211:
25:
333:(TEs) may become transcriptionally active due to the loss of CPG sites. TEs have been proposed to accelerate the mechanism of enhancer creation by providing extra DNA that is compatible with the host transcription factors that eventually have an impact on C-to-T mutations.
296:, a terminal excision reaction by its 5'⟶3' exonuclease activity, followed by a fill-in reaction by its polymerase activity. DNA ligase then forms a phosphodiester bond to seal the resulting nicked duplex product, which now includes a new, correct cytosine (
328:
A known result of cytosine methylation is the increase of C-to-T transition mutations through the process of deamination. Cytosine deamination can alter the genome's many regulatory functions; previously silenced
316:
and ammonia. This is the most common single nucleotide mutation. In DNA, this reaction, if detected prior to passage of the replication fork, can be corrected by the enzyme
320:, which removes the thymine base in a G/T mismatch. This leaves an abasic site that is repaired by AP endonucleases and polymerase, as with uracil-DNA glycosylase.
455:
288:) that break a phosphodiester bond in the DNA, permitting the repair of the resulting lesion by replacement with another cytosine. A
399:
377:. This results in a post-replicative transition mutation, where the original A-T base pair transforms into a G-C base pair.
195:, which also takes place in the liver. Urea and uric acid can safely diffuse into the blood and then be excreted in urine.
89:
61:
108:
68:
644:
634:
210:
46:
272:, this spontaneous deamination is corrected for by the removal of uracil (product of cytosine deamination and
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42:
57:
369:. Hypoxanthine, in a manner analogous to the imine tautomer of adenine, selectively base pairs with
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8:
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Zhou, Wanding; Liang, Gangning; Molloy, Peter L.; Jones, Peter A. (11 August 2020).
175:, and is recycled or oxidized for energy. Ammonia is toxic to the human system, and
609:
Tyagi, R. (2009). Understanding
Genetics and Evolution: Discovery Publishing House.
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
501:"Cloning and Expression of Human G/T Mismatch-specific Thymine-DNA Glycosylase"
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for energy. The amino group is removed from the amino acid and converted to
159:. In situations of excess protein intake, deamination is used to break down
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545:"DNA methylation enables transposable element-driven genome expansion"
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Herriott, R. M. (1966). Mutagenesis. Cancer
Research, 26(9 Part 1)
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molecules (which is not considered a deamination process) in the
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Advanced
Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure
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in the process. This can occur in vitro through the use of
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488:(7th ed.), New York: Wiley-Interscience, p. 1547
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DNA to distinguish non-methylated cytosine (shown up as
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Adenosine monophosphate deaminase deficiency type 1
442:
Adenosine
Deaminase acting on mononucleotides (ADA)
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
167:. The rest of the amino acid is made up of mostly
626:
280:, generating an abasic (AP) site. The resulting
324:Cytosine deamination increases C-To-T mutations
198:
381:Additional proteins performing this function
254:. This property has allowed researchers to
151:, deamination takes place primarily in the
209:
586:
568:
516:
498:
423:Adenosine Deaminase acting on tRNA (ADAT)
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
16:Removal of an amino group from a molecule
433:Double-stranded RNA-specific editase 1 (
265:) and methylated cytosine (unaltered).
627:
349:. Xanthine, however, still pairs with
426:Adenosine Deaminase acting on dsRNA (
400:Activation-induced cytidine deaminase
250:, which deaminates cytosine, but not
538:
536:
155:; however, it can also occur in the
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
303:
13:
14:
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292:may perform this replacement via
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505:Journal of Biological Chemistry
284:is then recognised by enzymes (
230:Spontaneous deamination is the
34:needs additional citations for
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1:
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365:results in the formation of
345:results in the formation of
199:Deamination reactions in DNA
7:
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308:Spontaneous deamination of
203:
10:
661:
356:
336:
140:this reaction are called
518:10.1074/jbc.271.22.12767
570:10.1073/pnas.1921719117
445:Guanine Deaminase (GDA)
318:thymine-DNA glycosylase
645:Substitution reactions
499:Gallinari, P. (1996).
278:uracil-DNA glycosylase
635:Biochemical reactions
331:transposable elements
124:is the removal of an
298:Base excision repair
43:improve this article
561:2020PNAS..11719359Z
555:(32): 19359–19366.
480:Smith, Michael B.;
461:Hofmann elimination
406:Cytidine deaminase
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511:(22): 12767–74.
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310:5-methylcytosine
304:5-methylcytosine
294:nick translation
286:AP endonucleases
276:part of DNA) by
252:5-methylcytosine
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361:Deamination of
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341:Deamination of
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187:by addition of
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412:dCMP deaminase
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290:DNA polymerase
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189:carbon dioxide
179:convert it to
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60: –
59:
58:"Deamination"
55:
54:Find sources:
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38:
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32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
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552:
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482:March, Jerry
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389:APOBEC3A-H,
367:hypoxanthine
360:
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327:
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267:
242:, releasing
234:reaction of
229:
146:
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121:
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96:
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72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
373:instead of
312:results in
282:abasic site
161:amino acids
126:amino group
122:Deamination
640:Metabolism
629:Categories
467:References
393:- affects
259:methylated
232:hydrolysis
193:urea cycle
149:human body
142:deaminases
99:March 2014
69:newspapers
579:1091-6490
248:bisulfite
185:uric acid
597:32719115
484:(2013),
450:See also
391:APOBEC3G
371:cytosine
351:cytosine
347:xanthine
256:sequence
236:cytosine
218:cytosine
204:Cytosine
173:hydrogen
138:catalyse
130:molecule
588:7431005
557:Bibcode
527:8662714
420:(AMPD1)
402:(AICDA)
386:APOBEC1
375:thymine
363:adenine
357:Adenine
343:guanine
337:Guanine
314:thymine
244:ammonia
177:enzymes
165:ammonia
147:In the
134:Enzymes
128:from a
83:scholar
595:
585:
577:
525:
435:ADARB1
414:(DCTD)
263:uracil
240:uracil
222:uracil
169:carbon
157:kidney
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
408:(CDA)
238:into
153:liver
136:that
90:JSTOR
76:books
593:PMID
575:ISSN
523:PMID
428:ADAR
181:urea
171:and
62:news
583:PMC
565:doi
553:117
513:doi
509:271
395:HIV
300:).
274:not
270:DNA
268:In
220:to
183:or
45:by
631::
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547:.
535:^
521:.
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503:.
430:)
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437:)
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106:(
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97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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