to the
7323:
7224:
7182:
7150:
7044:
6998:
6958:
6865:
6833:
6801:
6786:
6770:
6745:
6530:
6484:
6180:
6058:
5959:
5653:"European Parliament Calls for a Global Moratorium on the Deep-Sea Mining Industry"
5348:
5238:
5228:
5151:
5007:
4907:
4782:
4750:
4694:
4686:
4642:
4573:
4535:
4525:
4481:
4473:
4400:
4299:
4273:
3687:
3669:
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3170:
3093:
3045:
3009:
2863:
2809:
2735:
2689:
2640:
2396:
2331:
2321:
2288:
2280:
2057:
2025:
2017:
1891:
1887:
1781:
1631:
1553:
1226:
1187:
766:
695:
660:
649:
630:
567:
518:
122:
111:
5386:"Out of our depth? Why deep seabed mining is not the answer to the climate crisis"
4078:"Ocean Mineral Singapore complies with rules for deep sea mining exploration: MTI"
2928:. Baker, E., and Beaudoin, Y. (Eds.) Vol. 1A, Secretariat of the Pacific Community
2771:. Baker, E., and Beaudoin, Y. (Eds.) Vol. 1B, Secretariat of the Pacific Community
2693:
448:. They appear on and within the seafloor when mineralized water discharges from a
7529:
7524:
7187:
7097:
7063:
6948:
6828:
6755:
6675:
6578:
6520:
6375:
6150:
6127:
6033:
5652:
5353:
5328:
5267:"'False choice': is deep-sea mining required for an electric vehicle revolution?"
5155:
4944:"'Momentous' Moratorium on Deep-Sea Mining Adopted at Global Biodiversity Summit"
4722:
4690:
3536:
3174:
2981:. Baker, E. and Beaudoin, Y. (Eds.) Vol. 1C, Secretariat of the Pacific Community
2978:
2925:
2768:
2644:
2284:
2229:. Baker, E., and Beaudoin, Y. (Eds.) Vol. 2, Secretariat of the Pacific Community
2226:
1462:
1421:
1415:
1275:
1136:
664:
88:
4786:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3401:
2075:
1940: – Economy based on exploitation and preservation of the marine environment
1556:, polymetallic sulfides and cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts. The Area is the '
1540:. Continental shelves are subject to the jurisdictions of the adjoining states.
7500:
7234:
7120:
7077:
7071:
7067:
6912:
6897:
6848:
6838:
6750:
6604:
6360:
6331:
6175:
6155:
6025:
4912:
4755:
2891:
Deep-Sea Mining: Resource Potential, Technical and Environmental Considerations
2021:
1961: – Using a drilling rig to bore holes for petroleum extraction in deep sea
1895:
1500:
1113:
1092:'s parliament allowed multiple companies to prospect for DSM resources, mainly
842:
754:
710:
683:
579:
5980:
5233:
5216:
4816:
4646:
4404:
4303:
4277:
4256:
Sharma, B. N. N. R. (2000). "Environment and Deep-Sea Mining: A Perspective".
3097:
2387:
Halfar, Jochen; Fujita, Rodney M. (18 May 2007). "Danger of Deep-Sea Mining".
2164:
1199:
56:, which are found at depths of 4–6 km (2.5–3.7 mi) primarily on the
7513:
7485:
7254:
7155:
6941:
6870:
6642:
6390:
6254:
6195:
6117:
6048:
5931:
5628:"🟡 Semafor Flagship: Bedlam, brilliance, and brightness | Semafor | Semafor"
5362:
5252:
5163:
4530:
4513:
4152:
4089:
3823:
3673:
3625:
2747:
2701:
2326:
2309:
2039:
1931:
1923:
1665:
1458:
1446:
1375:
1371:
1271:
729:
626:
614:
57:
5946:
3591:. Vol. 381, no. 8506. 30 November 2006. p. 10. Archived from
2400:
2053:
809:
The activist community argued that authorities had not adequately addressed
574:
at about 3,000–6,500 meters (10,000–21,000 ft) depth. The vents create
200:
and in freshwater lakes. They are the most readily minable type of deep sea
7275:
7249:
7229:
7053:
7016:
6980:
6616:
6563:
6439:
6395:
6380:
6309:
6112:
6107:
5963:
4869:"The impact of deep-sea mining on biodiversity, climate and human cultures"
4708:
4585:
4495:
3182:
2821:
2408:
2030:
1943:
1937:
1694:
Timeline of sustainable energy research 2020 to the present § Seabed mining
1652:
In the 1960s, the prospect of deep-sea mining was assessed in J. L. Mero's
1465:
works its way through the food web, impacting predators, including humans.
1411:
1391:
1179:
1175:
866:
794:
783:
779:
687:
645:
136:
of deep sea mining is controversial. Environmental advocacy groups such as
107:
5011:
4174:"Green Minerals AS: MoU for First International License | Industry | News"
3332:
7212:
7207:
6892:
6887:
6858:
6823:
6796:
6326:
6190:
6053:
5903:
5764:"Deep sea miners turn water hoses on Greenpeace activists in the Pacific"
4847:"Biodiversity: Deep-sea mining will be 25 times as bad as mining on land"
4699:
1582:
1567:
300 km (120 sq mi) for cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts.
1469:
1379:
1327:
finalize exploitation regulations by 2025, and a new agreement under the
1259:
1097:
798:
5243:
4540:
3688:"About the Deep Sea Mining campaign | Deep Sea Mining: Out Of Our Depth"
3592:
2336:
2263:
Kim, Rakhyun E. (August 2017). "Should deep seabed mining be allowed?".
2102:"Deep-sea mining's future still murky as negotiations end on mixed note"
1814:
approved commercial deep-sea mining. 80% of Parliament voted to approve.
633:, potato-sized rocklike deposits containing minerals such as manganese,
461:
feature surface. Crusts are rich in a range of metals including cobalt,
7389:
7006:
6321:
6314:
6297:
6282:
5598:"Mining robot stranded on Pacific Ocean floor in deep-sea mining trial"
3999:"Green Minerals AS: Capital Markets Day and Q1 report - Green Minerals"
3315:"Japan successfully undertakes large-scale deep-sea mineral extraction"
2293:
1883:
1854:
1623:
1450:
1441:
Polymetallic nodule fields are hotspots of abundance and diversity for
1426:
1383:
1367:
1286:
224:
197:
137:
5804:"Nations join ranks to delay deep-sea mining approval by UN regulator"
5694:"Nations join ranks to delay deep-sea mining approval by UN regulator"
5508:"Impossible Metals demonstrates its super-careful seabed mining robot"
4926:
4577:
4477:
3655:
3653:
3161:
Glasby, G. P. (28 July 2000). "Lessons Learned from Deep-Sea Mining".
2596:
1917:
1768:, 'Eureka 1', has completed its first trial of selectively harvesting
1487:: "Not only is deep-sea mining an energy-intensive industry with high
7318:
7270:
7244:
7192:
7026:
6988:
6738:
6728:
6400:
6262:
6237:
5449:"China is set to dominate the deep sea and its wealth of rare metals"
4332:
Deep Sea Mining Value Chain: Organization, Technology and Development
3719:"Collapse of PNG deep-sea mining venture sparks calls for moratorium"
3587:
3392:"Papua New Guinea awards first deep sea mining licence to Nautilus".
3128:(Vol. 1B ed.). Secretariat of the Pacific Community. p. 8.
2434:"Collapse of PNG deep-sea mining venture sparks calls for moratorium"
2126:"China is set to dominate the deep sea and its wealth of rare metals"
1599:
New Zealand regulates DSM via its 2011 Marine and Coastal Area Bill.
1495:
as well as the release of large amounts of the potent greenhouse gas
1395:
1387:
1341:
1319:
1105:
900:
834:
595:
470:
462:
211:
207:
5985:
2061:
1978: – Establishing of human activities at sea and use of the ocean
6963:
6907:
6568:
6417:
6385:
6122:
5037:"David Attenborough calls for ban on 'devastating' deep sea mining"
3650:
2464:"David Attenborough calls for ban on 'devastating' deep sea mining"
1740:
1244:
1183:
1148:
1109:
1073:
699:
679:
555:
474:
466:
161:
49:
5105:"Deep-sea mining possibly as damaging as land mining, lawyers say"
3422:
Allen, Colin Filer, Jennifer Gabriel, Matthew G. (27 April 2020).
749:(JOGMEC) from August to September 2017, using the research vessel
606:. The deposits are mined using hydraulic pumps or bucket systems.
6924:
6427:
6405:
6292:
6287:
6137:
3824:"Seabed Mineral Resource Estimate completed for the Cook Islands"
3237:"Minerals: Polymetallic Nodules | International Seabed Authority"
1661:
1627:
1537:
1496:
1399:
1357:
1135:
were expected to apply for licenses. In March 2023 Loke acquired
668:
266:
228:
5952:
5921:
Geophysical Methods for the Mapping of Deep-Sea Mineral Deposits
5568:"Proposed deep-sea mining would kill animals not yet discovered"
4330:
Abramowski, Tomasz (2016). "Value chain of deep seabed mining".
4225:
4024:
3424:"How PNG lost US$ 120 million and the future of deep-sea mining"
890:
Cook Islands Investment Corporation - Seabed Resources (CIIC-SR)
480:
Cobalt-rich formations exist in two categories depending on the
7328:
7308:
7202:
6877:
6370:
6038:
6016:
5679:"European Parliament Calls for a Moratorium on Deep-Sea Mining"
3784:
3498:"A lease is granted for the first ever deep-sea mining project"
1811:
1657:
1619:
1366:
Nodule fields provide hard substrate on the bottom, attracting
1323:
1302:
1171:
1163:
1089:
773:. The project was a joint venture between Papua New Guinea and
638:
634:
622:
618:
599:
591:
583:
220:
103:
73:
69:
65:
45:
5475:"Homes fitted with new technology could make the grid smarter"
4927:
Blanchard Harrould-Kolieb Jones Taylor, C. E. E. M.L. (2023).
4554:
4511:
2675:
2353:"Out of Our Depth: Mining the Ocean Floor in Papua New Guinea"
1714:
to actively engage in generating and synthesizing information.
1575:
measures, fees and sanctions for non-state actor involvement.
1433:
patterns, ability to communicate, and ability to detect prey.
790:(ROV) technology developed by UK-based Soil Machine Dynamics.
192:
Example of manganese nodule that can be found on the sea floor
7338:
7280:
6621:
6553:
6451:
6343:
1835:
1454:
1331:(UNCLOS) on marine biodiversity was adopted on 19 June 2023.
1069:
672:
6206:
4896:"Evidence of dark oxygen production at the abyssal seafloor"
4743:"Evidence of dark oxygen production at the abyssal seafloor"
3387:
3385:
3383:
1994:
877:
Amendment Act were enacted in 2020 and 2021, respectively.
125:, and battery technologies use many of the deep-sea metals.
7313:
6434:
6422:
6338:
5906:"The international forum for deep sea mining professionals"
5538:"These fearsome robots will bring mining to the deep ocean"
5214:
3971:"Nomination of blocks for mineral activities on the seabed"
3946:"Norway to Begin Deep-Sea Mining Exploration in the Arctic"
2787:"Resilience of benthic deep-sea fauna to mining activities"
2715:
Dean, W. E.; Moore, W. S.; Nealson, K. H. (November 1981).
2523:
1747:
1470:
oxygen production in the absent of light and photosynthesis
1167:
908:
603:
587:
5827:"DEEP-SEA MINING BLOCKS TRANSITION TO A SUSTAINABLE WORLD"
4111:"Seatrium is born from Keppel O&M and Sembcorp Marine"
3874:
2990:
2639:. Sustainable Development Goals Series. pp. 339–367.
2307:
2220:
Deep Sea Minerals: Deep Sea Minerals and the Green Economy
1410:
Deep sea mining generates ambient noise in normally quiet
1278:, deep-towed photography, remotely-operated vehicles, and
5186:"Conservationists call for urgent ban on deep-sea mining"
4892:
4817:"Where Should Metals for the Green Transition Come From?"
4739:
4451:
4355:
UNEP, United Nations Environment Programme (6 May 2024).
3380:
3290:"In Graphic Detail: Deep-Sea Mining in the United States"
3207:
1615:
201:
5297:"Warning over start of commercial-scale deep-sea mining"
4895:
4769:
4667:
3468:"Deep sea mining plans for Papua New Guinea raise alarm"
3026:
2783:
1532:
Activities in international waters are regulated by the
1356:
Removing parts of the sea floor disturbs the habitat of
5947:"Why are countries laying claim to the deep-sea floor?"
4220:
4218:
3525:"Concerns for marine life near deep sea mining project"
3079:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3067:
5325:
2191:"Campaign Reports | Deep Sea Mining: Out Of Our Depth"
537:
Mainly cobalt, some vanadium, molybdenum and platinum
235:
Nodule chemical composition from selected areas (wt%)
4968:
4334:. Interoceanmetal Joint Organization. pp. 9–18.
4141:"These Mining Companies Are Ready to Raid the Seabed"
1949:
Copper mining in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
5923:– November 2014 Ocean News & Technology magazine
4428:"Deep water: the emerging threat of deep sea mining"
4215:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3064:
2056:(Report). U.S. Geological Survey. 2024. p. 63.
1913:
1739:
near Hawaii, where for five days it looped south of
782:. The company leased a portion of the seabed in the
3337:
Mining the deep seabed is about to become a reality
2888:
1934: – Mineral recovery from the bottom of the sea
1522:
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
5709:"Palau calls for halt on seabed mining until 2030"
4608:"University of Ghent press bulletin, June 7, 2016"
4558:Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management
4325:
4323:
3496:
3363:"Vent Fields | InterRidge Vents Database Ver. 3.4"
2428:
2426:
2359:. MiningWatch Canada, CELCoR, Packard Foundation.
1726:International Union for the Conservation of Nature
184:Polymetallic nodules on the deep seabed in the CCZ
83:(ISA) regulates all mineral-related activities in
5133:
5004:Global Ecologies and the Environmental Humanities
4507:
4505:
3455:
3428:Devpolicy Blog from the Development Policy Centre
2936:
2934:
2841:
2839:
2637:Geosciences and the Sustainable Development Goals
2630:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2622:
1527:
7511:
5735:"Deep-sea mining's future rests on crucial vote"
4815:Katona, Steven; Paulikas, Daina (24 July 2020).
4251:
4249:
4247:
3554:"Solwara 1 Project – High Grade Copper and Gold"
3086:Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Stress and Recovery
2714:
2682:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
2634:
4320:
4025:"10 Deep Sea Mining Companies to Watch in 2024"
2845:
2779:
2777:
2423:
1485:International Union for Conservation of Nature
5056:"Companies back moratorium on deep sea mining"
4873:International Union for Conservation of Nature
4814:
4618:
4502:
3083:
2931:
2836:
2619:
2165:"Cook Islands Seabed Minerals Authority - Map"
1743:without having requested entry into US waters.
1710:via regulations that, for example, enable the
747:Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation
705:On November 10, 2020, the Chinese submersible
6222:
6001:
4378:
4376:
4244:
3556:. Nautilus Minerals Inc. 2010. Archived from
716:Promising sulfide deposits (an average of 26
4886:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4441:
3447:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2774:
2386:
1643:
1405:
548:Copper, lead and zinc, some gold and silver
154:sand, silt and mud for construction purposes
4661:
4201:"Deep distrust of Norway's deep-sea mining"
4049:Helland, Wenche Rosengren (16 March 2023).
3577:
3575:
3231:
3229:
3202:
3200:
1212:on 10 July 2010. In the background are the
1147:, now part of also Singaporean state-owned
1059:
735:
690:, as well as countries such as the Pacific
106:, where it has been approved. In 2022, the
52:. The main ores of commercial interest are
6229:
6215:
6008:
5994:
5001:
4723:"Dark oxygen made by deep sea 'batteries'"
4624:
4373:
4329:
3875:"NORI Project – Nauru Ocean Resources Inc"
2214:
2212:
1828:Upholding the Common Heritage of Humankind
1772:rocks from the seabed to help address the
1707:
813:for affected communities and violated the
655:Polymetallic nodules are found within the
5757:
5755:
5352:
5242:
5232:
4911:
4754:
4698:
4539:
4529:
4485:
4438:
4051:"Acquiring licences in the Pacific Ocean"
3156:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3118:
2524:"SPC-EU Deep Sea Minerals Project - Home"
2382:
2380:
2378:
2350:
2335:
2325:
2292:
2029:
1647:
5417:
4971:"DEEP SEABED HARD MINERAL RESOURCES ACT"
4293:
3572:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3287:
3226:
3197:
1296:
1258:The three stages of deep-sea mining are
1198:
431:
187:
179:
98:Deep sea mining is also possible in the
31:
7370:Pollutant release and transfer register
5956:Volume 3: Pipeline and Riser Technology
5102:
5053:
5034:
4627:Marine Georesources & Geotechnology
4385:Marine Georesources & Geotechnology
4048:
3898:
3716:
3548:
3546:
3030:Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition
2209:
1515:
175:
44:is the extraction of minerals from the
27:Mineral extraction from the ocean floor
14:
7512:
5801:
5752:
5706:
5691:
5383:
4950:from the original on 17 September 2021
4941:
4425:
4382:
4255:
4138:
3828:Cook Islands Seabed Minerals Authority
3659:
3160:
3147:
2375:
2351:Rosenbaum, Dr. Helen (November 2011).
2002:Communications Earth & Environment
1849:In December 2023, the research vessel
1764:Impossible Metals announces its first
1708:environmental effects of seabed mining
1351:
1068:, partnered with the island nation of
554:Diamonds are mined from the seabed by
526:Nickel, copper, cobalt, and manganese
91:; and 5 for cobalt-rich crusts in the
6210:
6015:
5989:
5761:
5676:
5548:from the original on 15 November 2022
5480:Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
5472:
5418:Clifford, Catherine (4 August 2023).
4827:from the original on 15 December 2021
4600:
4289:
4287:
4258:Marine Georesources and Geotechnology
4134:
4132:
3993:
3991:
3847:
3845:
3421:
3408:
3343:from the original on 3 September 2019
2607:from the original on 8 September 2021
2534:from the original on 6 September 2021
2504:from the original on 6 September 2021
2474:from the original on 6 September 2021
2363:from the original on 13 December 2019
2197:from the original on 13 December 2019
1194:
869:passed two deep sea mining laws. The
788:remotely operated underwater vehicles
455:
7460:
6701:Electromagnetic radiation and health
5608:from the original on 2 February 2023
5518:from the original on 17 January 2023
5488:from the original on 26 October 2022
5396:from the original on 16 October 2021
5277:from the original on 25 October 2021
5196:from the original on 6 November 2021
4983:from the original on 23 October 2020
4354:
4198:
3899:Company, The Metals (7 April 2020).
3851:
3698:from the original on 9 November 2018
3613:from the original on 9 November 2018
3607:"About the Deep Sea Mining Campaign"
3543:
3288:Shabahat, Elham (16 February 2024).
2564:from the original on 24 January 2016
2119:
2117:
2115:
1784:system components, mainly batteries.
1316:United Nations Environment Programme
1208:delivers new containment cap to the
1174:, which are necessary for producing
1123:Three Norwegian start-up companies,
7476:
7468:
6559:Radium and radon in the environment
5928:"Deep Sea Mining: Out Of Our Depth"
5446:
5384:Duthie, Lizzie (1 September 2021).
4942:Conley, Julia (11 September 2021).
4075:
3135:from the original on 12 August 2021
2262:
2123:
1468:The nodules are also important for
1329:UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
24:
5307:from the original on 8 August 2022
5115:from the original on 18 April 2018
5084:from the original on 19 April 2018
4284:
4139:Meaker, Morgan (12 January 2024).
4129:
4005:(in Norwegian BokmĂĄl). 14 May 2024
3988:
3842:
3743:from the original on 22 March 2022
3717:Doherty, Ben (15 September 2019).
3692:www.deepseaminingoutofourdepth.org
3522:
3273:. 11 November 2020. Archived from
3119:Beaudoin, Yannick; Baker, Elaine.
3050:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2008.tb00633.x
2444:from the original on 11 April 2021
1334:
895:Moana Minerals is a subsidiary of
609:The largest deposits occur in the
25:
7541:
5897:
5802:Wright, Stephen (1 August 2024).
5762:Gayle, Damien (3 December 2023).
5732:
5707:Magick, Samantha (7 April 2023).
3791:from the original on 17 May 2021.
3773:from the original on 17 May 2021.
2948:. 27 January 2021. Archived from
2895:Springer International Publishing
2171:from the original on 30 June 2022
2112:
500:Deposit types and related depths
446:seafloor massive sulfide deposits
444:Polymetallic sulphides appear on
7494:
7484:
7475:
7467:
7459:
7447:
7446:
5930:. 3 January 2012. Archived from
5869:
5856:Environmental Justice Foundation
5844:
5824:
5818:
5795:
5781:
5726:
5700:
5692:Wright, Stephen (31 July 2024).
5685:
5670:
5645:
5620:
5590:
5560:
5530:
5500:
5377:
5319:
5289:
5259:
5208:
5178:
5127:
5096:
5078:Harvard Environmental Law Review
5066:
5035:McVeigh, Karen (12 March 2020).
4232:from the original on 8 June 2022
3852:Weil, Ariel (5 September 2023).
3247:from the original on 11 May 2024
2054:Mineral commodity summaries 2024
1916:
1880:Environmental Justice Foundation
1692:This section is an excerpt from
1160:World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)
811:free, prior and informed consent
723:
678:Cobalt-rich crusts are found on
561:
167:
147:exclusive economic zones (EEZ's)
6273:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
5904:The Deep Sea Mining Summit 2023
5677:Woody, Todd (1 February 2018).
5390:Fauna & Flora International
5054:Shukman, David (3 April 2021).
5047:
5028:
4995:
4962:
4935:
4920:
4861:
4839:
4808:
4763:
4733:
4715:
4548:
4419:
4348:
4192:
4166:
4103:
4069:
4042:
4017:
3963:
3938:
3892:
3867:
3816:
3795:
3777:
3755:
3729:
3710:
3680:
3599:
3516:
3355:
3325:
3307:
3281:
3259:
3112:
3020:
3014:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2012.12.001
2984:
2964:
2911:
2882:
2868:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.09.010
2814:10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.04.010
2754:
2708:
2669:
2589:
2576:
2546:
2516:
2486:
2456:
2344:
2301:
2256:
2232:
1872:
1078:Deep Sea Mining Finance Limited
860:
5574:. 1 April 2022. Archived from
5103:Doherty, Ben (18 April 2018).
4969:U.S. Ocean Commission (2002).
2848:Ocean & Coastal Management
2183:
2157:
2143:
2094:
2080:International Seabed Authority
2068:
2046:
1988:
1712:International Seabed Authority
1644:§ Deep sea mining efforts
1558:common heritage of all mankind
1543:
1534:International Seabed Authority
1528:International Seabed Authority
1506:
1322:, with only 24.9% of the deep
1280:autonomous underwater vehicles
1141:Ocean Minerals Singapore (OMS)
855:International Seabed Authority
692:Federated States of Micronesia
570:or surround active or extinct
542:Polymetallic sulfide deposits
81:International Seabed Authority
13:
1:
6761:Electrical resistance heating
6236:
5806:. Benar News. Radio Free Asia
5447:Kuo, Lily (19 October 2023).
4426:Hooper, Ellie (5 July 2019).
4076:Tan, Cheryl (6 August 2022).
3583:"Treasure on the ocean floor"
3208:"The Clarion-Clipperton Zone"
2794:Marine Environmental Research
2694:10.1144/GSL.SP.1997.119.01.14
2124:Kuo, Lily (19 October 2023).
1982:
1604:Fauna and Flora International
1429:. Behavioral changes include
1064:In 2023, a Canadian company,
886:Cook Islands Consortium (CIC)
6413:Persistent organic pollutant
5354:10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105006
5156:10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103823
4691:10.1016/j.envpol.2017.05.027
4199:Hall, Linda (29 June 2024).
3523:Om, Jason (25 August 2014).
3175:10.1126/science.289.5479.551
2740:10.1016/0009-2541(81)90071-1
2645:10.1007/978-3-030-38815-7_14
2285:10.1016/j.marpol.2017.05.010
1748:Global Sea Mineral Resources
1654:Mineral Resources of the Sea
1436:
1145:Keppel Offshore & Marine
760:
102:(EEZ) of countries, such as
7:
7423:Least polluted cities by PM
5877:"What EV makers need to do"
5221:Frontiers in Marine Science
4946:. Common Dreams. Ecowatch.
4787:10.13140/RG.2.2.21346.66242
4759:– via www.nature.com.
4518:Frontiers in Marine Science
3763:"Sea Bed Minerals Act 2019"
3472:Mongabay Environmental News
3394:BBC Monitoring Asia Pacific
3321:. Kyodo. 26 September 2017.
2314:Frontiers in Marine Science
2240:"Breaking Free From Mining"
1972: – Type of ocean claim
1965:Human impact on marine life
1909:
1844:
1648:§ Laws and regulations
1210:Deepwater Horizon oil spill
848:
566:Deep sea mining sites hold
149:are exploring the subject.
10:
7546:
7365:Pollution haven hypothesis
7288:Brain health and pollution
6526:Ecological light pollution
6356:Internal combustion engine
5949:- BBC article 21 June 2017
4913:10.1038/s41561-024-01480-8
4756:10.1038/s41561-024-01480-8
4296:Regulating Deep Sea Mining
3767:Sea Bed Minerals Authority
2022:10.1038/s43247-021-00213-8
1766:underwater robotic vehicle
1691:
1641:
1637:
1608:World Wide Fund for Nature
1301:Deep sea mining (like all
1253:
1237:Remotely operated vehicles
1221:GSF Development Driller II
1120:expected for early 2025.
740:
709:reached the bottom of the
127:Electric vehicle batteries
7444:
7398:
7347:
7296:
7263:
7168:Nonpoint source pollution
7096:
7088:War and environmental law
7035:
6997:
6979:
6779:
6714:
6651:
6577:
6546:
6511:
6495:
6460:
6447:Volatile organic compound
6253:
6244:
6168:
6136:
6100:
6079:
6072:
6024:
5234:10.3389/fmars.2021.706161
4849:. The Hindu. 30 June 2023
4647:10.1080/10641190009353796
4405:10.1080/10641190500446698
4304:10.1007/978-3-030-82834-9
4298:. SpringerBriefs in Law.
4278:10.1080/10641190051092993
3367:vents-data.interridge.org
1954:Deepsea mining in Namibia
1817:On February 7, 2024, the
1586:defined by legislation.,
1406:Noise and light pollution
1094:Seafloor Massive Sulfides
1083:
927:
6627:Marine mammals and sonar
6538:Radio spectrum pollution
4531:10.3389/fmars.2017.00418
4294:Willaert, Klaas (2021).
3785:"Laws & Regulations"
3674:10.1215/00382876-3749625
3662:South Atlantic Quarterly
2357:Deep Sea Mining Campaign
2327:10.3389/fmars.2020.00384
1686:
1676:
1614:, and companies such as
1489:greenhouse gas emissions
1060:The Metals Company (TMC)
897:Ocean Minerals LLC (OML)
828:
736:Deep sea mining projects
482:depositional environment
156:is abundant, along with
7473:WikiProject Environment
7431:Most polluted countries
7375:Polluter pays principle
7106:Agricultural wastewater
4671:Environmental Pollution
3333:"Deep Sea Mining Watch"
3098:10.1023/A:1009963912171
2401:10.1126/science.1138289
2076:"Exploration Contracts"
1865:is owned by Magellan.
1805:
1788:
1758:
1752:Clarion-Clipperton Zone
1737:exclusive economic zone
1718:
1700:
815:precautionary principle
807:Nautilus the Protector.
625:. Scattered across the
611:Clarion-Clipperton Zone
100:exclusive economic zone
62:Clarion-Clipperton Zone
7491:Environment portal
6724:Agricultural pollution
5964:10.1115/OMAE2012-83156
5852:"STOP DEEP-SEA MINING"
4823:. Energy Futures Lab.
4669:for deep-sea mining".
3803:"Executive Management"
1832:Surangel S. Whipps Jr.
1230:
1205:Discoverer Inspiration
882:Moana Minerals Limited
871:Sea Bed Minerals (SBM)
823:Toronto Stock Exchange
775:Nautilus Minerals Inc.
675:, and the Peru Basin.
193:
185:
38:
7146:Industrial wastewater
7012:Clutter (advertising)
6920:Municipal solid waste
6766:Soil guideline values
6610:Sustainable transport
6503:Information pollution
6303:Open burning of waste
5915:Multinational Monitor
5273:. 28 September 2021.
5012:10.4324/9781315738635
4057:(in Norwegian BokmĂĄl)
2440:. 15 September 2019.
1297:Environmental impacts
1215:Discoverer Enterprise
1202:
432:Polymetallic sulfides
191:
183:
93:Western Pacific Ocean
35:
7418:Most polluted cities
7111:Biological pollution
7022:Overhead power lines
5958:. pp. 137–144.
5301:University of Exeter
5192:. 9 September 2021.
5006:. pp. 352–372.
4055:Loke marine minerals
3694:. 19 November 2011.
3609:. 19 November 2011.
3595:on 25 February 2018.
3277:on 11 November 2020.
2601:The Ocean Foundation
2252:on 23 December 2021.
2193:. 19 November 2011.
1656:. Nations including
1571:exploit resources.
1554:polymetallic nodules
1516:Laws and regulations
1493:carbon sequestration
1445:. Sediment can clog
1125:Loke Marine Minerals
771:New Ireland province
637:, copper, zinc, and
631:polymetallic nodules
568:polymetallic nodules
516:Polymetallic nodules
508:Typical depth range
176:Polymetallic nodules
134:environmental impact
85:international waters
54:polymetallic nodules
7481:WikiProject Ecology
7178:Ocean acidification
7083:Unexploded ordnance
6954:Post-consumer waste
6814:Foam food container
6792:Biodegradable waste
6366:Global distillation
6064:Mountaintop removal
5981:Mining the Deep Sea
5791:. 30 November 2023.
5572:National Geographic
5514:. 8 December 2022.
5345:2022MarPo.13805006A
5148:2020MarPo.11403823G
4796:on 12 February 2021
4683:2017EPoll.228..169M
4639:2000MGG....18..285N
4570:2018IEAM...14..672K
4470:2016NatSR...630492A
4432:Greenpeace Aotearoa
4397:2005MGG....23..331S
4270:2000MGG....18..285S
4226:"Impossible Mining"
3646:. 11 February 2021.
3042:2008AcGlS..82..796Z
3006:2013OGRv...51....1H
2994:Ore Geology Reviews
2860:2019OCM...167..271P
2806:2017MarER.129...76G
2732:1981ChGeo..34...53D
2584:Gems & Gemology
2277:2017MarPo..82..134K
2014:2021ComEE...2..148M
1904:resource efficiency
1819:European Parliament
1770:polymetallic nodule
1579:Continental Shelves
1499:, exacerbating the
1352:Benthic disturbance
916:
501:
236:
217:rare earth elements
142:deep sea ecosystems
119:dynamic positioning
7501:Ecology portal
7385:Waste minimisation
7360:Industrial ecology
7355:Cleaner production
7173:Nutrient pollution
7050:Herbicidal warfare
6844:Construction waste
6480:Introduced species
6351:Indoor air quality
6278:Chlorofluorocarbon
5934:on 8 December 2015
5831:The Oxygen Project
5657:www.soalliance.org
5578:on 2 February 2023
5482:via techxplore.com
4458:Scientific Reports
4178:Ocean Mining Intel
3950:www.soalliance.org
3930:has generic name (
3905:The Metals Company
3879:The Metals Company
3644:MiningWatch Canada
3474:. 18 November 2016
3214:. 15 December 2017
2977:2021-09-06 at the
2924:2021-09-06 at the
2897:. pp. 30–33.
2767:2021-08-12 at the
2225:2021-11-04 at the
1970:Ocean colonization
1959:Deepwater drilling
1859:The Metals Company
1796:The Metals Company
1774:rising global need
1612:David Attenborough
1449:organisms such as
1431:vertical migration
1231:
1195:Extraction methods
1066:The Metals Company
915:
803:Northern Territory
657:Mid-Atlantic Ridge
572:hydrothermal vents
499:
465:, nickel, copper,
456:Cobalt-rich crusts
439:hydrothermal vents
234:
194:
186:
158:mineral rich sands
39:
7520:Underwater mining
7507:
7506:
7380:Pollution control
7060:Nuclear holocaust
6969:Thermal treatment
6937:Plastic pollution
6854:Mercury poisoning
6807:Battery recycling
6706:Radioactive waste
6475:Genetic pollution
6470:Biological hazard
6268:Air quality index
6204:
6203:
6164:
6163:
5973:978-0-7918-4490-8
5604:. 28 April 2021.
5080:. 16 April 2018.
5021:978-1-315-73863-5
4931:. Science Direct.
4900:Nature Geoscience
4747:Nature Geoscience
4578:10.1002/ieam.4071
4478:10.1038/srep30492
4357:"Deep-Sea Mining"
4341:978-83-944323-0-0
4313:978-3-030-82833-2
4180:. 24 January 2023
4115:Seatrade Maritime
4082:The Straits Times
3739:. 22 March 2022.
3560:on 12 August 2010
3396:. 5 August 2010.
3243:. 17 March 2022.
3169:(5479): 551–553.
2904:978-3-319-52556-3
2654:978-3-030-38814-0
2603:. 7 August 2010.
2500:. 31 March 2021.
2470:. 12 March 2020.
1976:Ocean development
1900:energy efficiency
1853:was disrupted by
1483:According to the
1358:benthic organisms
1057:
1056:
928:Metal grades (%)
718:parts per million
629:are trillions of
552:
551:
531:Manganese crusts
519:Manganese nodules
450:hydrothermal vent
429:
428:
123:electric vehicles
16:(Redirected from
7537:
7499:
7498:
7497:
7489:
7488:
7479:
7478:
7471:
7470:
7463:
7462:
7450:
7449:
7324:Legacy pollution
7183:Oil exploitation
7045:Chemical warfare
6959:Waste management
6866:Industrial waste
6834:Biomedical waste
6802:Electronic waste
6787:Advertising mail
6771:Phytoremediation
6746:Land degradation
6531:Overillumination
6485:Invasive species
6231:
6224:
6217:
6208:
6207:
6077:
6076:
6059:Hydraulic mining
6010:
6003:
5996:
5987:
5986:
5977:
5943:
5941:
5939:
5892:
5891:
5889:
5887:
5873:
5867:
5866:
5864:
5862:
5848:
5842:
5841:
5839:
5837:
5822:
5816:
5815:
5813:
5811:
5799:
5793:
5792:
5785:
5779:
5778:
5776:
5774:
5759:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5745:
5730:
5724:
5723:
5721:
5719:
5713:Islands Business
5704:
5698:
5697:
5689:
5683:
5682:
5674:
5668:
5667:
5665:
5663:
5649:
5643:
5642:
5640:
5638:
5624:
5618:
5617:
5615:
5613:
5594:
5588:
5587:
5585:
5583:
5564:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5553:
5534:
5528:
5527:
5525:
5523:
5504:
5498:
5497:
5495:
5493:
5473:Ledbetter, Tim.
5470:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5459:
5444:
5435:
5434:
5432:
5430:
5415:
5406:
5405:
5403:
5401:
5381:
5375:
5374:
5356:
5323:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5312:
5293:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5282:
5263:
5257:
5256:
5246:
5236:
5212:
5206:
5205:
5203:
5201:
5182:
5176:
5175:
5131:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5120:
5100:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5089:
5070:
5064:
5063:
5051:
5045:
5044:
5032:
5026:
5025:
4999:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4988:
4982:
4975:
4966:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4955:
4939:
4933:
4932:
4924:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4890:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4879:
4865:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4854:
4843:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4832:
4812:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4801:
4795:
4789:. Archived from
4776:
4767:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4741:(22 July 2024).
4737:
4731:
4730:
4719:
4713:
4712:
4702:
4665:
4659:
4658:
4622:
4616:
4615:
4614:on 14 June 2016.
4610:. Archived from
4604:
4598:
4597:
4552:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4533:
4509:
4500:
4499:
4489:
4449:
4436:
4435:
4423:
4417:
4416:
4380:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4366:
4361:
4352:
4346:
4345:
4327:
4318:
4317:
4291:
4282:
4281:
4253:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4222:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4196:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4170:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4136:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4107:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4046:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4021:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4010:
4003:greenminerals.no
3995:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3929:
3925:
3923:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3871:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3849:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3799:
3793:
3792:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3759:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3657:
3648:
3647:
3636:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3579:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3550:
3541:
3540:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3500:
3493:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3464:
3453:
3452:
3446:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3419:
3406:
3405:
3389:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3233:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3204:
3195:
3194:
3158:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3134:
3127:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3081:
3062:
3061:
3024:
3018:
3017:
2988:
2982:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2938:
2929:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2843:
2834:
2833:
2791:
2781:
2772:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2720:Chemical Geology
2712:
2706:
2705:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2632:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2593:
2587:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2430:
2421:
2420:
2384:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2329:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2245:. Archived from
2244:
2236:
2230:
2216:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2121:
2110:
2109:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2033:
1992:
1926:
1921:
1920:
1892:public transport
1888:circular economy
1782:renewable energy
1746:Belgian company
1276:side scan sonars
1227:Helix Producer I
1088:In January 2024
1080:in April 2020.
917:
914:
841:(Kennecott) and
767:Papua New Guinea
696:Marshall Islands
661:Papua New Guinea
650:Manihiki Plateau
578:, which collect
576:sulfide deposits
545:1,400 – 3,700 m
523:4,000 – 6,000 m
502:
498:
237:
233:
112:Papua New Guinea
89:mid-ocean ridges
21:
7545:
7544:
7540:
7539:
7538:
7536:
7535:
7534:
7510:
7509:
7508:
7503:
7495:
7493:
7483:
7440:
7426:
7394:
7343:
7292:
7259:
7198:Pharmaceuticals
7188:Oil exploration
7092:
7064:Nuclear fallout
7031:
6993:
6975:
6949:Packaging waste
6903:Deep sea mining
6829:Hazardous waste
6775:
6756:Open defecation
6710:
6676:Nuclear fallout
6671:Nuclear fission
6647:
6573:
6542:
6513:Electromagnetic
6507:
6491:
6456:
6376:Ozone depletion
6249:
6240:
6235:
6205:
6200:
6186:Deep sea mining
6160:
6146:Room and pillar
6132:
6096:
6068:
6020:
6014:
5974:
5937:
5935:
5926:
5900:
5895:
5885:
5883:
5875:
5874:
5870:
5860:
5858:
5850:
5849:
5845:
5835:
5833:
5823:
5819:
5809:
5807:
5800:
5796:
5787:
5786:
5782:
5772:
5770:
5760:
5753:
5743:
5741:
5731:
5727:
5717:
5715:
5705:
5701:
5690:
5686:
5675:
5671:
5661:
5659:
5651:
5650:
5646:
5636:
5634:
5632:www.semafor.com
5626:
5625:
5621:
5611:
5609:
5596:
5595:
5591:
5581:
5579:
5566:
5565:
5561:
5551:
5549:
5536:
5535:
5531:
5521:
5519:
5506:
5505:
5501:
5491:
5489:
5471:
5467:
5457:
5455:
5453:Washington Post
5445:
5438:
5428:
5426:
5416:
5409:
5399:
5397:
5382:
5378:
5324:
5320:
5310:
5308:
5295:
5294:
5290:
5280:
5278:
5265:
5264:
5260:
5213:
5209:
5199:
5197:
5184:
5183:
5179:
5132:
5128:
5118:
5116:
5101:
5097:
5087:
5085:
5072:
5071:
5067:
5052:
5048:
5033:
5029:
5022:
5000:
4996:
4986:
4984:
4980:
4973:
4967:
4963:
4953:
4951:
4940:
4936:
4925:
4921:
4891:
4887:
4877:
4875:
4867:
4866:
4862:
4852:
4850:
4845:
4844:
4840:
4830:
4828:
4813:
4809:
4799:
4797:
4793:
4774:
4768:
4764:
4738:
4734:
4721:
4720:
4716:
4666:
4662:
4623:
4619:
4606:
4605:
4601:
4553:
4549:
4510:
4503:
4450:
4439:
4424:
4420:
4381:
4374:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4353:
4349:
4342:
4328:
4321:
4314:
4292:
4285:
4254:
4245:
4235:
4233:
4224:
4223:
4216:
4206:
4204:
4197:
4193:
4183:
4181:
4172:
4171:
4167:
4157:
4155:
4137:
4130:
4120:
4118:
4109:
4108:
4104:
4094:
4092:
4074:
4070:
4060:
4058:
4047:
4043:
4033:
4031:
4029:Deep Sea Mining
4023:
4022:
4018:
4008:
4006:
3997:
3996:
3989:
3979:
3977:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3954:
3952:
3944:
3943:
3939:
3927:
3926:
3917:
3916:
3909:
3907:
3897:
3893:
3883:
3881:
3873:
3872:
3868:
3858:
3856:
3850:
3843:
3833:
3831:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3807:
3805:
3801:
3800:
3796:
3783:
3782:
3778:
3761:
3760:
3756:
3746:
3744:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3715:
3711:
3701:
3699:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3658:
3651:
3638:
3637:
3626:
3616:
3614:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3581:
3580:
3573:
3563:
3561:
3552:
3551:
3544:
3521:
3517:
3507:
3505:
3503:country.eiu.com
3495:
3494:
3487:
3477:
3475:
3466:
3465:
3456:
3440:
3439:
3432:
3430:
3420:
3409:
3391:
3390:
3381:
3371:
3369:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3346:
3344:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3319:The Japan Times
3313:
3312:
3308:
3298:
3296:
3286:
3282:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3250:
3248:
3235:
3234:
3227:
3217:
3215:
3206:
3205:
3198:
3159:
3148:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3125:
3117:
3113:
3082:
3065:
3025:
3021:
2989:
2985:
2979:Wayback Machine
2969:
2965:
2955:
2953:
2952:on 7 March 2021
2940:
2939:
2932:
2926:Wayback Machine
2916:
2912:
2905:
2887:
2883:
2844:
2837:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2769:Wayback Machine
2759:
2755:
2713:
2709:
2674:
2670:
2655:
2633:
2620:
2610:
2608:
2597:"Seabed Mining"
2595:
2594:
2590:
2581:
2577:
2567:
2565:
2558:Deepwater group
2552:
2551:
2547:
2537:
2535:
2528:dsm.gsd.spc.int
2522:
2521:
2517:
2507:
2505:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2477:
2475:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2447:
2445:
2432:
2431:
2424:
2385:
2376:
2366:
2364:
2349:
2345:
2306:
2302:
2261:
2257:
2249:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2227:Wayback Machine
2217:
2210:
2200:
2198:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2174:
2172:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2153:. 26 June 2024.
2149:
2148:
2144:
2134:
2132:
2130:Washington Post
2122:
2113:
2108:. 2 April 2024.
2100:
2099:
2095:
2085:
2083:
2082:. 17 March 2022
2074:
2073:
2069:
2062:10.3133/mcs2024
2052:
2051:
2047:
2031:1721.1/138864.2
1993:
1989:
1985:
1922:
1915:
1912:
1875:
1847:
1842:
1841:
1808:
1791:
1761:
1721:
1703:
1697:
1689:
1679:
1650:
1640:
1546:
1530:
1518:
1509:
1463:bioaccumulation
1439:
1422:Light pollution
1416:Noise pollution
1408:
1354:
1337:
1335:Sediment plumes
1299:
1256:
1247:to the ocean.
1197:
1137:Lockheed Martin
1133:Adepth Minerals
1086:
1062:
933:Classification
863:
851:
831:
763:
743:
738:
726:
665:Solomon Islands
659:system, around
564:
517:
458:
434:
178:
170:
42:Deep sea mining
28:
23:
22:
18:Deep-sea mining
15:
12:
11:
5:
7543:
7533:
7532:
7527:
7522:
7505:
7504:
7445:
7442:
7441:
7439:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7424:
7420:
7415:
7413:Law by country
7410:
7404:
7402:
7396:
7395:
7393:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7351:
7349:
7345:
7344:
7342:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7306:
7300:
7298:
7294:
7293:
7291:
7290:
7285:
7284:
7283:
7278:
7267:
7265:
7261:
7260:
7258:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7235:Surface runoff
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7216:
7215:
7210:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7159:
7158:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7121:Eutrophication
7118:
7113:
7108:
7102:
7100:
7094:
7093:
7091:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7078:Scorched earth
7075:
7072:nuclear winter
7068:nuclear famine
7057:
7047:
7041:
7039:
7033:
7032:
7030:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7003:
7001:
6995:
6994:
6992:
6991:
6985:
6983:
6977:
6976:
6974:
6973:
6972:
6971:
6966:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6945:
6944:
6934:
6929:
6928:
6927:
6917:
6916:
6915:
6913:Uranium mining
6910:
6905:
6900:
6898:Surface mining
6895:
6890:
6880:
6875:
6874:
6873:
6863:
6862:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6849:Lead poisoning
6846:
6841:
6839:Chemical waste
6836:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6810:
6809:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6783:
6781:
6777:
6776:
6774:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6751:Bioremediation
6748:
6743:
6742:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6720:
6718:
6712:
6711:
6709:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6666:Bioremediation
6663:
6657:
6655:
6649:
6648:
6646:
6645:
6640:
6637:
6634:
6631:
6630:
6629:
6619:
6614:
6613:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:Transportation
6583:
6581:
6575:
6574:
6572:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6550:
6548:
6544:
6543:
6541:
6540:
6535:
6534:
6533:
6528:
6517:
6515:
6509:
6508:
6506:
6505:
6499:
6497:
6493:
6492:
6490:
6489:
6488:
6487:
6477:
6472:
6466:
6464:
6458:
6457:
6455:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6443:
6442:
6432:
6431:
6430:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6409:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6361:Global dimming
6358:
6353:
6348:
6347:
6346:
6336:
6335:
6334:
6332:Diesel exhaust
6324:
6319:
6318:
6317:
6307:
6306:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6259:
6257:
6251:
6250:
6245:
6242:
6241:
6234:
6233:
6226:
6219:
6211:
6202:
6201:
6199:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6172:
6170:
6166:
6165:
6162:
6161:
6159:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6142:
6140:
6134:
6133:
6131:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6104:
6102:
6098:
6097:
6095:
6094:
6089:
6083:
6081:
6074:
6070:
6069:
6067:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6030:
6028:
6022:
6021:
6013:
6012:
6005:
5998:
5990:
5984:
5983:
5978:
5972:
5950:
5944:
5924:
5918:
5907:
5899:
5898:External links
5896:
5894:
5893:
5868:
5843:
5825:Koop, FermĂn.
5817:
5794:
5780:
5751:
5733:Tahir, Tariq.
5725:
5699:
5684:
5669:
5644:
5619:
5589:
5559:
5529:
5499:
5465:
5436:
5407:
5376:
5318:
5288:
5258:
5207:
5177:
5126:
5095:
5065:
5046:
5027:
5020:
4994:
4961:
4934:
4919:
4885:
4860:
4838:
4807:
4781:(Report). DG.
4762:
4732:
4714:
4660:
4633:(3): 285–294.
4617:
4599:
4564:(6): 672–691.
4547:
4501:
4437:
4418:
4391:(4): 331–338.
4372:
4347:
4340:
4319:
4312:
4283:
4264:(3): 285–294.
4243:
4214:
4191:
4165:
4128:
4102:
4068:
4041:
4016:
3987:
3962:
3937:
3891:
3866:
3841:
3815:
3794:
3776:
3754:
3728:
3709:
3679:
3668:(1): 207–217.
3649:
3624:
3598:
3571:
3542:
3515:
3485:
3454:
3407:
3379:
3354:
3324:
3306:
3294:Hakai Magazine
3280:
3258:
3241:www.isa.org.jm
3225:
3196:
3146:
3111:
3092:(4): 299–315.
3063:
3036:(4): 796–803.
3019:
2983:
2963:
2930:
2910:
2903:
2881:
2835:
2773:
2753:
2707:
2688:(1): 213–237.
2668:
2653:
2618:
2588:
2575:
2545:
2515:
2485:
2455:
2422:
2374:
2343:
2300:
2255:
2231:
2208:
2182:
2156:
2142:
2111:
2093:
2067:
2045:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1962:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1935:
1928:
1927:
1911:
1908:
1896:car dependency
1874:
1871:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1823:
1815:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1744:
1732:
1729:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1675:
1639:
1636:
1610:, broadcaster
1545:
1542:
1529:
1526:
1517:
1514:
1508:
1505:
1501:climate crisis
1447:filter-feeding
1438:
1435:
1414:environments.
1407:
1404:
1353:
1350:
1336:
1333:
1298:
1295:
1255:
1252:
1196:
1193:
1129:Green Minerals
1114:North Atlantic
1085:
1082:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
997:
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
978:
975:
972:
968:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
946:
940:
934:
930:
929:
926:
924:
922:
920:
862:
859:
850:
847:
830:
827:
762:
759:
755:Okinawa Trough
742:
739:
737:
734:
725:
722:
711:Mariana Trench
563:
560:
550:
549:
546:
543:
539:
538:
535:
534:800 – 2,400 m
532:
528:
527:
524:
521:
513:
512:
509:
506:
493:
492:
489:
457:
454:
433:
430:
427:
426:
423:
420:
417:
414:
411:
408:
405:
401:
400:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
379:
375:
374:
371:
368:
365:
362:
359:
356:
353:
349:
348:
345:
342:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
323:
322:
319:
316:
313:
310:
307:
304:
301:
297:
296:
293:
290:
287:
284:
281:
278:
275:
271:
270:
259:
256:
253:
250:
247:
244:
241:
177:
174:
169:
166:
164:and diamonds.
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7542:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7517:
7515:
7502:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7474:
7466:
7457:
7453:
7443:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7406:
7405:
7403:
7401:
7397:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7352:
7350:
7346:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7301:
7299:
7295:
7289:
7286:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7273:
7272:
7269:
7268:
7266:
7262:
7256:
7255:Water quality
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7205:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7157:
7154:
7153:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7103:
7101:
7099:
7095:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7073:
7069:
7065:
7061:
7058:
7055:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7042:
7040:
7038:
7034:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7017:Traffic signs
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7004:
7002:
7000:
6996:
6990:
6987:
6986:
6984:
6982:
6978:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6961:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6943:
6942:Microplastics
6940:
6939:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6932:Nanomaterials
6930:
6926:
6923:
6922:
6921:
6918:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6885:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6872:
6871:Lead smelting
6869:
6868:
6867:
6864:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6831:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6808:
6805:
6804:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6784:
6782:
6778:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6726:
6725:
6722:
6721:
6719:
6717:
6713:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6691:Radioactivity
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6658:
6656:
6654:
6650:
6644:
6643:Noise control
6641:
6638:
6635:
6632:
6628:
6625:
6624:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6590:
6589:
6588:
6585:
6584:
6582:
6580:
6576:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6551:
6549:
6545:
6539:
6536:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6523:
6522:
6519:
6518:
6516:
6514:
6510:
6504:
6501:
6500:
6498:
6494:
6486:
6483:
6482:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6467:
6465:
6463:
6459:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6441:
6438:
6437:
6436:
6433:
6429:
6426:
6425:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6391:Metal working
6389:
6387:
6384:
6383:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6345:
6342:
6341:
6340:
6337:
6333:
6330:
6329:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6316:
6313:
6312:
6311:
6308:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6285:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6260:
6258:
6256:
6252:
6248:
6243:
6239:
6232:
6227:
6225:
6220:
6218:
6213:
6212:
6209:
6197:
6196:Seabed mining
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6173:
6171:
6167:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6143:
6141:
6139:
6135:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6105:
6103:
6099:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6084:
6082:
6078:
6075:
6071:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6031:
6029:
6027:
6023:
6018:
6011:
6006:
6004:
5999:
5997:
5992:
5991:
5988:
5982:
5979:
5975:
5969:
5965:
5961:
5957:
5951:
5948:
5945:
5933:
5929:
5925:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5916:
5911:
5908:
5905:
5902:
5901:
5882:
5878:
5872:
5857:
5853:
5847:
5832:
5828:
5821:
5805:
5798:
5790:
5784:
5769:
5765:
5758:
5756:
5740:
5736:
5729:
5714:
5710:
5703:
5695:
5688:
5680:
5673:
5658:
5654:
5648:
5633:
5629:
5623:
5607:
5603:
5599:
5593:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5563:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5533:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5503:
5487:
5483:
5481:
5476:
5469:
5454:
5450:
5443:
5441:
5425:
5421:
5414:
5412:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5380:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5333:Marine Policy
5330:
5322:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5292:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5262:
5254:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5211:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5181:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5136:Marine Policy
5130:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5099:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5069:
5061:
5057:
5050:
5042:
5038:
5031:
5023:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5005:
4998:
4979:
4972:
4965:
4949:
4945:
4938:
4930:
4923:
4914:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4889:
4874:
4870:
4864:
4848:
4842:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4811:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4773:
4766:
4757:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4736:
4728:
4724:
4718:
4710:
4706:
4701:
4700:10400.1/10388
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4664:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4621:
4613:
4609:
4603:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4551:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4508:
4506:
4497:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4448:
4446:
4444:
4442:
4433:
4429:
4422:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4379:
4377:
4358:
4351:
4343:
4337:
4333:
4326:
4324:
4315:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4290:
4288:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4252:
4250:
4248:
4231:
4227:
4221:
4219:
4203:. Euro Weekly
4202:
4195:
4179:
4175:
4169:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4135:
4133:
4116:
4112:
4106:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4072:
4056:
4052:
4045:
4030:
4026:
4020:
4004:
4000:
3994:
3992:
3976:
3972:
3966:
3951:
3947:
3941:
3933:
3921:
3906:
3902:
3895:
3880:
3876:
3870:
3855:
3848:
3846:
3830:. 10 May 2023
3829:
3825:
3819:
3804:
3798:
3790:
3786:
3780:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3758:
3742:
3738:
3732:
3724:
3720:
3713:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3683:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3656:
3654:
3645:
3641:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3612:
3608:
3602:
3594:
3590:
3589:
3584:
3578:
3576:
3559:
3555:
3549:
3547:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3519:
3504:
3499:
3492:
3490:
3473:
3469:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3450:
3444:
3429:
3425:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3368:
3364:
3358:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3328:
3320:
3316:
3310:
3295:
3291:
3284:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3262:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3232:
3230:
3213:
3209:
3203:
3201:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3131:
3124:
3123:
3115:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3023:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2987:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2967:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2937:
2935:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2914:
2906:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2885:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2842:
2840:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2788:
2780:
2778:
2770:
2766:
2763:
2757:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2711:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2672:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2592:
2585:
2579:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2519:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2459:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2427:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2395:(5827): 987.
2394:
2390:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2347:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2304:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2265:Marine Policy
2259:
2248:
2241:
2235:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2215:
2213:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2152:
2146:
2131:
2127:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1991:
1987:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1932:Seabed mining
1930:
1929:
1925:
1924:Oceans portal
1919:
1914:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1870:
1866:
1864:
1861:. The vessel
1860:
1856:
1852:
1837:
1833:
1830:", President
1829:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1704:
1695:
1681:
1680:
1674:
1670:
1667:
1666:United States
1663:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1645:
1635:
1633:
1630:called for a
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1525:
1523:
1513:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1471:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1459:phytoplankton
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1443:abyssal fauna
1434:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1376:glass sponges
1373:
1372:abyssal plain
1369:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1349:
1345:
1343:
1332:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1294:
1290:
1288:
1287:metallurgical
1283:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1272:echo-sounders
1268:
1265:
1261:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1180:wind turbines
1177:
1176:mobile phones
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
998:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
979:
976:
973:
970:
969:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
951:
947:
945:
941:
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935:
932:
931:
925:
923:
921:
919:
918:
913:
910:
904:
902:
898:
893:
891:
887:
883:
878:
875:
872:
868:
865:In 2019, the
858:
856:
846:
844:
840:
836:
833:In the 1970s
826:
824:
818:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
791:
789:
785:
781:
776:
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768:
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752:
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731:
730:Blake Plateau
724:United States
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714:
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701:
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681:
676:
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653:
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642:
640:
636:
632:
628:
627:abyssal plain
624:
620:
616:
615:Pacific Ocean
612:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
562:Deposit sites
559:
557:
547:
544:
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540:
536:
533:
530:
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520:
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514:
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409:
406:
404:Cook Islands
403:
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395:
392:
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383:
380:
378:Indian Ocean
377:
376:
372:
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366:
363:
360:
357:
354:
351:
350:
346:
343:
340:
337:
334:
331:
328:
325:
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320:
317:
314:
311:
308:
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302:
299:
298:
294:
291:
288:
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282:
279:
276:
273:
272:
268:
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239:
238:
232:
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213:
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205:
203:
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190:
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165:
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159:
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150:
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7334:Point source
7276:Heavy metals
7250:Urban runoff
7230:Sulfur water
7208:Septic tanks
7054:Agent Orange
6908:Mining waste
6902:
6734:Manure waste
6564:Volcanic ash
6440:Black carbon
6396:Oil refining
6381:Particulates
6310:Construction
6185:
5955:
5936:. Retrieved
5932:the original
5913:
5884:. Retrieved
5880:
5871:
5859:. Retrieved
5855:
5846:
5834:. Retrieved
5830:
5820:
5808:. Retrieved
5797:
5783:
5771:. Retrieved
5768:The Guardian
5767:
5742:. Retrieved
5739:The National
5738:
5728:
5716:. Retrieved
5712:
5702:
5687:
5672:
5660:. Retrieved
5656:
5647:
5635:. Retrieved
5631:
5622:
5610:. Retrieved
5601:
5592:
5580:. Retrieved
5576:the original
5571:
5562:
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5541:
5532:
5520:. Retrieved
5511:
5502:
5490:. Retrieved
5478:
5468:
5456:. Retrieved
5452:
5427:. Retrieved
5423:
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5389:
5379:
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5332:
5321:
5309:. Retrieved
5300:
5291:
5279:. Retrieved
5271:The Guardian
5270:
5261:
5244:10871/126732
5224:
5220:
5210:
5198:. Retrieved
5190:The Guardian
5189:
5180:
5139:
5135:
5129:
5117:. Retrieved
5109:the Guardian
5108:
5098:
5086:. Retrieved
5077:
5068:
5059:
5049:
5041:The Guardian
5040:
5030:
5003:
4997:
4985:. Retrieved
4964:
4954:17 September
4952:. Retrieved
4937:
4928:
4922:
4903:
4899:
4888:
4876:. Retrieved
4872:
4863:
4851:. Retrieved
4841:
4829:. Retrieved
4820:
4810:
4798:. Retrieved
4791:the original
4778:
4765:
4746:
4735:
4726:
4717:
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4670:
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4630:
4626:
4620:
4612:the original
4602:
4561:
4557:
4550:
4541:10871/130175
4521:
4517:
4464:(1): 30492.
4461:
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4431:
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4384:
4363:. Retrieved
4350:
4331:
4295:
4261:
4257:
4234:. Retrieved
4205:. Retrieved
4194:
4182:. Retrieved
4177:
4168:
4156:. Retrieved
4144:
4119:. Retrieved
4117:. 1 May 2023
4114:
4105:
4093:. Retrieved
4081:
4071:
4059:. Retrieved
4054:
4044:
4032:. Retrieved
4028:
4019:
4007:. Retrieved
4002:
3978:. Retrieved
3975:www.sodir.no
3974:
3965:
3953:. Retrieved
3949:
3940:
3908:. Retrieved
3904:
3894:
3882:. Retrieved
3878:
3869:
3857:. Retrieved
3832:. Retrieved
3827:
3818:
3806:. Retrieved
3797:
3779:
3766:
3757:
3745:. Retrieved
3731:
3723:The Guardian
3722:
3712:
3700:. Retrieved
3691:
3682:
3665:
3661:
3643:
3615:. Retrieved
3601:
3593:the original
3586:
3564:14 September
3562:. Retrieved
3558:the original
3528:
3518:
3506:. Retrieved
3502:
3476:. Retrieved
3471:
3431:. Retrieved
3427:
3393:
3370:. Retrieved
3366:
3357:
3345:. Retrieved
3336:
3327:
3318:
3309:
3297:. Retrieved
3293:
3283:
3275:the original
3270:
3261:
3249:. Retrieved
3240:
3216:. Retrieved
3211:
3166:
3162:
3137:. Retrieved
3121:
3114:
3089:
3085:
3033:
3029:
3022:
2997:
2993:
2986:
2970:SPC (2013).
2966:
2954:. Retrieved
2950:the original
2945:
2917:SPC (2013).
2913:
2890:
2884:
2851:
2847:
2797:
2793:
2760:SPC (2013).
2756:
2726:(1): 53–64.
2723:
2719:
2710:
2685:
2681:
2671:
2636:
2609:. Retrieved
2600:
2591:
2583:
2578:
2566:. Retrieved
2557:
2548:
2536:. Retrieved
2527:
2518:
2506:. Retrieved
2497:
2488:
2476:. Retrieved
2468:the Guardian
2467:
2458:
2446:. Retrieved
2438:the Guardian
2437:
2392:
2388:
2365:. Retrieved
2356:
2346:
2337:10261/216646
2317:
2313:
2303:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2247:the original
2234:
2218:SPC (2013).
2199:. Retrieved
2185:
2173:. Retrieved
2159:
2145:
2133:. Retrieved
2129:
2105:
2096:
2084:. Retrieved
2079:
2070:
2048:
2005:
2001:
1990:
1944:Blue justice
1938:Blue economy
1876:
1873:Alternatives
1867:
1862:
1850:
1848:
1671:
1653:
1651:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1547:
1531:
1519:
1510:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1467:
1440:
1420:
1409:
1392:psychropotes
1384:eyeless fish
1365:
1362:
1355:
1346:
1338:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1300:
1291:
1289:processing.
1284:
1269:
1257:
1249:
1241:
1235:
1232:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1203:
1157:
1153:
1122:
1118:
1087:
1063:
949:
943:
937:
905:
894:
879:
873:
870:
867:Cook Islands
864:
861:Cook Islands
852:
832:
819:
806:
799:Solomon Seas
792:
784:Bismarck Sea
780:John Pundari
769:(PNG), near
764:
744:
727:
715:
704:
688:Indian Ocean
677:
654:
646:Cook Islands
643:
608:
565:
558:and others.
553:
494:
479:
459:
443:
435:
326:Western CCZ
300:Eastern CCZ
210:and related
206:
195:
171:
151:
131:
116:
108:Cook Islands
97:
78:
41:
40:
29:
7304:Area source
7213:Pit latrine
7136:Groundwater
6893:Gold mining
6888:Coal mining
6859:Toxic waste
6824:Green waste
6797:Brown waste
6780:Solid waste
6327:Exhaust gas
6191:Prospecting
6073:Sub-surface
5886:23 February
5861:23 February
5836:23 February
5773:11 December
5458:14 February
5429:14 February
4831:11 February
4821:youtube.com
4800:11 February
4727:www.bbc.com
4677:: 169–178.
4158:19 February
3928:|last=
3299:19 February
2854:: 271–287.
2611:6 September
2568:6 September
2538:6 September
2508:6 September
2478:6 September
2294:1874/358248
2271:: 134–137.
2201:6 September
2135:14 February
1894:, and less
1822:moratorium.
1544:Regulations
1507:Dark Oxygen
1427:floodlights
1264:exploration
1260:prospecting
944:(wet) kg/m
874:Act of 2019
352:Peru Basin
160:containing
7514:Categories
7456:by country
7452:Categories
7390:Zero waste
7271:Pollutants
7225:Stagnation
7163:Monitoring
7131:Freshwater
7007:Air travel
6819:Food waste
6739:Pesticides
6729:Herbicides
6633:Industrial
6462:Biological
6322:Demolition
6315:Renovation
6298:Joss paper
6283:Combustion
6101:Directions
6019:techniques
5881:Greenpeace
5637:11 January
5612:2 February
5582:2 February
5552:2 February
5522:17 January
5492:26 October
5339:: 105006.
5200:6 November
5142:: 103823.
4779:deep.green
3859:30 October
3702:2 November
3617:2 November
3537:1555634379
3372:29 October
3139:1 February
2800:: 76–101.
2008:(1): 148.
1983:References
1884:Greenpeace
1855:Greenpeace
1642:See also:
1632:moratorium
1624:Volvo Cars
1451:manta rays
1368:macrofauna
1320:ecosystems
971:Indicated
942:Abundance
511:Resources
243:Manganese
225:molybdenum
223:, copper,
219:, cobalt,
212:hydroxides
198:Baltic Sea
138:Greenpeace
7348:Responses
7319:Garbology
7245:Turbidity
7193:Oil spill
7126:Firewater
7027:Vandalism
6989:Satellite
6686:Poisoning
6681:Plutonium
6661:Actinides
6653:Radiation
6401:Wood dust
6263:Acid rain
6238:Pollution
6181:Automated
6176:Abandoned
6092:Soft rock
6087:Hard rock
6039:Quarrying
5512:New Atlas
5371:247350879
5363:0308-597X
5253:2296-7745
5172:212808129
5164:0308-597X
4853:14 August
4655:128447221
4413:129176604
4153:1059-1028
4090:0585-3923
3588:Economist
3508:2 January
3478:2 January
3433:2 January
3402:734893795
3191:129268215
3058:129379493
2946:DeepGreen
2876:159010115
2748:0009-2541
2702:0305-8719
2663:234955801
2417:128645876
2040:2662-4435
1886:proposed
1583:sovereign
1437:Ecosystem
1396:amphipods
1388:sea stars
1342:turbidity
1188:batteries
1184:computers
1106:Jan Mayen
1102:Knipovich
1000:Inferred
950:Mt (wet)
901:Royal IHC
839:Rio Tinto
761:Solwara 1
680:seamounts
596:manganese
471:zirconium
463:tellurium
240:Location
208:Manganese
7436:Treaties
7408:Diseases
7220:Shipping
7116:Diseases
6964:Landfill
6639:Abstract
6636:Military
6569:Wildfire
6418:Smelting
6386:Asbestos
6151:Longwall
6128:Borehole
6123:Bell pit
6054:Dredging
6034:Open-pit
5810:8 August
5744:9 August
5718:9 August
5662:9 August
5606:Archived
5546:Archived
5542:NBC News
5516:Archived
5486:Archived
5400:8 August
5394:Archived
5311:8 August
5305:Archived
5281:8 August
5275:Archived
5194:Archived
5119:19 April
5113:Archived
5088:19 April
5082:Archived
4978:Archived
4948:Archived
4825:Archived
4709:28531798
4594:49303462
4586:29917315
4496:27470484
4230:Archived
3920:cite web
3789:Archived
3771:Archived
3747:23 March
3741:Archived
3696:Archived
3611:Archived
3533:ProQuest
3529:ABC News
3443:cite web
3398:ProQuest
3347:11 March
3341:Archived
3245:Archived
3183:17832066
3130:Archived
3106:82100930
3000:: 1–14.
2975:Archived
2922:Archived
2830:29658791
2822:28487161
2765:Archived
2605:Archived
2586:, p. 206
2562:Archived
2560:. 2015.
2532:Archived
2502:Archived
2472:Archived
2442:Archived
2409:17510349
2361:Archived
2223:Archived
2195:Archived
2169:Archived
2106:Mongabay
1910:See also
1845:Protests
1741:Honolulu
1664:and the
1602:In 2021
1549:The Area
1380:anemones
1245:tailings
1149:Seatrium
1110:Svalbard
1074:Kiribati
948:Nodules
936:Cut-off
849:Licenses
843:Sumitomo
795:Bismarck
700:Kiribati
684:Atlantic
582:such as
556:De Beers
475:tungsten
467:platinum
162:ilmenite
50:deep sea
7465:Commons
7240:Thermal
7141:Hypoxia
6925:Garbage
6696:Uranium
6547:Natural
6496:Digital
6428:Aerosol
6406:Welding
6293:Biomass
6288:Biofuel
6247:History
6156:Retreat
6138:Stoping
6080:Classes
6026:Surface
5938:2 March
5602:Reuters
5341:Bibcode
5144:Bibcode
4987:19 June
4906:: 737.
4878:17 July
4749:: 1–3.
4679:Bibcode
4635:Bibcode
4566:Bibcode
4487:4965819
4466:Bibcode
4393:Bibcode
4266:Bibcode
4236:13 June
4207:17 July
3218:2 April
3212:pew.org
3163:Science
3038:Bibcode
3002:Bibcode
2956:8 April
2856:Bibcode
2802:Bibcode
2728:Bibcode
2498:Reuters
2448:2 April
2389:Science
2320:: 384.
2273:Bibcode
2086:31 July
2010:Bibcode
1863:MV Coco
1851:MV Coco
1662:Germany
1638:History
1628:Samsung
1538:Qingdao
1497:methane
1412:pelagic
1400:isopods
1282:(AUV).
1254:Process
1112:in the
1104:ridges
1029:Global
938:(kg/m)
751:Hakurei
741:Hakurei
707:Striver
682:in the
669:Vanuatu
613:in the
425:0.1678
399:0.1039
373:0.0403
347:0.0801
321:0.0701
295:0.0813
267:Yttrium
255:Cobalt
252:Copper
249:Nickel
229:yttrium
48:of the
7530:Oceans
7525:Mining
7329:Midden
7309:Debris
7264:Topics
7203:Sewage
7156:debris
7151:Marine
6999:Visual
6883:Mining
6878:Litter
6371:Mining
6049:Placer
6017:Mining
5970:
5369:
5361:
5251:
5170:
5162:
5018:
4707:
4653:
4592:
4584:
4494:
4484:
4411:
4365:8 June
4338:
4310:
4184:18 May
4151:
4121:19 May
4095:19 May
4088:
4061:19 May
4034:19 May
4009:19 May
3980:19 May
3955:19 May
3910:19 May
3884:18 May
3834:18 May
3808:19 May
3535:
3400:
3251:18 May
3189:
3181:
3104:
3056:
2901:
2874:
2828:
2820:
2746:
2700:
2661:
2651:
2415:
2407:
2175:6 July
2038:
1812:Norway
1778:metals
1658:France
1646:, and
1626:, and
1620:Google
1398:, and
1324:seabed
1303:mining
1224:, and
1172:cobalt
1164:copper
1131:, and
1090:Norway
1084:Norway
888:, and
884:, the
698:, and
671:, and
639:cobalt
635:nickel
623:Mexico
619:Hawaii
602:, and
600:cobalt
592:copper
584:silver
580:metals
422:0.055
419:0.411
393:0.111
367:0.048
341:0.250
329:27.56
315:0.174
289:0.210
265:(incl
261:Total
227:, and
221:nickel
104:Norway
74:cobalt
72:, and
70:nickel
66:copper
60:. The
46:seabed
7400:Lists
7339:Waste
7281:Paint
7098:Water
6981:Space
6622:Sonar
6617:Urban
6595:Water
6579:Noise
6554:Ozone
6521:Light
6452:Waste
6344:Smoke
6169:Other
6118:Shaft
6113:Slope
6108:Drift
6044:Strip
5367:S2CID
5168:S2CID
4981:(PDF)
4974:(PDF)
4794:(PDF)
4775:(PDF)
4651:S2CID
4590:S2CID
4409:S2CID
4360:(PDF)
4145:Wired
3187:S2CID
3133:(PDF)
3126:(PDF)
3102:S2CID
3054:S2CID
2872:S2CID
2826:S2CID
2790:(PDF)
2659:S2CID
2413:S2CID
2367:2 May
2250:(PDF)
2243:(PDF)
1836:Palau
1687:2020s
1677:2000s
1455:coral
1098:Mohns
1070:Nauru
1053:0.37
1050:15.8
1047:17.4
1044:0.21
1041:0.44
1038:6700
1035:14.4
1009:6400
995:0.25
992:15.4
989:18.5
986:0.15
983:0.50
977:26.7
835:Shell
829:Shell
673:Tonga
505:Type
416:0.23
413:0.38
410:16.1
407:16.1
396:0.12
390:1.04
387:1.10
384:7.14
381:24.4
370:0.18
364:0.60
361:1.30
358:6.12
355:34.2
344:0.12
338:1.08
335:1.36
318:0.15
312:1.18
309:1.40
303:31.4
292:0.14
286:1.07
283:1.30
280:6.16
277:28.4
258:Zinc
246:Iron
7314:Dust
7297:Misc
6716:Soil
6605:Rail
6591:Land
6435:Soot
6423:Smog
6339:Haze
5968:ISBN
5940:2023
5888:2024
5863:2024
5838:2024
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