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472:. Humanitarian demining differs from military demining in several ways. Military demining operations require speed and reliability under combat conditions to safely bypass a mine field so it is more acceptable if some mines are missed in the process. Humanitarian demining aims to reduce risk for deminers and civilians as much as possible by removing (ideally) all landmines and demining work can usually be temporarily halted if unfavorable circumstances arise. In some situations, it is a necessary precondition for other humanitarian programs. Normally, a national mine action authority (NMAA) is given the primary responsibility for mine action, which it manages through a mine action center (MAC). This coordinates the efforts of other players including government agencies,
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984:(ROC) curve, which measures the tradeoff between false positives and false negatives. Ideally, there should be a high probability of detection with few false positives, but such curves have not been obtained for most of the technologies. Also, even if field tests were available for all technologies, they may not be comparable because performance depends on a myriad of factors, including the size, shape and composition of the mines; their depth and orientation; the type of explosive; environmental conditions; and performance of human operators. Most field tests have taken place in conditions that favor the performance of the technology, leading to overestimates of their performance.
1268:, elephants fled to neighboring countries. After the war ended in 2002, they started returning, but Angola was littered with millions of landmines. A biologist noticed that the elephants soon learned to avoid them. In a study in South Africa, researchers found that some elephants could detect TNT samples with a high sensitivity, missing only one out of 97 samples. They were 5% more likely to indicate the presence of TNT than dogs and 6% less likely to miss a sample (the more important measure of success). While researchers do not plan to send elephants to minefields, they could sniff samples collected by unmanned vehicles in a preliminary screening of potential minefields.
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for mine detection." In particular, reactions that emit charged particles can be eliminated because they do not travel far in the ground, and methods involving transmission of neutrons through the medium (useful in applications such as airport security) are not feasible because the detector and receiver cannot be placed on opposite sides. This leaves emission of radiation from targets and scattering of neutrons. For neutron detectors to be portable, they must be able to detect landmines efficiently with low-intensity beams so that little shielding is needed to protect human operators. One factor that determines the efficiency is the
630:, the primary method of locating mines was by prodding the ground with a pointed stick or bayonet. Modern tools for prodding range from a military prodder to a screwdriver or makeshift object. They are inserted at shallow angles (30 degrees or less) to probe the sides of potential mines, avoiding the triggering mechanism that is usually on top. This method requires the deminer's head and hands to be near the mine. Rakes may also be used when the terrain is soft (e.g., sandy beaches); the deminer is further away from the mine and the rake can be used to either prod or scoop up mines from beneath.
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25β35% of the atoms in the explosive and 55β65% in the casing. Hand-held devices are feasible and several systems have been developed. However, because they are sensitive only to atoms and cannot distinguish different molecular structures, they are easily fooled by water, and are generally not useful in soils with water content over 10%. However, if a distributed pulsed neutron source is used, it may be possible to distinguish wet soil from explosives by their decay constants. A "Timed
Neutron Detector" based on this method has been created by the
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1363:. Tests involving spraying such bacteria over a simulated minefield successfully located mines. In the field, this method could allow for searching hundreds of acres in a few hours, which is much faster than other techniques, and could be used on a variety of terrain types. While there are some false positives (especially near plants and water drainage), even three ounces of TNT were detectable using these bacteria. Unfortunately, there is no strain of bacteria capable of detecting
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1714:(PPE) such as helmets, visors, armoured gloves, vests and boots, in an attempt to protect them if a mine is set off by accident. The IMAS standards require that some parts of the body (including the chest, abdomen, groin and eyes) be protected against a blast from 240 grams of TNT at a distance of 60 centimeters; head protection is recommended. Although it says blast resistant boots may be used, the benefits are unproven and the boots may instill a false sense of security.
175:. Blast mines are buried close to the surface and triggered by pressure. A weight between 4 and 24 pounds (1.8 and 10.9 kg), the weight of a small child, is usually enough to set one off. They are usually cylindrical with a diameter of 2β4 inches (5.1β10.2 cm) and a height of 1.3β3.0 inches (3.3β7.6 cm). Fragmentation mines are designed to explode outwards resulting in casualties as much as 100 metres away. A subtype of fragmentation mines called
1782:, the company that built the engines for the shuttles, developed a flare with the propellant. Placed next to a mine and activated remotely, it reaches temperatures exceeding 1,927 Β°C (3,501 Β°F), burning a hole through the landmine casing and consuming the explosive. These flares have been used by the US Navy in Kosovo and Jordan. Another device uses a solid state reaction to create a liquid that penetrates the case and starts the explosive burning.
90:) has been employed in tandem with metal detectors. Acoustic methods can sense the cavity created by mine casings. Sensors have been developed to detect vapor leaking from landmines. Animals such as rats and mongooses can safely move over a minefield and detect mines, and animals can also be used to screen air samples over potential minefields. Bees, plants, and bacteria are also potentially useful. Explosives in landmines can also be detected directly using
827:, have an extended arm with a rotating drum to which are attached chains with weights on the end. The chains act like swinging hammers. The strike force is enough to set off mines, smash them to pieces, damage the firing mechanism or throw the mine up. A blast shield protects the driver and the cabin is designed to deflect projectiles. Mine flail effectiveness can approach 100% in ideal conditions, but clearance rates as low as 50β60% have been reported.
456:. Some risk of casualties is accepted, but engineers under heavy fire may need to clear an obstacle in 7β10 minutes to avoid excessive casualties, so manual breaching may be too slow. They may need to operate in bad weather or at night. Good intelligence is needed on factors like the locations of minefields, types of mines and how they were laid, their density and pattern, ground conditions and the size and location of enemy defenses.
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1140:(2,4-DNT), lasts much longer and has a high vapor pressure. Thus, it is the primary target for chemical detection. However, the concentrations are very small, particularly in dry conditions. A reliable vapor detection system needs to detect 10 grams of 2,4-DNT per millilitre of air in very dry soil or 10 grams per millilitre in moist soil. Biological detectors are very effective, but some chemical sensors are being developed.
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contain 18β38% nitrogen by weight, 16β37% carbon and 2β3% hydrogen. By contrast, soils contain less than 0.07% nitrogen, 0.1β9% carbon and 0β50% hydrogen. Methods for interrogating the nuclei include nuclear quadrupole resonance and neutron methods. Detection can be difficult because the "bulk" may amount to less than 100 grams and a much greater signal may come from the surrounding earth and
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deployed a multi-detector vehicle, the
Improved Landmine Detection System, with a TNA detector to confirm the presence of anti-tank mines that were spotted by other instruments. However, the time required to detect antipersonnel mines is prohibitively long, especially if they are deeper than a few centimeters, and a human-portable detector is considered unachievable.
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amounts of 2.4-DNT mixed with sand, they detect vapor plumes from the source several meters away and follow them to the source. Bees make thousands of foraging flights per day, and over time high concentrations of bees occur over targets. The most challenging issue is tracking them when a bee can fly 3β5 kilometres before returning to the hive. However, tests using
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number and the area affected. Records by armed forces are often incomplete or nonexistent, and many mines were dropped by airplane. Various natural events such as floods can move mines around and new mines continue to be laid. When minefields are cleared, the actual number of mines tends to be far smaller than the initial estimate; for example, early estimates for
607:, prodding instrument and tripwire feeler. Deminers clear an area of vegetation and then divide it into lanes. A deminer advances along a lane, swinging a metal detector close to the ground. When metal is detected, the deminer prods the object with a stick or stainless steel probe to determine whether it is a mine. If a mine is found, it must be deactivated.
1629:(UAV). The system that includes the drone, the person operating the machine and the communication system is called an unmanned aerial (or aircraft) system (UAS). The FAA also uses the term small unmanned aircraft systems (sUAS) for small UAS. In the past decade, the use of such systems for demining has grown rapidly.
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coupled springs with a nonlinear response that does not depend on the composition of the container. Such a response is not seen in most other buried objects such as roots, rocks, concrete or other man-made objects (unless they are hollow items such as bottles and cans) so the detection method has few false positives.
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However, because sound attenuates in the ground, the technology has shown difficulty finding mines "deeper than approximately one mine diameter". It is also slow, with scans taking between 125 and 1000 seconds per square meter, but increasing the number of sensors can speed the scan up proportionately.
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Since the late 1940s, a lot of research has examined the potential of nuclear techniques for detecting landmines and there have been several reviews of the technology. According to a RAND study in 2003, "Virtually every conceivable nuclear reaction has been examined, but ... only a few have potential
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GPR can be used with a metal detector and data-fusion algorithms to greatly reduce the false alarms generated by metallic clutter. One such dual-sensor device, the
Handheld Standoff Mine Detection System (HSTAMIDS) became the standard mine detector of the U.S. Army in 2006. For humanitarian demining,
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Drones equipped with cameras have been used to map areas during non-technical survey, to monitor changes in land use resulting from demining, to identify patterns of mine placement and predict new locations, and to plan access routes to minefields. One such system, a fixed-wing UAV made by SenseFly,
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As well as having a low false positive rate, acoustic/seismic methods respond to different physical properties than other detectors, so they could be used in tandem for a richer source of information. They are also unaffected by moisture and weather, but have trouble in frozen ground and vegetation.
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can be used to locate mines in two ways: passive sampling and active detection. In passive sampling, their mop-like hairs, which are electrostatically charged, collect a variety of particles including chemicals leaking from explosives. The chemicals are also present in water that they bring back and
691:, bullet casings, and metallic minerals. 100β1000 such objects are found for every real mine. The greater the sensitivity, the more false positives. The Cambodian Mine Action Centre found that, over a six-year period, 99.6 percent of the time (a total of 23 million hours) was spent digging up scrap.
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A 2003 RAND Corporation report estimated that there are 45β50 million mines and 100,000 are cleared each year, so at present rates it would take about 500 years to clear them all. Another 1.9 million (19 more years of clearance) are added each year. However, there is a large uncertainty in the total
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the signal using spatial filters. The medical industry has driven improvements in x-ray technology, so portable x-ray generators are available. In principle, the short wavelength would allow high-resolution images, but it may take too long because the intensity must be kept low to limit exposure of
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of the ground using a two-dimensional grid of electrodes. Pairs of electrodes receive a small current and the resulting voltages measured on the remaining electrodes. The data are analyzed to construct a map of the conductivity. Both metallic and non-metallic mines will show up as anomalies. Unlike
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sensors to detect anomalies in the heating and cooling cycle. The effect can be enhanced using a heat source. The act of burying a mine also affects the soil properties, with small particles tending to collect near the surface. This tends to suppress the frequency-dependent characteristics that are
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and mines. The area they can clear ranges from a few hundred to a thousand meters per day, depending on several factors. In particular, an unfavorable climate or thick vegetation can impede them, and they can get confused if there is too high a density of mines. The detection rate is also variable,
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includes mitigation of IEDs in its mission. Injuries from IEDs are much more serious, but factory-built landmines are longer lasting and often more plentiful. Over 1999β2016, yearly casualties from landmines and unexploded ordnance have varied between 9,228 and 3,450. In 2016, 78% of the casualties
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Mine plows use a specially designed shovel to unearth mines and shove them to the side, clearing a path. They are quick and effective for clearing a lane for vehicles and are still attached to some types of tank and remotely operated vehicles. The mines are moved but not deactivated, so mine plows
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A landmine has a distinctive acoustic signature because it is a container. Sound waves alternately compress and expand the enclosed volume of air and there is a lag between the volume change and the pressure that increases as the frequency decreases. The landmine and the soil above it act like two
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An alternative neutron detector uses fast neutrons that enter the ground and are moderated by it; the flux of thermal neutrons scattered back is measured. Hydrogen is a very effective moderator of neutrons, so the signal registers hydrogen anomalies. In an antipersonnel mine, hydrogen accounts for
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Chemical sensors can be made lightweight and portable and can operate at a walking pace. However, they do not have a 100% probability of detection, and the explosive vapors they detect have often drifted away from the source. Effects of environmental conditions are not well understood. As of 2016,
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MDDs were first deployed in WWII. They have been extensively used in
Afghanistan, which still has one of the largest programs. Over 900 are used in 24 countries. Their preferred role is for verifying that an area is cleared and narrowing down the region to be searched. They are also used in Remote
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Demining is a dangerous occupation. If a deminer prods a mine too hard or fails to detect it, the deminer can suffer injury or death, and the large number of false positives from metal detectors can make deminers tired and careless. According to one report, there is an accident for every 1000β2000
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Although the Mine Ban Treaty gives each state the primary responsibility to clear its own mines, other states that can help are required to do so. In 2016, 31 donors (led by the United States with $ 152.1 million and the
European Union with $ 73.8 million) contributed a total of $ 479.5 million to
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Land mines are found in about 60 countries. Deminers must cope with environments that include deserts, jungles, and urban environments. Antitank mines are buried deeply while antipersonnel mines are usually within 6 inches of the surface. Mines may be placed by hand or scattered from airplanes, in
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with energy 10.835 MeV. No other naturally occurring isotope emits a photon with such a high energy, and there are few transitions that emit nearly as much energy, so detectors do not need high energy resolution. Also, nitrogen has a large cross section for thermal neutrons. The
Canadian Army has
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Although some of the methods for detecting explosive vapors are promising, the transport of explosive vapors through the soil is still not well understood. An alternative is to detect the bulk explosive inside a landmine by interacting with the nuclei of certain elements. In landmines, explosives
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Honey bees can also be trained, in 1β2 days, to associate the smell of an explosive with food. In field trials, they detected concentrations of parts per trillion with a detection probability of 97β99 percent and false positives of less than 1 percent. When targets were placed consisting of small
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in wet soils can make it difficult to spot mines deeper than 4 centimetres (1.6 inches), while low-frequency radar will "bounce" off small plastic mines near the surface. Although GPR is a mature technology for other applications such as searching for archaeological artifacts, the effect of those
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Despite advances in mine detection technology, "mine detection boils down to rows of nervous people wearing blast-resistant clothing and creeping laboriously across a field, prodding the ground ahead to check for buried objects." Often, especially when the soil is hard, they unwittingly apply too
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Tiller systems consist of a heavy drum fitted with teeth or bits that are intended to destroy or detonate mines to a given depth. However, mines can be forced downwards or collected in a "bow wave" in front of the roller. They have trouble with steep slopes, wet conditions and large stones; light
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Nearly all mines contain enough metal to be detectable. No detector finds all mines, and the performance depends on factors such as the soil, type of mine and depth of burial. An international study in 2001 found that the most effective detector found 91 percent of the test mines in clay soil but
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By one United
Nations estimate, the cost to produce a landmine is between $ 3 and $ 75 while the cost of removing it is between $ 300 and $ 1000. However, such estimates may be misleading. The cost of clearance can vary considerably since it depends on the terrain, the ground cover (dense foliage
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The recommended equipment can afford significant protection against antipersonnel blast mines, but the IMAS standards acknowledge that they are not adequate for fragmentation and antitank mines. Heavier armor increases protection at the expense of comfort and mobility. PPE selection is a balance
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such as a landmine, a rock and soil. Unlike metal detectors, GPR devices can detect nonmetallic mine casings. However, radio waves have wavelengths that are comparable to the dimensions of landmines, so the images have low resolution. The wavelength can be varied; smaller wavelengths give better
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Dogs have been used in demining since World War II. They are up to a million times more sensitive to chemicals than humans, but their true capability is unknown because they can sense explosives at lower concentrations than the best chemical detectors. Well-trained mine-detection dogs (MDDs) can
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Rats have the advantage of being far lower mass than the human or dogs, so they are less likely to set off mines. They are just smart enough to learn repetitive tasks but not smart enough to get bored; and unlike dogs, they do not bond with their trainers, so they are easier to transfer between
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and soil sifters. Armor plates and reinforced glass are added. Removed soil is sifted and inspected. It can also be fed through an industrial rock crusher, which is robust enough to withstand blasts from antipersonnel mines. Excavation is a reliable way of clearing an area to a depth that other
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detectors. Of these, the fluorescent detector has the lowest detection limit. Two glass slides are coated with a fluorescent polymer. Explosive chemicals bind to the polymer and reduce the amount of fluorescent light emitted. This has been developed by
Nomadics, Inc. into a commercial product,
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The above methods can be used from a safe distance, including on airborne platforms. The detector technology is well developed and the main challenge is to process and interpret the images. The algorithms are underdeveloped and have trouble coping with the extreme dependence of performance on
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A 2004 study by the Geneva
International Centre for Humanitarian Demining concluded that the data on the performance of mechanical demining systems was poor, and perhaps as a result, they were not being used as the primary clearance system (with the exception of excavators). However, by 2014,
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In the 1990s, before the IMAS, the United
Nations required that deminers had to clear 99.6% of all mines and explosive ordnance. However, professional deminers found that unacceptably lax because they would be responsible if any mines later harmed civilians. In contrast, the IMAS call for the
1755:(DETA) and TNT spontaneously ignite when they come in contact with each other. One delivery system involves a bottle of DETA placed over a mine; a bullet shot through both brings them in contact and the TNT is consumed within minutes. Other chemicals that can be used for this purpose include
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Bees do not fly at night, in heavy rain or wind, or in temperatures below 4 Β°C (39 Β°F), but the performance of dogs is also limited under these conditions. So far, most tests have been conducted in dry conditions in open terrain, so the effect of vegetation is not known. Tests have
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Once a mine is found, the most common methods of removing it are to manually defuse it (a slow and dangerous process) or blow it up with more explosives (dangerous and costly). Research programs have explored alternatives that destroy the mine without exploding it, using chemicals or heat.
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regular or irregular patterns. In urban environments, fragments of destroyed buildings may hide them; in rural environments, soil erosion may cover them or displace them. Detectors can be confused by high-metal soils and junk. Thus, demining presents a considerable engineering challenge.
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Drone programs must overcome challenges such as getting permission to fly, finding safe takeoff and landing spots, and getting access to electricity for charging the batteries. In addition, there are concerns about privacy, and a danger that drones could be weaponized by hostile forces.
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in the compound. Each compound has a unique set of resonance frequencies. Unlike a metal detector, NQR does not have false positives from other objects in the ground. Instead, the main performance issue is the low ratio of the signal to the random thermal noise in the detector. This
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An inherent problem with sensing nitrate and nitrites is that they are already in the soil naturally. There are no natural chemical sensors for TNT, so some researchers are attempting to modify existing receptors so they respond to TNT-derived chemicals that do not occur naturally.
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can be increased by increasing the interrogation time, and in principle the probability of detection can be near unity and the probability of false alarm low. Unfortunately, the most common explosive material (TNT) has the weakest signal. Also, its resonance frequencies are in the
834:, serve a similar purpose. However, those used in humanitarian demining cannot withstand the blast from an anti-tank mine, so their use must be preceded by careful surveying. Unlike flails and tillers, they only destroy functioning mines, and even those do not always explode.
1679:. It uses robotic attachments in a three-step process. First, a map is generated using a 3-D camera and GPS. Next, a metal detector pinpoints the location of mines. Finally, a robotic gripping arm places a detonator above each mine and the drone triggers it from a distance.
559:, where potentially hazardous areas are physically explored to improve knowledge of their boundaries. A good survey can greatly reduce the time required to clear an area; in one study of 15 countries, less than 3 percent of the area cleared actually contained mines.
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The International Mine Action Standards (IMAS) provide a framework for mine action. While not legally binding in themselves, they are intended as guidelines for countries to develop their own standards. The IMAS also draw on international treaties including the
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are used. They cost about $ 10,000 each to train. This cost includes 8β10 weeks of initial training. Another 8β10 weeks is needed in the country where the dog is deployed to accustom the dog to its handler, the soil and climate, and the type of explosives.
672:. Current through a wire coil produces a time-varying magnetic field that in turn induces currents in conductive objects in the ground. In turn, these currents generate a magnetic field that induces currents in a receiver coil, and the resulting changes in
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that started in 2022, farmers who need to use the land improvised a mine-clearing machine by welding parts of rugged abandoned Russian fighting vehicles such as tanks on to an old tractor and harrow, remotely controlled by a battery-powered controller.
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Mechanical demining techniques have some challenges. In steep, undulating terrain they may skip over some of the ground. Operators can be endangered by defective mines or mines with delay charges that detonate after the blast shield has passed over;
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band and can be overwhelmed by radio broadcasts. Finally, it cannot see through metal casing or detect liquid explosives. Nevertheless, it is considered a promising technology for confirming results from other scanners with a low false alarm rate.
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540:. Parties to the Mine Ban Treaty are required to clear all mines within 10 years of joining the treaty, and as of 2017, 28 countries had succeeded. However, several countries were not on track to meet their deadline or had requested extensions.
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Unmanned Ground Vehicles help protect the controller by distancing them from potential mines. Being electric they need an electrical source to charge batteries and be robust enough to withstand close detonations. In Ukraine in 2023, under the
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mines that are capable of piercing most armor; and intelligent mines that are off to the side and use a variety of sensors to decide when to fire a rocket at an armored vehicle. One answer is to use remote controlled vehicles such as the
468:, a broad effort to reduce the social, economic and environmental damage of mines. The other "pillars" of mine action are risk education, victim assistance, stockpile destruction, and advocacy against the use of anti-personnel mines and
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most other methods, EIT works best in wet conditions, so it serves as a useful complement to them. However, the electrodes must be planted in the ground, which risks setting off a mine, and it can only detect mines near the surface.
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Although conventional demining is slow (5β150 square metres cleared per day), it is reliable, so it is still the most commonly used method. Integration with other methods such as explosive sniffing dogs can increase its reliability.
1879:. This system uses a series of rockets to disperse a fuel spray over a targeted area, creating a fuel-air explosive cloud that detonates to clear mines over a wide area, thus providing a rapid and safe path for military operations.
555:, gathering records of mine placement and accidents from mines, interviewing former combatants and locals, noting locations of warning signs and unused agricultural land, and going to look at possible sites. This is supplemented by
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1726:. Other ways of managing risk include better detectors, remote-controlled vehicles to remove fragmentation mines, long-handled rakes for excavation and unmanned aerial vehicles to scout the hazards before approaching.
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is to remove all of the landmines to a given depth and make the land safe for human use. Specially trained dogs are also used to narrow down the search and verify that an area is cleared. Mechanical devices such as
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above the ground and detecting the resulting vibrations at the surface. Usually the sound is generated by off-the-shelf loudspeakers or electrodynamic shakers, but some work has also been done with specialized
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are specifically designed to launch upward off the ground before detonating. Their size varies and they are mostly metal, so they are easily detected by metal detectors. However, they are normally activated by
1030:, the Cobham VMR3 Minehound, had similar success in Bosnia, Cambodia and Angola. These dual-sensor devices are relatively light and cheap, and the HALO Trust has begun to deploy more of them around the world.
4246:; Faust, Anthony A.; Miao, Minmin; Montoya, Rebecca; Donahue, D. Aaron (2006). Broach, J. Thomas; Harmon, Russell S; Holloway, Jr, John H (eds.). "Feasibility of landmine detection using transgenic plants".
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Universities, corporations and government bodies have been developing a great variety of methods for detecting mines. However, it is difficult to compare their performance. One quantitative measure is a
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image quality but cannot penetrate as far into the soil. This tradeoff in performance depends on soil properties and other environmental factors as well as the properties of the mines. In particular,
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Metal detector handbook for humanitarian demining a book about metal detectors, covering detection procedures in the field, and the testing and evaluation of metal detectors for humanitarian demining
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were several million, but after most of the clearing had been done only 140,000 mines had been found. Thus, it may be more accurate to say that there are millions of landmines, not tens of millions.
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Bromenshenk, Jerry; Henderson, Colin; Seccomb, Robert; Rice, Steven; Etter, Robert; Bender, Susan; Rodacy, Phillip; Shaw, Joseph; Seldomridge, Nathan; Spangler, Lee; Wilson, James (21 July 2016).
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Mine layers often use anti-demining techniques, including anti-lift devices, booby traps and two or three mines placed on top of each other. Anti-personnel mines are often triggered by tripwires.
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1367:, another common explosive, and the bacteria may not be visible under desert conditions. Also, well-constructed munitions that have not had time to corrode may be undetectable using this method.
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Explosive Scent Tracing (REST). This involves collecting air samples from stretches of land about 100 meters long and having dogs or rats sniff them to determine whether the area needs clearing.
162:. Anti-tank mines are designed to damage tanks or other vehicles; they are usually larger and require at least 100 kilograms (220 lb) of force to trigger, so infantry will not set them off.
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commenced in real minefields in Croatia and the results are promising, although after about three days the bees must be retrained because they are not getting food rewards from the mines.
1111:) and detecting the photons that are reflected back. Metals strongly absorb x-rays and little is reflected back, while organic materials absorb little and reflect a lot. Methods that use
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and one or more antennae pick up the return signal. The signal is analyzed to determine the shapes and locations of the reflectors. Discontinuities occur between materials with different
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As of 2017, antipersonnel mines are known to contaminate 61 states and suspected in another 10. The most heavily contaminated (with more than 100 square kilometres of minefield each) are
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and one of the most-studied plants in the world, normally turns red under harsh conditions. But using a combination of natural mutations and genetic manipulation, scientists from Danish
440:. Sometimes soldiers may bypass a minefield, but some bypasses are designed to concentrate advancing troops into a killing zone. If engineers need to clear a path (an operation known as
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1668:, researchers are designing a drone with magnetometer suspended underneath it, with the initial goal of clearing mines from World War II so power cables can be connected to offshore
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it was tested in Cambodia for a variety of soil conditions and mine types, detecting 5,610 mines and correctly identifying 96.5% of the clutter. Another dual detector developed by
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1249:, dogs are an expensive option for mine detection because they cannot be trained locally. The Sri Lankan Army Corps of Engineers has been conducting research on the use of the
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1311:, chemicals that are released when TNT breaks down. The plants would aid demining by indicating the presence of mines through color change, and could either be sown from
191:, are constructed with as little metal as possible β as little as 1 gram (0.035 oz) β to make them difficult to detect. Common explosives used in land mines include
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819:. They are now primarily used in humanitarian demining for technical surveys, to prepare the ground (removing vegetation and tripwires), and to detonate explosives.
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Metal detectors used by deminers work on the same principles as detectors used in World War I and refined during World War II. A practical design by Polish officer
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platform an βiron caterpillarβ that uses a robotic vehicle with a cheap disposable mine activation roller as a form of all terrain mine activator is in operation.
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to narrow the beams are not suitable for demining because the collimators are heavy and high-power sources are required. The alternative is to use wide beams and
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Improvised techniques are sometimes used by people who need the use of land before formal demining. In parts of Ukraine mined during fighting associated with the
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radiation that it emits. Landmines are better insulators than soil. As a result, the soil overhead tends to heat faster during the day and cool faster at night.
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or by people walking through demined corridors in minefields. In September 2008, Aresa Biodetection ceased development of the method, but in 2012 a group at
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by the soil, but the other 5 percent will mostly dissolve in water and be transported away. If it gets to the surface, it leaves a chemical signature. TNT
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speakers that send tight beams into the ground. The measurements can be made with non-contact sensors such as microphones, radar, ultrasonic devices and
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4580:
6193:
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Kasban, H.; Zahran, O.; Elaraby, Sayed M.; El-Kordy, M.; Abd El-Samie, F. E. (13 July 2010). "A Comparative Study of Landmine Detection Techniques".
5395:
5306:
513:
1992:
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Smith, Richard G.; D'Souza, Natasha; Nicklin, Stephen (2008). "A review of biosensors and biologically-inspired systems for explosives detection".
4875:
3970:
1937:
5046:
5752:
2604:
3440:
1852:, successor to the Bangalore torpedo, clears a path through a minefield by triggering the mines with a blast wave. Several examples include the
1825:
to clear minefields was to force captured civilians to cross the minefields, which would trigger any mine they encountered. In 1987, during the
680:
only 71 percent in iron-rich soil. The worst detector found only 11 percent even in clay soils. The results can be improved by multiple passes.
4410:
3142:
2229:
1867:(FAE) technology has been increasingly utilized for demining operations, offering an effective method for clearing minefields and neutralizing
3109:
807:, they were initially "cumbersome, unreliable and under-powered", but have been improved with additional armor, safer cabin designs, reliable
5914:
Fisher, Mark (2006). "7. Explosives detection using ultrasensitive electronic vapor sensors: Field experience". In Woodfin, Ronald L. (ed.).
5695:
5098:
2725:
70:
from an area. In military operations, the object is to rapidly clear a path through a minefield, and this is often done with devices such as
5265:
5075:
4840:
668:
Although metal detectors have become much lighter, more sensitive and easier to operate than the early models, the basic principle is still
3482:
3316:
1063:
light reflecting off man-made materials tend to remain polarized while natural materials depolarize it; the difference can be seen using a
5468:
146:(IEDs). In particular, most mines are factory-built, but the definition of landmine can include "artisanal" (improvised) mines. Thus, the
2970:
4468:
3215:
1637:, equipped a drone with optical sensors to scan potential minefields in Bosnia and Herzegovina; their design was a finalist in the 2015
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4003:
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environmental conditions. Many of the surface effects are strongest just after the mine is buried and are soon removed by weathering.
830:
First used in World War I with tanks, rollers are designed to detonate mines; blast-resistant vehicles with steel wheels, such as the
2890:
1237:
than metal detectors, which detect any form of metal, so in a day they can cover an area that would take a metal detector two weeks.
6044:
428:
In military demining, the goal is to create a safe path for troops and equipment. The soldiers who carry out this task are known as
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than californium-252, would pose a smaller threat to humans in the event of an accident such as an explosion. These sources emit
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The conventional method of landmine detection was developed in World War II and has changed little since then. It involves a
109:
with more explosives, but it is possible to destroy them with certain chemicals or extreme heat without making them explode.
5209:
1379:, several kinds of non-biological detectors were developed in an attempt to find a cheap alternative to dogs. These include
5825:
4930:
4797:
2470:
2327:
1743:
The most common explosive material, TNT, is very stable, not burnable with a match and highly resistant to acids or common
86:
A great variety of methods for detecting landmines have been studied. These include electromagnetic methods, one of which (
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1234:
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confidence in these systems had increased to the point where some deminers were using them as primary clearance systems.
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5339:
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Anti-personnel mines are designed to maim or kill soldiers. There are over 350 types, but they come in two main groups:
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1996:
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so the International Mine Action Standards require an area to be covered by two dogs before it can be declared safe.
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of the nuclear reaction; if it is large, a neutron does not have to come as close to a nucleus to interact with it.
5706:, reported that 'approximately two to three thousand local people were blown up in the clearing of the minefields'.
5581:
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much force and risk detonating a mine. Prodders have been developed that provide feedback on the amount of force.
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mines cleared. 35 percent of the accidents occur during mine excavation and 24 percent result from missed mines.
5858:
576:, of which $ 343.2 million went to clearance and risk education. The top 5 recipient states (Iraq, Afghanistan,
1814:
5233:"Quadcopters with thermal imagery cameras can help detect vicious mini-mines that often kill or maim children"
6298:
5939:
5020:
4069:
1912:
1711:
473:
102:
1675:
The Dutch Mine Kafon project, led by designer Massoud Hassani, is working on an autonomous drone called the
4588:
1425:
1253:
for mine detection, with promising initial results. Engineer Thrishantha Nanayakkara and colleagues at the
278:
143:
91:
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makes it more difficult) and the method; and some areas that are checked for mines turn out to have none.
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2168:
2000:
1868:
1499:
1159:
883:
662:
151:
were suffered by civilians (42% by children), 20% by military and security personnel and 2% by deminers.
5937:
Habib, Maki K. (30 August 2007). "Controlled biological and biomimetic systems for landmine detection".
4885:
2762:
2657:
1648:
Several ideas for detecting landmines are in the research and development phase. A research team at the
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2839:
1810:
1433:
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factors on mine detection is still not adequately understood, and GPR is not widely used for demining.
837:
Excavation, the removal of soil to a given depth, is done using modified construction vehicles such as
4226:
1652:
is working on adding multispectral imaging (for detecting chemical leaks) to drones. Geophysicists at
1276:
6075:
5760:
4848:
3450:
3105:
1849:
812:
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17:
6189:"In Dogs We Trust? Intersubjectivity, Response-Able Relations, and the Making of Mine Detector Dogs"
3152:
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997:
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171:
87:
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estimates that their excavation program destroys mines about 7 times faster than manual deminers.
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A buried mine will almost always leak explosives through the casing. 95 percent of this will be
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6328:
5725:
5719:
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1254:
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mechanical systems cannot reach, and it has been used in several countries. In particular, the
823:
vegetation improves the performance, but thicker vegetation inhibits it. Flails, first used on
517:
415:
4469:"Dogs can smell land mines, but humans cannot. Sensitive new chemical sniffers could fix that"
2184:
2173:
4220:
3861:
3223:
1927:
1829:, Iran used children known as baseeji as human mine detonators. More humane methods included
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The casing of blast mines may be made of metal, wood, or plastic. Some mines, referred to as
6323:
6156:
6107:
5977:
5399:
4806:
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4160:
3961:"Hero rats, singing puddles and crowd-free ruins: A postcard from Cambodia in rainy season"
1917:
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1288:
1149:
1060:
658:
537:
6096:
Robledo, L.; Carrasco, M.; Mery, D. (2009). "A Survey of Land Mine Detection Technology".
6027:
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420:
8:
6050:
5570:
In-Situ Landmine Neutralization by Chemical versus Thermal Initiation Deminer Preferences
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humans to the radiation. Also, only mines less than 10 centimetres deep would be imaged.
1013:
159:
135:
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5981:
5047:""Iron Caterpillar" affordable unmanned mine-clearing system being developed in Ukraine"
4810:
4557:
4261:
2415:
Stepping into a Minefield : A Life Dedicated to Landmine Clearance Around the World
184:
that can extend up to 20 metres away from the mine, so tripwire detection is essential.
6215:
6188:
6133:
5993:
5850:
Cumming-Bruce, Nick; Frost, Alex; Harrison, Katherine; Pinches, Lucy (1 October 2018).
5756:
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5177:
4822:
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4273:
3841:
3794:
3735:
3445:
2605:"Shmyhal: "World's largest minefield" created in Ukraine as result of Russian invasion"
2399:
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2180:
1970:
1864:
1752:
1319:
announced plans for large-scale testing of a method that would combine detection using
1300:
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have been developing a method where a mongoose is guided by a remote-controlled robot.
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953:
876:
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188:
4027:"These heroic rats detect land mines. Now they might help save an endangered anteater"
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2418:
2188:
1860:, a hose-pipe filled with explosives that is carried across a minefield by a rocket.
1838:
1826:
1771:
1660:, which were dropped from airplanes in Afghanistan and mostly sit on the surface. At
1645:, an international NGO, is testing drones for non-technical survey in northern Chad.
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1441:
1356:
1265:
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1171:
1096:
638:
30:
This article is about the removal of land mines. For the removal of naval mines, see
5372:
4826:
4793:"Land mine detection with neutron back scattering imaging using a neutron generator"
4634:
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3739:
727:
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6013:
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1432:(RF) waves to determine the chemical structure of compounds. It can be regarded as
1388:
1384:
1316:
846:
766:
469:
449:
364:
5782:
2544:
1706:
Protective equipment including helmet, visor and body armor with throat protection
1038:
Soil absorbs radiation from the Sun and is heated, with a resulting change in the
654:
6302:
6283:
5367:
2023:"Improvised explosive devices inflict much more serious injuries than land mines"
1744:
1552:
1455:
1429:
1360:
1324:
1210:
939:
762:
723:
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Thermal destruction methods generate enough heat to burn TNT. One uses leftover
105:
does not protect against all types of landmine. Once found, mines are generally
5952:
4326:
4299:
2767:
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1834:
1509:
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1331:, or tobacco plants that would absorb nitrogen from the TNT that was released.
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155:
52:
6119:
5989:
5635:
One Giant Leap: Iconic and Inspiring Space Race Inventions that Shaped History
3024:
The Polish contribution to the ultimate allied victory in the Second World War
2971:"'We couldn't wait': Ukrainian farmers improvise to clear their land of mines"
2724:
Doswald-Beck, Louise; Herby, Peter; Dorais-Slakmon, Johanne (1 January 1995).
1536:(MeV) from the neutron tube and 0β13 MeV from californium-252. If low-energy (
1467:
6317:
6080:
5662:
5442:
4925:
4731:"Humanitarian demining: Nuclear techniques may help the search for landmines"
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4193:
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481:
176:
106:
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5487:
IMAS 10.30: Safety & occupational health β Personal protective equipment
5170:"Imaging drones to spot signs of explosive chemicals leaking from landmines"
4818:
4252:. Detection and Remediation Technologies for Mines and Minelike Targets XI.
1959:"Improvised Explosive Devices (IED): A Humanitarian Mine Action Perspective"
1444:
of the nuclear charge density and the gradient of the electric field due to
1229:
and Cambodia. APOPO credits the rats with clearing more than 100,000 mines.
676:
can be used to detect metal objects. Similar devices are used by hobbyists.
551:
Before minefields can be cleared, they need to be located. This begins with
6224:
6176:
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1760:
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1529:
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31:
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4340:
484:, which has provisions for destroying stockpiles and clearing minefields.
6074:
Miles, Richard B.; Dogariu, Arthur; Michael, James B. (31 January 2012).
5396:"This drone could help remove all landmines around the world in 10 years"
4093:"Sri Lankan army trying to use the mongoose to detect landmines and IEDs"
2450:
Trevelyan, James (2008). "Research Challenges". In Habib, Maki K. (ed.).
1400:, that has been incorporated in robots deployed in Iraq and Afghanistan.
1348:
1064:
1018:
804:
800:
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465:
134:
Land mines overlap with other categories of explosive devices, including
6238:
6128:
4729:
Rosengard, Ulf; Dolan, Thomas; Miklush, Dmitri; Samiei, Massoud (2001).
3506:
Instrumented Prodder: Results From the Tests Under Controlled Conditions
795:
Mechanical demining makes use of vehicles with devices such as tillers,
130:
bounding landmine. Normally it is buried so only the prongs are exposed.
6206:
3785:
Bromenshenk, J. J.; Henderson, C. B.; Smith, G. C. (4 September 2015).
3140:
2880:
Lewis, Adam; Bloodworth, Thomas; Guelle, Dieter; Smith, Adrian (2003).
1767:. They do not have the same effect on explosives such as RDX and PETN.
1586:
1581:
1525:
1414:
1328:
1226:
1129:
1112:
1104:
1055:, which senses dozens of frequency bands ranging from visible light to
1005:
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808:
796:
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80:
5783:"CARPET β New Mine Breaching System Based on Fuel-Air Explosive (FAE)"
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1344:
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1154:
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957:
842:
838:
118:
71:
67:
6277:
International Test and Evaluation Program for Humanitarian Demining
5606:
5576:. Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate (NVESD), US Army
5266:"How Two College Students Hacked Consumer Drones to Find Landmines"
4521:
4445:
4064:
3689:
Final report Shield Project 12rh β Advanced handheld mine detection
1756:
1521:
1312:
1250:
1222:
1218:
1047:
1039:
731:
592:
529:
181:
6307:
5133:
Enhancing mine action operations with high- resolution UAS imagery
3504:
Schoolderman, A.J.; van Dijk, S.G.M.; Deurloo, D. (January 2004).
2758:"How much money is needed to remove all of the world's landmines?"
1555:, releasing energy in the form of a gamma ray. One such reaction,
6295:
5849:
5200:"Innovation at HI: Demining drones: a mine clearance revolution?"
3822:"Can Honey Bees Assist in Area Reduction and Landmine Detection?"
2027:
1813:
fires a line charge to clear beachhead during an exercise at the
1779:
1517:
1308:
1304:
1163:
931:
915:
850:
831:
577:
1280:
Genetically modified thale cress turns brown in the presence of
101:
Detection and removal of landmines is a dangerous activity, and
3898:"Scots scientists train bees to sniff out unexploded landmines"
3819:
2723:
2666:
1764:
1687:
1634:
1611:
1524:
and a neutron. This has the advantage that tritium, being less
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774:
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533:
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433:
127:
6257:
5873:
3415:
3403:
3391:
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3367:
3355:
3343:
2771:
2711:
1194:
803:, and excavation. Used for military operations as far back as
687:. Minefields contain many other fragments of metal, including
424:
British Army sappers clearing a beach front in Normandy (1944)
3994:"How Giant African Rats Are Saving Lives in Former War Zones"
3933:
3302:
Chun, Tan; Lye, Gary Wong Hock; Weng, Bryan Soh Chee (2009).
1657:
1376:
1214:
1198:
1179:
1100:
1001:
597:
5724:(Updated ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. p.
4550:"Why dogs' noses out-sniff the most advanced bomb detectors"
2891:
Office for Official Publications of the European Communities
5703:
5469:"Ukraine conflict: Ukraine develops unmanned mine detector"
4728:
4432:
Burlage, R. S.; Youngblood, T.; Maston, M. (1 April 1998).
3503:
581:
525:
521:
5062:"A Drone by Any Other Name: The Different Kinds of Drones"
4156:"The latest technology in landmine detection? An elephant"
3141:
Office of Weapons Removal and Abatement (September 2002).
2879:
5071:
4401:"Bacteria, plants tested in landmine deactivation method"
3815:
3813:
3784:
1364:
1174:
can be used to identify explosive chemicals in the hive.
321:
235:
192:
4242:
3513:
Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research
1303:
created a strain that only changes color in response to
6144:
4431:
3937:
1633:
is being tested by GICHD in Angola. A Spanish company,
492:
mines and UXOs from a given area to a specified depth.
6271:
Anti-Personnel Landmines, Small Arms and Light Weapons
5807:
5753:"Mk7 Antipersonnel Obstacle Breaching Systems (APOBS)"
5549:
4791:
Bom, V.; Ali, M.A.; van Eijk, C.W.E. (February 2006).
4762:"Fast Neutron Technology Used for Explosive Detection"
3810:
3427:
3125:
3046:
3009:
2932:
2920:
2699:
2687:
2522:
2510:
2498:
2486:
2437:
2215:"Detection of Landmines and Explosives Using Neutrons"
974:
43:
South Korean soldiers searching for land mines in Iraq
6005:
MacDonald, Jacqueline; Lockwood, J. R., eds. (2003).
5882:
Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining
5818:
Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining
5140:
Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining
3687:
McFee, J. E.; Das, Y.; Faust, A. A. (December 2005).
3253:
Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining
3189:
Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining
1540:) neutrons are needed, they must be passed through a
6239:
Humanitarian Demining Accident and Incident Database
5567:
Patel, Divyakant L.; Burke, Sean P. (January 2003).
2138:
2136:
1559:
captures a neutron to make nitrogen-15, releasing a
1404:
dogs outperformed the best technological solutions.
1323:
with bacteria that would corrode metal in mines and
1221:
at a cost of $ 6000 per rat. These rats, nicknamed "
6095:
6073:
5668:
War of the Century : When Hitler Fought Stalin
1903:
Center for International Stabilization and Recovery
2172:
1498:. Neutrons can also be generated using a portable
1182:(a laser scanning technique) have been promising.
1074:
1008:; these waves are reflected at discontinuities in
661:, was used to clear German mine fields during the
83:and excavators are sometimes used to clear mines.
6194:Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences
6004:
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3607:
3572:
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3545:
2998:
2953:
2867:
2653:"How many landmines are in the ground worldwide?"
2359:"Battlefield Mobility: The Counter-Obstacle Team"
2154:
2142:
2133:
1871:. One notable example of this application is the
1656:are testing the use of thermal imaging to locate
1604:
1377:Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)
587:
6315:
5208:(Press release). 8 November 2018. Archived from
4954:
4952:
4950:
4948:
4581:"Technology Falls Short in the War Against IEDs"
3866:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
3339:
3337:
3059:
2291:"Sappers: Engineer commandos on the front lines"
1938:Fares Scale of Injuries due to Cluster Munitions
1697:
1686:A drone developed in 2023 through the Ukrainian
5775:
5529:The Journal of Conventional Weapons Destruction
5330:"This drone can detect and detonate land mines"
5099:"What is the Difference Between a UAV and UAS?"
4498:
4496:
3568:
3566:
3060:Cherkaev, Xenia; Tipikina, Elena (1 May 2018).
1993:"Improvised explosive device threat mitigation"
1436:"without the magnet". The frequencies at which
1420:
1375:As part of the "Dog's nose" program run by the
5297:Frederiksen, Anne Kirsten (19 December 2016).
5013:"Acoustic compliance, inertance and impedance"
4790:
3583:
3581:
3473:"Using fluorescent bacteria to find landmines"
2314:
2312:
1209:are being trained to sniff out chemicals like
495:
476:(NGOs), commercial companies, and militaries.
5967:
5875:A Study of Mechanical Application in Demining
5480:
5478:
4945:
4906:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4718:
4716:
4620:
4618:
4616:
4614:
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3848:. Archived from the original on 24 March 2019
3695:. pp. 20β21. TR 2005-159. Archived from
3686:
3630:
3628:
3587:
3334:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2320:"Part Two, Chapter 9: Countermine operations"
2259:Peyton, Anthony; Daniels, David (June 2018).
2258:
1033:
6046:Hyperspectral Imaging for Landmine Detection
5857:(Report). Mine Action Review. Archived from
5747:
5745:
5427:"Using Small Unmanned Aircraft (SUA) in HMA"
5363:"These brothers built a mine-sweeping drone"
5126:
5124:
4921:"Vibrations could reveal landmine locations"
4683:
4681:
4493:
4189:"Elephants Can Learn to Sniff Out Landmines"
4060:"Rats: Scratch and sniff landmine detection"
3563:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3136:
3134:
3052:
2057:"Demining: Ridding Lands of a Deadly Legacy"
1641:competition. From February to October 2019,
1136:within a few days in soil, but an impurity,
1123:
154:There are two main categories of land mine:
5596:
5594:
5431:Journal of Conventional Weapons Destruction
5296:
4841:"Physicists Honored with Innovation Awards"
4434:Bioreporter bacteria for landmine detection
4238:
4236:
3826:Journal of Conventional Weapons Destruction
3780:
3778:
3578:
3301:
2309:
2054:
1963:Journal of Conventional Weapons Destruction
1407:
992:
6076:"Using Lasers to Find Land Mines and IEDs"
5566:
5475:
5299:"New drone to ensure safer demining - DTU"
5163:
5161:
4912:
4713:
4603:
4517:"Bomb-sniffing robots put to test in Iraq"
3958:
3879:
3877:
3625:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3304:"Introduction to Mine Clearing Technology"
3062:"Interspecies Affection and Military Aims"
2986:
2984:
2938:
2794:"International Cooperation and Assistance"
2726:"Basic Facts: the human cost of landmines"
2537:"Land Release β a reduction in standards?"
2388:Center for Army Lessons Learned Newsletter
2254:
2252:
2250:
1841:. Variants of these are still used today.
1580:Acoustic/seismic methods involve creating
1494:from a radioactive isotope, most commonly
74:and blast waves. By contrast, the goal of
6214:
6127:
5742:
5694:who, during 1943, conducted another huge
5562:
5560:
5558:
5121:
4873:
4678:
4090:
3787:Appendix S: Biological Systems (Paper II)
3680:
3637:Infrared/hyperspectral methods (Paper II)
3593:
3167:
3131:
3077:
2964:
2962:
2863:
2861:
2449:
2443:
2412:
2208:
2206:
2204:
1474:engineer testing a timed neutron detector
790:
683:An even greater problem is the number of
444:), they may be under heavy fire and need
5721:Sacred Rage: The Wrath of Militant Islam
5591:
5360:
5130:
5096:
5059:
4658:
4233:
4123:"Mongoose-robot duo sniff out landmines"
3775:
3723:
3602:Infrared/hyperspectral methods (Paper I)
3297:
3021:
2731:International Committee of the Red Cross
2167:The Arms Project of Human Rights Watch;
1854:anti-personnel obstacle breaching system
1845:are not used for humanitarian demining.
1821:In World War II, one method used by the
1804:
1789:
1701:
1466:
1275:
1193:
741:
704:
637:
591:
464:Humanitarian demining is a component of
419:
122:
46:
38:
6099:International Journal of Remote Sensing
5327:
5158:
4918:
4851:. AugustβSeptember 2001. Archived from
4690:Nuclear quadrupole resonance (paper II)
4425:
4187:Kiger, Patrick J. (15 September 2015).
4154:Miller, Ashadee Kay (26 October 2017).
3874:
3534:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3277:
2981:
2836:International Campaign to Ban Landmines
2802:International Campaign to Ban Landmines
2635:International Campaign to Ban Landmines
2357:Lock, John D. (JanuaryβFebruary 1989).
2288:
2261:"Detecting landmines for a safer world"
2247:
2091:International Campaign to Ban Landmines
1875:, a mine breaching system developed by
1158:air that they breathe. Methods such as
14:
6316:
5913:
5717:
5632:
5555:
5497:. June 2013. p. 1. Archived from
5167:
4874:Leutwyler, Kristin (30 October 2000).
4759:
4514:
4324:
4153:
3991:
3959:Richardson, Nigel (17 February 2019).
3895:
3634:
2968:
2959:
2858:
2578:. June 2013. p. 1. Archived from
2201:
1956:
1923:Swiss Foundation for Mine Action (FSD)
1440:occur are primarily determined by the
6057:. Docket tel-01706356. Archived from
6042:
5936:
5816:(5th ed.). Geneva, Switzerland:
5522:
5424:
5393:
4646:
4578:
4466:
4186:
4091:Nathaniel, Camelia (11 August 2018).
4057:
4025:Karen, Brulliard (21 December 2017).
4024:
3619:
3599:
2222:Department of Mathematics and Physics
2055:Oppenheimer, Andy (6 February 2018).
1722:and being sufficiently unhindered to
1570:Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
1351:, has been genetically engineered to
6186:
5916:Trace Chemical Sensing of Explosives
5661:
5263:
4970:
4798:IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science
4760:Sheehy, Christian B. (1 June 2003).
4687:
4398:
4058:Kalan, Jonathan (18 November 2014).
3729:
3274:
2356:
1090:
6187:Kirk, Robert G. W. (January 2014).
6007:Alternatives for Landmine Detection
5361:McDonald, Coby (29 December 2016).
5230:
4993:Acoustic/seismic methods (Paper II)
4990:
4664:
4547:
4467:Merti, Melissa (1 September 2001).
4284:
3660:
3441:"Hydrema 910 Mine Clearing Vehicle"
3246:Remote Explosive Scent Tracing REST
3092:
3086:
2990:
2459:. I-Tech Education and Publishing.
1575:
1059:, can detect this effect. Finally,
975:Detection methods under development
956:uses a standard blade or a special
722:sniff out explosive chemicals like
596:Naval minesweeper as a monument in
51:A US soldier clears a mine using a
24:
5800:
5525:"PPE development and needs in HMA"
5495:United Nations Mine Action Service
5097:Speicher, Abby (27 January 2016).
4973:Acoustic/seismic methods (Paper I)
4919:Mckenna, Phil (22 December 2006).
4876:"Neutrons for Land Mine Detection"
4225:. CK-12 Foundation. 2009. p.
3666:
3515:(TNO). FEL-03-A101. Archived from
3416:Mechanical Application in Demining
3404:Mechanical Application in Demining
3392:Mechanical Application in Demining
3380:Mechanical Application in Demining
3368:Mechanical Application in Demining
3356:Mechanical Application in Demining
3344:Mechanical Application in Demining
2712:Mechanical Application in Demining
2576:United Nations Mine Action Service
2568:IMAS 09.10: Clearance requirements
2381:
2212:
1997:United Nations Mine Action Service
1729:
1724:prevent a blast in the first place
987:
918:mine clearing vehicles use flails.
761:Preferred breeds for MDDs are the
633:
148:United Nations Mine Action Service
25:
6340:
6232:
5759:. 25 January 2006. Archived from
5610:. 4 November 1999. Archived from
5060:Phillips, Craig (27 April 2017).
5010:
4624:
4579:Erwin, Sandra (20 October 2010).
4548:Lee, Lisa-Ann (2 December 2016).
4325:Nelson, Laura (29 January 2004).
4302:. 4 November 2004. Archived from
3693:Defence R&D Canada β Suffield
3143:"Appendix B: Mine-Detection Dogs"
3026:. Tadeusz Modelski. p. 221.
2534:
1858:Python Minefield Breaching System
1747:. However, some chemicals use an
1734:
1051:evident in the larger particles.
982:receiver operating characteristic
965:
5711:
5655:
5626:
5543:
5516:
5461:
5425:Smith, Andy (27 November 2017).
5418:
5387:
5354:
5321:
5290:
5257:
5231:Hsu, Jeremy (28 December 2018).
5224:
5192:
5090:
5053:
5039:
5004:
4984:
4964:
4900:
4867:
4833:
4784:
4753:
4701:
4572:
4541:
4508:
4399:Badr, Hazem (24 February 2012).
4370:"Comparison of Demining Methods"
3992:Wexler, Alexandra (4 May 2018).
3930:"Speeding Up Landmine Detection"
2175:Landmines : a deadly legacy
2117:. 10 August 2016. Archived from
2109:"Mine Awareness Day - factsheet"
1240:
946:
923:
908:
892:
709:Mine detection dog in training (
584:) received 54% of this support.
6055:Polytechnic University of Turin
5602:"Shuttle fuel clears landmines"
5328:Vincent, James (19 July 2016).
5303:Technical University of Denmark
5264:Paez, Danny (7 February 2019).
4667:Neutron technologies (paper II)
4515:Hannah, James (30 March 2007).
4460:
4392:
4362:
4318:
4213:
4180:
4147:
4131:. 23 April 2008. Archived from
4115:
4084:
4051:
4018:
3985:
3952:
3922:
3889:
3763:
3751:
3711:
3669:Electrical impedance tomography
3648:
3613:
3551:
3497:
3481:. 20 April 2017. Archived from
3465:
3433:
3421:
3409:
3397:
3385:
3373:
3361:
3349:
3255:. November 2011. Archived from
3238:
3208:
3192:. 5 August 2011. Archived from
3145:. To Walk the Earth in Safety.
3119:
3040:
3015:
3003:
2969:Borger, Julian (19 June 2023).
2926:
2914:
2873:
2820:
2786:
2750:
2717:
2705:
2693:
2681:
2645:
2631:"Contamination & Clearance"
2623:
2597:
2559:
2528:
2516:
2504:
2492:
2480:
2431:
2406:
2392:Center for Army Lessons Learned
2375:
2350:
2282:
2114:United Nations Association β UK
1877:Rafael Advanced Defense Systems
1666:Technical University of Denmark
1617:
1080:Electrical impedance tomography
1075:Electrical impedance tomography
459:
5785:. Defense Update. 27 June 2006
5168:Lavars, Nick (10 April 2016).
4627:Neutron technologies (paper I)
2289:Griffin, Scott (13 May 2014).
2160:
2148:
2101:
2079:
2048:
2015:
1985:
1969:(1): Article 3. Archived from
1950:
1891:Aftermath: The Remnants of War
1815:Camp Lejeune Marine Corps Base
1605:Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGV)
1549:thermal neutron analysis (TNA)
1233:handlers. They have far fewer
1000:(GPR) probes the ground using
588:Conventional detection methods
474:non-governmental organizations
27:Process of removing land mines
13:
1:
5940:Biosensors and Bioelectronics
5021:University of New South Wales
4999:MacDonald & Lockwood 2003
4979:MacDonald & Lockwood 2003
4959:MacDonald & Lockwood 2003
4708:MacDonald & Lockwood 2003
4696:MacDonald & Lockwood 2003
4673:MacDonald & Lockwood 2003
4653:MacDonald & Lockwood 2003
4641:MacDonald & Lockwood 2003
4503:MacDonald & Lockwood 2003
4327:"Plants to uncover landmines"
3896:Glover, John (15 June 2018).
3884:MacDonald & Lockwood 2003
3805:MacDonald & Lockwood 2003
3770:MacDonald & Lockwood 2003
3758:MacDonald & Lockwood 2003
3746:MacDonald & Lockwood 2003
3718:MacDonald & Lockwood 2003
3675:MacDonald & Lockwood 2003
3655:MacDonald & Lockwood 2003
3643:MacDonald & Lockwood 2003
3608:MacDonald & Lockwood 2003
3573:MacDonald & Lockwood 2003
3558:MacDonald & Lockwood 2003
3546:MacDonald & Lockwood 2003
3220:The Marshall Legacy Institute
2999:MacDonald & Lockwood 2003
2954:MacDonald & Lockwood 2003
2868:MacDonald & Lockwood 2003
2633:. Landmine Monitor (Report).
2155:MacDonald & Lockwood 2003
2143:MacDonald & Lockwood 2003
2089:. Landmine Monitor (Report).
1944:
1913:Land mines in Central America
1785:
1712:personal protective equipment
1698:Personal protective equipment
1213:in landmines. A Belgian NGO,
1143:
1099:, an area is irradiated with
875:MCAP (United States) and the
785:
112:
103:personal protective equipment
6252:Drug and explosive detection
6012:(Report). Santa Monica, CA:
5394:Myers, Joe (2 August 2016).
4847:. Vol. 10, no. 8.
2770:. 9 May 2018. Archived from
2543:. Andy Smith. Archived from
2398:on 15 June 2022 – via
2390:. Vol. 88, no. 2.
2293:. U. S. Army. Archived from
1426:Nuclear quadrupole resonance
1421:Nuclear quadrupole resonance
734:, and metallic wire used in
562:
279:pentaerythritol tetranitrate
144:improvised explosive devices
92:nuclear quadrupole resonance
7:
4766:National Defense (magazine)
4741:: 16β18. Reference 32046207
4585:National Defense (magazine)
3732:X-ray backscatter (paper I)
2993:Appendix W: Contact methods
2169:Physicians for Human Rights
1882:
1572:and has won design awards.
1462:
1370:
1338:
1201:HeroRAT getting food reward
1160:solid phase microextraction
750:with a landmine finder dog
663:Second Battle of El Alamein
621:
496:Contamination and clearance
454:obscure the site with smoke
409:
66:is the process of removing
10:
6345:
5953:10.1016/j.bios.2007.05.005
5550:GICHD Guide to Mine Action
5131:SenseFly (December 2016).
4314:– via ACFNewsSource.
3428:GICHD Guide to Mine Action
3126:GICHD Guide to Mine Action
3047:GICHD Guide to Mine Action
3022:Modelski, Tadeusz (1986).
3010:GICHD Guide to Mine Action
2933:GICHD Guide to Mine Action
2921:GICHD Guide to Mine Action
2840:Cluster Munition Coalition
2700:GICHD Guide to Mine Action
2688:GICHD Guide to Mine Action
2523:GICHD Guide to Mine Action
2511:GICHD Guide to Mine Action
2499:GICHD Guide to Mine Action
2487:GICHD Guide to Mine Action
2438:GICHD Guide to Mine Action
1811:amphibious assault vehicle
1434:nuclear magnetic resonance
1147:
1034:Infrared and hyperspectral
698:
413:
116:
29:
6120:10.1080/01431160802549435
6026:. MR-1608. Archived from
5990:10.1007/s11220-010-0054-x
5702:on the eastern border of
4849:American Physical Society
3315:: 117β129. Archived from
3106:American Chemical Society
3093:Vos, Sarah (April 2008).
1850:mine-clearing line charge
1833:, mounted on Sherman and
1690:platform to detect mines
1591:laser Doppler vibrometers
1271:
1225:", have been deployed in
1124:Explosive vapor detection
813:Global Positioning System
670:electromagnetic induction
642:Foerster Minex 2FD 4.500
6301:14 December 2021 at the
6258:Humanitarian Mine Action
5639:Rowman & Littlefield
5633:Pappas, Charles (2019).
3151:(Report). Archived from
3148:U.S. Department of State
3079:10.1215/22011919-4385453
3066:Environmental Humanities
2763:Dag HammarskjΓΆld Library
2658:Dag HammarskjΓΆld Library
2541:Humanitarian Mine Action
1643:Humanity & Inclusion
1428:(NQR) spectroscopy uses
1408:Bulk explosive detection
998:Ground-penetrating radar
993:Ground-penetrating radar
934:, a steel, armor-bodied
903:tank fitted with a flail
754:after battle during the
404:
88:ground penetrating radar
5852:Clearing the Mines 2018
5142:. 51107. Archived from
4819:10.1109/TNS.2006.869841
3999:The Wall Street Journal
2828:Support for Mine Action
2702:, pp. 129, 131β132
2413:Mansfield, Ian (2015).
2274:: 19β23. Archived from
2226:University of Ljubljana
1999:(UNMAS). Archived from
1957:Keeley, Robert (2017).
1710:Deminers may be issued
1627:unmanned aerial vehicle
1551:, thermal neutrons are
1532:with an energy of 14.1
1189:
1084:electrical conductivity
694:
5810:A Guide to Mine Action
5718:Wright, Robin (2001).
5535:(1): 2. Archived from
4438:Oak Ridge National Lab
4292:"Mine-sniffing Plants"
2842:. 2017. Archived from
2637:. 2017. Archived from
2417:. Big Sky Publishing.
2328:Department of the Army
2093:. 2017. Archived from
1818:
1802:
1749:autocatalytic reaction
1707:
1664:, an institute in the
1534:million electron volts
1475:
1285:
1255:University of Moratuwa
1202:
791:Mine clearing machines
758:
718:
650:
600:
514:Bosnia and Herzegovina
425:
416:Route clearance (IEDs)
131:
56:
44:
6296:Danish Demining Group
6273:(European Commission)
5920:John Wiley & Sons
5587:on 18 September 2021.
4341:10.1038/news040126-10
3216:"Mine Detection Dogs"
3184:"Mine Detection Dogs"
3108:: 7β9. Archived from
2476:on 20 September 2022.
2453:Humanitarian Demining
2384:"Minefield Breaching"
2278:on 20 September 2022.
1928:Mine clearance agency
1808:
1793:
1705:
1654:Binghamton University
1650:University of Bristol
1553:captured by a nucleus
1470:
1451:signal-to-noise ratio
1279:
1197:
1053:Hyperspectral imaging
1004:. A GPR device emits
756:2022 Russian invasion
745:
708:
641:
595:
423:
126:
76:humanitarian demining
50:
42:
6308:Mines Advisory Group
6260:(blog by Andy Smith)
6043:Makki, Ihab (2017).
5901:on 28 September 2007
5696:anti-partisan action
5641:. pp. 138β139.
5523:Smith, Andy (2018).
5400:World Economic Forum
5309:on 30 September 2020
5049:. 16 September 2023.
4772:on 23 September 2020
4481:on 25 September 2021
4306:on 20 September 2022
4161:World Economic Forum
3973:on 11 September 2022
3910:on 21 September 2020
3635:Ackenhusen, John G.
3522:on 20 September 2022
3155:on 26 September 2020
3095:"Sniffing landmines"
2910:on 20 December 2015.
2609:The Kyiv Independent
1918:Mines Advisory Group
1720:should a blast occur
1508:) that promotes the
1500:particle accelerator
1150:Hymenoptera training
1107:between 0.01 and 10
1014:dielectric constants
815:logging systems and
659:Polish mine detector
553:non-technical survey
6265:Government programs
6161:2008Ana...133..571S
6112:2009IJRS...30.2399R
6051:Lebanese University
5982:2010SenIm..11...89K
5970:Sensing and Imaging
5614:on 27 November 2020
5539:on 28 January 2022.
5245:on 28 February 2022
5238:Scientific American
4881:Scientific American
4811:2006ITNS...53..356B
4688:Garroway, Allen N.
4591:on 11 December 2011
4529:on 12 November 2020
4413:on 29 November 2021
4262:2006SPIE.6217E..2BD
4249:Proceedings of SPIE
4072:on 26 February 2013
4039:on 22 December 2017
4032:The Washington Post
3940:on 5 September 2022
3748:, pp. 191β204.
3677:, pp. 161β168.
3115:on 27 January 2021.
2995:. pp. 327β336.
2846:on 26 February 2021
2121:on 30 November 2021
1908:Counter-IED efforts
1718:between protection
1505:sealed neutron tube
1492:spontaneous fission
1359:in the presence of
1082:(EIT) maps out the
771:Labrador Retrievers
189:minimum metal mines
136:unexploded ordnance
107:defused or blown up
6282:7 May 2019 at the
6207:10.1002/jhbs.21642
5757:GlobalSecurity.org
5552:, pp. 135β136
5471:. 27 October 2023.
5375:on 24 October 2021
5278:on 19 January 2022
5001:, pp. 155β159
4981:, pp. 149β154
4933:on 16 October 2021
4909:, pp. 106β107
4907:Kasban et al. 2010
4698:, pp. 179β189
4675:, pp. 239β244
4665:Sparrow, David A.
4643:, pp. 225β238
4168:on 22 January 2019
4135:on 26 October 2021
3645:, pp. 111β125
3600:Baertlein, Brian.
3588:Kasban et al. 2010
3485:on 28 October 2021
3446:GlobalSecurity.org
3346:, pp. 140β141
2400:GlobalSecurity.org
2344:GlobalSecurity.org
2324:Field Manual 20β32
2181:Human Rights Watch
1973:on 23 October 2021
1865:Fuel-air explosive
1819:
1803:
1753:Diethylenetriamine
1708:
1488:source of neutrons
1476:
1301:Aresa Biodetection
1291:, a member of the
1286:
1207:giant pouched rats
1203:
1168:gas chromatography
1138:2,4-dinitrotoluene
1057:long-wave infrared
954:IDF Caterpillar D9
938:vehicle de-mining
759:
719:
674:electric potential
651:
601:
450:suppress the enemy
426:
132:
57:
45:
6023:978-0-8330-3301-7
5891:978-2-88487-023-8
5763:on 25 August 2021
5735:978-0-7432-3342-2
5700:Operation Kottbus
5692:Obergruppenfuhrer
5688:Curt von Gottberg
5682:978-0-563-38477-9
4991:Donskoy, Dmitri.
4971:Sabatier, James.
4270:10.1117/12.668290
4244:Deyholos, Michael
3610:, pp. 93β110
3590:, pp. 89β112
2900:978-92-894-6236-5
2808:on 28 August 2022
2641:on 10 March 2022.
2097:on 10 March 2022.
1839:Bangalore torpedo
1772:rocket propellant
1658:"butterfly mines"
1625:is a synonym for
1446:valence electrons
1442:quadrupole moment
1357:ultraviolet light
1266:Angolan Civil War
1217:, trains rats in
1172:mass spectrometry
1097:X-ray backscatter
1091:X-ray backscatter
847:front-end loaders
470:cluster munitions
16:(Redirected from
6336:
6228:
6218:
6180:
6169:10.1039/B717933M
6141:
6131:
6106:(9): 2399β2410.
6092:
6090:
6088:
6070:
6068:
6066:
6039:
6037:
6035:
6014:RAND Corporation
6011:
6001:
5964:
5933:
5910:
5908:
5906:
5900:
5894:. Archived from
5879:
5870:
5868:
5866:
5861:on 23 April 2022
5856:
5846:
5844:
5842:
5837:on 23 April 2022
5836:
5830:. Archived from
5827:978-2940369-48-5
5815:
5795:
5794:
5792:
5790:
5779:
5773:
5772:
5770:
5768:
5749:
5740:
5739:
5715:
5709:
5708:
5659:
5653:
5652:
5630:
5624:
5623:
5621:
5619:
5598:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5580:. Archived from
5575:
5564:
5553:
5547:
5541:
5540:
5520:
5514:
5513:
5511:
5509:
5504:on 28 March 2019
5503:
5493:(2nd ed.).
5492:
5482:
5473:
5472:
5465:
5459:
5458:
5456:
5454:
5445:. Archived from
5422:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5411:
5406:on 3 August 2021
5402:. Archived from
5391:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5380:
5371:. Archived from
5358:
5352:
5351:
5349:
5347:
5338:. Archived from
5325:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5314:
5305:. Archived from
5294:
5288:
5287:
5285:
5283:
5274:. Archived from
5261:
5255:
5254:
5252:
5250:
5241:. Archived from
5228:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5217:
5196:
5190:
5189:
5187:
5185:
5176:. Archived from
5165:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5151:
5137:
5128:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5114:
5105:. Archived from
5094:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5083:
5074:. Archived from
5067:Independent Lens
5057:
5051:
5050:
5043:
5037:
5036:
5034:
5032:
5027:on 19 March 2022
5023:. Archived from
5008:
5002:
4996:
4988:
4982:
4976:
4968:
4962:
4961:, pp. 26β29
4956:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4938:
4929:. Archived from
4916:
4910:
4904:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4893:
4884:. Archived from
4871:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4860:
4837:
4831:
4830:
4788:
4782:
4781:
4779:
4777:
4768:. Archived from
4757:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4746:
4726:
4711:
4710:, pp. 40β42
4705:
4699:
4693:
4685:
4676:
4670:
4662:
4656:
4655:, pp. 40β44
4650:
4644:
4638:
4622:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4596:
4587:. Archived from
4576:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4565:
4560:on 31 March 2022
4556:. Archived from
4545:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4534:
4525:. Archived from
4512:
4506:
4505:, pp. 37β40
4500:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4477:. Archived from
4464:
4458:
4457:
4429:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4418:
4409:. Archived from
4396:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4385:
4376:. Archived from
4366:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4322:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4311:
4288:
4282:
4281:
4240:
4231:
4230:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4206:
4197:. Archived from
4184:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4164:. Archived from
4151:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4119:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4099:. Archived from
4088:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4077:
4068:. Archived from
4055:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4035:. Archived from
4022:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4011:
4002:. Archived from
3989:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3969:. Archived from
3956:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3936:. Archived from
3926:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3906:. Archived from
3893:
3887:
3881:
3872:
3871:
3865:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3817:
3808:
3802:
3791:RAND Corporation
3782:
3773:
3772:, pp. 29β31
3767:
3761:
3760:, pp. 23β24
3755:
3749:
3743:
3727:
3721:
3720:, pp. 22β23
3715:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3684:
3678:
3672:
3667:Church, Philip.
3664:
3658:
3652:
3646:
3640:
3632:
3623:
3617:
3611:
3605:
3597:
3591:
3585:
3576:
3575:, pp. 19β21
3570:
3561:
3555:
3549:
3548:, pp. 15β16
3543:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3521:
3510:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3449:. Archived from
3437:
3431:
3425:
3419:
3413:
3407:
3406:, pp. 31β35
3401:
3395:
3394:, pp. 35β38
3389:
3383:
3382:, pp. 62β64
3377:
3371:
3365:
3359:
3353:
3347:
3341:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3322:on 6 August 2022
3321:
3308:
3299:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3261:
3250:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3222:. Archived from
3212:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3180:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3138:
3129:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3099:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3056:
3050:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3019:
3013:
3007:
3001:
2996:
2991:Russell, Kevin.
2988:
2979:
2978:
2966:
2957:
2951:
2936:
2930:
2924:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2903:. Archived from
2888:
2877:
2871:
2865:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2832:Landmine Monitor
2824:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2804:. Archived from
2790:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2738:on 4 August 2022
2734:. Archived from
2721:
2715:
2709:
2703:
2697:
2691:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2665:. Archived from
2649:
2643:
2642:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2611:. 8 January 2023
2601:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2585:on 27 March 2019
2584:
2574:(2nd ed.).
2573:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2547:on 12 April 2022
2532:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2469:. Archived from
2458:
2447:
2441:
2440:, pp. 26β27
2435:
2429:
2428:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2394:. Archived from
2382:Sandoy, Andrew.
2379:
2373:
2372:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2341:
2339:
2330:. Archived from
2316:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2265:
2256:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2235:on 24 March 2019
2234:
2228:. Archived from
2219:
2213:Kregar, Matija.
2210:
2199:
2198:
2178:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2067:on 27 March 2019
2063:. Archived from
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2036:on 27 March 2019
2032:. Archived from
2019:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2008:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1954:
1933:MineWolf Systems
1745:oxidizing agents
1677:Mine Kafon Drone
1576:Acoustic/seismic
1317:Cairo University
950:
927:
912:
896:
884:Russian invasion
769:, although some
767:Belgian Malinois
557:technical survey
430:combat engineers
396:
395:
394:
386:
385:
377:
376:
365:ammonium nitrate
362:
361:
360:
352:
351:
343:
342:
334:
333:
319:
318:
317:
309:
308:
300:
299:
291:
290:
276:
275:
274:
266:
265:
257:
256:
248:
247:
233:
232:
231:
223:
222:
214:
213:
205:
204:
177:"bounding" mines
55:during training.
21:
6344:
6343:
6339:
6338:
6337:
6335:
6334:
6333:
6314:
6313:
6312:
6303:Wayback Machine
6284:Wayback Machine
6235:
6183:
6086:
6084:
6064:
6062:
6033:
6031:
6030:on 20 July 2022
6024:
6009:
5930:
5904:
5902:
5898:
5892:
5877:
5864:
5862:
5854:
5840:
5838:
5834:
5828:
5813:
5803:
5801:Further reading
5798:
5788:
5786:
5781:
5780:
5776:
5766:
5764:
5751:
5750:
5743:
5736:
5716:
5712:
5683:
5675:. p. 118.
5660:
5656:
5649:
5631:
5627:
5617:
5615:
5600:
5599:
5592:
5584:
5573:
5565:
5556:
5548:
5544:
5521:
5517:
5507:
5505:
5501:
5490:
5484:
5483:
5476:
5467:
5466:
5462:
5452:
5450:
5449:on 23 June 2022
5423:
5419:
5409:
5407:
5392:
5388:
5378:
5376:
5368:Popular Science
5359:
5355:
5345:
5343:
5326:
5322:
5312:
5310:
5295:
5291:
5281:
5279:
5262:
5258:
5248:
5246:
5229:
5225:
5215:
5213:
5198:
5197:
5193:
5183:
5181:
5180:on 2 April 2022
5166:
5159:
5149:
5147:
5146:on 16 June 2022
5135:
5129:
5122:
5112:
5110:
5095:
5091:
5081:
5079:
5078:on 22 June 2021
5058:
5054:
5045:
5044:
5040:
5030:
5028:
5009:
5005:
4989:
4985:
4969:
4965:
4957:
4946:
4936:
4934:
4917:
4913:
4905:
4901:
4891:
4889:
4888:on 18 June 2021
4872:
4868:
4858:
4856:
4855:on 7 March 2022
4839:
4838:
4834:
4789:
4785:
4775:
4773:
4758:
4754:
4744:
4742:
4727:
4714:
4706:
4702:
4686:
4679:
4663:
4659:
4651:
4647:
4625:McFee, John E.
4623:
4604:
4594:
4592:
4577:
4573:
4563:
4561:
4546:
4542:
4532:
4530:
4513:
4509:
4501:
4494:
4484:
4482:
4465:
4461:
4430:
4426:
4416:
4414:
4397:
4393:
4383:
4381:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4353:
4351:
4323:
4319:
4309:
4307:
4296:The Osgood File
4290:
4289:
4285:
4241:
4234:
4219:
4218:
4214:
4204:
4202:
4185:
4181:
4171:
4169:
4152:
4148:
4138:
4136:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4106:
4104:
4103:on 2 April 2019
4089:
4085:
4075:
4073:
4056:
4052:
4042:
4040:
4023:
4019:
4009:
4007:
3990:
3986:
3976:
3974:
3957:
3953:
3943:
3941:
3928:
3927:
3923:
3913:
3911:
3894:
3890:
3882:
3875:
3859:
3858:
3851:
3849:
3818:
3811:
3783:
3776:
3768:
3764:
3756:
3752:
3730:Grodzins, Lee.
3728:
3724:
3716:
3712:
3702:
3700:
3699:on 1 April 2019
3685:
3681:
3665:
3661:
3653:
3649:
3633:
3626:
3618:
3614:
3598:
3594:
3586:
3579:
3571:
3564:
3556:
3552:
3544:
3535:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3508:
3502:
3498:
3488:
3486:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3456:
3454:
3453:on 11 June 2022
3439:
3438:
3434:
3426:
3422:
3414:
3410:
3402:
3398:
3390:
3386:
3378:
3374:
3366:
3362:
3354:
3350:
3342:
3335:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3306:
3300:
3275:
3265:
3263:
3262:on 15 June 2022
3259:
3248:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3229:
3227:
3226:on 8 March 2019
3214:
3213:
3209:
3199:
3197:
3182:
3181:
3168:
3158:
3156:
3139:
3132:
3124:
3120:
3112:
3097:
3091:
3087:
3057:
3053:
3045:
3041:
3034:
3020:
3016:
3008:
3004:
2989:
2982:
2967:
2960:
2956:, pp. 7β11
2952:
2939:
2931:
2927:
2919:
2915:
2907:
2901:
2886:
2878:
2874:
2866:
2859:
2849:
2847:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2811:
2809:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2777:
2775:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2741:
2739:
2722:
2718:
2710:
2706:
2698:
2694:
2686:
2682:
2672:
2670:
2669:on 4 April 2021
2651:
2650:
2646:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2614:
2612:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2550:
2548:
2533:
2529:
2521:
2517:
2509:
2505:
2497:
2493:
2485:
2481:
2473:
2467:
2456:
2448:
2444:
2436:
2432:
2425:
2411:
2407:
2380:
2376:
2355:
2351:
2337:
2335:
2334:on 15 June 2022
2318:
2317:
2310:
2300:
2298:
2297:on 12 June 2022
2287:
2283:
2263:
2257:
2248:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2217:
2211:
2202:
2195:
2165:
2161:
2153:
2149:
2141:
2134:
2124:
2122:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2070:
2068:
2053:
2049:
2039:
2037:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2006:
2004:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1976:
1974:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1885:
1835:Churchill tanks
1788:
1751:to destroy it.
1737:
1732:
1730:Removal methods
1700:
1639:Drones for Good
1620:
1607:
1578:
1547:In one method,
1496:californium-252
1465:
1430:radio frequency
1423:
1410:
1389:electrochemical
1373:
1341:
1325:rose periwinkle
1274:
1243:
1235:false positives
1192:
1152:
1146:
1126:
1093:
1077:
1036:
995:
990:
988:Electromagnetic
977:
968:
961:
951:
942:
940:Bagram Air Base
928:
919:
913:
904:
897:
793:
788:
763:German Shepherd
711:Bagram Airfield
703:
697:
685:false positives
657:, known as the
636:
634:Metal detectors
624:
590:
580:, Cambodia and
565:
498:
482:Mine Ban Treaty
462:
446:supporting fire
418:
412:
407:
393:
390:
389:
388:
384:
381:
380:
379:
375:
372:
371:
370:
368:
359:
356:
355:
354:
350:
347:
346:
345:
341:
338:
337:
336:
332:
329:
328:
327:
325:
316:
313:
312:
311:
307:
304:
303:
302:
298:
295:
294:
293:
289:
286:
285:
284:
282:
273:
270:
269:
268:
264:
261:
260:
259:
255:
252:
251:
250:
246:
243:
242:
241:
239:
230:
227:
226:
225:
221:
218:
217:
216:
212:
209:
208:
207:
203:
200:
199:
198:
196:
121:
115:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6342:
6332:
6331:
6326:
6311:
6310:
6305:
6292:
6291:
6287:
6286:
6274:
6267:
6266:
6262:
6261:
6255:
6248:
6247:
6243:
6242:
6241:
6234:
6233:External links
6231:
6230:
6229:
6182:
6181:
6155:(5): 571β584.
6142:
6093:
6071:
6061:on 8 June 2020
6040:
6022:
6002:
5965:
5934:
5928:
5911:
5890:
5871:
5847:
5826:
5820:. March 2014.
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5796:
5774:
5741:
5734:
5710:
5681:
5663:Rees, Laurence
5654:
5647:
5625:
5590:
5554:
5542:
5515:
5474:
5460:
5417:
5386:
5353:
5320:
5289:
5256:
5223:
5212:on 8 July 2022
5191:
5157:
5120:
5109:on 6 July 2022
5089:
5052:
5038:
5003:
4983:
4963:
4944:
4911:
4899:
4866:
4832:
4805:(1): 356β360.
4783:
4752:
4712:
4700:
4677:
4657:
4645:
4602:
4571:
4540:
4507:
4492:
4459:
4446:10.2172/645466
4424:
4391:
4361:
4317:
4300:CBS News Radio
4283:
4232:
4212:
4201:on 8 July 2022
4179:
4146:
4114:
4083:
4050:
4017:
3984:
3951:
3921:
3888:
3873:
3809:
3774:
3762:
3750:
3722:
3710:
3679:
3659:
3647:
3624:
3612:
3592:
3577:
3562:
3550:
3533:
3496:
3464:
3432:
3420:
3408:
3396:
3384:
3372:
3360:
3358:, pp. 104
3348:
3333:
3273:
3237:
3207:
3166:
3130:
3118:
3085:
3051:
3049:, pp. 138
3039:
3032:
3014:
3002:
2980:
2958:
2937:
2925:
2913:
2899:
2872:
2857:
2819:
2798:Finish the Job
2785:
2768:United Nations
2749:
2716:
2704:
2692:
2680:
2663:United Nations
2644:
2622:
2596:
2558:
2527:
2515:
2503:
2491:
2479:
2465:
2442:
2430:
2423:
2405:
2374:
2349:
2308:
2281:
2246:
2200:
2193:
2159:
2147:
2145:, pp. 3β5
2132:
2100:
2078:
2047:
2014:
2003:on 15 May 2022
1984:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1787:
1784:
1774:from the NASA
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1699:
1696:
1619:
1616:
1606:
1603:
1577:
1574:
1464:
1461:
1422:
1419:
1409:
1406:
1372:
1369:
1340:
1337:
1293:mustard family
1273:
1270:
1242:
1239:
1191:
1188:
1148:Main article:
1145:
1142:
1125:
1122:
1103:(photons with
1092:
1089:
1076:
1073:
1035:
1032:
1028:ERA Technology
994:
991:
989:
986:
976:
973:
967:
966:Smart prodders
964:
963:
962:
952:
945:
943:
929:
922:
920:
914:
907:
905:
898:
891:
877:Caterpillar D9
873:Caterpillar D7
817:remote control
792:
789:
787:
784:
730:lines used in
696:
693:
644:metal detector
635:
632:
623:
620:
605:metal detector
598:Kotka, Finland
589:
586:
564:
561:
497:
494:
461:
458:
411:
408:
406:
403:
391:
382:
373:
357:
348:
339:
330:
314:
305:
296:
287:
271:
262:
253:
244:
228:
219:
210:
201:
160:anti-personnel
117:Main article:
114:
111:
96:neutron probes
64:mine clearance
53:grappling hook
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6341:
6330:
6329:Bomb disposal
6327:
6325:
6322:
6321:
6319:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6300:
6297:
6294:
6293:
6289:
6288:
6285:
6281:
6278:
6275:
6272:
6269:
6268:
6264:
6263:
6259:
6256:
6253:
6250:
6249:
6245:
6244:
6240:
6237:
6236:
6226:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6196:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6184:
6178:
6174:
6170:
6166:
6162:
6158:
6154:
6150:
6149:
6143:
6139:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6121:
6117:
6113:
6109:
6105:
6101:
6100:
6094:
6083:
6082:
6081:IEEE Spectrum
6077:
6072:
6060:
6056:
6052:
6048:
6047:
6041:
6029:
6025:
6019:
6015:
6008:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5976:(3): 89β112.
5975:
5971:
5966:
5962:
5958:
5954:
5950:
5946:
5942:
5941:
5935:
5931:
5929:9780470085196
5925:
5921:
5917:
5912:
5897:
5893:
5887:
5883:
5876:
5872:
5860:
5853:
5848:
5833:
5829:
5823:
5819:
5812:
5811:
5806:
5805:
5784:
5778:
5762:
5758:
5754:
5748:
5746:
5737:
5731:
5727:
5723:
5722:
5714:
5707:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5684:
5678:
5674:
5670:
5669:
5664:
5658:
5650:
5648:9781493038442
5644:
5640:
5636:
5629:
5613:
5609:
5608:
5603:
5597:
5595:
5583:
5579:
5572:
5571:
5563:
5561:
5559:
5551:
5546:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5519:
5500:
5496:
5489:
5488:
5481:
5479:
5470:
5464:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5421:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5390:
5374:
5370:
5369:
5364:
5357:
5342:on 4 May 2022
5341:
5337:
5336:
5331:
5324:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5293:
5277:
5273:
5272:
5267:
5260:
5244:
5240:
5239:
5234:
5227:
5211:
5207:
5206:
5201:
5195:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5164:
5162:
5145:
5141:
5134:
5127:
5125:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5093:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5068:
5063:
5056:
5048:
5042:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5007:
5000:
4994:
4987:
4980:
4974:
4967:
4960:
4955:
4953:
4951:
4949:
4932:
4928:
4927:
4926:New Scientist
4922:
4915:
4908:
4903:
4887:
4883:
4882:
4877:
4870:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4836:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4799:
4794:
4787:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4756:
4740:
4736:
4735:IAEA Bulletin
4732:
4725:
4723:
4721:
4719:
4717:
4709:
4704:
4697:
4691:
4684:
4682:
4674:
4668:
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4649:
4642:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4621:
4619:
4617:
4615:
4613:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4575:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4544:
4528:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4511:
4504:
4499:
4497:
4480:
4476:
4475:
4470:
4463:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4428:
4412:
4408:
4407:
4402:
4395:
4380:on 7 May 2019
4379:
4375:
4371:
4365:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4333:
4328:
4321:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4287:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4250:
4245:
4239:
4237:
4228:
4224:
4223:
4216:
4200:
4196:
4195:
4194:HowStuffWorks
4190:
4183:
4167:
4163:
4162:
4157:
4150:
4134:
4130:
4129:
4128:New Scientist
4124:
4118:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4087:
4071:
4067:
4066:
4061:
4054:
4038:
4034:
4033:
4028:
4021:
4006:on 4 May 2018
4005:
4001:
4000:
3995:
3988:
3972:
3968:
3967:
3966:The Telegraph
3962:
3955:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3925:
3909:
3905:
3904:
3899:
3892:
3885:
3880:
3878:
3869:
3863:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3816:
3814:
3806:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3781:
3779:
3771:
3766:
3759:
3754:
3747:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3726:
3719:
3714:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3683:
3676:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3651:
3644:
3638:
3631:
3629:
3621:
3616:
3609:
3603:
3596:
3589:
3584:
3582:
3574:
3569:
3567:
3559:
3554:
3547:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3518:
3514:
3507:
3500:
3484:
3480:
3479:
3478:The Economist
3474:
3468:
3452:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3436:
3430:, p. 140
3429:
3424:
3417:
3412:
3405:
3400:
3393:
3388:
3381:
3376:
3369:
3364:
3357:
3352:
3345:
3340:
3338:
3318:
3314:
3313:
3312:DSTA Horizons
3305:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3258:
3254:
3247:
3241:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3211:
3196:on 7 May 2019
3195:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3154:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3137:
3135:
3127:
3122:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3096:
3089:
3080:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3055:
3048:
3043:
3035:
3033:9780951117101
3029:
3025:
3018:
3012:, p. 136
3011:
3006:
3000:
2994:
2987:
2985:
2976:
2972:
2965:
2963:
2955:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2935:, p. 137
2934:
2929:
2923:, p. 134
2922:
2917:
2906:
2902:
2896:
2892:
2885:
2884:
2876:
2869:
2864:
2862:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2823:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2789:
2774:on 7 May 2019
2773:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2753:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2708:
2701:
2696:
2689:
2684:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2648:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2626:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2581:
2577:
2570:
2569:
2562:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2535:Smith, Andy.
2531:
2524:
2519:
2512:
2507:
2500:
2495:
2489:, pp. 42
2488:
2483:
2472:
2468:
2466:9783902613110
2462:
2455:
2454:
2446:
2439:
2434:
2426:
2424:9781925275520
2420:
2416:
2409:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2370:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2353:
2345:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2313:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2262:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2196:
2194:9781564321138
2190:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2176:
2170:
2163:
2156:
2151:
2144:
2139:
2137:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2104:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2035:
2031:
2029:
2024:
2018:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1953:
1949:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1898:Bomb disposal
1896:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1873:Rafael Carpet
1870:
1866:
1863:In the 2000s
1861:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1827:IranβIraq War
1824:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1776:Space Shuttle
1773:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1713:
1704:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1678:
1673:
1671:
1670:wind turbines
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1615:
1613:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1573:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1530:fast neutrons
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1486:One possible
1484:
1482:
1481:cross section
1473:
1469:
1460:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1418:
1416:
1405:
1401:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1385:piezoelectric
1382:
1381:spectroscopic
1378:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1347:, known as a
1346:
1336:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1297:biotechnology
1294:
1290:
1283:
1282:nitrous oxide
1278:
1269:
1267:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1241:Other mammals
1238:
1236:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1200:
1196:
1187:
1183:
1181:
1175:
1173:
1169:
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1139:
1135:
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1121:
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1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1072:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1031:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
985:
983:
972:
959:
955:
949:
944:
941:
937:
933:
926:
921:
917:
911:
906:
902:
899:World War II
895:
890:
889:
888:
885:
880:
878:
874:
869:
868:shaped charge
863:
859:
857:
852:
848:
844:
840:
835:
833:
828:
826:
825:Sherman tanks
820:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
783:
779:
776:
772:
768:
764:
757:
753:
749:
744:
740:
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725:
716:
712:
707:
702:
701:Detection dog
692:
690:
686:
681:
677:
675:
671:
666:
664:
660:
656:
655:JΓ³zef Kosacki
649:
645:
640:
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606:
599:
594:
585:
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579:
575:
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560:
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549:
547:
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539:
535:
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527:
523:
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515:
511:
507:
503:
493:
491:
488:clearance of
485:
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439:
435:
431:
422:
417:
402:
398:
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323:
280:
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190:
185:
183:
178:
174:
173:
172:fragmentation
168:
163:
161:
157:
152:
149:
145:
141:
137:
129:
125:
120:
110:
108:
104:
99:
97:
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89:
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73:
69:
65:
61:
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6129:10533/197742
6103:
6097:
6085:. Retrieved
6079:
6063:. Retrieved
6059:the original
6045:
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6028:the original
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5896:the original
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5859:the original
5839:. Retrieved
5832:the original
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5777:
5767:10 September
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5761:the original
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5292:
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5076:the original
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5025:the original
5016:
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5006:
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4037:the original
4030:
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4008:. Retrieved
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3987:
3975:. Retrieved
3971:the original
3964:
3954:
3944:10 September
3942:. Retrieved
3938:the original
3924:
3912:. Retrieved
3908:the original
3903:Daily Record
3901:
3891:
3886:, p. 34
3862:cite journal
3850:. Retrieved
3829:
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3786:
3765:
3753:
3731:
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3713:
3701:. Retrieved
3697:the original
3682:
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3662:
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3622:, p. 20
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3524:. Retrieved
3517:the original
3499:
3487:. Retrieved
3483:the original
3476:
3467:
3455:. Retrieved
3451:the original
3444:
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3387:
3375:
3370:, p. 28
3363:
3351:
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3317:the original
3310:
3264:. Retrieved
3257:the original
3240:
3228:. Retrieved
3224:the original
3219:
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3198:. Retrieved
3194:the original
3187:
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3153:the original
3146:
3128:, p. 32
3121:
3110:the original
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3088:
3072:(1): 20β39.
3069:
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2975:The Guardian
2974:
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2882:
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2844:the original
2831:
2822:
2810:. Retrieved
2806:the original
2797:
2788:
2776:. Retrieved
2772:the original
2761:
2752:
2740:. Retrieved
2736:the original
2729:
2719:
2707:
2695:
2690:, p. 28
2683:
2671:. Retrieved
2667:the original
2656:
2647:
2639:the original
2625:
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2608:
2599:
2587:. Retrieved
2580:the original
2567:
2561:
2549:. Retrieved
2545:the original
2540:
2530:
2525:, p. 62
2518:
2513:, p. 68
2506:
2501:, p. 43
2494:
2482:
2471:the original
2452:
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2396:the original
2387:
2377:
2368:
2362:
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2336:. Retrieved
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2230:the original
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2123:. Retrieved
2119:the original
2112:
2103:
2095:the original
2087:"Casualties"
2081:
2069:. Retrieved
2065:the original
2061:CBRNe Portal
2060:
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2038:. Retrieved
2034:the original
2026:
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2005:. Retrieved
2001:the original
1987:
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1966:
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1769:
1761:diethylamine
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1723:
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1618:Drones (UAV)
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1520:, producing
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1037:
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809:power trains
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628:World War II
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6324:Mine action
6201:(1): 1β36.
5947:(1): 1β18.
5789:13 November
5410:20 December
5346:20 December
4097:NewsIn.Asia
3560:, p. 8
3418:, p. 4
3102:ChemMatters
2870:, p. 6
2714:, p. 5
2371:(1): 28β32.
2157:, p. 4
1694:is in use.
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1557:nitrogen-14
1415:cosmic rays
1393:fluorescent
1349:bioreporter
1321:Arabidopsis
1289:Thale cress
1264:During the
1205:Like dogs,
1134:biodegrades
1113:collimators
1105:wavelengths
1065:polarimeter
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1006:radio waves
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715:Afghanistan
648:French army
574:mine action
502:Afghanistan
466:mine action
140:booby traps
6318:Categories
5880:(Report).
5704:Belorussia
5138:(Report).
5103:DARTdrones
4436:(Report).
4406:SciDev.Net
3691:(Report).
3620:Makki 2017
3511:(Report).
3251:(Report).
2834:(Report).
2183:. p.
2125:8 November
1945:References
1837:, and the
1831:mine plows
1798:tank with
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1778:missions.
1587:ultrasound
1526:radiotoxic
1438:resonances
1329:sugar beet
1227:Mozambique
1162:, sorbent
1155:Honey bees
1144:Honey bees
1117:deconvolve
1109:nanometres
901:M4 Sherman
879:(Israel).
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843:excavators
839:bulldozers
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5443:1533-9440
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5017:Physclips
4554:New Atlas
4374:Greatcore
4349:0028-0836
4256:: 6217B.
4222:Biology I
3846:133277345
3838:1533-9440
1823:German SS
1800:mine plow
1796:M1 Abrams
1662:DTU Space
1561:gamma ray
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1353:fluoresce
1345:bacterium
1259:Sri Lanka
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6034:19 March
5961:17662594
5884:. 2004.
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5665:(1999).
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4845:APS News
4827:12322111
4635:15328403
4522:NBC News
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4310:11 March
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2171:(1993).
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3266:8 March
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3159:7 March
2850:7 March
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2007:8 March
1977:8 March
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281:(PETN,
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5578:CERDEC
5453:10 May
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3842:S2CID
3832:(3).
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