Beauty - Knowledge

405:. A pleasure is disinterested if it is indifferent to the existence of the beautiful object or if it did not arise owing to an antecedent desire through means-end reasoning. For example, the joy of looking at a beautiful landscape would still be valuable if it turned out that this experience was an illusion, which would not be true if this joy was due to seeing the landscape as a valuable real estate opportunity. Opponents of hedonism usually concede that many experiences of beauty are pleasurable but deny that this is true for all cases. For example, a cold jaded critic may still be a good judge of beauty because of her years of experience but lack the joy that initially accompanied her work. One way to avoid this objection is to allow responses to beautiful things to lack pleasure while insisting that all beautiful things merit pleasure, that aesthetic pleasure is the only appropriate response to them. 865: 5135:, p. 875: "Additionally, ethnic facial features may contribute to a general feeling of deviating from the norm, leading Asian or Asian American men to focus on a seemingly mutable quality, body weight. Further, Asian men were more likely than Caucasian men to select an ideal body figure that was similar to the figure they thought most attractive to the opposite sex. This suggests that Asian males may be more invested in achieving a larger body in order to attract a romantic partner. Finally, Asian males may be negatively affected by efforts to acculturate to Western society. A recent study revealed that acculturation is positively related to perfectionism in Asian males but not Asian females (Davis & Katzman, 1999)." 297: 1196: 454: 40: 248:, which constitute powers in the object to produce certain ideas in the observer. When applied to beauty, there is still a sense in which it depends on the object and its powers. But this account makes the possibility of genuine disagreements about claims of beauty implausible, since the same object may produce very different ideas in distinct observers. The notion of "taste" can still be used to explain why different people disagree about what is beautiful, but there is no objectively right or wrong taste, there are just different tastes. 1317: 5123:, p. 875: "Rieger et al. (2001) argue that traditional values and practices in Asian cultures also idealize thinness. Virtues of fasting that results in emaciation are quoted from the Daoist text Sandong zhunang (Rieger et al., 2001). Thus, while Caucasian and Asian women may be exposed to similar ideals of attractiveness, and Asian women are nearer to weight ideals portrayed by the media, both traditional and western values may contribute to the internalization of extremely thin ideals by Asian females." 328:, the beauty of a human body, for example, depends, among other things, on the right proportion of the different parts of the body and on the overall symmetry. One problem with this conception is that it is difficult to give a general and detailed description of what is meant by "harmony between parts" and raises the suspicion that defining beauty through harmony results in exchanging one unclear term for another one. Some attempts have been made to dissolve this suspicion by searching for 636:, and end with the transcending of the physical to an appreciation of beauty as a thing in itself. The ascent of love begins with one's own body, then secondarily, in appreciating beauty in another's body, thirdly beauty in the soul, which cognates to beauty in the mind in the modern sense, fourthly beauty in institutions, laws and activities, fifthly beauty in knowledge, the sciences, and finally to lastly love beauty itself, which translates to the original Greek language term as 1090: 236:. Objectivists hold that beauty is a mind-independent feature of things. On this account, the beauty of a landscape is independent of who perceives it or whether it is perceived at all. Disagreements may be explained by an inability to perceive this feature, sometimes referred to as a "lack of taste". Subjectivism, on the other hand, denies the mind-independent existence of beauty. Influential for the development of this position was 211:

feelings rather than objective perception. But they also differ from the latter because they lay claim on universal correctness. This tension is also reflected in common language. On the one hand, we talk about beauty as an objective feature of the world that is ascribed, for example, to landscapes, paintings or humans. The subjective side, on the other hand, is expressed in sayings like "beauty is in the eye of the beholder".

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some principle and fitted for a purpose. He distinguished "free beauty" from "merely adherent beauty", explaining that "the first presupposes no concept of what the object ought to be; the second does presuppose such a concept and the perfection of the object in accordance therewith." By this definition, free beauty is found in seashells and wordless music; adherent beauty in buildings and the human body.

6778: 2525: 366:. Hedonism makes this relation part of the definition of beauty by holding that there is a necessary connection between pleasure and beauty, e.g. that for an object to be beautiful is for it to cause pleasure or that the experience of beauty is always accompanied by pleasure. This account is sometimes labeled as "aesthetic hedonism" in order to distinguish it from other forms of 192:). A thing has adherent beauty if its beauty depends on the conception or function of this thing, unlike free or absolute beauty. Examples of adherent beauty include an ox which is beautiful as an ox but not beautiful as a horse or a photograph which is beautiful, because it depicts a beautiful building but that lacks beauty generally speaking because of its low quality. 259:, which hold that the standards of validity of judgments of taste are intersubjective or dependent on a group of judges rather than objective. This approach tries to explain how genuine disagreement about beauty is possible despite the fact that beauty is a mind-dependent property, dependent not on an individual but a group. A closely related theory sees beauty as a 612:. Socrates discerned differences in the conception of the beautiful, for example, in inanimate objects, the effectiveness of execution of design was a deciding factor on the perception of beauty in something. By the account of Xenophon, Socrates found beauty congruent with that to which was defined as the morally good, in short, he thought beauty coincident with 5064:, p. 1995: "All groups of judges made more positive ratings of the Asian and Hispanic targets compared with the Black and White targets. Further analyses indicated that the Asian and Hispanic targets happened to possess significantly larger eye height, eye width, nose width, eyebrow height, smile width, and upper lip width than the White and Black women". 88:

ability on the side of the subject needed to perceive and judge beauty, sometimes referred to as the "sense of taste", can be trained and that the verdicts of experts coincide in the long run. This suggests the standards of validity of judgments of beauty are intersubjective, i.e. dependent on a group of judges, rather than fully subjective or objective.

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under more controlled conditions and found that the computer-generated, mathematical average of a series of faces is rated more favorably than individual faces. It is argued that it is evolutionarily advantageous that sexual creatures are attracted to mates who possess predominantly common or average features, because it suggests the

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least attractive people are less likely to get approvals, although they are less likely to default. In the marriage market, women's looks are at a premium, but men's looks do not matter much. The impact of physical attractiveness on earnings varies across races, with the largest beauty wage gap among black women and black men.

142:. The source of this debate is that judgments of beauty seem to be based on subjective grounds, namely our feelings, while claiming universal correctness at the same time. This tension is sometimes referred to as the "antinomy of taste". Adherents of both sides have suggested that a certain faculty, commonly called a 394:. Pure pleasure excludes any form of pain or unpleasant feeling while the experience of mixed pleasure can include unpleasant elements. But beauty can involve mixed pleasure, for example, in the case of a beautifully tragic story, which is why mixed pleasure is usually allowed in hedonist conceptions of beauty. 561:, who conceived of beauty as useful for a moral education of the soul. He wrote of how people experience pleasure when aware of a certain type of formal situation present in reality, perceivable by sight or through the ear and discovered the underlying mathematical ratios in the harmonic scales in music. The 978:

proposed his New Theory of Beauty as an effort to reaffirm the status of beauty as an important philosophical concept. He rejected the subjectivism of Kant and sought to identify the properties inherent in an object that make it beautiful. He called qualities such as vividness, boldness, and subtlety

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and variety in unity". He wrote that beauty was neither purely subjective nor purely objective—it could be understood not as "any Quality suppos'd to be in the Object, which should of itself be beautiful, without relation to any Mind which perceives it: For Beauty, like other Names of sensible Ideas,

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Researchers have found that good-looking students get higher grades from their teachers than students with an ordinary appearance. Some studies using mock criminal trials have shown that physically attractive "defendants" are less likely to be convicted—and if convicted are likely to receive lighter

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in the United States are closer to the ideal figure promoted in Western media, and that East Asian women conform to both Western and Eastern influences in the United States. East Asian men were found to be more impacted by Western beauty ideals then East Asian women, in the United States. East Asian

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One difficulty in understanding beauty is that it has both objective and subjective aspects: it is seen as a property of things but also as depending on the emotional response of observers. Because of its subjective side, beauty is said to be "in the eye of the beholder". It has been argued that the

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franchise. Criticisms of Barbie are often centered around concerns that children consider Barbie a role model of beauty and will attempt to emulate her. One of the most common criticisms of Barbie is that she promotes an unrealistic idea of body image for a young woman, leading to a risk that girls

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were more fertile than other women because of higher levels of certain female hormones, a fact that may subconsciously condition males choosing mates. In 2008, other commentators have suggested that this preference may not be universal. For instance, in some non-Western cultures in which women have

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elaborates that, "much of black self-hatred and self-contempt has to do with the refusal of many black Americans to love their own black bodies-especially their black noses, hips, lips, and hair." According to Patton (2006), the stereotype of African-American women's inferiority (relative to other

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follows Aquinas in declaring: "three things concur in creating beauty: first of all integrity or perfection, and for this reason, we consider ugly all incomplete things; then proper proportion or consonance; and finally clarity and light", before going on to say "the sight of the beautiful implies

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and truth are united as one. There is the sense in the text, concerning love and beauty they both co-exist but are still independent or, in other words, mutually exclusive, since love does not have beauty since it seeks beauty. The work toward the end provides a description of beauty in a negative

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How much money a person earns may also be influenced by physical beauty. One study found that people low in physical attractiveness earn 5 to 10 percent less than ordinary-looking people, who in turn earn 3 to 8 percent less than those who are considered good-looking. In the market for loans, the

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sentences—than less attractive ones (although the opposite effect was observed when the alleged crime was swindling, perhaps because jurors perceived the defendant's attractiveness as facilitating the crime). Studies among teens and young adults, such as those of psychiatrist and self-help author

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Exposure to the thin ideal in mass media, such as fashion magazines, directly correlates with body dissatisfaction, low self-esteem, and the development of eating disorders among female viewers. Further, the widening gap between individual body sizes and societal ideals continues to breed anxiety

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overlaid photographic composite images of the faces of vegetarians and criminals to see if there was a typical facial appearance for each. When doing this, he noticed that the composite images were more attractive as compared to any of the individual images. Researchers have replicated the result

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believed that there could be no "universal criterion of the beautiful" and that the experience of beauty is subjective, but that an object is judged to be beautiful when it seems to display "purposiveness"; that is, when its form is perceived to have the character of a thing designed according to

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Judgments of beauty seem to occupy an intermediary position between objective judgments, e.g. concerning the mass and shape of a grapefruit, and subjective likes, e.g. concerning whether the grapefruit tastes good. Judgments of beauty differ from the former because they are based on subjective

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These stereotypes and the culture that sustains them exist to define the social position of black women as subordinate on the basis of gender to all men, regardless of color, and on the basis of race to all other women. These negative images also are indispensable to the maintenance of an

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as "that of which the admiring contemplation is good in itself". This definition connects beauty to experience while managing to avoid some of the problems usually associated with subjectivist positions since it allows that things may be beautiful even if they are never experienced.

383:: is something beautiful because we enjoy it or do we enjoy it because it is beautiful? Identity theorists solve this problem by denying that there is a difference between beauty and pleasure: they identify beauty, or the appearance of it, with the experience of aesthetic pleasure. 279:

of beauty itself, one can learn to identify the qualities of good critics and rely on their judgments. This approach only works if unanimity among experts was ensured. But even experienced judges may disagree in their judgments, which threatens to undermine ideal-observer theories.

271:: it only matters how an ideal observer would respond. There is no general agreement on how "ideal observers" are to be defined, but it is usually assumed that they are experienced judges of beauty with a fully developed sense of taste. This suggests an indirect way of solving the 829:

conforms to these tenets is still called a "classical beauty" or said to possess a "classical beauty", whilst the foundations laid by Greek and Roman artists have also supplied the standard for male beauty and female beauty in western civilization as seen, for example, in the

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see a necessary connection between pleasure and beauty, e.g. that for an object to be beautiful is for it to cause disinterested pleasure. Other conceptions include defining beautiful objects in terms of their value, of a loving attitude toward them or of their function.

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and believed that they could be discovered through empirical research. As of 2003, these attempts have failed to find a general definition of beauty and several authors take the opposite claim that such laws cannot be formulated, as part of their definition of beauty.

432:, one treats one's subjective pleasure as an objective property of the beautiful thing. Other conceptions include defining beauty in terms of a loving or longing attitude toward the beautiful object or in terms of its usefulness or function. In 1871, functionalist 631:

describes how beauty moves out from a core singular appreciation of the body to outer appreciations via loved ones, to the world in its state of culture and society (Wright). In other words, Diotoma gives to Socrates an explanation of how love should begin with

5076:, p. 271: "The four-item measure of exposure to Western culture was not reliably associated with giving higher ratings to Whites (r = . 19, n s). The relation of rating Whites to frequency of viewing Western television, for example, was quite low (r=.01)." 5147:, p. 875: " "Specifically, Asian males reported an ideal figure that was larger than their current figure. An interaction between gender and ethnicity revealed that Caucasian females and Asian males reported the largest degree of body dissatisfaction." 1324:

In East Asian cultures, familial pressures and cultural norms shape beauty ideals. A 2017 experimental study concluded that Asian cultural idealization of "fragile" girls was impacting Asian American women's lifestyle, eating, and appearance choices.

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Since the 1970s there has been increasing evidence that a preference for beautiful faces emerges early in infancy, and is probably innate, and that the rules by which attractiveness is established are similar across different genders and cultures.

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Wong, Stephanie N.; Keum, Brian TaeHyuk; Caffarel, Daniel; Srinivasan, Ranjana; Morshedian, Negar; Capodilupo, Christina M.; Brewster, Melanie E. (December 2017). "Exploring the conceptualization of body image for Asian American women".

267:. On one such account, an object is beautiful "if it causes pleasure by virtue of its aesthetic properties". The problem that different people respond differently can be addressed by combining response-dependence theories with so-called 979:"properties of qualitative degree" (PQDs) and stated that a PQD makes an object beautiful if it is not—and does not create the appearance of—"a property of deficiency, lack, or defect"; and if the PQD is strongly present in the object. 1312:

model of beauty in Western culture, had led to a dialogue to create non-exclusive models of Western ideals in body type for young girls who do not match the thinness ideal that Barbie represents. Mattel responded to these criticisms.

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men felt as though their bodies were not large enough and therefore deviated from the Western norm. East Asian men and white Western women were found to have the highest levels of body dissatisfaction in the United States. A study of

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explains this pleasure through a harmonious interplay between the faculties of understanding and imagination. A further question for hedonists is how to explain the relation between beauty and pleasure. This problem is akin to the

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Harper, Kathryn; Choma, Becky L. (October 5, 2018). "Internalised White Ideal, Skin Tone Surveillance, and Hair Surveillance Predict Skin and Hair Dissatisfaction and Skin Bleaching among African American and Indian Women".

2501: 2661: 6577: 4206: 1158:". When images of human faces are averaged together to form a composite image, they become progressively closer to the "ideal" image and are perceived as more attractive. This was first noticed in 1883, when 769:, Aquinas described the three conditions of beauty as: integritas (wholeness), consonantia (harmony and proportion), and claritas (a radiance and clarity that makes the form of a thing apparent to the mind). 95:

define beauty in terms of the relation between the beautiful object as a whole and its parts: the parts should stand in the right proportion to each other and thus compose an integrated harmonious whole.

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Dittmar, Helga; Halliwell, Emma; Ive, Suzanne (March 2006). "Does Barbie make girls want to be thin? The effect of experimental exposure to images of dolls on the body image of 5- to 8-year-old girls".

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concept of beauty is one that exhibits perfect proportion (Wolfflin). In this context, the concept belonged often within the discipline of mathematics. An idea of spiritual beauty emerged during the

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The problem with both the objectivist and the subjectivist position in their extreme form is that each has to deny some intuitions about beauty. This issue is sometimes discussed under the label "

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Another problem faced by hedonist theories is that we take pleasure from many things that are not beautiful. One way to address this issue is to associate beauty with a special type of pleasure:

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of taste". It has prompted various philosophers to seek a unified theory that can take all these intuitions into account. One promising route to solve this problem is to move from subjective to

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as "incoherent" and criticized him for focusing only on Western European history and devoting none of his book to Eastern European, Asian, or African history. Amy Finnerty described Eco's work

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Hedonists usually restrict and specify the notion of pleasure in various ways in order to avoid obvious counterexamples. One important distinction in this context is the difference between

1000:. Correlational findings support the view that more beautiful objects are also more pleasing. Some studies suggest that higher experienced beauty is associated with activity in the medial 5027:

Cunningham, Michael (1995). ""Their ideas of beauty are, on the whole, the same as ours": Consistency and variability in the cross-cultural perception of female physical attractiveness".

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Slater, Alan; Von der Schulenburg, Charlotte; Brown, Elizabeth; Badenoch, Marion; Butterworth, George; Parsons, Sonia; Samuels, Curtis (1998). "Newborn infants prefer attractive faces".

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said: "When one has strenuously implemented goodness until it is filled to completion and has accumulated truth, then the beauty will reside within it and will not depend on externals."

1461: 553:) he mentions beauty, this reads: "To God all things are beautiful, good, right..." The earliest Western theory of beauty can be found in the works of early Greek philosophers from the 593:, beauty was something embodying divine goodness, while the demonstration of behaviour which might be classified as beautiful, from an inner state of morality which is aligned to the 4511: 1873: 4842: 2496: 3059: 324:: the parts should stand in the right proportion to each other and thus compose an integrated harmonious whole. On this account, which found its most explicit articulation in the 1688: 5005: 1345:

Conversely, being very unattractive increases the individual's propensity for criminal activity for a number of crimes ranging from burglary to theft to selling illicit drugs.

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Vartanian, Oshin; Navarrete, Gorka; Chatterjee, Anjan; Fich, Lars Brorson; Leder, Helmut; Modroño, Cristián; Nadal, Marcos; Rostrup, Nicolai; Skov, Martin (June 18, 2013).

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have historically been subjected to beauty ideals that often do not reflect their own appearance, which can lead to issues of low self-esteem. African-American philosopher

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races of women) maintains a system of oppression based on race and gender that operates to the detriment of women of all races, and also black men. In the 1960s, the

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Monk, Ellis P.; Esposito, Michael H.; Lee, Hedwig (July 1, 2021). "Beholding Inequality: Race, Gender, and Returns to Physical Attractiveness in the United States".

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Reber, Rolf; Schwarz, Norbert; Winkielman, Piotr (November 2004). "Processing Fluency and Aesthetic Pleasure: Is Beauty in the Perceiver's Processing Experience?".

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wrote: "the splendour and beauty of creation", in respect to this, and all the facets of reality resulting from creation, he postulated these to be a reason to see

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thinkers rejected this view, and considered beauty to be the product of rational order and harmonious proportions. Renaissance artists and architects (such as

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Fasolini, Diego (2006). "The Intrusion of Laughter into the Abbey of Umberto Eco's The Name of the Rose: The Christian paradox of Joy Mingling with Sorrow".

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Standards of beauty have changed over time, based on changing cultural values. Historically, paintings show a wide range of different standards for beauty.

4781: 2689: 5792: 5663: 5597: 113:, one of the major branches of philosophy. Beauty is usually categorized as an aesthetic property besides other properties, like grace, elegance or the 4648:

Apicella, Coren L; Little, Anthony C; Marlowe, Frank W (2007). "Facial Averageness and Attractiveness in an Isolated Population of Hunter-Gatherers".

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Patton, Tracey Owens (July 2006). "Hey Girl, Am I More than My Hair?: African American Women and Their Struggles with Beauty, Body Image, and Hair".

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Langlois, Judith H.; Ritter, Jean M.; Roggman, Lori A.; Vaughn, Lesley S. (1991). "Facial diversity and infant preferences for attractive faces".

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The characterization of a person as "beautiful", whether on an individual basis or by community consensus, is often based on some combination of

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identified beauty with goodness, and considered a virtuous personality to be the greatest of beauties: In his philosophy, "a neighborhood with a

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Armstrong, Thomas; Detweiler-Bedell, Brian (December 2008). "Beauty as an Emotion: The Exhilarating Prospect of Mastering a Challenging World".

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In the aftermath of postmodernism's rejection of beauty, thinkers have returned to beauty as an important value. American analytic philosopher

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lasted until Romanticism, in the 19th century. Vasari aligned himself to the classical notion and thought of beauty as defined as arising from

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complexion wafers" decried blotches, moles, pimples, freckles, and "all female irregularities". Arsenic was known to be poisonous during the

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Various conceptions of the essential features of beautiful things have been proposed but there is no consensus as to which is the right one.

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interlocking system of oppression based on race and gender that operates to the detriment of all women and all blacks" (Caldwell 2000, 280).

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said of beauty "Beauty is indeed a good gift of God; but that the good may not think it a great good, God dispenses it even to the wicked."

6557: 5783: 4811: 1859: 4834: 480:. This is also translated as "good" or "of fine quality" and thus has a broader meaning than mere physical or material beauty. Similarly, 2804: 2454: 3056: 2408: 1269:

Eurocentric standards for men include tallness, leanness, and muscularity, which have been idolized through American media, such as in

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was used differently from the English word beauty in that it first and foremost applied to humans and bears an erotic connotation. The

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Review of The Beautiful Shape of the Good:Platonic and Pythagorean Themes in Kant's Critique of the Power of Judgment by M.C.Fistioc

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Much criticism has been directed at models of beauty which depend solely upon Western ideals of beauty, as seen, for example, in the

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Langlois, Judith H.; Roggman, Lori A.; Musselman, Lisa (1994). "What Is Average and What Is Not Average About Attractive Faces?".

2179: 2727: 2518: 1246:, and it was found that Asian and Latina women had more of the attributes that were considered attractive for women. Exposure to 4431:

Koeslag, Johan H. (1990). "Koinophilia groups sexual creatures into species, promotes stasis, and stabilizes social behaviour".

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conceived of the presence of beauty in universal terms, which is, as existing in a cosmological state, they observed beauty in

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to perceive. Such objects include landscapes, sunsets, humans and works of art. Beauty, art and taste are the main subjects of

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Barnett, Heather L.; Keel, P.; Conoscenti, Lauren M. (2001). "Body Type Preferences in Asian and Caucasian College Students".

2861: 2555: 7268: 7253: 5694: 5566: 5513: 5411: 5246: 5212: 4589: 3427: 3400: 2347: 960:, suggested viewing Gothic art and architecture, though not in accordance with the classical standard of beauty, as sublime. 825:

Europe, leading to a re-adoption of what became known as a "classical ideal". In terms of female human beauty, a woman whose

4572:; Giovanni, Jean Paul San; Sherak, Barbara (February 21, 2019). "Infants' Preferences for Attractiveness and Babyfaceness". 3261: 3037: 121:

as its negative counterpart. Beauty is often listed as one of the three fundamental concepts of human understanding besides

7263: 7234: 7191: 6815: 5839: 4750: 3048: 1489: 5338: 4933: 5768: 5756: 4144: 3191: 1602: 864: 678:(cited: Konstan) states Plato states of the idea of beauty, of it (the idea), being something inviting desirousness (c.f 276: 5533: 1563: 5722: 4242: 3930: 3096: 3014: 2900: 2798: 2402: 2105: 7206: 4009: 3984: 3495: 3255: 3229: 2736: 3662:"Berlyne Revisited: Evidence for the Multifaceted Nature of Hedonic Tone in the Appreciation of Paintings and Music" 1004:. This approach of localizing the processing of beauty in one brain region has received criticism within the field. 150:, for example, suggests that this faculty can be trained and that the verdicts of experts coincide in the long run. 7379: 7374: 7364: 7311: 7159: 6458: 6151: 2216: 2074: 1994: 1819: 1771: 1720: 1266:

women found that some had internalized a white beauty ideal that placed light skin and straight hair at the top.

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of some mind; ... however we generally imagine that there is something in the Object just like our Perception."

521:, which is the material world as it is, and as embodied in the spirit, which is the world of mental formations. 7186: 5482: 4366: 4132: 4109: 4085: 3473: 3357: 3336: 3312: 3291: 3174: 3153: 3132: 2971: 2937: 2836: 2698: 2596: 2448: 2281: 2156: 2023: 1471: 2316: 967:'s anti-aesthetics. This is despite beauty being a central concern of one of postmodernism's main influences, 6136: 6061: 5655: 5589: 1235: 1216: 5803: 2657:

The Beautiful Shape of the Good: Platonic and Pythagorean Themes in Kant's Critique of the Power of Judgment

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found that their ideals of female beauty were not significantly different. Participants in the study rated

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in his "Lives of Artists") criticised the Gothic period as irrational and barbarian. This point of view of

832: 5773: 4956: 2660:. Review by S Naragon, Manchester College. Routledge, 2002 (University of Notre Dame philosophy reviews). 2247: 1195: 61:

was considered "the source and actual essence of all that is beautiful", which was heralded in its design.

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The 20th century saw an increasing rejection of beauty by artists and philosophers alike, culminating in

697:, it is only the locating of desire to which the sense of beauty exists, in the considerations of Plato. 3950: 468:

The classical Greek noun that best translates to the English-language words "beauty" or "beautiful" was

428:, who suggested that we project pleasure onto the things we call "beautiful". So in a process akin to a 6286: 6116: 4331:"Composite Portraits, Made by Combining Those of Many Different Persons Into a Single Resultant Figure" 4294:

Strauss, Mark S. (1979). "Abstraction of prototypical information by adults and 10-month-old infants".

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The Evolution of Beauty: How Darwin's Forgotten Theory of Mate Choice Shapes the Animal World - and Us

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among young girls as they grow, highlighting the dangerous nature of beauty standards in society.

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saw a rise in an interest in beauty as a philosophical subject. For example, Scottish philosopher

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depicts the effect of changing proportions and attempts to define what proportions are beautiful.

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see beauty as an objective or mind-independent feature of beautiful things, which is denied by

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C. Northcote Parkinson's Parkinson's Law: A modern-day interpretation of a management classic

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to do work such as finding food, men tend to have preferences for higher waist-hip ratios.

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Marin, Manuela M.; Lampatz, Allegra; Wandl, Michaela; Leder, Helmut (November 4, 2016).

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expressed a similar idea: "few men could see the beauty in some one whom they dislike."

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The Search for the Beautiful Woman: A Cultural History of Japanese and Chinese Beauty

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show that skin conditions have a profound effect on social behavior and opportunity.

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like stories or mathematical proofs can be beautiful. Beauty plays a central role in

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Langlois, Judith H.; Roggman, Lori A. (1990). "Attractive Faces Are Only Average".

3893: 3883: 3842: 3832: 3777: 3740: 3732: 3683: 3673: 3632: 3622: 3595: 3583: 3550: 3528: 3520: 3446:. Princeton Essays on the Arts, 1. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975. 2756: 2140: 2058: 1961: 1925: 1865: 1755: 1406: 1302: 1259: 1220: 1109: 1101:

The word "beauty" is often used as a countable noun to describe a beautiful woman.

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accessible to sensory perception. It has been suggested that the beauty of a thing

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A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful

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and beauty. In particular, they noted that objects proportioned according to the

522: 457: 305: 5400:

Flett, G.L.; Kocovski, N.; Davison, G.C.; Neale, J.M.; Blankstein, K.R. (2017).

5305: 5204:

Rhetoric of Masculinity: Male Body Image, Media, and Gender Role Stress/Conflict

4742: 3524: 3247:

An Inquiry Into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue: In Two Treatises

3045: 1485: 1308:

As of 1998, these criticisms of the lack of diversity in such franchises as the

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Conceptions of beauty aim to capture what is essential to all beautiful things.

7016: 7000: 6717: 6697: 6567: 6324: 6276: 6236: 6171: 6121: 6101: 6036: 5378: 5342: 5040: 4925: 4175:"BEAUTY (noun) American English definition and synonyms | Macmillan Dictionary" 3615:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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Scientists calculate the exact date of the Trojan horse using eclipse in Homer

1594: 1049:

has traditionally not made a separate discipline of the philosophy of beauty.

679: 7348: 7239: 6747: 6537: 6396: 6319: 6261: 6176: 6156: 6016: 5968: 5747: 5470: 5282: 5179: 5048: 4720: 4669: 4634: 4554: 4460: 4409: 4354: 3678: 1767: 1555: 1247: 1204: 1148:) which includes physical attributes which are valued on an aesthetic basis. 982: 964: 957: 913: 675: 526: 461: 375: 173: 158: 5938: 3768:

Kawabata, Hideaki; Zeki, Semir (April 2004). "Neural Correlates of Beauty".

3627: 2097: 1759: 1117: 988:

Beauty is also studied by psychologists and neuroscientists in the field of

690: 686: 506: 374:, who treats beauty as "that which pleases in the very apprehension of it". 7294: 7289: 7201: 7066: 7054: 6838: 6351: 6216: 6096: 6076: 5928: 5386: 5294: 4728: 4677: 3907: 3856: 3789: 3754: 3697: 3646: 3542: 1290: 1231: 1178:

of approximately 0.70. As of 2004, physiologists had shown that women with

1113: 975: 949: 574: 554: 333: 205: 166: 138: 4468: 3781: 7143: 7111: 7072: 6917: 6843: 6520: 6473: 6329: 6281: 6241: 6191: 5983: 5764: 5558: 5530:"Image survey reveals "perception is reality" when it comes to teenagers" 5393: 4957:"National Centre for Eating Disorders - The Media & Eating Disorders" 4335:

The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland

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A feature of beautiful women which has been explored by researchers is a

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Rhodes, Gillian (2006). "The Evolutionary Psychology of Facial Beauty".

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postulated a difference between beauty in its classical meaning and the

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A very common element in many conceptions of beauty is its relation to

316:) defines beauty in terms of the relation between the beautiful object 313: 237: 232:

is the traditional view, while subjectivism developed more recently in

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Abnormal Psychology, Sixth Canadian Edition Loose-Leaf Print Companion

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Notes on Greek Philosophy from Thales to Aristotle (parts 198 and 210)

2210: 2070: 2046: 1988: 1813: 1743: 1714: 642: 161:

on the sensory features of this thing. It has also been proposed that

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did not influence or improve the Asian men's ratings of White women.

1227: 1129: 1060: 1050: 886: 789: 700: 683: 633: 43: 5474: 4835:"Did evolution really make men prefer women with hourglass figures?" 4346: 4330: 3533: 2275: 2128: 2017: 1348:

Discrimination against others based on their appearance is known as

500:

had many meanings, including "youthful" and "ripe old age". Another

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Egypt, Greece, and Rome: Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean

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Levinson, Jerrold (2003). "Philosophical Aesthetics: An Overview".

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The Sublime: A Study of Critical Theories in XVIII-century England

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Love and Beauty. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989.

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Loving Socrates:The Individual and the Ladder of Love in Plato's

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Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture

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The Strength of the Invisible: Reflections on Heraclitus (p.177)

172:

An influential distinction among beautiful things, according to

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Cambridge University Classics Department ( < 750, 850 > )

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is commonly described as a feature of objects that makes them

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Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory

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Zangwill, Nick (2003). "Beauty". In Levinson, Jerrold (ed.).

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respectively. Psychological theories see beauty as a form of

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man in it is a beautiful neighborhood." Confucius's student

971:, who argued that the Will to Power was the Will to Beauty. 109:

Beauty, together with art and taste, is the main subject of

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Classics Department of University of Penn ( < 1250> )

715:) and virtue, arguing that "Virtue aims at the beautiful." 709:

which the mathematical sciences exhibit to a special degree

146:, is necessary for making reliable judgments about beauty. 117:. As a positive aesthetic value, beauty is contrasted with 5795:

Regensburg University – Characteristics of beautiful faces

5506:

Psychology and Law: Truthfulness, Accuracy and Credibility

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Catholic Church Architecture and the Spirit of the Liturgy

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The Romantic poets, too, became highly concerned with the

817:

and sculptures of men and women produced according to the

440:

in "The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex".

370:. An influential articulation of this position comes from 7317:

List of people considered a founder in a Humanities field

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Amina A Memon; Aldert Vrij; Ray Bull (October 31, 2003).

5399: 3563: 3373:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. 6–9, 141. 2888: 956:. The concept of the sublime, as explicated by Burke and 781: 5588:

Daniel Hamermesh; Stephen J. Dubner (January 30, 2014).

4387: 2047:"The Meaning of Universal Validity in Kant's Aesthetics" 780:, light was considered the most beautiful revelation of 492:, an adjective etymologically coming from the word ὥρα, 244:, which the object has independent of the observer, and 6943: 5238:

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Conway, Bevil R.; Rehding, Alexander (March 19, 2013).

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Duiker, William J., and Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2019).

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The Greek Philosophers from Thales to Aristotle (p.112)

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Gorodeisky, Keren (2019). "On Liking Aesthetic Value".

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The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction

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in S. Marc Cohen, Patricia Curd, C. D. C. Reeve (ed.)

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Eli Siegel's "Is Beauty the Making One of Opposites?"

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The Intellectual Life of the Early Renaissance Artist

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Characteristic that provides pleasure or satisfaction

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Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2014.06.08 (Donald Sells)

1675: 1673: 1642: 1640: 821:' tenets of ideal human beauty were rediscovered in 5654:Erdal Tekin; Stephen J. Dubner (January 30, 2014). 5363: 4078:

The Chinese Text: Studies in Comparative Literature

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Art and Philosophy: Readings in Aesthetics; 2nd ed.

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Art and Philosophy: Readings in Aesthetics; 2nd ed.

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Art and Philosophy: Readings in Aesthetics; 2nd ed.

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Giorgio Vasari's Teachers: Sacred & Profane Art

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Archived from 5228: 4997: 4045: 3393:The Anti-aesthetic: Essays on Postmodern Culture 2860:. Res Cogitans 2010 no.7, vol. 1. Archived from 2437:J. Harrell; C. Barrett; D. Petsch, eds. (2006). 1617: 1525: 1523: 1521: 1519: 1517: 1515: 1513: 1511: 1509: 1507: 943: 5712: 5618: 4987:"A Woman's Face is Her Fortune (advertisement)" 4258: 4217:. United Kingdom, G. Newnes, 1904. pp. 291–298. 3350:The Theory of the Sublime from Longinus to Kant 3127:. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard Univ. Press. p. 98. 2262: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1897: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1402:Processing fluency theory of aesthetic pleasure 1108:, which includes psychological factors such as 711:. He saw a relationship between the beautiful ( 195: 5200: 4641: 4606: 3939: 3811:Ishizu, Tomohiro; Zeki, Semir (July 6, 2011). 3710: 3323: 3321: 3057:DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199605507.001.0001 3006:Beauty - The Fortunes of an Ancient Greek Idea 2966:. University of California Press. p. 21. 2750: 2748: 2423: 2340:Beauty - The Fortunes of an Ancient Greek Idea 1807: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1451: 7182:Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 6809: 5833: 5774:BBC Radio 4's In Our Time programme on Beauty 4424: 3872:"Neuroaesthetics and the Trouble with Beauty" 3869: 3485: 2653: 1987:Honderich, Ted (2005). "Aesthetic judgment". 1947: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1504: 889:) is the classical personification of beauty. 214:These two positions are often referred to as 6558:The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons 5322:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 ( 5029:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 4771: 4561: 4526: 4322: 4287: 4096: 4094: 3767: 2697:. Pacific University Library. Archived from 2386: 2384: 2177: 1888: 1589: 1587: 1585: 1583: 1581: 660:, and identifies Alcibiades as beautiful in 517:Beauty for ancient thinkers existed both in 5733:Beauty: What Makes Us Dream, What Haunts Us 5156: 4119: 4117: 3468:New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 535–537. 3318: 3307:New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 482–483. 3169:. United States: Cengage Learning. p. 351. 2959: 2953: 2782: 2780: 2745: 2591:, The Renaissance: Zeuxis portrait (p.174) 2051:The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 1853: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1837: 1786: 1483: 936:Beauty is truth, truth beauty, —that is all 707:as having order, symmetry and definiteness 436:explained beauty as result of accumulative 6816: 6802: 5840: 5826: 5073: 5061: 5026: 3810: 3390: 3217: 3044:March 31, 2015 (references not sources: 3002: 2996: 2921: 2919: 2508:Telegraph Media Group Limited 24 Jun 2008 1951: 1938: 1719:. 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Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 242. 3813:"Toward A Brain-Based Theory of Beauty" 3038:review of text written by David Konstan 2925: 2916: 2754: 2728:Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2687: 2337: 2331: 2302: 2102:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 2095: 2015: 1918:Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 1870:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199279456.003.0018 1741: 1703: 1560:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 1301:who attempt to emulate her will become 666:. He considered beauty to be the Idea ( 569:. They saw a strong connection between 14: 7347: 5546: 5469: 5339:"Notes on the Black Cultural Movement" 5268: 5003: 4967:from the original on December 24, 2018 4713:10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190208 4698: 4475: 4328: 3331:New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 517. 3286:New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 421. 2599:- Ed. G.A. Kennedy, G.P. 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A&C Black. p. 7. 1744:"The Value of Consciousness" 833:Winged Victory of Samothrace 291: 196:Objectivism and subjectivism 7: 5685:Leo Gough (June 29, 2011). 4701:Annual Review of Psychology 4541:(2). Elsevier BV: 345–354. 3525:10.1207/s15327957pspr0804_3 2793:. Peter Lang. p. 118. 2215:. Oxford University Press. 1993:. Oxford University Press. 1864:. Oxford University Press. 1355: 1273:films and magazine covers. 351: 265:response-dependent property 104: 10: 7396: 5379:10.1037/0012-1649.42.2.283 5285:(inactive July 17, 2024). 5041:10.1037/0022-3514.68.2.261 3979:. London: Harvill Secker. 3770:Journal of Neurophysiology 3369:Monk, Samuel Holt (1960). 3244:Francis Hutcheson (1726). 3051:November 26, 2014, at the 2504:December 24, 2021, at the 2482:December 22, 2021, at the 2303:Hansson, Sven Ove (2005). 1912:De Clercq, Rafael (2019). 1554:Sartwell, Crispin (2017). 1078: 757:included beauty among the 531:Ancient Greek architecture 355: 199: 29: 7322:Outline of the humanities 7302:Criticism of mass culture 7282: 7274:National Humanities Medal 7227: 7152: 6983: 6831: 6756: 6680: 6529: 6302: 6009: 5921: 5855: 5172:10.1007/s11199-018-0966-9 4627:10.1037/0012-1649.27.1.79 4582:10.4324/9781315789361-103 4439:(1). Elsevier BV: 15–35. 4308:10.1037/0278-7393.5.6.618 4209:February 3, 2023, at the 3737:10.1016/j.cub.2017.04.018 3713:"Beauty Requires Thought" 2609:October 11, 2015, at the 2603:Helen runs off with Paris 2587:February 3, 2023, at the 2561:December 8, 2015, at the 2556:Sources for War with Troy 2543:February 3, 2023, at the 2528:February 3, 2023, at the 2305:"Aesthetic Functionalism" 2096:Uzgalis, William (2020). 1276:In of the United States, 1007:Philosopher and novelist 408: 339:18th century philosopher 275:: instead of looking for 7307:Educational essentialism 6944:Interdisciplinary fields 5735:. Feminist Anthropology. 5713:Richard O. Prum (2018). 5367:Developmental Psychology 5283:10.2979/NWS.2006.18.2.24 4615:Developmental Psychology 4329:Galton, Francis (1879). 4204:Artists' Types of Beauty 3679:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00536 3621:(Suppl 2): 10446–10453. 3488:On Beauty and Being Just 2628:August 12, 2017, at the 2517:Bronze Age first source 1460:Stegers, Rudolf (2008). 1417: 948:In the Romantic period, 718: 577:seemed more attractive. 257:intersubjective theories 7380:Metaphysical properties 7375:Physical attractiveness 6708:Evolutionary aesthetics 6658:The Aesthetic Dimension 5100:10.1023/A:1015600705749 4100:Chang, Chi-yun (2013). 3628:10.1073/pnas.1301227110 2731:. Penguin. p. 32. 2725:Seife, Charles (2000). 2338:Konstan, David (2014). 2309:Contemporary Aesthetics 2016:Scruton, Roger (2011). 1742:Kriegel, Uriah (2019). 1599:Encyclopedia Britannica 1146:physical attractiveness 1081:Physical attractiveness 990:experimental aesthetics 901:argued that beauty is " 619:Beauty is a subject of 269:ideal-observer theories 240:'s distinction between 32:Beauty (disambiguation) 7365:Concepts in aesthetics 7095:Liberal arts education 6638:Avant-Garde and Kitsch 6588:Lectures on Aesthetics 5793:beautycheck.de/english 4991:The Helena Independent 3444:A New Theory of Beauty 3348:Doran, Robert (2017). 3062:July 16, 2020, at the 2632:Auslegung Volume XIII 1681:"Beauty in Aesthetics" 1392:Masculine beauty ideal 1387:Glamour (presentation) 1321: 1208: 1098: 890: 646:. In the final state, 465: 403:disinterested pleasure 309: 62: 7171:History of Humanities 6783:Philosophy portal 4390:Psychological Science 4261:Psychological Science 4000:Eco, Umberto (1980). 3975:Eco, Umberto (2007). 3921:Eco, Umberto (2004). 3782:10.1152/jn.00696.2003 3123:Eco, Umberto (1988). 2713:beauty and the divine 2711:(ed. 4th paragraph - 2601:The British Museum - 2440:History of Aesthetics 2394:Aesthetics and Nature 2184:Oxford Bibliographies 1760:10.1093/analys/anz045 1648:"Beauty and Ugliness" 1488:. The Phrase Finder. 1382:Feminine beauty ideal 1319: 1253:One study found that 1198: 1092: 1085:Feminine beauty ideal 906:properly denotes the 867: 751:Catholic philosophers 456: 449:Greco-Roman tradition 299: 200:Further information: 182:pulchritudo adhaerens 93:Classical conceptions 42: 7327:Renaissance humanism 7259:Master of Humanities 6728:Philosophy of design 6608:In Praise of Shadows 6598:The Critic as Artist 5731:Liebelt, C. (2022), 5016:on November 5, 2018. 4810:. December 3, 2008. 4179:Macmillan Dictionary 4123:Tang, Yijie (2015). 4002:The Name of the Rose 3723:(10): 1506–1513.e3. 2960:S Scolnicov (2003). 2238:Spicher, Michael R. 2180:"Aesthetic Hedonism" 1484:Gary Martin (2007). 1026:The Name of the Rose 1002:orbitofrontal cortex 930:Ode on a Grecian Urn 815:Classical philosophy 682:), and, promotes an 341:Alexander Baumgarten 98:Hedonist conceptions 30:For other uses, see 7246:Geisteswissenschaft 7212:Teaching Philosophy 6991:Abductive reasoning 6738:Philosophy of music 6713:Mathematical beauty 5746:Sartwell, Crispin. 5547:Lorenz, K. (2005). 5010:National Geographic 4902:. October 5, 2017. 4507:The Daily Telegraph 4445:1990JThBi.144...15K 4235:Selden, Kyoko Iriye 4215:The Strand Magazine 3829:2011PLoSO...621852I 3729:2017CBio...27E1506B 3391:Hal Foster (1998). 3003:D. Konstan (2014). 2867:on October 10, 2015 1397:Mathematical beauty 1293:concept of beauty. 969:Friedrich Nietzsche 794:Notre-Dame de Paris 741:Western Middle Ages 545:In one fragment of 326:Italian Renaissance 246:secondary qualities 55:Gothic architecture 51:Notre-Dame de Paris 7333:Studia Humanitatis 6733:Philosophy of film 6723:Patterns in nature 6693:Applied aesthetics 6668:Why Beauty Matters 6454:Life imitating art 6315:Art for art's sake 5563:Cable News Network 5449:10.1037/aap0000077 5337:DoCarmo, Stephen. 5166:(11–12): 735–744. 5094:(11/12): 875-875. 4481:Symons, D. (1979) 4341:. JSTOR: 132–144. 4059:. December 2, 2007 3075:Nicomachean Ethics 2963:Plato's Parmenides 2575:the most beautiful 2391:G Parsons (2008). 2145:10.1111/phc3.12645 2133:Philosophy Compass 1966:10.1111/phpr.12641 1931:10.1111/jaac.12636 1329:Effects on society 1322: 1287:black is beautiful 1209: 1099: 1047:Chinese philosophy 1042:Chinese philosophy 891: 870:The Birth of Venus 819:Greek philosophers 798:Chartres Cathedral 703:defines beauty in 466: 310: 302:Analysis of Beauty 234:western philosophy 176:, is that between 63: 7342: 7341: 7062:General knowledge 7045:Cultural literacy 6979: 6978: 6913:Religious studies 6849:Classical studies 6791: 6790: 6743:Psychology of art 6618:Art as Experience 5812:Plato - Symposium 5696:978-1-908189-71-4 5515:978-0-470-86835-5 5473:(July 14, 2009). 5413:978-1-119-44409-1 5295:Project MUSE 5248:978-0-8070-0883-6 5235:West, C. (2017). 5214:978-1-7936-2689-9 4591:978-1-315-78936-1 4570:Zebrowitz, Leslie 4227:Chō, Kyō (2012). 4155:on August 9, 2020 3429:978-0-394-70437-1 3419:The Will To Power 3402:978-1-56584-462-9 3085:M Garani (2007). 3040:published by the 2787:L Cheney (2007). 2349:978-0-19-992726-5 2240:"Aesthetic Taste" 1377:Body modification 1278:African Americans 1228:American citizens 1180:hourglass figures 1097:, 14th century BC 1095:bust of Nefertiti 899:Francis Hutcheson 879:Sandro Botticelli 695:Alexander Nehamas 693:) of desire. 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Clohesy - 2620: 2616: 2611:Wayback Machine 2589:Wayback Machine 2573: 2569: 2563:Wayback Machine 2554: 2550: 2545:Wayback Machine 2530:Wayback Machine 2516: 2512: 2506:Wayback Machine 2494: 2490: 2484:Wayback Machine 2474: 2470: 2460: 2458: 2451: 2435: 2424: 2414: 2412: 2405: 2389: 2382: 2373: 2366: 2361: 2357: 2350: 2336: 2332: 2322: 2320: 2301: 2297: 2287: 2285: 2272: 2263: 2253: 2251: 2236: 2232: 2222: 2220: 2207: 2203: 2193: 2191: 2176: 2172: 2162: 2160: 2125: 2121: 2111: 2109: 2094: 2090: 2080: 2078: 2043: 2039: 2029: 2027: 2014: 2010: 2000: 1998: 1985: 1981: 1950: 1939: 1910: 1889: 1879: 1877: 1856: 1835: 1825: 1823: 1810: 1787: 1777: 1775: 1740: 1736: 1726: 1724: 1711: 1704: 1694: 1692: 1679: 1678: 1671: 1661: 1659: 1646: 1645: 1618: 1608: 1606: 1593: 1592: 1579: 1569: 1567: 1552: 1505: 1495: 1493: 1482: 1478: 1459: 1452: 1448: 1443: 1442: 1429: 1425: 1420: 1358: 1331: 1215:immigrants and 1193: 1191:Western concept 1176:waist–hip ratio 1087: 1079:Main articles: 1077: 1044: 946: 862: 812: 743: 721: 600:The writing of 583: 543: 523:Greek mythology 458:Greek mythology 451: 446: 418:intrinsic value 411: 360: 354: 306:William Hogarth 294: 286: 208: 198: 107: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7393: 7383: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7340: 7339: 7337: 7336: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7298: 7297: 7286: 7284: 7280: 7279: 7277: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7250: 7249: 7237: 7231: 7229: 7225: 7224: 7222: 7221: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7167: 7162: 7156: 7154: 7150: 7149: 7147: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7120: 7119: 7109: 7108: 7107: 7102: 7092: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7058: 7057: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7020: 7017:Belles-lettres 7013: 7008: 7003: 7001:Antipositivism 6998: 6993: 6987: 6985: 6981: 6980: 6977: 6976: 6974: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6947: 6945: 6938: 6937: 6936: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6904: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6883: 6878: 6877: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6835: 6833: 6829: 6828: 6821: 6820: 6813: 6806: 6798: 6789: 6788: 6786: 6785: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6757: 6754: 6753: 6751: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6718:Neuroesthetics 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6698:Arts criticism 6695: 6690: 6684: 6682: 6678: 6677: 6675: 6674: 6664: 6654: 6644: 6634: 6624: 6614: 6604: 6594: 6584: 6574: 6568:On the Sublime 6564: 6554: 6544: 6533: 6531: 6527: 6526: 6524: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6439: 6434: 6432:Interpretation 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6348: 6347: 6342: 6332: 6327: 6325:Artistic merit 6322: 6317: 6312: 6306: 6304: 6300: 6299: 6297: 6296: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6013: 6011: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6003: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5974:Psychoanalysis 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5925: 5923: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5859: 5857: 5853: 5852: 5845: 5844: 5837: 5830: 5822: 5816: 5815: 5809: 5801: 5796: 5790: 5781: 5771: 5762: 5741: 5740:External links 5738: 5737: 5736: 5729: 5724:978-0345804570 5723: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5702: 5695: 5677: 5646: 5633:10.1086/715141 5627:(1): 194–241. 5611: 5580: 5539: 5521: 5514: 5496: 5471:Begley, Sharon 5462: 5443:(4): 296–307. 5426: 5412: 5392: 5373:(2): 283–292. 5356: 5329: 5261: 5247: 5227: 5213: 5193: 5149: 5137: 5125: 5113: 5078: 5066: 5054: 5035:(2): 261–279. 5019: 4996: 4978: 4955:Jade, Deanne. 4947: 4917: 4887: 4856: 4825: 4795: 4764: 4734: 4691: 4640: 4605: 4590: 4560: 4525: 4487: 4474: 4423: 4380: 4321: 4302:(6): 618–632. 4286: 4267:(2): 115–121. 4251: 4244:978-1442218956 4243: 4219: 4196: 4166: 4136: 4113: 4090: 4070: 4044: 4033:(2): 119–129. 4017: 4010: 3992: 3985: 3967: 3938: 3932:978-0436205170 3931: 3913: 3862: 3803: 3760: 3703: 3652: 3601: 3572:(4): 305–329. 3556: 3519:(4): 364–382. 3503: 3496: 3478: 3457: 3448: 3442:Guy Sircello, 3435: 3428: 3408: 3401: 3383: 3362: 3341: 3317: 3296: 3275: 3256: 3236: 3230: 3210: 3178: 3158: 3137: 3116: 3098:978-1135859831 3097: 3077: 3068: 3042:Oxonian Review 3029: 3016:978-0199927265 3015: 2995: 2986: 2972: 2952: 2938: 2915: 2902:978-0415522281 2901: 2878: 2840: 2818: 2800:978-0820488134 2799: 2776: 2744: 2737: 2717: 2675: 2641: 2614: 2567: 2548: 2532:, verified at 2510: 2495:R Highfield - 2488: 2477:The Trojan War 2475:P.T. Struck - 2468: 2449: 2422: 2404:978-0826496768 2403: 2380: 2364: 2355: 2348: 2330: 2295: 2261: 2230: 2201: 2170: 2119: 2088: 2063:10.2307/429687 2037: 2008: 1979: 1960:(2): 261–280. 1937: 1924:(2): 121–132. 1887: 1833: 1785: 1754:(3): 503–520. 1734: 1702: 1669: 1616: 1577: 1503: 1476: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1440: 1430:Translated in 1422: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1415: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1372:Beauty pageant 1369: 1364: 1357: 1354: 1330: 1327: 1211:A study using 1192: 1189: 1160:Francis Galton 1076: 1073: 1043: 1040: 994:neuroesthetics 945: 942: 941: 940: 937: 881:. The goddess 861: 858: 846:Giorgio Vasari 811: 808: 761:attributes of 759:transcendental 755:Thomas Aquinas 742: 739: 720: 717: 582: 579: 542: 539: 450: 447: 445: 442: 434:Charles Darwin 410: 407: 392:mixed pleasure 372:Thomas Aquinas 356:Main article: 353: 350: 345:laws of nature 330:laws of beauty 293: 290: 285: 282: 197: 194: 144:sense of taste 106: 103: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7392: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7352: 7350: 7335: 7334: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7296: 7293: 7292: 7291: 7288: 7287: 7285: 7281: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7248: 7247: 7243: 7242: 7241: 7240:Human science 7238: 7236: 7233: 7232: 7230: 7226: 7220: 7219: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7172: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7157: 7155: 7151: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7118: 7115: 7114: 7113: 7110: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7097: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7090: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7056: 7053: 7052: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7025: 7021: 7019: 7018: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6988: 6986: 6982: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6956:Environmental 6954: 6952: 6949: 6948: 6946: 6942: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6920: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6888: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6861: 6860: 6859:Language arts 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6836: 6834: 6830: 6826: 6819: 6814: 6812: 6807: 6805: 6800: 6799: 6796: 6784: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6758: 6755: 6749: 6748:Theory of art 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6685: 6683: 6679: 6670: 6669: 6665: 6660: 6659: 6655: 6650: 6649: 6645: 6639: 6635: 6629: 6625: 6620: 6619: 6615: 6610: 6609: 6605: 6599: 6595: 6590: 6589: 6585: 6580: 6579: 6575: 6570: 6569: 6565: 6560: 6559: 6555: 6550: 6549: 6545: 6540: 6539: 6538:Hippias Major 6535: 6534: 6532: 6528: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6486: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6444: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6397:Entertainment 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6337: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6320:Art manifesto 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6310:Appropriation 6308: 6307: 6305: 6301: 6295: 6294: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6202:Merleau-Ponty 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6017:Abhinavagupta 6015: 6014: 6012: 6008: 6002: 6001: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5969:Postmodernism 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5920: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5860: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5843: 5838: 5836: 5831: 5829: 5824: 5823: 5820: 5813: 5810: 5807: 5806: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5794: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5782: 5779: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5766: 5763: 5759: 5758: 5753: 5749: 5744: 5743: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5720: 5716: 5711: 5710: 5698: 5692: 5688: 5681: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5650: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5615: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5584: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5555: 5550: 5543: 5535: 5531: 5525: 5517: 5511: 5507: 5500: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5466: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5430: 5415: 5409: 5405: 5404: 5396: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5360: 5344: 5340: 5333: 5325: 5319: 5312: 5307: 5303: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5265: 5250: 5244: 5240: 5239: 5231: 5216: 5210: 5206: 5205: 5197: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5153: 5146: 5141: 5134: 5129: 5122: 5117: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5082: 5075: 5070: 5063: 5058: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5023: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5000: 4992: 4988: 4982: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4951: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4921: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4891: 4875: 4871: 4870:Sharon Begley 4867: 4860: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4829: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4799: 4783: 4779: 4778:New Scientist 4775: 4768: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4738: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4695: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4662:10.1068/p5601 4659: 4655: 4651: 4644: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4609: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4564: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4529: 4513: 4509: 4508: 4502: 4497: 4491: 4484: 4478: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4427: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4384: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4325: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4290: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4255: 4246: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4231: 4223: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4205: 4200: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4170: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4140: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4120: 4118: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4097: 4095: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4074: 4058: 4054: 4048: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4027:Romance Notes 4021: 4013: 4011:9780099466031 4007: 4003: 3996: 3988: 3986:9781846551222 3982: 3978: 3971: 3956: 3952: 3945: 3943: 3934: 3928: 3924: 3917: 3909: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3866: 3858: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3823:(7): e21852. 3822: 3818: 3814: 3807: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3764: 3756: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3707: 3699: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3656: 3648: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3605: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3560: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3507: 3499: 3497:0-691-08959-0 3493: 3489: 3482: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3461: 3452: 3445: 3439: 3431: 3425: 3421: 3420: 3412: 3404: 3398: 3395:. New Press. 3394: 3387: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3366: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3345: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3324: 3322: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3300: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3279: 3263: 3259: 3257:9780598982698 3253: 3249: 3248: 3240: 3233: 3231:0-300-09295-4 3227: 3223: 3222: 3214: 3198: 3194: 3193: 3188: 3182: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3167:World History 3162: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3141: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3120: 3104: 3100: 3094: 3091:. Routledge. 3090: 3089: 3081: 3072: 3065: 3061: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3033: 3018: 3012: 3008: 3007: 2999: 2990: 2975: 2969: 2965: 2964: 2956: 2941: 2935: 2931: 2930: 2922: 2920: 2904: 2898: 2895:. Routledge. 2894: 2893: 2885: 2883: 2863: 2856: 2855: 2852: 2844: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2829: 2822: 2806: 2802: 2796: 2792: 2791: 2783: 2781: 2764: 2760: 2759: 2751: 2749: 2740: 2738:0-14-029647-6 2734: 2730: 2729: 2721: 2714: 2700: 2696: 2695: 2692: 2688:J.L. Wright. 2684: 2682: 2680: 2663: 2659: 2658: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2624: 2618: 2612: 2608: 2605: 2604: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2583: 2582: 2576: 2571: 2564: 2560: 2557: 2552: 2546: 2542: 2539: 2537: 2531: 2527: 2524: 2522: 2514: 2507: 2503: 2500: 2499: 2492: 2485: 2481: 2478: 2472: 2456: 2452: 2446: 2442: 2441: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2410: 2406: 2400: 2396: 2395: 2387: 2385: 2377: 2371: 2369: 2359: 2351: 2345: 2341: 2334: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2299: 2283: 2280:. 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Routledge. 1817: 1816: 1808: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1738: 1722: 1718: 1717: 1709: 1707: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1676: 1674: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1633: 1631: 1629: 1627: 1625: 1623: 1621: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1590: 1588: 1586: 1584: 1582: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1550: 1548: 1546: 1544: 1542: 1540: 1538: 1536: 1534: 1532: 1530: 1528: 1526: 1524: 1522: 1520: 1518: 1516: 1514: 1512: 1510: 1508: 1491: 1487: 1480: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1464: 1457: 1455: 1450: 1437: 1433: 1427: 1423: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1359: 1353: 1351: 1346: 1343: 1339: 1337: 1326: 1318: 1314: 1311: 1306: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1292: 1288: 1283: 1279: 1274: 1272: 1267: 1265: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1249: 1248:Western media 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1206: 1205:Victorian era 1202: 1197: 1188: 1184: 1181: 1177: 1172: 1168: 1166: 1161: 1157: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1102: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1082: 1072: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1057: 1052: 1048: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1028: 1027: 1022: 1021: 1016: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 986: 984: 983:Elaine Scarry 980: 977: 972: 970: 966: 965:postmodernism 961: 959: 955: 951: 938: 935: 934: 933: 931: 927: 923: 918: 915: 914:Immanuel Kant 911: 909: 904: 900: 896: 895:Age of Reason 888: 884: 880: 872: 871: 866: 860:Age of Reason 857: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 834: 828: 824: 820: 816: 807: 805: 804:St. Augustine 801: 799: 795: 791: 787: 786:stained glass 783: 779: 775: 770: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 738: 736: 732: 728: 727: 716: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 696: 692: 688: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 664: 659: 658: 652: 649: 648:auto to kalon 645: 644: 640: 635: 630: 626: 622: 617: 615: 611: 607: 603: 598: 596: 592: 588: 578: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 538: 536: 532: 528: 527:Helen of Troy 524: 520: 515: 513: 509: 508: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 463: 462:Helen of Troy 459: 455: 444:In philosophy 441: 439: 435: 431: 427: 422: 419: 415: 406: 404: 400: 395: 393: 389: 384: 382: 377: 376:Immanuel Kant 373: 369: 365: 359: 349: 346: 342: 337: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 307: 303: 298: 289: 281: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 249: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 218: 212: 207: 203: 193: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 174:Immanuel Kant 170: 168: 164: 160: 156: 151: 149: 145: 141: 140: 139:subjectivists 135: 130: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 102: 99: 94: 89: 85: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 60: 56: 52: 48: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 7331: 7295:Philistinism 7290:Antihumanism 7244: 7216: 7202:Nova Religio 7169: 7087: 7067:Hermeneutics 7022: 7015: 7010: 6839:Anthropology 6666: 6656: 6646: 6616: 6606: 6586: 6576: 6566: 6556: 6546: 6536: 6483: 6459:Magnificence 6441: 6334: 6291: 6257:Schopenhauer 6092:Coomaraswamy 6010:Philosophers 5998: 5929:Aestheticism 5804: 5784: 5755: 5714: 5686: 5680: 5668:. 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E. Moore 332:, like the 284:Conceptions 230:Objectivism 217:objectivism 202:objectivity 186:free beauty 70:pleasurable 47:rose window 7349:Categories 7105:Quadrivium 7030:Creativity 6996:Aesthetics 6923:Filmmaking 6908:Philosophy 6864:Literature 6825:Humanities 6491:Recreation 6469:Perception 6362:Creativity 6062:Baumgarten 6052:Baudelaire 5934:Classicism 5849:Aesthetics 5776:(requires 5717:. Anchor. 4650:Perception 4133:3662455331 4110:9814439894 4086:962201318X 3474:0312053916 3358:1107499151 3337:0312053916 3313:0312053916 3292:0312053916 3175:1337401048 3154:1595250271 3133:0674006755 2973:0520925114 2939:1883058090 2848:K Urstad. 2837:113678800X 2597:0521300088 2450:0826488552 2057:(3): 304. 1472:3764382767 1446:References 1367:Aesthetics 1134:congruence 1122:politeness 926:John Keats 908:Perception 854:proportion 850:Gothic art 827:appearance 792:including 790:Cathedrals 788:of Gothic 765:. In his 691:denouncing 672:the divine 663:Parmenides 610:Aristippus 559:Pythagoras 549:writings ( 535:proportion 318:as a whole 314:Classicism 238:John Locke 159:supervenes 148:David Hume 111:aesthetics 78:philosophy 74:aesthetics 18:Decorative 7177:Humanitas 7089:Humanitas 7078:Historism 7040:Criticism 6933:Sculpture 6496:Reverence 6402:Eroticism 6372:Depiction 6345:Masculine 6247:Santayana 6207:Nietzsche 6152:Hutcheson 6142:Heidegger 6127:Greenberg 6082:Coleridge 6047:Balthasar 6032:Aristotle 5994:Theosophy 5989:Symbolism 5964:Modernism 5949:Formalism 5778:RealAudio 5641:235473652 5457:151560804 5306:233235409 5188:150156045 5180:0360-0025 5160:Sex Roles 5108:141429057 5088:Sex Roles 5049:1939-1315 4721:0066-4308 4670:0301-0066 4635:1939-0599 4600:197734413 4555:0163-6383 4461:0022-5193 4418:145147905 4410:0956-7976 4355:0959-5295 4189:August 1, 4159:August 1, 3574:CiteSeerX 2853:Symposium 2638:0733-4311 2153:213973255 1974:204522523 1768:0003-2638 1436:dependent 1412:Cosmetics 1362:Adornment 1336:Eva Ritvo 1271:Hollywood 1130:integrity 1061:Zeng Shen 1051:Confucius 1032:On Beauty 887:Aphrodite 877:1485) by 701:Aristotle 625:Symposium 587:classical 525:mentions 502:classical 460:mentions 399:aesthetic 292:Classical 261:secondary 44:Rayonnant 7228:Academia 7197:Leonardo 7165:Daedalus 7153:Journals 7117:Ontology 7006:The arts 6928:Painting 6874:Rhetoric 6771:Category 6703:Axiology 6572:(c. 500) 6562:(c. 100) 6437:Judgment 6392:Emotions 6387:Elegance 6367:Cuteness 6340:Feminine 6303:Concepts 6272:Tanizaki 6252:Schiller 6237:Richards 6227:Rancière 6197:Maritain 6132:Hanslick 6072:Benjamin 5944:Feminism 5913:Theology 5893:Medieval 5883:Japanese 5878:Internet 5748:"Beauty" 5670:March 4, 5664:Archived 5604:March 4, 5598:Archived 5567:Archived 5554:CNN News 5534:Archived 5483:Archived 5479:Newsweek 5387:16569167 5302:ProQuest 4965:Archived 4934:Archived 4930:BBC News 4904:Archived 4874:Archived 4843:Archived 4812:Archived 4782:Archived 4751:Archived 4747:BBC News 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680:seducing 657:Phaedrus 614:the good 606:Socrates 602:Xenophon 507:pulchrum 368:hedonism 364:pleasure 358:Hedonism 352:Hedonism 320:and its 253:antinomy 180:beauty ( 178:adherent 134:realists 127:goodness 119:ugliness 105:Overview 82:ugliness 7370:Fashion 7283:Related 7218:more... 7100:Trivium 7050:Culture 7024:Bildung 6966:Medical 6951:Digital 6901:Theatre 6854:History 6766:Outline 6681:Related 6548:Poetics 6516:Tragedy 6506:Sublime 6479:Quality 6464:Mimesis 6422:Harmony 6407:Fashion 6382:Ecstasy 6377:Disgust 6293:more... 6262:Scruton 6187:Lyotard 6122:Goodman 6102:Deleuze 6037:Aquinas 6027:Alberti 6000:more... 5979:Realism 5959:Marxism 5939:Fascism 5922:Schools 5908:Science 5863:Ancient 5767:at the 5754:(ed.). 5489:May 31, 5291:4317206 5254:June 1, 5220:June 3, 4880:July 1, 4849:July 1, 4818:July 1, 4788:July 1, 4757:July 1, 4469:2200930 4441:Bibcode 4363:2841021 4063:June 3, 3960:June 3, 3899:3601993 3848:3130765 3825:Bibcode 3746:6778408 3725:Bibcode 3689:5095118 3672:: 536. 3638:3690611 3596:8375375 3551:1868463 3109:May 12, 2979:May 12, 2945:May 12, 2908:May 12, 2871:May 11, 2811:May 11, 2769:May 11, 2705:May 11, 2668:May 11, 2523:- p.116 2461:May 11, 2415:May 11, 1350:lookism 1213:Chinese 1201:arsenic 1065:Mencius 954:sublime 745:In the 676:Scruton 651:sense. 629:Diotima 498:hōraios 490:hōraios 222:realism 115:sublime 7355:Beauty 7139:Wisdom 7071: 7011:Beauty 6984:Themes 6971:Public 6961:Health 6869:Poetry 6672:(2009) 6662:(1977) 6652:(1946) 6642:(1939) 6632:(1935) 6622:(1934) 6612:(1933) 6602:(1891) 6592:(1835) 6582:(1757) 6449:Kitsch 6427:Humour 6357:Comedy 6335:Beauty 6277:Vasari 6267:Tagore 6242:Ruskin 6182:Lukács 6172:Langer 6117:Goethe 6042:Balázs 6022:Adorno 5903:Nature 5868:Africa 5765:Beauty 5721: 5693: 5639: 5512: 5455: 5410: 5385: 5304: 5299:199496 5297: 5289: 5245: 5211: 5186: 5178: 5106: 5047: 4727: 4719: 4684: 4676: 4668: 4633: 4598: 4588: 4553: 4467: 4459: 4416: 4408: 4361: 4353: 4316:528918 4314: 4279: 4241: 4131: 4108: 4084: 4037: 4008: 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