David J. Brewer - Knowledge

4167: 997: 1742:"History has not been kind to David Brewer", comments Fiss. He has faded into obscurity, in part because some of his colleagues—Field, Harlan, and Holmes—were figures of great prominence. Moreover, although public sentiment regarding the justice was mixed in the years following his death, he was almost never discussed favorably after the 1930s, being generally described as an ultra-conservative who adhered closely to laissez-faire principles and made the courts subservient to corporations. Although late-twentieth century revisionist scholarship took a less negative view of the Fuller Court as a whole, Brewer's reputation did not rise: Hylton comments that "y advancing a more moderate interpretation of the Fuller Court as a body, some revisionist historians actually made Brewer seem even more of a reactionary figure than before". Nonetheless, a few scholarly voices, including Semonche, Brodhead, Hylton, and Purcell, have favored reevaluating the justice's reputation. Brodhead concluded his 1994 biography of Brewer by writing that he "deserves to be remembered as an important figure of a much misunderstood period in the judicial history of the United States". 918: 51: 1461:... to perform labor or service of any kind in the United States". The statute did not exempt members of the clergy, and according to Semonche "the words were clear and the application logically unassailable". Yet in an opinion by Brewer, the Court unanimously reversed the conviction. Writing that "if a literal construction of the words of a statute be absurd, the act must be so construed as to avoid the absurdity", Brewer reasoned that the law was clearly intended to forbid the importation of unskilled laborers rather than ministers. The case's emphasis on Congress's intent over the statute's text marked a turning point in the Court's treatment of 1022:"little pretense of 'judicial self-restraint' and few compromises to Court consensus". Some scholars argued in the 1990s that Brewer's jurisprudence was less extreme than generally thought, contending that his reputation as a reactionary was based largely on a small and unrepresentative sample of his comments and opinions. While accepting that "Brewer can fairly be labeled a conservative", the legal scholar J. Gordon Hylton wrote in 1994 that "to say that he was a self-conscious defender of the interests of corporate America or an enthusiastic disciple of laissez-faire is both unfair and inaccurate". 5285: 4605: 1204: 786:'s opinion for a 2–1 majority concluded that local school boards had no authority beyond the powers expressly given to them by state law; since state law did not expressly authorize school boards to create separate schools for blacks and whites, he determined that segregation in Ottawa was not permissible. In what the law professor Andrew Kull characterized as an "angry dissent", Brewer disagreed. He maintained that school boards could act without explicit authorization from the legislature, and he also argued that racial segregation did not violate the 593: 388: 1638: 790:, writing that "each State has the power to classify school children by color, sex, or otherwise, as to its legislature shall seem wisest and best". In his biography of Brewer, the historian Michael J. Brodhead maintained that the justice's reasoning was "not overtly racist" and rested instead on his longstanding support for local self-governance; the legal scholar Arnold M. Paul, by contrast, argued that the opinion exhibited "an insensitivity to social problems 1147:

that due process included a right to enter labor contracts without being subject to unreasonable governmental regulation. Peckham rejected the state's argument that the law was intended to protect workers' health, citing the "common understanding" that baking was not unhealthy. He maintained that bakers could protect their own health, arguing that the law was in fact a labor regulation in disguise. The decision provoked a now-famous dissent from Justice

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laws, its business, its customs and its society" in support of his thesis that Congress could not have intended to bar clergymen from the country. The decision came during an era in which the idea that America was a Protestant country was not particularly controversial, and few objected to Brewer's comments at the time. But legal scholars and later justices have heavily criticized the "Christian nation" claim: for instance, Justice

739:'s criminal and probate courts. Although he was only twenty-five years old, he won the election. As a judge, Brewer punished criminals harshly; despite his inexperience, he quickly gained a reputation as a competent jurist. Having been urged by several local attorneys to run, Brewer sought and won election in 1864 as judge of the First Judicial District of Kansas, which encompassed Leavenworth and 958:, a federal judge from Michigan who was endorsed by several of that state's prominent political figures. During the selection process, a letter came to Harrison's attention in which Brewer suggested that Brown—his friend and former classmate at Yale—should be appointed instead of him. Harrison was reputedly so impressed by Brewer's unselfishness that he decided to nominate him to the Court. 1664:. Brewer was not an unqualified pacifist, but Brodhead writes that he "was a tireless, dedicated, and eloquent advocate of peace and among the most visible and vocal critics of militarism in his time". He also expressed support for education, charities, and the rights of women and minorities. Many of Brewer's speeches were later published in print; he also edited ten-volume collections of 1190:

hazardous work, and he disfavored attempts to invoke the freedom-of-contract doctrine in cases that did not pertain to employment. Addressing the justice's reasons for upholding some regulations while invalidating others, Hylton comments that "Brewer 'knew an unconstitutional use of the police power when he saw one', but he was never able to define precisely what made it so".

763:. In the heavily Republican state, Brewer won the general election handily; he was easily reelected in 1876 and 1882. According to Brian J. Moline, his opinions on the state Supreme Court, "while well within the conventions of the time, exhibit an individualistic, even progressive, instinct". In a landmark women's rights decision in 1709:. Brewer married Louise R. Landon, a native of Vermont, in 1861; they had four children. Louise died in 1898, and Brewer wed Emma Miner Mott three years afterward. Brewer's hobbies included going to the theater, hunting, playing cards, reading detective stories, and vacationing at a cottage in Vermont on 1655:

According to the historian Linda Przybyszewski, Brewer was "probably the most widely read jurist in the United States at the turn of the twentieth century" due to what Justice Holmes characterized as his "itch for public speaking". He spoke prolifically on various issues, often drawing criticism from

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that imposed an otherwise-unconstitutional tariff on Puerto Rico. In that dissent, the Chief Justice accepted that the federal government had the ability to obtain new territories but contended that the Constitution limited its sovereignty over them. Although Brewer did not write an opinion in any of

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decried the declaration as "arrogant" in a 1984 dissent. Wiecek suggests that, while Brewer was a deeply religious man who favored Christian influence on American culture, the "Christian nation" statement was "a descriptive judgment, not a normative one" and was not of great importance as a matter of

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scholars have rejected that narrative. Brewer has often been described as an extremely conservative justice. According to Paul, he "held to a strictly conservative, sometimes reactionary, position on the Court, opposing firmly the expansion of government regulatory power, state or federal" and making

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After a short period of work at a law firm in Leavenworth, Brewer began a legal practice of his own with a partner. In 1861, he was appointed commissioner of the U.S. Circuit Court for the District of Kansas, an administrative position in which he issued warrants and completed paperwork. He continued

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According to Hylton, the common view that Brewer uniformly opposed regulations is inaccurate.Maintaining that "Brewer's bark proved to be worse than his bite", he observes that the justice voted to uphold state regulatory action in nearly eighty percent of cases. When an Oregon law that kept female

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law that capped hours for bakery workers at sixty hours a week. In a decision widely viewed to be among the Supreme Court's worst, a five-justice majority held the law to be unconstitutional under the Due Process Clause. Brewer joined the Court's opinion, which was written by Peckham; it maintained

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rebuffed a Japanese deportee's due process claim. Although the Court as a whole sided with Asians in only 6 out of the 23 cases decided during his tenure, Brewer voted in their favor 18 times. Brodhead suggests that the justice, a lifelong advocate of Christian efforts to evangelize the world, may

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also contained a statement that, according to the legal scholar William M. Wiecek, "would be unthinkable today" from a Supreme Court justice: that the United States "is a Christian nation". He cited religious elements of historical documents, court decisions, and "American life as expressed by its

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in his Washington, D.C., home and, before doctors could arrive, died. He was seventy-three years old. The U.S. Senate adjourned on March 29 out of respect for the justice, and Taft stated that he was an "able judge". Brewer's body was returned to Leavenworth, and a funeral was held at that city's

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to maintain that the statute infringed on its right to practice an occupation without unreasonable interference by the government. In an opinion that stood in conspicuous conflict with his ordinary support for property rights, Brewer (over Harlan's dissent) rejected that argument, concluding that

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and other union officials ignored it, held them in contempt of court. Having been fined and imprisoned, they sought relief before the Supreme Court on the grounds that the court had no authority to issue the injunction. Brewer, writing for a unanimous Court, disagreed. He wrote that the executive

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that according to the legal scholar John E. Semonche "illustrates his integrity, competence, and sophistication" better than any of his other opinions, Brewer expressed support for property rights but concluded that the proposed merger was an unlawful attempt to suppress competition. His opinion

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characterized as "absurd", heard prolonged speeches from several members who opposed the nominee on the grounds that he was hostile to prohibition or partial toward the railroad interests. Brewer was confirmed on December 18, 1889, by a vote of 53–11, and he took the oath of office on January 6,

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nominated Brewer to take his place. Brewer characterized the Eighth Circuit as "an empire in itself": it encompassed Arkansas, Colorado, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, and Nebraska, to which North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming were added several years after his appointment. As a circuit

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because female workers were in special need of protection due to their "physical structure and the performance of maternal functions", which put them "at a disadvantage in the struggle for subsistence". In other cases, he voted to uphold labor regulations involving seamen and those performing

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characterized the Court's state as "pitiable", writing that Fuller was "almost senile", that Harlan was doing "no work", that Brewer was "so deaf that he cannot hear" and had "got beyond the point of commonest accuracy in writing his opinions", and that Brewer and Harlan were sleeping during

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was ill, initially split four-to-four on the tax's constitutionality. After Jackson returned to Washington, the justices reheard the case and, in an opinion by Fuller, struck down the tax by a 5–4 vote. (Jackson ended up dissenting, meaning that a justice switched his position; scholars have

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were the "intellectual leaders" of the Fuller Court—justices who, while not always in the majority, were "influential within the dominant coalition and the source of the ideas that gave the Court its sweep and direction". Brewer's views were also aligned with those of his uncle—Justice

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to practice law, and he served as a second lieutenant in the local militia during the Civil War. In 1862, after unsuccessfully seeking the Republican nomination for a seat in the state legislature, he hesitantly accepted a nomination to be the party's candidate for judge of

767:, he ruled in favor of a woman who had been elected to serve as county superintendent of public instruction, reversing a lower court's holding that she was ineligible to serve. Brewer rendered rulings that were sympathetic to Native Americans, and he emphasized the 1576:, he wrote: "I cannot believe that the courts of this republic are so burdened with controversies about property that they cannot take time to determine the right of personal liberty by one claiming to be a citizen." He joined the majority when the Court held in 713:

degree in 1858. Brewer pondered whether to remain in New York with his uncle David or to move to California to work with his uncle Stephen, but he eventually rejected both options, declaring: "I don't want to grow up to be my uncle's nephew." He moved to

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the Insular Cases, he held strong views on the matters they presented: he opposed imperialism in public remarks and wrote a letter to Fuller urging him to "stay on the court till we overthrow this unconstitutional idea of colonial supreme control".

1185:) that, using statistics and other evidence, argued that the law was appropriate as a matter of public policy. In an opinion that has been condemned as patronizing toward women, Brewer argued that Oregon's law was different from the one at issue in 945:

endorsed, and McCrary, who was favored by many Midwestern politicians and jurists. Harrison eventually narrowed the field to two candidates, both of whom were conservative Republicans from the Midwest: Brewer—who had the vigorous support of Senator

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his colleagues for his frankness. The topic about which he spoke most fervently was peace: in his public addresses he decried imperialism, arms buildups, and the horrors of war. He supported the peaceable resolution of international disputes via

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did not forbid manufacturing monopolies because manufacturing was not commerce. The decision limited the Sherman Act's scope, provoking a dissent from Harlan and complaints that the Court was endeavoring to protect big business from regulation.

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Brewer adhered to a liberal form of Congregationalism, focusing on Jesus's ethical teachings and God's love for humankind instead of sin, hell, and theological principles more generally. He attended church all his life and taught

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as "radically unsound" and, using a phrase that according to Brodhead "has ever since linked his name to opposition to reform", wrote: "The paternal theory of government is to me odious." His opinion for a unanimous Court in

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decision. One Yale classmate recalled that the future justice had a reputation for "jumping up on the slightest provocation to make a speech, especially on political lines". Brewer graduated from Yale in 1856, receiving an

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Brewer remained on the Court for twenty years, serving until his death in 1910. In the 4,430 cases in which he participated, he wrote 539 majority or plurality opinions, 65 dissenting opinions, and 14 concurring opinions.

5380: 1329:—the idea, later accepted by his colleagues, that the Sherman Act outlawed only unreasonable restraints on commerce. Brewer joined the majority in other decisions that applied the antitrust laws more broadly, including 462:, where he practiced law. Brewer was elected to a county judgeship in 1862; he later served as judge of Kansas's First Judicial District and as the county attorney for Leavenworth County. In 1870, he was elected to the 1252: 905:, appealing to "the guarantees of safety and protection to private property" to rule that the Fourteenth Amendment required Kansas to compensate beer manufacturers affected by prohibition laws. Citing 996: 1532:

Of the twenty-nine cases involving African-Americans' civil rights in which he participated, he ruled in their favor only six times. Although Brewer did not cast a vote in the landmark case of

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conception of the judicial role. His constitutional views were shaped by his religious beliefs, and he emphasized natural justice in his written opinions. According to the legal scholar

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to fill. It took Harrison nearly nine months to select a nominee, during which time he considered forty candidates. Politicians from Matthews's home state of Ohio, including Governor

1612:—the idea that the Constitution did not fully apply to Guam, Hawaii, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico because they had not been "incorporated" by Congress. He joined the majority in 969:

was "conclusive proof of what we already fear—the total surrender to the liquor dealers of the country", expressed opposition, but the selection was otherwise viewed favorably. The

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writes that his jurisprudence "was not altogether predictable" because "is Congregational, missionary, and anti-slavery roots" gave him "a sympathetic ear for the disadvantaged".

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and ruled that a man who was one-quarter black had the right to vote. Brewer was elected county attorney in 1868, serving until 1870; he also resumed the private practice of law.

4383: 4351: 1151:, who accused the majority of substituting its own economic preferences for the requirements of the Constitution. Brewer voted to strike down labor laws in other cases, such as 4591: 1288:. He joined an opinion by Fuller, who argued that the majority was disturbing the balance between states and the federal government by effectively giving the latter a general 4559: 4543: 4527: 4495: 4447: 499:(1877), which had upheld the states' power to regulate businesses, writing: "The paternal theory of government is to me odious." He joined the majority in decisions such as 4511: 4463: 4431: 4415: 4399: 1562: 1388:

branch had the power "to brush away all obstructions" to interstate commerce by force if necessary and concluded that an injunction could lawfully be issued to suppress a

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held that the federal government had no authority to prosecute a group of Arkansas whites who had driven blacks away from their jobs. He interpreted federal laws against

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Brewer generally ruled against African-Americans in civil rights cases, although he consistently voted in favor of Chinese immigrants. He opposed imperialism and, in the

5400: 4624: 4479: 4251: 404: 71: 1086:, a case in which the Court struck down the railroad rates set by a Minnesota commission. The decision, which endorsed the idea that the Due Process Clause contained a 4335: 1751: 1716:

Brewer had planned to retire from the Court when he turned seventy in 1907, but he changed his mind, saying he was "too young in spirit" to retire. In 1909, President

883:, a railroad company argued that the rates set by the Iowa Railroad Commission were unreasonable and should be enjoined. Despite the Supreme Court's 1877 decision in 4158: 1517: 1082: 1225:

that levied a two-percent tax on incomes and corporate profits that exceeded $ 4000 a year. Its challengers took the tax to court, where they argued that it was a

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on the grounds that it was unlawful to impose rates that did not adequately compensate the company. Paul argued that the decision was squarely at odds with

1843: 1706: 572:(1892) contained a frequently criticized claim that the United States "is a Christian nation". Off the bench, he was a prolific public speaker who decried 675:

two years later; he took classes in political philosophy, the U.S. Constitution, Hebrew, mathematics, theology, and other topics. His classmates included

5360: 5355: 1331: 1258: 941:, who was then a municipal judge in Cincinnati. Other candidates suggested to Harrison included the Detroit attorney Alfred Russell, whom Vice President 1538:—he had returned home to Kansas due to the death of his daughter—Paul states that that he undoubtedly would have joined the majority opinion upholding " 1096: 1527: 1069: 897:, although Brodhead maintained that such claims are "at the very least misleading" since Brewer later lauded the commission and upheld the rates. In 977:, considered the nomination for a week, longer than usual; despite some criticism, its members endorsed Brewer's nomination. The full Senate, in a 515:(1908) sustained an Oregon law that set maximum working hours for female laborers. He joined the majority to strike down the federal income tax in 937:, urged him to appoint the prominent Cincinnati attorney Thomas McDougall; after McDougall declined to be considered, Foraker lent his support to 656:(a clergyman). The family returned to the United States in 1838; the elder Brewer pastored several congregations in New England and served as the 1289: 810: 431:. Brewer has been viewed negatively by most scholars, though a few have argued that his reputation as a reactionary deserves to be reconsidered. 1560:, decrying the majority's understanding of the federal government's powers as "indefinite and dangerous". A displeased Brewer dissented in both 726:, a city of about ten thousand that was both a center of regional commerce and the home of several notable figures in Kansas's legal community. 1404:. The public generally approved of the decision, although it was deplored by organized labor and, together with the contemporaneous rulings in 1363:, Brewer's opinion for the Court "open the door for more extensive use of injunctive power by the government", according to the legal scholar 813:. Although Brewer did not formally dissent, he expressed his reservations about the majority's conclusions, suggesting that the law in effect 466:, where he served for fourteen years, participating in decisions on segregation, property rights, women's rights, and other issues. President 5375: 5350: 1618:, a case in which the Court held by a 5–4 vote that Puerto Rico was not a foreign country under federal tariff law. In another Insular Case, 1337: 4194: 1688:, who in turn loathed Brewer and stated in private that he had "a sweetbread for a brain" and was a "menace to the welfare of the Nation". 1383:

against the union's leaders, arguing that the strike interfered with the delivery of mail. A federal court issued the injunction and, when

1433: 978: 568: 1217:, a decision that, according to Brodhead, "contributed much to reputation for favoritism toward corporate and other forms of wealth". 1213: 517: 4291: 3235: 2657: 2652: 1438: 1107: 4037: 3856: 3353: 2857: 2602: 3098: 1308: 551: 3412: 1651:

depicts several of Roosevelt's critics, including Brewer (bottom left), singing Christmas carols outside the President's window.

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Brewer "passionately protested the treatment of the Chinese, on both procedural and substantive grounds", according to Fiss. In

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and felt that the judiciary should limit governmental actions that interfere with the free market, although the legal historian

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that legislatures had the authority to determine whether rates were reasonable, Brewer ruled in the railroad's favor, issuing a

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missionary to the Mediterranean, and his wife Emilia A. Field, a member of the prominent Field family whose brothers included

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suggested a number of possible explanations, but Brodhead concludes that Brewer was unlikely to have changed his vote.) The

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Like most of his colleagues, Brewer rarely sided with African-Americans in civil rights cases. Writing for the Court in

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to strike down a New York labor law. Brewer was not uniformly hostile to regulations, however; his majority opinion in

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and other cases, Paul commented that the future justice's "growing conservatism" was evident during this period.

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employees of factories and laundries from working more than ten hours a day was challenged in the 1908 case of

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and asserting that the judiciary could review the reasonableness of railroad rates. He joined the majority in

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judge, he heard a wide variety of cases, including federal civil disputes, matters arising under the court's

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Harrison announced his selection of the surprised Brewer on December 4, 1889, sending the nomination to the

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presaged the protective attitude toward property rights that he later displayed on the U.S. Supreme Court.

471: 1177:, Brewer wrote the Court's unanimous opinion upholding it. He favorably cited an extensive brief filed by 5365: 4704: 4223: 848: 493:

Brewer opposed governmental interference in the free market and rejected the Supreme Court's decision in

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arguments. On March 28, 1910, Brewer, who had until then been in good health, experienced a massive

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in Connecticut. At Wesleyan, he joined the Peithologian literary society and a group known as the

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that rate-setting was a matter for legislators, not judges, to decide. Strenuously dissenting in

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Biographical Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court: The Lives and Legal Philosophies of the Justices

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doctrine; the decision held that the Due Process Clause protected the right to make contracts.

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in Kansas and Washington, D.C. A firm supporter of missionary efforts, he was a member of the

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that all persons born on U.S. soil are American citizens, and he dissented when a majority in

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Brewer and his fellow conservative justices led the Court toward rulings that interpreted the

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In 1870, the state's Republicans unexpectedly nominated Brewer instead of incumbent Justice

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Schiffman, Irving (1969). "Melville W. Fuller". In Friedman, Leon; Israel, Fred L. (eds.).

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The Justices of the United States Supreme Court, 1789–1969: Their Lives and Major Opinions

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have felt that treating the Chinese compassionately would further the missionary cause.

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from various regulations. Three months after his appointment, he joined the majority in

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Nonetheless, Brewer was not uniformly deferential to the interests of business. In

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nominated Brewer to succeed him. Despite some objections from prohibitionists, the

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First Congregational Church; he was buried at the Mount Muncie Cemetery in nearby

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voted 53–11 to confirm Brewer, and he took the oath of office on January 6, 1890.

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that limited state regulatory authority, was at odds with the Court's holding in

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Charting the Future: The Supreme Court Responds to a Changing Society, 1890–1920

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The Supreme Court Compendium: Two Centuries of Data, Decisions, and Developments

809:. The court ruled against him on the basis that the law fell within the state's 5222: 5192: 5160: 5130: 5106: 5088: 4996: 4946: 4934: 4734: 4728: 4716: 4656: 4518: 4422: 4390: 4378: 4346: 4088: 3653: 3581: 3490: 3286: 2853: 1710: 1648: 1466: 1384: 1352: 1326: 1285: 1182: 1178: 1047: 1000:

Supreme Court justices, 1899. Brewer is in the bottom row, first from the left.

942: 934: 852: 779: 768: 680: 625: 605: 248: 1637: 1233:. The Supreme Court, which had only eight members at the time because Justice 1203: 415:, and voted to strike down economic regulations that he felt infringed on the 5304: 4984: 4788: 4782: 4770: 4662: 4637: 4586: 4374: 4342: 4187: 3982: 3918: 3775: 3007: 2819: 2738: 1698: 1593: 1497: 1372: 1313: 1014: 827:, it ruled that the prohibition law was constitutional.) Brewer's opinion in 756: 629: 559: 536: 278: 204: 4055: 4038:"The Religion of a Jurist: Justice David J. Brewer and the Christian Nation" 2789:"Justice Brewer and Substantive Due Process: A Conservative Court Revisited" 1680:. In his later years, he spoke increasingly on political topics: he decried 1505:

states had the ability to amend corporate charters. His majority opinion in

705:

in the office of his uncle David Dudley Field. After a year, he enrolled at

5381:

United States federal judges admitted to the practice of law by reading law

5246: 5228: 5204: 5100: 5070: 5034: 4722: 4692: 4680: 4582: 4554: 4538: 4522: 4490: 4442: 4080: 3834: 3806: 3443: 3408: 1401: 1317: 1030: 1010: 528: 428: 424: 362: 1624:, Brewer joined Fuller's dissent when the Court upheld a provision of the 1132:

The era of substantive due process reached its zenith in the 1905 case of

722:

and headed west in search of fortune. Having found no gold, he settled in

592: 5240: 5136: 4878: 4764: 4740: 4710: 4534: 4506: 4426: 4410: 4394: 3122: 1625: 1557: 1059: 806: 798: 702: 403:(June 20, 1837 – March 28, 1910) was an American jurist who served as an 2934:: The Trial Court Opinion in the Kansas School Segregation Case of 1881" 5148: 5046: 4474: 4162: 3990: 3952: 3926: 1380: 1359: 1229:

that had not been apportioned evenly among the states, in violation of

1226: 562:, rejected the idea that the Constitution did not apply in full to the 532: 523: 4299: 3379: 3125:; Segal, Jeffery A.; Spaeth, Harold Joseph; Walker, Thomas G. (2021). 3034:

A History of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit

1298:, Brewer joined Fuller's opinion for an 8–1 majority holding that the 1266:

by votes of 8–1 and 7–1, respectively, Brewer was the sole dissenter.

4854: 4330: 2894:

Moline, Brian J. (1993). "David J. Brewer". In Cushman, Clare (ed.).

1247: 3974: 3909: 3890: 1796: 1770: 1274:

Brewer was generally hesitant to interpret the federal government's

917: 859:

was appointed instead, but when McCrary resigned in 1884, President

4326: 3587:

The Pursuit of Justice: Supreme Court Decisions that Shaped America

3504: 3371: 3300: 2901: 1660:, and he served with Fuller on the arbitral tribunal that resolved 657: 3551: 1866: 1831: 1783: 621: 439: 253: 244: 2653:"Justice David J. Brewer: A Voice for Peace on the Supreme Court" 1512: 1441:

hired E. Walpole Warren, a British clergyman, to be the church's

1412:, provoked charges that the Court was biased toward the wealthy. 1396:, an "impassioned advocate of judicial power", and the ruling in 901:, Brewer firmly reiterated the position that he had expressed in 814: 1545: 2568:

David J. Brewer: The Life of a Supreme Court Justice, 1837–1910

1722: 843:

resigned in 1879, several state officials encouraged President

617: 435: 257: 4093:

The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States

1013:

has been described as mainly loyal to business interests and

718:; after practicing law there for a few months, he joined the 701:

Upon his graduation, Brewer moved to New York City, where he

3857:"Justice David Josiah Brewer and the Christian Nation Maxim" 584:. He remained on the Supreme Court until his death in 1910. 5396:

United States federal judges appointed by Chester A. Arthur

5391:

United States federal judges appointed by Benjamin Harrison

4252:

Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States

1662:

a boundary dispute between Venezuela and the United Kingdom

1423: 405:

associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States

72:

Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States

3659:

Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States

3236:"David Josiah Brewer: A Conservative Justice Reconsidered" 2735:

The Justices of the United States Supreme Court, 1789–1969

1752:

List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States

1083:

Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Co. v. Minnesota

847:

to nominate Brewer to the ensuing vacancy on the federal

797:

According to Paul, cases in the 1880s involving Kansas's

582:

boundary dispute between Venezuela and the United Kingdom

555:(1904) to block a corporate merger on antitrust grounds. 3121: 1320:, two of the era's leading corporate barons. In a brief 965:. Prohibitionists, maintaining that Brewer's opinion in 778:, Brewer dissented when the court held that the city of 687:, including a fiery denunciation of the Supreme Court's 3199:

The United States Supreme Court: The Pursuit of Justice

2603:"Justice David J. Brewer and the Constitution in Exile" 3553:

The Chief Justiceship of Melville W. Fuller, 1888–1910

1312:, he cast the deciding vote to block a merger between 679:, who later served with him on the Supreme Court, and 3500:

Landmark Decisions of the United States Supreme Court

3129:(7th ed.). Thousand Oaks, California: CQ Press. 1246:, has conventionally been condemned as unfaithful to 1017:

economic principles, although late-twentieth-century

821:. (Mugler appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, but in 596:

Brewer's four well-known uncles. From left to right:

32:"Justice Brewer" redirects here. For other uses, see 4128:

Leaving the Bench: Supreme Court Justices at the End

3620:"Freedom of Contract and the "Political Economy" of 3326:"David Josiah Brewer and the Christian Constitution" 1707:

American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions

1157:, which involved a maximum-hour law for miners, and 782:, could not lawfully segregate its schools. Justice 1332:

United States v. Trans-Missouri Freight Association

872:, although Brewer heard a few appeals from federal 750: 505:(1905), in which the Court invoked the doctrine of 5401:Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States 4224:United States Circuit Court for the Eighth Circuit 3449:Troubled Beginnings of the Modern State, 1888–1910 1009:was chief justice throughout Brewer's tenure; the 663:When Brewer was fifteen years old, he enrolled at 616:David Josiah Brewer was born on June 20, 1837, in 521:(1895), and, writing for the Court in the case of 127:United States Circuit Court for the Eighth Circuit 5275:Also served as Chief Justice of the United States 3003:Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary 794:... combined with a simplistic legal formalism". 743:counties. In that position, he held a general in 5302: 3489: 2828:. Vol. 2 (3rd ed.). Washington, D.C.: 2766:. Millwood, New York: Associated Faculty Press. 1445:. The church was fined $ 1000 for violating the 2972:: Justice David Brewer and the Problem of Race" 2897:Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies 1392:. Brewer was, according to the legal historian 1242:decision, which was in effect overruled by the 624:, Turkey), which was at the time a part of the 2858:"Mr. Justice Brewer: Perspective of a Century" 1713:. He was known as a friendly and patient man. 1338:Addyston Pipe & Steel Co. v. United States 4285: 4035: 3888: 2733:. In Friedman, Leon; Israel, Fred L. (eds.). 1546:Citizenship, immigration, and the territories 834: 788:Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution 407:from 1890 to 1910. An appointee of President 4003: 2818: 1431:One of Brewer's best-known opinions came in 1244:Sixteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution 991: 539:. He favored a narrow interpretation of the 3808:Brandeis and the Progressive Constitution: 3801: 3580: 1632: 1434:Church of the Holy Trinity v. United States 1418:Church of the Holy Trinity v. United States 912: 569:Church of the Holy Trinity v. United States 139:March 31, 1884 – December 18, 1889 5361:People of Kansas in the American Civil War 5356:Judges of the United States circuit courts 4292: 4278: 3413:"David J. Brewer: The Judge as Missionary" 1691: 1600:that the United States acquired after the 1211:Brewer joined the majority in the case of 1053: 49: 29:US Supreme Court justice from 1890 to 1910 3908: 3767: 3689: 1253:Magoun v. Illinois Trust and Savings Bank 549:(1895), but he cast the deciding vote in 84:January 6, 1890 – March 28, 1910 4124: 4010:: The Unique National Institution Canon" 3947: 3736: 3099:"Supreme Court Justice Appointments: II" 2650: 2564: 1684:reforms and inveighed against President 1636: 1542:" segregation laws had he been present. 1422: 1309:Northern Securities Co. v. United States 1214:Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. 1207:Brewer walks past a construction worker. 1202: 995: 916: 591: 552:Northern Securities Co. v. United States 518:Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. 194:January 9, 1871 – April 8, 1884 3485: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3354:"Rhetorical Styles on the Fuller Court" 3195: 3052: 1108:Reagan v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. 644:(a justice of the U.S. Supreme Court), 423:were the "intellectual leaders" of the 318: 1861; died 1898) 14: 5303: 4623: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4075: 4073: 4036:Przybyszewski, Linda (November 2000). 4031: 4029: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3797: 3795: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3685: 3683: 3648: 3646: 3613: 3611: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3323: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3233: 3170: 3166: 3030: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2965: 2893: 2852: 2600: 1269: 4622: 4312: 4273: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3854: 3348: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3196:Tomlins, Christopher L., ed. (2005). 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3093: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3048: 3046: 3044: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2923: 2921: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2786: 2761: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2466: 1276:power to regulate interstate commerce 1262:—in which the Court upheld graduated 1163:, which voided a federal law against 881:Chicago & N.W. Railway Co. v. Dey 660:of a Connecticut state penitentiary. 5376:Justices of the Kansas Supreme Court 5351:George Washington University faculty 4079: 3652: 3617: 3470: 3442: 3407: 3285: 2999: 2927: 2728: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 527:(1895), he expanded the judiciary's 4195:Justice of the Kansas Supreme Court 4113: 4070: 4026: 3841: 3792: 3761: 3715: 3680: 3643: 3608: 3546: 3521: 3394: 3317: 3268: 2988: 2930:"A Nineteenth-Century Precursor of 1521:and struck down a provision of the 1379:, the federal government sought an 815:deprived the brewer of his property 24: 5283: 4603: 4313: 4302:Supreme Court of the United States 3873: 3558:University of South Carolina Press 3289:(2006). "David Josiah Brewer". In 3254:10.1111/j.1540-5818.1994.tb00020.x 3220: 3143: 3080: 3059:Justices, Presidents, and Senators 3041: 2950: 2918: 2874: 2846: 2805: 2780: 2589: 2573:Southern Illinois University Press 480:Supreme Court of the United States 427:, according to the legal academic 25: 5417: 4168:Works by or about David J. Brewer 4152: 3359:American Journal of Legal History 2669: 2635: 2443: 1400:expanded the federal judiciary's 1295:United States v. E. C. Knight Co. 1033:, Brewer and his "constant ally" 921:Brewer's Supreme Court nomination 576:reforms and criticized President 546:United States v. E. C. Knight Co. 4043:Journal of Supreme Court History 3704:Washington University Law Review 3632:NYU Journal of Law & Liberty 3241:Journal of Supreme Court History 2621:10.1111/j.1540-5818.2008.00190.x 2608:Journal of Supreme Court History 2601:Wiecek, William M. (July 2008). 1447:Alien Contract Labor Act of 1885 1223:Wilson–Gorman Tariff Act of 1894 1193: 954:of the Kansas Supreme Court—and 751:Kansas Supreme Court (1870–1884) 458:. He headed west and settled in 386: 4004:Krishnakumar, Anita S. (2009). 3997: 3941: 3896:The Journal of American History 3574: 3436: 3342: 3189: 3115: 3024: 2825:Guide to the U.S. Supreme Court 2787:Gamer, Robert E. (March 1965). 2415: 2396: 2377: 2358: 2339: 2320: 2301: 2282: 2263: 2244: 2225: 2206: 2187: 2168: 2149: 2130: 2111: 2092: 2073: 2054: 2035: 2005: 1986: 1967: 1948: 1929: 1910: 1891: 1872: 1856: 1837: 1821: 1802: 1789: 1776: 1763: 1231:a provision of the Constitution 1125:, the first case to deploy the 335: 315: 34:Justice Brewer (disambiguation) 2755: 1553:Fong Yue Ting v. United States 446:missionaries, Brewer attended 13: 1: 4015:William & Mary Law Review 3889:Przybyszewski, Linda (2004). 3699:: A Centennial Retrospective" 2651:Brodhead, Michael J. (1985). 2565:Brodhead, Michael J. (1994). 2437: 1579:United States v. Wong Kim Ark 1439:Holy Trinity Episcopal Church 1344: 1300:Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 1278:expansively. He dissented in 724:Leavenworth, Kansas Territory 628:. He was the fourth child of 587: 56: 5341:District attorneys in Kansas 5326:20th-century American judges 5321:19th-century American judges 3618:Paul, Ellen Frankel (2005). 3556:. Columbia, South Carolina: 3031:Fetter, Theodore J. (1977). 2968:"The Judge Who Abstained in 1221:involved a provision of the 950:of Kansas and Chief Justice 776:Board of Education v. Tinnon 709:, from which he received an 535:against the organizers of a 7: 5336:American Congregationalists 4125:Atkinson, David N. (1999). 3584:; Patrick, John J. (2006). 2932:Brown v. Board of Education 2764:The Fuller Court, 1888-1910 1745: 1198: 769:best interests of the child 470:appointed him as a federal 10: 5422: 4133:University Press of Kansas 3815:. New Haven, Connecticut: 3737:Semonche, John E. (1978). 3454:Cambridge University Press 3324:Hylton, J. Gordon (1998). 3234:Hylton, J. Gordon (1994). 3171:Hylton, J. Gordon (2009). 2966:Hylton, J. Gordon (1991). 2928:Kull, Andrew (June 1993). 1604:), Brewer opposed Justice 1563:United States v. Sing Tuck 1437:. The case arose when the 1377:Pullman Palace Car Company 1357:In the well-known case of 1350: 1057: 971:Senate Judiciary Committee 835:Eighth Circuit (1884–1889) 566:. His majority opinion in 31: 5371:Kansas state court judges 5281: 4631: 4618: 4601: 4321: 4308: 4258: 4249: 4241: 4231: 4219: 4211: 4201: 4192: 4184: 4179: 3855:Green, Steven K. (1999). 3774:. Vol. 2. New York: 3743:. Westport, Connecticut: 3000:Hall, Timothy L. (2001). 2762:Furer, Howard B. (1986). 2737:. Vol. 2. New York: 1737: 1670:The World's Best Orations 1493:Berea College v. Kentucky 1149:Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. 992:Supreme Court (1890–1910) 729: 640:(a well-known attorney), 394: 382: 354: 346: 294: 284: 264: 231: 226: 222: 210: 198: 187: 179: 167: 155: 143: 132: 124: 112: 100: 88: 77: 70: 66: 48: 41: 5331:Albany Law School alumni 4159:Works by David J. Brewer 3064:Rowman & Littlefield 2729:Paul, Arnold M. (1969). 2571:. Carbondale, Illinois: 1757: 1633:Extrajudicial activities 1523:Civil Rights Act of 1870 913:Supreme Court nomination 771:in child custody cases. 671:. Brewer transferred to 482:died in 1889, President 4097:Oxford University Press 4056:10.1111/1059-4329.00010 3664:Oxford University Press 3592:Oxford University Press 2977:Mississippi Law Journal 2939:Chicago-Kent Law Review 2830:Congressional Quarterly 1692:Personal life and death 1666:The World's Best Essays 1569:United States v. Ju Toy 1518:Clyatt v. United States 1508:Hodges v. United States 1485: 1367:. After members of the 1054:Substantive due process 632:, a Massachusetts-born 507:substantive due process 5288: 4608: 4085:"Brewer, David Josiah" 4006:"The Hidden Legacy of 3803:Purcell Jr., Edward A. 3420:The Fields and the Law 2822:; Witt, Elder (1997). 2741:. pp. 1515–1534. 1703:American Bible Society 1652: 1428: 1416:"A Christian nation": 1369:American Railway Union 1235:Howell Edmunds Jackson 1208: 1160:Adair v. United States 1001: 922: 891:preliminary injunction 866:diversity jurisdiction 799:prohibition of alcohol 613: 474:in 1884. When Justice 5287: 4607: 4455:Edward Douglass White 3817:Yale University Press 3178:Vanderbilt Law Review 2794:Vanderbilt Law Review 1672:and co-authored with 1647:political cartoon by 1640: 1606:Edward Douglass White 1426: 1394:Edward A. Purcell Jr. 1206: 1122:Allgeyer v. Louisiana 1115:decision, curtailing 1088:substantive component 1074:Fourteenth Amendments 999: 920: 870:original jurisdiction 720:Pike's Peak gold rush 716:Kansas City, Missouri 685:letters to the editor 595: 541:Sherman Antitrust Act 4487:Charles Evans Hughes 4262:Charles Evans Hughes 4131:. Lawrence, Kansas: 3503:. Washington, D.C.: 3331:Marquette Law Review 3299:. Washington, D.C.: 3104:Wisconsin Law Review 3062:. Lanham, Maryland: 3010:. pp. 202–205. 2904:. pp. 251–255. 2900:. Washington, D.C.: 1834:(C.C.S.D. Iowa 1888) 1732:Charles Evans Hughes 1676:a brief treatise on 1674:Charles Henry Butler 1602:Spanish–American War 1472:Brewer's opinion in 1375:in 1894 against the 1165:yellow-dog contracts 956:Henry Billings Brown 761:Kansas Supreme Court 698:degree with honors. 677:Henry Billings Brown 650:trans-Atlantic cable 464:Kansas Supreme Court 182:Kansas Supreme Court 119:Charles Evans Hughes 5406:Yale College alumni 4471:William Howard Taft 4235:Henry Clay Caldwell 4008:Holy Trinity Church 3962:Stanford Law Review 3955:Holy Trinity Church 3697:Lochner v. New York 3691:Bernstein, David E. 3622:Lochner v. New York 1734:to take his place. 1718:William Howard Taft 1463:legislative history 1402:equitable authority 1270:Interstate commerce 1135:Lochner v. New York 1127:liberty of contract 1076:broadly to protect 1066:Due Process Clauses 939:William Howard Taft 845:Rutherford B. Hayes 784:Daniel M. Valentine 665:Wesleyan University 648:(who developed the 529:equitable authority 502:Lochner v. New York 460:Leavenworth, Kansas 448:Wesleyan University 417:freedom of contract 413:interstate commerce 401:David Josiah Brewer 359:Wesleyan University 174:Henry Clay Caldwell 18:David Josiah Brewer 5366:Kansas Republicans 5289: 4625:Associate justices 4609: 4099:. pp. 89–91. 3495:Urofsky, Melvin I. 3303:. pp. 69–73. 3291:Urofsky, Melvin I. 2970:Plessy v. Ferguson 1869:(C.C.D. Kan. 1886) 1686:Theodore Roosevelt 1653: 1585:Yamataya v. Fisher 1540:separate but equal 1535:Plessy v. Ferguson 1479:William J. Brennan 1457:... under contract 1429: 1209: 1113:Chicago, Milwaukee 1002: 984:The New York Times 923: 807:due process of law 759:for a seat on the 737:Leavenworth County 638:David Dudley Field 614: 598:David Dudley Field 578:Theodore Roosevelt 5386:People from İzmir 5298: 5297: 5294: 5293: 4614: 4613: 4567:William Rehnquist 4268: 4267: 4259:Succeeded by 4232:Succeeded by 4215:George W. McCrary 4202:Succeeded by 4142:978-0-7006-0946-8 4106:978-0-19-505835-2 3862:Albany Law Review 3826:978-0-300-07804-6 3785:978-0-8352-0217-6 3754:978-0-313-20314-5 3673:978-0-19-517661-2 3601:978-0-19-531189-1 3567:978-1-57003-018-5 3514:978-1-56802-720-3 3463:978-0-521-86027-7 3429:978-0-9616254-0-5 3310:978-1-933116-48-8 3213:978-0-618-32969-4 3136:978-1-0718-3456-5 3073:978-0-8476-9604-8 3054:Abraham, Henry J. 3017:978-0-8160-4194-7 2911:978-1-60871-832-0 2863:Albany Law Review 2839:978-1-56802-130-0 2731:"David J. Brewer" 1730:. Taft nominated 1678:international law 1621:Downes v. Bidwell 1615:DeLima v. Bidwell 1264:inheritance taxes 1259:Knowlton v. Moore 1100:, Brewer derided 975:George F. Edmunds 931:Benjamin Harrison 861:Chester A. Arthur 857:George W. McCrary 819:just compensation 745:contempt of court 707:Albany Law School 634:Congregationalist 484:Benjamin Harrison 468:Chester A. Arthur 456:Albany Law School 444:Congregationalist 419:. He and Justice 409:Benjamin Harrison 398: 397: 372:Albany Law School 162:George W. McCrary 150:Chester A. Arthur 95:Benjamin Harrison 16:(Redirected from 5413: 5277: 5177: 5031: 4969: 4925: 4641: 4620: 4619: 4551:Warren E. Burger 4359:Oliver Ellsworth 4310: 4309: 4300:Justices of the 4294: 4287: 4280: 4271: 4270: 4245:Stanley Matthews 4242:Preceded by 4226: 4212:Preceded by 4205:Theodore A. Hurd 4185:Preceded by 4177: 4176: 4172:Internet Archive 4147: 4146: 4122: 4111: 4110: 4077: 4068: 4067: 4033: 4024: 4023: 4001: 3995: 3994: 3969:(6): 1833–1896. 3949:Vermeule, Adrian 3945: 3939: 3938: 3912: 3886: 3871: 3870: 3852: 3839: 3838: 3799: 3790: 3789: 3765: 3759: 3758: 3734: 3713: 3712: 3687: 3678: 3677: 3650: 3641: 3640: 3628: 3615: 3606: 3605: 3578: 3572: 3571: 3544: 3519: 3518: 3487: 3468: 3467: 3440: 3434: 3433: 3417: 3405: 3392: 3391: 3350:Pratt, Walter F. 3346: 3340: 3339: 3321: 3315: 3314: 3283: 3266: 3265: 3231: 3218: 3217: 3204:Houghton Mifflin 3193: 3187: 3186: 3168: 3141: 3140: 3119: 3113: 3112: 3091: 3078: 3077: 3050: 3039: 3038: 3028: 3022: 3021: 2997: 2986: 2985: 2963: 2948: 2947: 2925: 2916: 2915: 2891: 2872: 2871: 2850: 2844: 2843: 2816: 2803: 2802: 2784: 2778: 2777: 2759: 2753: 2752: 2726: 2667: 2666: 2648: 2633: 2632: 2598: 2587: 2586: 2562: 2432: 2419: 2413: 2400: 2394: 2381: 2375: 2362: 2356: 2343: 2337: 2324: 2318: 2305: 2299: 2286: 2280: 2267: 2261: 2248: 2242: 2229: 2223: 2210: 2204: 2191: 2185: 2172: 2166: 2153: 2147: 2134: 2128: 2115: 2109: 2096: 2090: 2077: 2071: 2058: 2052: 2039: 2033: 2021: (1895) and 2009: 2003: 1990: 1984: 1971: 1965: 1952: 1946: 1933: 1927: 1914: 1908: 1895: 1889: 1876: 1870: 1860: 1854: 1841: 1835: 1825: 1819: 1806: 1800: 1793: 1787: 1780: 1774: 1767: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1427:Photograph, 1907 1281:Champion v. Ames 1174:Muller v. Oregon 1097:Budd v. New York 1040:Stephen J. Field 1035:Rufus W. Peckham 952:Albert H. Horton 948:Preston B. Plumb 927:Stanley Matthews 899:State v. Walruff 886:Munn v. Illinois 824:Mugler v. Kansas 793: 642:Stephen J. Field 610:Stephen J. Field 531:by upholding an 512:Muller v. Oregon 496:Munn v. Illinois 476:Stanley Matthews 421:Rufus W. Peckham 390: 339: 337: 319: 317: 275:Washington, D.C. 271: 241: 239: 227:Personal details 217:Theodore A. Hurd 213: 201: 192: 170: 158: 146: 137: 115: 107:Stanley Matthews 103: 91: 82: 61: 58: 55:Justice Brewer, 53: 39: 38: 21: 5421: 5420: 5416: 5415: 5414: 5412: 5411: 5410: 5301: 5300: 5299: 5290: 5279: 5278: 5272: 5270: 5172: 5113:J. M. Harlan II 5026: 4964: 4920: 4636: 4627: 4610: 4599: 4598: 4503:Harlan F. Stone 4439:Melville Fuller 4407:Salmon P. Chase 4317: 4304: 4298: 4264: 4255: 4247: 4237: 4228: 4221: 4217: 4207: 4198: 4190: 4155: 4150: 4143: 4123: 4114: 4107: 4089:Hall, Kermit L. 4078: 4071: 4034: 4027: 4022:(3): 1053–1111. 4002: 3998: 3975:10.2307/1229242 3946: 3942: 3910:10.2307/3660708 3887: 3874: 3853: 3842: 3827: 3800: 3793: 3786: 3766: 3762: 3755: 3745:Greenwood Press 3735: 3716: 3711:(5): 1469–1527. 3688: 3681: 3674: 3654:Hall, Kermit L. 3651: 3644: 3626: 3616: 3609: 3602: 3582:Hall, Kermit L. 3579: 3575: 3568: 3545: 3522: 3515: 3491:Finkelman, Paul 3488: 3471: 3464: 3441: 3437: 3430: 3415: 3406: 3395: 3347: 3343: 3322: 3318: 3311: 3287:Hall, Kermit L. 3284: 3269: 3232: 3221: 3214: 3194: 3190: 3169: 3144: 3137: 3120: 3116: 3092: 3081: 3074: 3051: 3042: 3029: 3025: 3018: 2998: 2989: 2964: 2951: 2946:(3): 1199–1206. 2926: 2919: 2912: 2892: 2875: 2854:Bergan, Francis 2851: 2847: 2840: 2817: 2806: 2785: 2781: 2774: 2760: 2756: 2749: 2727: 2670: 2649: 2636: 2599: 2590: 2583: 2563: 2444: 2440: 2435: 2420: 2416: 2401: 2397: 2382: 2378: 2363: 2359: 2344: 2340: 2325: 2321: 2306: 2302: 2287: 2283: 2268: 2264: 2249: 2245: 2230: 2226: 2211: 2207: 2192: 2188: 2173: 2169: 2154: 2150: 2135: 2131: 2116: 2112: 2097: 2093: 2078: 2074: 2059: 2055: 2040: 2036: 2010: 2006: 1991: 1987: 1972: 1968: 1953: 1949: 1934: 1930: 1915: 1911: 1896: 1892: 1877: 1873: 1861: 1857: 1842: 1838: 1826: 1822: 1807: 1803: 1794: 1790: 1781: 1777: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1748: 1740: 1694: 1635: 1608:'s doctrine of 1548: 1528:James v. Bowman 1488: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1421: 1390:public nuisance 1355: 1349: 1286:lottery tickets 1272: 1201: 1196: 1154:Holden v. Hardy 1078:property rights 1062: 1056: 1025:Brewer held an 1007:Melville Fuller 994: 915: 874:district courts 837: 803:State v. Mugler 791: 765:Wright v. Noell 753: 732: 590: 452:Yale University 370: 361: 342: 341: 338: 1901) 333: 329: 321: 313: 309: 306: 285:Political party 273: 269: 251: 243: 237: 235: 211: 199: 193: 188: 180:Justice of the 168: 156: 144: 138: 133: 113: 101: 89: 83: 78: 62: 59: 44: 43:David J. Brewer 37: 30: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5419: 5409: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5296: 5295: 5292: 5291: 5282: 5280: 5271: 5269: 5268: 5267:(2022–present) 5262: 5261:(2020–present) 5256: 5255:(2018–present) 5250: 5249:(2017–present) 5244: 5243:(2010–present) 5238: 5237:(2009–present) 5232: 5231:(2006–present) 5226: 5220: 5214: 5213:(1991–present) 5208: 5202: 5196: 5190: 5184: 5178: 5170: 5164: 5158: 5152: 5146: 5140: 5134: 5128: 5122: 5116: 5110: 5104: 5098: 5092: 5086: 5080: 5074: 5068: 5062: 5056: 5050: 5044: 5038: 5032: 5024: 5018: 5012: 5006: 5000: 4994: 4988: 4982: 4976: 4970: 4962: 4956: 4950: 4944: 4938: 4932: 4926: 4918: 4912: 4906: 4900: 4894: 4888: 4882: 4876: 4870: 4864: 4858: 4852: 4846: 4840: 4834: 4828: 4822: 4816: 4810: 4804: 4798: 4792: 4786: 4780: 4774: 4768: 4762: 4756: 4750: 4744: 4738: 4732: 4726: 4720: 4714: 4708: 4702: 4696: 4690: 4684: 4678: 4672: 4666: 4660: 4654: 4648: 4642: 4633: 4632: 4629: 4628: 4616: 4615: 4612: 4611: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4596: 4580: 4564: 4548: 4532: 4519:Fred M. Vinson 4516: 4500: 4484: 4468: 4452: 4436: 4423:Morrison Waite 4420: 4404: 4391:Roger B. Taney 4388: 4372: 4356: 4340: 4323: 4322: 4319: 4318: 4315:Chief justices 4306: 4305: 4297: 4296: 4289: 4282: 4274: 4266: 4265: 4260: 4257: 4248: 4243: 4239: 4238: 4233: 4230: 4218: 4213: 4209: 4208: 4203: 4200: 4191: 4186: 4182: 4181: 4180:Legal offices 4175: 4174: 4165: 4154: 4153:External links 4151: 4149: 4148: 4141: 4112: 4105: 4069: 4050:(3): 228–242. 4025: 3996: 3940: 3903:(2): 471–496. 3872: 3840: 3825: 3791: 3784: 3760: 3753: 3714: 3679: 3672: 3656:, ed. (1992). 3642: 3607: 3600: 3573: 3566: 3520: 3513: 3469: 3462: 3435: 3428: 3393: 3372:10.2307/844665 3366:(3): 189–220. 3341: 3316: 3309: 3267: 3219: 3212: 3188: 3142: 3135: 3114: 3095:Frank, John P. 3079: 3072: 3040: 3023: 3016: 2987: 2949: 2917: 2910: 2873: 2845: 2838: 2820:Biskupic, Joan 2804: 2779: 2772: 2754: 2747: 2668: 2634: 2615:(2): 170–185. 2588: 2581: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2434: 2433: 2414: 2395: 2376: 2357: 2338: 2319: 2300: 2281: 2262: 2243: 2224: 2205: 2186: 2167: 2148: 2129: 2110: 2091: 2072: 2053: 2034: 2004: 1985: 1966: 1947: 1928: 1909: 1890: 1871: 1855: 1836: 1820: 1801: 1788: 1775: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1755: 1754: 1747: 1744: 1739: 1736: 1711:Lake Champlain 1693: 1690: 1649:L. M. Glackens 1634: 1631: 1547: 1544: 1487: 1484: 1467:Antonin Scalia 1420: 1414: 1385:Eugene V. Debs 1353:Pullman Strike 1348: 1343: 1327:rule of reason 1271: 1268: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1183:Brandeis brief 1179:Louis Brandeis 1055: 1052: 1048:Kermit L. Hall 1044:states' rights 993: 990: 979:secret session 943:Levi P. Morton 935:Joseph Foraker 914: 911: 853:Eighth Circuit 841:John F. Dillon 836: 833: 780:Ottawa, Kansas 752: 749: 731: 728: 681:Chauncey Depew 669:Mystical Seven 654:Henry M. Field 646:Cyrus W. Field 626:Ottoman Empire 606:Cyrus W. Field 602:Henry M. Field 589: 586: 396: 395: 392: 391: 384: 380: 379: 356: 352: 351: 348: 344: 343: 331: 327: 326: 325: 324: 311: 307: 304: 303: 302: 301: 298: 296: 292: 291: 286: 282: 281: 272:(aged 72) 268:March 28, 1910 266: 262: 261: 249:Ottoman Empire 233: 229: 228: 224: 223: 220: 219: 214: 208: 207: 202: 196: 195: 185: 184: 177: 176: 171: 165: 164: 159: 153: 152: 147: 141: 140: 130: 129: 122: 121: 116: 110: 109: 104: 98: 97: 92: 86: 85: 75: 74: 68: 67: 64: 63: 54: 46: 45: 42: 28: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5418: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5308: 5306: 5286: 5276: 5266: 5263: 5260: 5257: 5254: 5251: 5248: 5245: 5242: 5239: 5236: 5233: 5230: 5227: 5224: 5221: 5218: 5215: 5212: 5209: 5206: 5203: 5200: 5197: 5194: 5191: 5188: 5185: 5182: 5179: 5176:* (1972–1986) 5175: 5171: 5168: 5165: 5162: 5159: 5156: 5153: 5150: 5147: 5144: 5141: 5138: 5135: 5132: 5129: 5126: 5123: 5120: 5117: 5114: 5111: 5108: 5105: 5102: 5099: 5096: 5093: 5090: 5087: 5084: 5081: 5078: 5075: 5072: 5069: 5066: 5063: 5060: 5057: 5054: 5051: 5048: 5045: 5042: 5039: 5036: 5033: 5030:* (1925–1941) 5029: 5025: 5022: 5019: 5016: 5013: 5010: 5007: 5004: 5001: 4998: 4995: 4992: 4989: 4986: 4983: 4980: 4977: 4974: 4971: 4968:* (1910–1916) 4967: 4963: 4960: 4957: 4954: 4951: 4948: 4945: 4942: 4939: 4936: 4933: 4930: 4927: 4924:* (1894–1910) 4923: 4919: 4916: 4913: 4910: 4907: 4904: 4901: 4898: 4895: 4892: 4889: 4886: 4883: 4880: 4877: 4874: 4871: 4868: 4865: 4862: 4859: 4856: 4853: 4850: 4847: 4844: 4841: 4838: 4835: 4832: 4829: 4826: 4823: 4820: 4817: 4814: 4811: 4808: 4805: 4802: 4799: 4796: 4793: 4790: 4787: 4784: 4781: 4778: 4775: 4772: 4769: 4766: 4763: 4760: 4757: 4754: 4751: 4748: 4745: 4742: 4739: 4736: 4733: 4730: 4727: 4724: 4721: 4718: 4715: 4712: 4709: 4706: 4703: 4700: 4697: 4694: 4691: 4688: 4685: 4682: 4679: 4676: 4673: 4670: 4667: 4664: 4661: 4658: 4655: 4652: 4649: 4646: 4643: 4640:* (1790–1791) 4639: 4635: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4621: 4617: 4606: 4594: 4593: 4588: 4584: 4581: 4578: 4577: 4572: 4568: 4565: 4562: 4561: 4556: 4552: 4549: 4546: 4545: 4540: 4536: 4533: 4530: 4529: 4524: 4520: 4517: 4514: 4513: 4508: 4504: 4501: 4498: 4497: 4492: 4488: 4485: 4482: 4481: 4476: 4472: 4469: 4466: 4465: 4460: 4456: 4453: 4450: 4449: 4444: 4440: 4437: 4434: 4433: 4428: 4424: 4421: 4418: 4417: 4412: 4408: 4405: 4402: 4401: 4396: 4392: 4389: 4386: 4385: 4380: 4376: 4375:John Marshall 4373: 4370: 4369: 4364: 4360: 4357: 4354: 4353: 4348: 4344: 4343:John Rutledge 4341: 4338: 4337: 4332: 4328: 4325: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4295: 4290: 4288: 4283: 4281: 4276: 4275: 4272: 4263: 4254: 4253: 4246: 4240: 4236: 4227: 4225: 4222:Judge of the 4216: 4210: 4206: 4197: 4196: 4189: 4188:Jacob Safford 4183: 4178: 4173: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4160: 4157: 4156: 4144: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4129: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4108: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4081:Fiss, Owen M. 4076: 4074: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4044: 4039: 4032: 4030: 4021: 4017: 4016: 4011: 4009: 4000: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3963: 3958: 3956: 3950: 3944: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3897: 3892: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3869:(2): 427–476. 3868: 3864: 3863: 3858: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3813: 3809: 3804: 3798: 3796: 3787: 3781: 3777: 3776:Chelsea House 3773: 3772: 3764: 3756: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3741: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3710: 3706: 3705: 3700: 3698: 3692: 3686: 3684: 3675: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3660: 3655: 3649: 3647: 3639:(1): 515–569. 3638: 3634: 3633: 3625: 3623: 3614: 3612: 3603: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3588: 3583: 3577: 3569: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3554: 3549: 3548:Ely, James W. 3543: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3516: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3501: 3496: 3492: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3465: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3450: 3445: 3444:Fiss, Owen M. 3439: 3431: 3425: 3421: 3414: 3410: 3409:Fiss, Owen M. 3404: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3360: 3355: 3351: 3345: 3338:(2): 417–425. 3337: 3333: 3332: 3327: 3320: 3312: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3297: 3292: 3288: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3242: 3237: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3215: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3200: 3192: 3185:(2): 567–590. 3184: 3180: 3179: 3174: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3138: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3118: 3111:(3): 343–379. 3110: 3106: 3105: 3100: 3096: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3075: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3060: 3055: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3036: 3035: 3027: 3019: 3013: 3009: 3008:Facts on File 3005: 3004: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2983: 2979: 2978: 2973: 2971: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2945: 2941: 2940: 2935: 2933: 2924: 2922: 2913: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2898: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2870:(2): 191–202. 2869: 2865: 2864: 2859: 2856:(June 1961). 2855: 2849: 2841: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2826: 2821: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2801:(2): 615–641. 2800: 2796: 2795: 2790: 2783: 2775: 2773:0-86733-060-0 2769: 2765: 2758: 2750: 2748:0-8352-0217-8 2744: 2740: 2739:Chelsea House 2736: 2732: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2664: 2660: 2659: 2654: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2609: 2604: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2584: 2582:0-8093-1909-8 2578: 2574: 2570: 2569: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2442: 2430: 2427: 2423: 2418: 2411: 2408: 2404: 2399: 2392: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2373: 2370: 2366: 2361: 2354: 2351: 2347: 2342: 2335: 2332: 2328: 2323: 2316: 2313: 2309: 2304: 2297: 2294: 2290: 2285: 2278: 2275: 2271: 2266: 2259: 2256: 2252: 2247: 2240: 2237: 2233: 2228: 2221: 2218: 2214: 2209: 2202: 2199: 2195: 2190: 2183: 2180: 2176: 2171: 2164: 2161: 2157: 2152: 2145: 2142: 2138: 2133: 2126: 2123: 2119: 2114: 2107: 2104: 2100: 2095: 2088: 2085: 2081: 2076: 2069: 2066: 2062: 2057: 2050: 2047: 2043: 2038: 2031: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2017: 2013: 2008: 2001: 1998: 1994: 1989: 1982: 1979: 1975: 1970: 1963: 1960: 1956: 1951: 1944: 1941: 1937: 1932: 1925: 1922: 1918: 1913: 1906: 1903: 1899: 1894: 1887: 1884: 1880: 1875: 1868: 1865: 1859: 1852: 1849: 1845: 1840: 1833: 1830: 1824: 1817: 1814: 1810: 1805: 1798: 1792: 1785: 1779: 1772: 1766: 1762: 1753: 1750: 1749: 1743: 1735: 1733: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1699:Sunday school 1689: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1650: 1646: 1645: 1639: 1630: 1627: 1623: 1622: 1617: 1616: 1611: 1610:incorporation 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1594:Insular Cases 1590: 1587: 1586: 1581: 1580: 1575: 1571: 1570: 1565: 1564: 1559: 1555: 1554: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1536: 1531: 1529: 1524: 1520: 1519: 1514: 1510: 1509: 1503: 1499: 1498:Berea College 1495: 1494: 1483: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1468: 1464: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1435: 1425: 1419: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1361: 1354: 1347: 1342: 1340: 1339: 1334: 1333: 1328: 1325:endorsed the 1323: 1319: 1315: 1314:James J. Hill 1311: 1310: 1304: 1301: 1297: 1296: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1282: 1277: 1267: 1265: 1261: 1260: 1255: 1254: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1215: 1205: 1194:Federal power 1191: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1175: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1161: 1156: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1136: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1123: 1118: 1114: 1111:built on the 1110: 1109: 1103: 1099: 1098: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1084: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1061: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1023: 1020: 1016: 1015:laissez-faire 1012: 1008: 998: 989: 986: 985: 980: 976: 973:, chaired by 972: 968: 964: 959: 957: 953: 949: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 919: 910: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 887: 882: 877: 875: 871: 867: 862: 858: 854: 850: 849:circuit court 846: 842: 832: 830: 826: 825: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 795: 789: 785: 781: 777: 772: 770: 766: 762: 758: 757:Jacob Safford 748: 746: 742: 738: 727: 725: 721: 717: 712: 708: 704: 699: 697: 692: 691: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 661: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 630:Josiah Brewer 627: 623: 619: 611: 607: 603: 599: 594: 585: 583: 579: 575: 571: 570: 565: 561: 560:Insular Cases 556: 554: 553: 548: 547: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 525: 520: 519: 514: 513: 508: 504: 503: 498: 497: 491: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 472:circuit judge 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 442:, Turkey) to 441: 437: 432: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 368: 364: 360: 357: 353: 349: 345: 323: 322: 305:Louise Landon 300: 299: 297: 293: 290: 287: 283: 280: 276: 267: 263: 259: 255: 250: 246: 242:June 20, 1837 234: 230: 225: 221: 218: 215: 209: 206: 205:Jacob Safford 203: 197: 191: 186: 183: 178: 175: 172: 166: 163: 160: 154: 151: 148: 142: 136: 131: 128: 125:Judge of the 123: 120: 117: 111: 108: 105: 99: 96: 93: 87: 81: 76: 73: 69: 65: 52: 47: 40: 35: 27: 19: 5346:Field family 5274: 4973:Van Devanter 4896: 4861:J. M. Harlan 4590: 4587:2005–present 4583:John Roberts 4574: 4558: 4542: 4526: 4510: 4494: 4478: 4462: 4446: 4430: 4414: 4398: 4382: 4366: 4350: 4334: 4250: 4220: 4193: 4127: 4095:. New York: 4092: 4047: 4041: 4019: 4013: 4007: 3999: 3966: 3960: 3954: 3943: 3900: 3894: 3866: 3860: 3811: 3807: 3770: 3763: 3739: 3708: 3702: 3696: 3662:. New York: 3658: 3636: 3630: 3621: 3590:. New York: 3586: 3576: 3552: 3499: 3452:. New York: 3448: 3438: 3419: 3363: 3357: 3344: 3335: 3329: 3319: 3295: 3248:(1): 45–64. 3245: 3239: 3198: 3191: 3182: 3176: 3126: 3123:Epstein, Lee 3117: 3108: 3102: 3097:(May 1941). 3058: 3033: 3026: 3006:. 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Fiss 1024: 1011:Fuller Court 1003: 982: 966: 960: 924: 906: 902: 898: 894: 884: 880: 878: 838: 828: 822: 811:police power 802: 796: 775: 773: 764: 754: 733: 700: 689: 662: 620:(modern-day 615: 567: 557: 550: 544: 522: 516: 510: 500: 494: 492: 438:(modern-day 433: 429:Owen M. Fiss 425:Fuller Court 400: 399: 363:Yale College 270:(1910-03-28) 212:Succeeded by 189: 169:Succeeded by 145:Nominated by 134: 114:Succeeded by 90:Nominated by 79: 60: 1910s 26: 5316:1910 deaths 5311:1837 births 5225:(1994–2022) 5219:(1993–2020) 5207:(1990–2009) 5201:(1988–2018) 5195:(1986–2016) 5189:(1981–2006) 5183:(1975–2010) 5169:(1972–1987) 5163:(1970–1994) 5157:(1967–1991) 5155:T. Marshall 5151:(1965–1969) 5145:(1962–1965) 5139:(1962–1993) 5133:(1958–1981) 5127:(1957–1962) 5121:(1956–1990) 5115:(1955–1971) 5109:(1949–1956) 5103:(1949–1967) 5097:(1945–1958) 5091:(1943–1949) 5089:W. Rutledge 5085:(1941–1954) 5079:(1941–1942) 5073:(1940–1949) 5067:(1939–1975) 5061:(1939–1962) 5059:Frankfurter 5055:(1938–1957) 5049:(1937–1971) 5043:(1932–1938) 5037:(1930–1945) 5023:(1923–1930) 5017:(1923–1939) 5011:(1922–1938) 5005:(1916–1922) 4999:(1916–1939) 4993:(1914–1941) 4987:(1912–1922) 4981:(1911–1916) 4975:(1911–1937) 4961:(1910–1914) 4955:(1906–1910) 4949:(1903–1922) 4943:(1902–1932) 4937:(1898–1925) 4931:(1896–1909) 4917:(1893–1895) 4911:(1892–1903) 4905:(1891–1906) 4899:(1890–1910) 4893:(1888–1893) 4887:(1882–1893) 4881:(1882–1902) 4875:(1881–1889) 4869:(1881–1887) 4863:(1877–1911) 4857:(1873–1882) 4851:(1870–1892) 4845:(1870–1880) 4839:(1863–1897) 4833:(1862–1877) 4827:(1862–1890) 4821:(1862–1881) 4815:(1858–1881) 4809:(1853–1861) 4803:(1851–1857) 4797:(1846–1870) 4791:(1845–1851) 4785:(1845–1872) 4779:(1842–1860) 4773:(1838–1852) 4767:(1837–1865) 4761:(1836–1841) 4755:(1835–1867) 4749:(1830–1844) 4743:(1829–1861) 4737:(1826–1828) 4731:(1823–1843) 4725:(1812–1845) 4719:(1811–1835) 4713:(1807–1826) 4707:(1807–1823) 4701:(1804–1834) 4695:(1800–1804) 4689:(1798–1829) 4683:(1796–1811) 4677:(1793–1806) 4671:(1792–1793) 4665:(1790–1799) 4659:(1790–1795) 4653:(1789–1798) 4647:(1790–1810) 4638:J. Rutledge 4535:Earl Warren 3835:j.ctt32bn5s 2431: (1901) 2412: (1901) 2393: (1903) 2374: (1898) 2355: (1905) 2336: (1904) 2317: (1893) 2298: (1896) 2279: (1903) 2260: (1905) 2241: (1906) 2222: (1908) 2203: (1892) 2184: (1895) 2165: (1899) 2146: (1897) 2127: (1904) 2108: (1895) 2089: (1903) 2070: (1900) 2051: (1898) 2032: (1895) 2002: (1908) 1983: (1908) 1964: (1898) 1945: (1905) 1926: (1897) 1907: (1892) 1888: (1890) 1853: (1877) 1818: (1887) 1682:Progressive 1658:arbitration 1626:Foraker Act 1598:territories 1558:due process 1322:concurrence 1142:involved a 1060:Lochner era 1019:revisionist 839:When Judge 574:Progressive 564:territories 488:U.S. Senate 200:Preceded by 157:Preceded by 102:Preceded by 5305:Categories 5265:K. Jackson 5083:R. Jackson 5035:O. Roberts 5009:Sutherland 4991:McReynolds 4915:H. Jackson 4885:Blatchford 4705:Livingston 4699:W. Johnson 4687:Washington 4669:T. Johnson 4256:1890–1910 4229:1884–1889 4199:1871–1884 4163:HathiTrust 3202:. Boston: 2984:: 315–364. 2438:References 1641:This 1907 1381:injunction 1360:In re Debs 1351:See also: 1346:In re Debs 1227:direct tax 1058:See also: 690:Dred Scott 588:Early life 533:injunction 524:In re Debs 289:Republican 238:1837-06-20 5253:Kavanaugh 5235:Sotomayor 5174:Rehnquist 5125:Whittaker 4571:1986–2005 4555:1969–1986 4539:1953–1969 4523:1946–1953 4507:1941–1946 4491:1930–1941 4475:1921–1930 4459:1910–1921 4443:1888–1910 4427:1874–1888 4411:1864–1873 4395:1836–1864 4379:1801–1835 4363:1796–1800 4331:1789–1795 4064:145558663 3983:0038-9765 3935:159514888 3919:0021-8723 3262:144355045 2665:: 93–102. 2629:144263525 1574:Sing Tuck 1248:precedent 741:Wyandotte 383:Signature 355:Education 328:Emma Mott 190:In office 135:In office 80:In office 5217:Ginsburg 5187:O'Connor 5161:Blackmun 5143:Goldberg 5137:B. White 4997:Brandeis 4979:J. Lamar 4922:E. White 4891:L. Lamar 4873:Matthews 4813:Clifford 4807:Campbell 4789:Woodbury 4771:McKinley 4729:Thompson 4681:S. Chase 4675:Paterson 4327:John Jay 4083:(1992). 3951:(1998). 3805:(2000). 3693:(2005). 3550:(1995). 3505:CQ Press 3497:(2003). 3446:(2006). 3411:(1986). 3388:56268818 3352:(1980). 3301:CQ Press 3056:(1999). 2902:CQ Press 2658:Yearbook 1795:29 Kan. 1782:26 Kan. 1769:16 Kan. 1746:See also 1705:and the 1371:went on 1199:Taxation 1144:New York 1027:activist 925:Justice 851:for the 817:without 703:read law 658:chaplain 434:Born in 347:Children 5259:Barrett 5247:Gorsuch 5199:Kennedy 5181:Stevens 5131:Stewart 5119:Brennan 5065:Douglas 5041:Cardozo 5021:Sanford 4935:McKenna 4929:Peckham 4849:Bradley 4759:Barbour 4747:Baldwin 4735:Trimble 4663:Iredell 4645:Cushing 4170:at the 4091:(ed.). 3991:1229242 3927:3660708 3293:(ed.). 1728:Lansing 1592:In the 1513:peonage 1502:Lochner 1406:Pollock 1240:Pollock 1219:Pollock 1187:Lochner 1140:Lochner 1068:of the 967:Walruff 907:Walruff 652:), and 478:of the 340: 332: 320: 312: 308: 295:Spouses 5223:Breyer 5211:Thomas 5205:Souter 5193:Scalia 5167:Powell 5149:Fortas 5107:Minton 5095:Burton 5077:Byrnes 5071:Murphy 5015:Butler 5003:Clarke 4985:Pitney 4966:Hughes 4959:Lurton 4941:Holmes 4909:Shiras 4897:Brewer 4843:Strong 4825:Miller 4819:Swayne 4801:Curtis 4783:Nelson 4777:Daniel 4765:Catron 4741:McLean 4717:Duvall 4651:Wilson 4139: 4103: 4062: 3989: 3981: 3933: 3925: 3917: 3833: 3823: 3782: 3751: 3670: 3598: 3564: 3511: 3460: 3426: 3386: 3380:844665 3378: 3307: 3260: 3210: 3133: 3070: 3014: 2908: 2836: 2770: 2745: 2627: 2579: 1799:(1883) 1786:(1881) 1773:(1876) 1738:Legacy 1723:stroke 1459: 1455: 1451: 1443:rector 1410:Knight 1373:strike 988:1890. 963:Senate 903:Mugler 829:Mugler 792: 730:Career 618:Smyrna 608:, and 537:strike 454:, and 436:Smyrna 258:Turkey 245:Smyrna 5241:Kagan 5229:Alito 5101:Clark 5047:Black 5028:Stone 4953:Moody 4903:Brown 4867:Woods 4837:Field 4831:Davis 4795:Grier 4753:Wayne 4723:Story 4693:Moore 4657:Blair 4592:cases 4576:cases 4560:cases 4544:cases 4528:cases 4512:cases 4496:cases 4480:cases 4464:cases 4448:cases 4432:cases 4416:cases 4400:cases 4384:cases 4368:cases 4352:cases 4336:cases 4087:. 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