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to consumers their information privacy practices, referred to as cookie notices. This was issued to give consumers the choice of what information about their behavior they consent to letting websites track; however, its effectiveness is controversial. Some websites may engage in deceptive practices such as placing cookie notices in places on the page that are not visible or only giving consumers notice that their information is being tracked but not allowing them to change their privacy settings. Apps like
Instagram and Facebook collect user data for a personalized app experience; however, they track user activity on other apps, which jeopardizes users' privacy and data. By controlling how visible these cookie notices are, companies can discreetly collect data, giving them more power over consumers.
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not wish for others to know about any medical or psychological conditions or treatments that would bring embarrassment upon themselves. Revealing medical data could also reveal other details about one's personal life. There are three major categories of medical privacy: informational (the degree of control over personal information), physical (the degree of physical inaccessibility to others), and psychological (the extent to which the doctor respects patients' cultural beliefs, inner thoughts, values, feelings, and religious practices and allows them to make personal decisions). Physicians and psychiatrists in many cultures and countries have standards for
991:(Directive 95/46/EC) of the European Commission. Both the United States and the European Union officially state that they are committed to upholding information privacy of individuals, but the former has caused friction between the two by failing to meet the standards of the EU's stricter laws on personal data. The negotiation of the Safe Harbor program was, in part, to address this long-running issue. Directive 95/46/EC declares in Chapter IV Article 25 that personal data may only be transferred from the countries in the
482:. These include the movements of a competitor sales force, attendance of a particular church or an individual's presence in a motel, or at an abortion clinic. A recent MIT study by de Montjoye et al. showed that four spatio-temporal points, approximate places and times, are enough to uniquely identify 95% of 1.5 million people in a mobility database. The study further shows that these constraints hold even when the resolution of the dataset is low. Therefore, even coarse or blurred datasets provide little anonymity.
257:
458:. Data about location can also be accidentally published, for example, when someone posts a picture with a store as a background. Caution should be exercised when posting information online. Social networks vary in what they allow users to make private and what remains publicly accessible. Without strong security settings in place and careful attention to what remains public, a person can be profiled by searching for and collecting disparate pieces of information, leading to cases of
1038:. U.S. organizations which register with this program, having self-assessed their compliance with a number of standards, are "deemed adequate" for the purposes of Article 25. Personal information can be sent to such organizations from the EEA without the sender being in breach of Article 25 or its EU national equivalents. The Safe Harbor was approved as providing adequate protection for personal data, for the purposes of Article 25(6), by the European Commission on 26 July 2000.
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368:. Currently security messages are designed for the "average user", i.e. the same message for everyone. Researchers have posited that individualized messages and security "nudges", crafted based on users' individual differences and personality traits, can be used for further improvements for each person's compliance with computer security and privacy.
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People may not wish for their medical records to be revealed to others due to the confidentiality and sensitivity of what the information could reveal about their health. For example, they might be concerned that it might affect their insurance coverage or employment. Or, it may be because they would
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Cookies are used on websites so that users may allow the website to retrieve some information from the user's internet, but they usually do not mention what the data being retrieved is. In 2018, the
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) passed a regulation that forces websites to visibly disclose
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Email is not the only internet content with privacy concerns. In an age where increasing amounts of information are online, social networking sites pose additional privacy challenges. People may be tagged in photos or have valuable information exposed about themselves either by choice or unexpectedly
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Information about a person's financial transactions, including the amount of assets, positions held in stocks or funds, outstanding debts, and purchases can be sensitive. If criminals gain access to information such as a person's accounts or credit card numbers, that person could become the victim of
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said that this could mean "a child's school life including exam results, attendance, teacher assessments and even characteristics" could be available, with third-party organizations being responsible for anonymizing any publications themselves, rather than the data being anonymized by the government
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created a capability for data about individuals to be collected and combined from a wide variety of sources very easily. AI facilitated creating inferential information about individuals and groups based on such enormous amounts of collected data, transforming the information economy. The FTC has
136:. Information about a person's purchases can reveal a great deal about that person's history, such as places they have visited, whom they have contact with, products they have used, their activities and habits, or medications they have used. In some cases, corporations may use this information to
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privacy protection. Historically, establishing adequacy required the creation of national laws broadly equivalent to those implemented by
Directive 95/46/EU. Although there are exceptions to this blanket prohibition – for example where the disclosure to a country outside the EEA is made with the
89:
programs someone has watched at any given time. "The addition of any information in a broadcasting stream is not required for an audience rating survey, additional devices are not requested to be installed in the houses of viewers or listeners, and without the necessity of their cooperations,
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information between the EU and the US. According to the EU directive, personal data may only be transferred to third countries if that country provides an adequate level of protection. Some exceptions to this rule are provided, for instance when the controller themself can guarantee that the
478:), problems related to user privacy arise. Location data is among the most sensitive data currently being collected. A list of potentially sensitive professional and personal information that could be inferred about an individual knowing only their mobility trace was published in 2009 by the
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is legally protected. These practices are in place to protect the dignity of patients, and to ensure that patients feel free to reveal complete and accurate information required for them to receive the correct treatment. To view the United States' laws on governing privacy of private health
2331:"2000/520/EC: Commission Decision of 26 July 2000 pursuant to Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on the adequacy of the protection provided by the safe harbour privacy principles and related frequently asked questions issued by the US Department of Commerce"
572:
Laws and regulations related to
Privacy and Data Protection are constantly changing, it is seen as important to keep abreast of any changes in the law and to continually reassess compliance with data privacy and security regulations. Within academia,
2303:"SEC (2004) 1323: The implementation of Commission Decision 520/2000/EC on the adequate protection of personal data provided by the Safe Harbour privacy Principles and related Frequently Asked Questions issued by the US Department of Commerce"
338:– The Extensible Access Control Markup Language together with its Privacy Profile is a standard for expressing privacy policies in a machine-readable language which a software system can use to enforce the policy in enterprise IT systems.
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has set up the "Working party on the
Protection of Individuals with regard to the Processing of Personal Data," commonly known as the "Article 29 Working Party". The Working Party gives advice about the level of protection in the
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can be stored or read by third parties without consent or whether third parties can continue to track the websites that someone visited. Another concern is whether websites one visits can collect, store, and possibly share
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before being handed over. An example of a data request that Gove indicated had been rejected in the past, but might be possible under an improved version of privacy regulations, was for "analysis on sexual exploitation".
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consent of the relevant individual (Article 26(1)(a)) – they are limited in practical scope. As a result, Article 25 created a legal risk to organizations which transfer personal data from Europe to the United States.
1053:", recommended by many EU privacy regulators, resolves this issue. In addition, any dispute arising in relation to the transfer of HR data to the US Safe Harbor must be heard by a panel of EU privacy regulators.
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are important in communicating to data subjects the different uses of their personally identifiable information. Data privacy issues may arise in response to information from a wide range of sources, such as:
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1087:, the head of the EU's Commission of Home Affairs, complained about the US bilateral policy concerning PNR. The US had signed in February 2008 a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with the
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874:
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511:
434:, and others. In order not to give away too much personal information, e-mails can be encrypted and browsing of webpages as well as other online activities can be done traceless via
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were the result. Notwithstanding that approval, the self-assessment approach of the Safe Harbor remains controversial with a number of
European privacy regulators and commentators.
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will be required to reconcile, enforce, and monitor an increasing amount of privacy policy rules (and laws). There are two categories of technology to address privacy protection in
382:
The ability to control the information one reveals about oneself over the internet and who can access that information has become a growing concern. These concerns include whether
85:
This describes the ability to control what information one reveals about oneself over cable television, and who can access that information. For example, third parties can track
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856:
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2188:
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is the simplest and most widespread measure to ensure that political views are not known to anyone other than the voters themselves—it is nearly universal in modern
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do not exist, this type of privacy very often does. There are several forms of voting fraud or privacy violations possible with the use of digital voting machines.
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in exchange of a visa waiver scheme, without concerting before with
Brussels. The tensions between Washington and Brussels are mainly caused by a lesser level of
2053:
1228:
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1994:"If a patient is below the age of 18-years does confidentiality still works or should doctor breach and inform the parents?15years girl went for... - eNotes"
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provided a set of guidelines that represent widely accepted concepts concerning fair information practices in an electronic marketplace, called the
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the network traffic of that connection are able to know the contents. The same applies to any kind of traffic generated on the
Internet, including
325:– The Platform for Privacy Preferences. P3P is a standard for communicating privacy practices and comparing them to the preferences of individuals.
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as a "rich dataset" whose value could be "maximised" by making it more openly accessible, including to private companies. Kelly
Fiveash of
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originating in the EU is transferred to the US Safe Harbor, and then onward to a third country. The alternative compliance approach of "
410:
On the internet many users give away a lot of information about themselves: unencrypted e-mails can be read by the administrators of an
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443:
2408:"New EU-US PNR Agreement on the processing and transfer of Passenger Name Record (PNR) data – CHALLENGE | Liberty & Security"
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function to assure that adequate measures are taken to ensure both the privacy and confidentiality of human subjects in research.
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The Safe Harbor program addresses this issue in the following way: rather than a blanket law imposed on all organizations in the
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2012:
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1448:"The Myth of the Average User: Improving Privacy and Security Systems through Individualization (NSPW '15) | BLUES"
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2493:
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1993:
1731:"The Effect of Consumers' Perceived Power and Risk in Digital Information Privacy: The Example of Cookie Notices"
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1393:"System for Gathering TV Audience Rating in Real Time in Internet Protocol Television Network and Method Thereof"
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As heterogeneous information systems with differing privacy rules are interconnected and information is shared,
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220:
407:. But these have been critiqued for their insufficiency in the context of AI-enabled inferential information.
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3150:
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1204:
1780:"Ephemerality Is the New Black: A Novel Perspective on Location Data Management and Location Privacy in LBS"
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973:
894:
514:. The Australian law is the Privacy Act 1988 Australia as well as state-based health records legislation.
86:
17:
3200:
1099:. Other countries approached for bilateral MOU included the United Kingdom, Estonia, Germany and Greece.
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2628:
1928:"The Economic Effect of Privacy Breach Announcements on Stocks: A Comprehensive Empirical Investigation"
1729:
Bornschein, R.; Schmidt, L.; Maier, E.; Bone, S. A.; Pappalardo, J. K.; Fitzgerald, M. P. (April 2020).
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de
Montjoye, Yves-Alexandre; CĂ©sar A. Hidalgo; Michel Verleysen; Vincent D. Blondel (March 25, 2013).
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customized towards those individual's personal preferences, which that person may or may not approve.
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or otherwise. Improper or non-existent disclosure control can be the root cause for privacy issues.
344:– The Enterprise Privacy Authorization Language is very similar to XACML, but is not yet a standard.
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Aurelia, Nicholas-Donald; Francisco, Matus, Jesus; SeungEui, Ryu; M, Mahmood, Adam (1 June 2017).
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Under the Safe Harbor, adoptee organizations need to carefully consider their compliance with the
1023:
The Working Party negotiated with U.S. representatives about the protection of personal data, the
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2356:"Q&A on the European Data Protection Authorities Panel foreseen by the Safe Harbour Decision"
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972:
This section is about the previously invalidated privacy regime. For current legal standard, see
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WS-Privacy – "Web Service Privacy" will be a specification for communicating privacy policy in
42:
1779:
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1939:
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Privacy, free expression and transparency: Redefining their new boundaries in the digital age
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1004:
1316:
Uberveillance and the social implications of microchip implants : emerging technologies
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2103:"Institutional Review Board - Guidebook, CHAPTER IV - CONSIDERATIONS OF RESEARCH DESIGN"
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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351:. For example, it may specify how privacy policy information can be embedded in the
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in general – and of data privacy in particular – varies greatly around the world.
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2579:
2046:"Blurred Line: Zooming in on Google Street View and the Global Right to Privacy"
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1960:
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Cyberstalking: Harassment in the Internet Age and How to Protect Your Family
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1886:
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1367:"Canadian Inquiry Finds Privacy Issues in Sale of Used Products at Staples"
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agreement between the US and the EU was made. A short time afterwards, the
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427:
108:
99:
2252:
1318:. Michael, M. G., Michael, Katina, 1976-. Hershey, PA. 30 September 2013.
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625:
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223: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
38:
2077:. Advocates for International Development. August 2013. Archived from
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2827:
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2584:
2563:
International Conference of Data Protection and Privacy Commissioners
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54:
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A divided Europe wants to protect its personal data wanted by the US
1422:"Psst: Heard the one about the National Pupil Database? Thought not"
198:
2726:
1961:"Patients' Perceptions of Privacy and Their Outcomes in Healthcare"
996:
875:
Federal Commissioner for Data Protection and Freedom of Information
474:
As location tracking capabilities of mobile devices are advancing (
310:
2466:
1685:
1618:
1095:
in the US, especially since foreigners do not benefit from the US
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is collected, stored, used, and finally destroyed or deleted – in
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2451:
US changes the privacy rules to exemption access to personal data
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1119:
878:
801:
580:
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501:, which include maintaining confidentiality. In some cases, the
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is the relationship between the collection and dissemination of
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707:
90:
audience ratings can be automatically performed in real-time."
27:
Legal issues regarding the collection and dissemination of data
1546:
The Privacy Fallacy: Harm and Power in the Information Economy
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959:
762:
634:
415:
383:
335:
129:
50:
2522:
2129:
Programme Management Managing Multiple Projects Successfully
1968:
International Journal of Behavioural and Healthcare Research
1686:
Cannataci, J.A.; Zhao, B.; Vives, G.T.; et al. (2016).
3442:
2620:
1845:"Unique in the Crowd: The privacy bounds of human mobility"
352:
34:
2958:
2253:"U.S.-EU Data Privacy: From Safe Harbor to Privacy Shield"
1816:"On locational privacy and how to avoid losing it forever"
1813:
1571:"VyprVPN Protects Your Privacy and Security | Golden Frog"
2251:
Weiss and Archick, Martin A. and Kristin (May 19, 2016).
1925:
322:
1499:"In this data-mining society, privacy advocates shudder"
2664:
1229:
Confederation of European Data Protection Organisations
438:, or by open source distributed anonymizers, so-called
98:
In the United Kingdom in 2012, the Education Secretary
2659:
1008:
recipient will comply with the data protection rules.
857:
Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés
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1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
2066:
Robert Hasty, Dr Trevor W. Nagel and Mariam Subjally
936:
Federal Data Protection and Information Commissioner
885:
Office of the Privacy Commissioner for Personal Data
1612:
1596:"What are data brokers and how to protect yourself"
724:
California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) (California)
3438:International Association of Privacy Professionals
2524:
1713:
1679:
1654:
1240:International Association of Privacy Professionals
778:Republic Act No. 10173: Data Privacy Act of 2012 (
754:Personal Information Protection Law (PIPL) (China)
2250:
1777:
840:Office of the Australian Information Commissioner
3554:
3403:Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility
2218:Republic Act No. 10173: Data Privacy Act of 2012
2414:. Archived from the original on 12 January 2012
1958:
1902:"Mobile location data 'present anonymity risk'"
1619:Schneider, G.; Evans, J.; Pinard, K.T. (2008).
2558:Factsheet on ECtHR case law on data protection
2131:. Mittal, Prashant. Global India Pubns. 2009.
2974:
2680:
2013:"The Myth of the Hacker-Proof Voting Machine"
769:Personal Data Protection Act 2012 (Singapore)
57:issues surrounding them. It is also known as
2340:. 25 August 2000. pp. 7–47 – via
1944:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1828:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1814:Blumberg, A. Eckersley, P. (3 August 2009).
1771:
1646:
985:International Safe Harbor Privacy Principles
862:
854:
360:Improving privacy through individualization
313:IT systems: communication and enforcement.
186:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2981:
2967:
2687:
2673:
1364:
1346:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
744:Personal Data Protection Bill 2019 (India)
2626:Laboratory for International Data Privacy
2609:Latin American Data Protection Law Review
2527:Technology and privacy: the new landscape
2440:
1876:
1746:
1652:
1496:
1471:
1034:, a voluntary program is enforced by the
987:certification program in response to the
915:National Privacy Commission (Philippines)
809:
694:General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
364:Computer privacy can be improved through
293:Learn how and when to remove this message
239:Learn how and when to remove this message
147:
2463:Brussels attacks new US security demands
1932:Amcis 2011 Proceedings - All Submissions
1784:Progress in Location-Based Services 2016
1735:Journal of Public Policy & Marketing
1549:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
1474:"Research explores data mining, privacy"
1070:Arrival and Departure Information System
905:Office of the Data Protection Supervisor
786:Data protection (privacy) laws in Russia
774:Personal Data Protection Act (Sri Lanka)
446:include I2P – The Anonymous Network and
2523:Philip E. Agre; Marc Rotenberg (1998).
2189:"Personal Data Protection Act Overview"
2043:
1661:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp.
1593:
1419:
956:Agencia Española de Protección de Datos
749:China Cyber Security Law (CCSL) (China)
414:if the connection is not encrypted (no
14:
3555:
2381:
2379:
2336:Official Journal of the European Union
2010:
1899:
1542:
1515:
1003:The program regulates the exchange of
967:
547:. In fact, even where other rights of
543:and considered to be a basic right of
3418:Electronic Privacy Information Center
2962:
2668:
2456:
800:Personal Data Protection Law (PDPL) (
565:The legal protection of the right to
2655:IEEE Security & Privacy magazine
2621:Privacy and Access Council of Canada
2568:Biometrics Institute Privacy Charter
1538:
1536:
1415:
1413:
1056:In July 2007, a new, controversial,
981:United States Department of Commerce
827:National data protection authorities
704:General Personal Data Protection Law
405:Fair Information Practice Principles
250:
221:adding citations to reliable sources
192:
151:
68:
3398:Center for Democracy and Technology
2590:European Data Protection Supervisor
2376:
1959:Serenko, Natalia; Lida Fan (2013).
920:Personal Data Protection Commission
585:personally identifiable information
389:personally identifiable information
80:
77:often come under privacy concerns.
24:
2487:
1594:Shelest, Dimitri (June 21, 2023).
850:Privacy Commissioner (New Zealand)
821:National data protection authority
355:envelope of a web service message.
25:
3589:
2546:
2312:. 20 October 2004. Archived from
2274:"EPIC – Article 29 Working Party"
1625:. Cengage Learning. p. 156.
1533:
1410:
989:1995 Directive on Data Protection
946:Information Commissioner's Office
926:Turkish Data Protection Authority
167:This section has multiple issues.
3537:
3536:
3004:Right of access to personal data
2284:from the original on 15 Aug 2021
2072:"Data Protection Law in the USA"
2056:from the original on 2017-10-05.
1900:Palmer, Jason (March 25, 2013).
1622:The Internet: Illustrated Series
255:
197:
156:
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2004:
1986:
1952:
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1807:
1587:
1563:
1497:Bergstein, Brian (2004-01-01).
1472:Bergstein, Brian (2006-06-18).
1066:Department of Homeland Security
835:European Free Trade Association
208:needs additional citations for
175:or discuss these issues on the
3413:Electronic Frontier Foundation
3393:American Civil Liberties Union
3347:Privacy-enhancing technologies
2465:, European Observer. See also
2260:Congressional Research Service
1786:. Springer. pp. 357–374.
1522:Information Management Journal
1518:"U.S. Demands Google Web Data"
1509:
1490:
1465:
1440:
1385:
1358:
1308:
1130:Privacy enhancing technologies
669:
616:investigations and proceedings
535:emerged in ancient times. The
480:Electronic Frontier Foundation
93:
13:
1:
2230:"Protection of personal data"
1420:Fiveash, Kelly (2012-11-08).
1302:
1254:Scholars working in the field
1205:Data loss prevention software
622:institutions and transactions
469:
2660:Transactions on Data Privacy
2585:UNESCO Chair in Data Privacy
2513:Resources in other libraries
1778:Ataei, M.; Kray, C. (2016).
1365:Ian Austen (June 22, 2011).
1170:Outline of computer security
974:EU-US Data Privacy Framework
895:Data Protection Commissioner
517:
499:doctor–patient relationships
116:
47:contextual information norms
7:
3138:Data protection authorities
2988:
1102:
1043:onward transfer obligations
995:to countries which provide
575:Institutional Review Boards
554:
503:physician–patient privilege
371:
10:
3594:
3342:Social networking services
2637:Carnegie Mellon University
2050:brooklynworks.brooklaw.edu
2011:Zetter, Kim (2018-02-21).
1503:Seattle Post-Intelligencer
1195:Digital self-determination
971:
814:
685:
679:
657:or user preferences using
558:
521:
489:
485:
456:participatory surveillance
454:by others, referred to as
375:
120:
3532:
3456:
3433:Global Network Initiative
3385:
3377:Virtual assistant privacy
3357:Privacy-invasive software
3285:
3249:
3136:
3032:
2996:
2702:
2508:Resources in your library
2432:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1980:10.1504/IJBHR.2013.057359
1153:Computer science specific
759:Data Protection Act, 2012
714:Data Protection Directive
531:has been a concern since
442:. Well-known open-source
420:internet service provider
264:This article needs to be
2694:
2044:Rakower, Lauren (2011).
1748:10.1177/0743915620902143
1543:Cofone, Ignacio (2023).
1036:Federal Trade Commission
817:Information commissioner
791:Data Protection Act 2018
583:concerns exist wherever
3428:Future of Privacy Forum
3423:European Digital Rights
2580:EU data protection page
1074:Automated Target System
1064:gave exemption for the
1051:binding corporate rules
682:Information privacy law
674:
561:Information privacy law
476:location-based services
104:National Pupil Database
3469:Cellphone surveillance
3386:Advocacy organizations
3009:Expectation of privacy
2159:: CS1 maint: others (
1692:. UNESCO. p. 26.
1530:Vol. 40 Issue 3, p. 18
1516:Swartz, Nikki (2006).
1242:(headquartered in USA)
1025:Safe Harbor Principles
993:European Economic Area
863:
855:
810:Authorities by country
646:Location-based service
637:and geographic records
462:or reputation damage.
394:The advent of various
148:Information technology
43:expectation of privacy
3448:Privacy International
3019:Right to be forgotten
2643:Privacy Laws by State
2467:Statewatch newsletter
1452:blues.cs.berkeley.edu
1397:FreePatentsOnline.com
1350:) CS1 maint: others (
1248:(headquartered in UK)
1246:Privacy International
1058:Passenger Name Record
1020:and third countries.
1005:passenger name record
599:mechanisms including
589:sensitive information
2868:Protection (privacy)
1215:Differential privacy
729:Privacy Act (Canada)
655:Web surfing behavior
317:Policy communication
217:improve this article
75:personal information
3563:Information privacy
3484:Global surveillance
3352:Privacy engineering
3337:Personal identifier
3287:Information privacy
3024:Post-mortem privacy
2499:Information privacy
2412:libertysecurity.org
2363:European Commission
2310:European Commission
2234:European Commission
2199:on 23 December 2017
1861:2013NatSR...3E1376D
1200:ePrivacy Regulation
1190:Digital inheritance
1097:Privacy Act of 1974
1072:(ADIS) and for the
1062:Bush administration
1013:European Commission
968:Safe Harbor program
31:Information privacy
3524:Personality rights
2631:2019-08-12 at the
2595:2008-12-19 at the
2017:The New York Times
1849:Scientific Reports
1653:Bocij, P. (2004).
1372:The New York Times
1083:In February 2008,
659:persistent cookies
609:Healthcare records
422:and other parties
330:Policy enforcement
3550:
3549:
3494:Mass surveillance
2956:
2955:
2948:Wrangling/munging
2798:Format management
2538:978-0-262-51101-8
2494:Library resources
2175:"Data protection"
2109:. October 5, 2017
1869:10.1038/srep01376
1185:Data localization
1125:Privacy by design
664:Academic research
529:Political privacy
524:Political privacy
506:information, see
432:instant messaging
366:individualization
307:policy appliances
303:
302:
295:
285:
284:
249:
248:
241:
190:
140:individuals with
123:Financial privacy
73:Various types of
69:Information types
16:(Redirected from
3585:
3540:
3539:
3408:Data Privacy Lab
3367:Privacy software
3014:Right to privacy
2983:
2976:
2969:
2960:
2959:
2689:
2682:
2675:
2666:
2665:
2542:
2530:
2482:
2476:
2470:
2460:
2454:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2431:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2383:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2365:. Archived from
2360:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2319:on 24 July 2006.
2318:
2307:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2257:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2240:on 16 June 2006.
2236:. Archived from
2226:
2220:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2195:. Archived from
2185:
2179:
2178:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2158:
2150:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2083:
2076:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1965:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1943:
1935:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1880:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1827:
1819:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1750:
1726:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1660:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1540:
1531:
1529:
1524:. Archived from
1513:
1507:
1506:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1454:. 26 August 2015
1444:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1434:
1417:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1345:
1337:
1312:
1271:Helen Nissenbaum
1234:Data Privacy Day
1180:Data sovereignty
1140:Privacy software
1078:1974 Privacy Act
866:
860:
734:Privacy Act 1988
630:genetic material
628:traits, such as
614:Criminal justice
597:Informed consent
418:), and also the
378:Internet privacy
298:
291:
280:
277:
271:
259:
258:
251:
244:
237:
233:
230:
224:
201:
193:
182:
160:
159:
152:
81:Cable television
21:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3573:Data protection
3553:
3552:
3551:
3546:
3528:
3452:
3381:
3281:
3245:
3132:
3126:amended in 2020
3028:
2992:
2987:
2957:
2952:
2928:Synchronization
2698:
2693:
2633:Wayback Machine
2597:Wayback Machine
2549:
2539:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2490:
2488:Further reading
2485:
2477:
2473:
2461:
2457:
2445:
2441:
2425:
2424:
2417:
2415:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2394:, 4 March 2008
2384:
2377:
2369:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2316:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2287:
2285:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2255:
2249:
2245:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2212:
2202:
2200:
2193:www.pdpc.gov.sg
2187:
2186:
2182:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2152:
2151:
2139:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2112:
2110:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2042:
2038:
2029:
2027:
2009:
2005:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1963:
1957:
1953:
1937:
1936:
1924:
1920:
1910:
1908:
1898:
1894:
1841:
1837:
1821:
1820:
1812:
1808:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1776:
1772:
1727:
1714:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1684:
1680:
1673:
1651:
1647:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1617:
1613:
1604:
1602:
1592:
1588:
1579:
1577:
1575:www.vyprvpn.com
1569:
1568:
1564:
1557:
1541:
1534:
1514:
1510:
1495:
1491:
1482:
1480:
1470:
1466:
1457:
1455:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1432:
1430:
1418:
1411:
1402:
1400:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1377:
1375:
1363:
1359:
1339:
1338:
1326:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1286:Latanya Sweeney
1251:
1219:
1150:
1110:Genetic privacy
1105:
1093:data protection
977:
970:
965:
823:
812:
807:
690:
684:
677:
672:
601:dynamic consent
563:
557:
526:
520:
494:
492:Medical privacy
488:
472:
398:and the use of
380:
374:
299:
288:
287:
286:
281:
275:
272:
269:
260:
256:
245:
234:
228:
225:
214:
202:
161:
157:
150:
125:
119:
96:
83:
71:
63:data protection
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3591:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3509:Search warrant
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3489:Identity theft
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3362:Privacy policy
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3302:
3297:
3291:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3241:United Kingdom
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3156:European Union
3153:
3148:
3142:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3114:
3112:United Kingdom
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3072:European Union
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3038:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2986:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2963:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2853:Pre-processing
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2692:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2587:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2547:External links
2545:
2544:
2543:
2537:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2471:
2455:
2453:September 2007
2439:
2399:
2375:
2372:on 2006-07-24.
2347:
2322:
2294:
2265:
2243:
2221:
2210:
2180:
2177:. 4 June 2021.
2166:
2138:978-9380228204
2137:
2120:
2094:
2059:
2036:
2003:
1985:
1974:(2): 101–122.
1951:
1918:
1892:
1835:
1806:
1792:
1770:
1741:(2): 135–154.
1712:
1698:
1678:
1671:
1645:
1631:
1611:
1586:
1562:
1555:
1532:
1528:on 2014-12-19.
1508:
1489:
1464:
1439:
1409:
1384:
1357:
1325:978-1466645820
1324:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1281:Khaled El Emam
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1210:Data retention
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1160:Authentication
1156:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1089:Czech Republic
1085:Jonathan Faull
1018:European Union
969:
966:
964:
963:
953:
950:United Kingdom
943:
933:
923:
917:
912:
902:
892:
882:
872:
852:
847:
837:
831:European Union
813:
811:
808:
806:
805:
798:
795:United Kingdom
788:
783:
776:
771:
766:
756:
751:
746:
741:
731:
726:
721:
718:European Union
711:
701:
698:European Union
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
667:
666:
661:
652:
643:
641:Privacy breach
638:
632:
623:
617:
611:
559:Main article:
556:
553:
533:voting systems
522:Main article:
519:
516:
490:Main article:
487:
484:
471:
468:
396:search engines
376:Main article:
373:
370:
362:
361:
357:
356:
345:
339:
332:
331:
327:
326:
319:
318:
301:
300:
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263:
261:
254:
247:
246:
205:
203:
196:
191:
165:
164:
162:
155:
149:
146:
134:identity theft
121:Main article:
118:
115:
102:described the
95:
92:
82:
79:
70:
67:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3590:
3579:
3576:
3574:
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3561:
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3558:
3543:
3535:
3534:
3531:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3479:Eavesdropping
3477:
3475:
3474:Data security
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3372:Secret ballot
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3332:Personal data
3330:
3328:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
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3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
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3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3127:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3117:United States
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
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3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
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2995:
2991:
2984:
2979:
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2970:
2965:
2964:
2961:
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2946:
2944:
2941:
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2931:
2929:
2926:
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2916:
2914:
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2891:
2889:
2886:
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2858:Preservation
2848:Philanthropy
2712:Augmentation
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2481:, March 2008
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2416:. Retrieved
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1427:The Register
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1399:. 2010-01-14
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1276:Ian Goldberg
1236:(28 January)
1145:Web literacy
1115:Pirate Party
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983:created the
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440:mix networks
428:web browsing
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215:Please help
210:verification
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169:Please help
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109:The Register
107:
100:Michael Gove
97:
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59:data privacy
58:
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18:Data privacy
3514:Wiretapping
3226:Switzerland
3211:South Korea
3201:Philippines
3191:Netherlands
3186:Isle of Man
3107:Switzerland
3087:New Zealand
2918:Stewardship
2808:Integration
2757:Degradation
2742:Compression
2722:Archaeology
2707:Acquisition
2107:www.hhs.gov
1135:Privacy law
940:Switzerland
909:Isle of Man
780:Philippines
688:Privacy law
670:Authorities
650:geolocation
545:citizenship
436:anonymizers
400:data mining
94:Educational
3557:Categories
3499:Panopticon
3122:California
2997:Principles
2938:Validation
2873:Publishing
2863:Processing
2833:Management
2747:Corruption
2737:Collection
2479:Statewatch
2447:Statewatch
2418:11 January
2338:, L Series
2288:2021-03-20
2113:October 5,
2088:2013-10-14
2030:2019-04-03
1605:2024-08-26
1600:onerep.com
1580:2019-04-03
1483:2010-05-05
1458:2016-03-11
1433:2012-12-12
1403:2011-06-07
1378:2019-05-14
1303:References
1068:, for the
815:See also:
686:See also:
680:See also:
626:Biological
512:HITECH Act
470:Locational
311:commercial
172:improve it
49:, and the
39:technology
3568:Data laws
3464:Anonymity
3300:Financial
3277:Workplace
3267:Education
3176:Indonesia
3146:Australia
3102:Sri Lanka
3097:Singapore
3042:Australia
2943:Warehouse
2908:Scrubbing
2888:Retention
2883:Reduction
2838:Migration
2813:Integrity
2781:Transform
2732:Cleansing
2155:cite book
2147:464584332
2025:0362-4331
1765:213860986
1757:0743-9156
1478:USA Today
1342:cite book
1334:843857020
1261:Adam Back
1165:CIA triad
1147:(privacy)
1076:from the
889:Hong Kong
844:Australia
738:Australia
635:Residence
620:Financial
587:or other
541:democracy
518:Political
276:July 2024
229:July 2024
178:talk page
142:marketing
117:Financial
55:political
3542:Category
3457:See also
3310:Facebook
3305:Internet
3257:Consumer
3231:Thailand
2913:Security
2903:Scraping
2878:Recovery
2752:Curation
2717:Analysis
2649:Journals
2629:Archived
2593:Archived
2428:cite web
2282:Archived
2278:epic.org
2054:Archived
1911:12 April
1906:BBC News
1887:23524645
1855:: 1376.
1824:cite web
1103:See also
1045:, where
997:adequate
833:and the
555:Legality
510:and the
444:mix nets
424:sniffing
372:Internet
3578:Privacy
3320:Twitter
3272:Medical
3262:Digital
3181:Ireland
3166:Germany
3151:Denmark
3077:Germany
3067:England
3062:Denmark
2990:Privacy
2923:Storage
2898:Science
2893:Quality
2823:Lineage
2818:Library
2793:Farming
2776:Extract
2762:Editing
2342:Eur-Lex
1878:3607247
1857:Bibcode
1120:Privacy
958:(AEPD,
928:(KVKK,
899:Ireland
879:Germany
829:in the
802:Bahrain
581:Privacy
567:privacy
549:privacy
486:Medical
266:updated
3315:Google
3236:Turkey
3221:Sweden
3206:Poland
3196:Norway
3161:France
3092:Russia
3052:Canada
3047:Brazil
2843:Mining
2803:Fusion
2574:Europe
2535:
2496:about
2391:Rue 89
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1998:eNotes
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930:Turkey
869:France
708:Brazil
138:target
3504:PRISM
3327:Email
3250:Areas
3216:Spain
3171:India
3082:Ghana
3057:China
2370:(PDF)
2359:(PDF)
2317:(PDF)
2306:(PDF)
2256:(PDF)
2082:(PDF)
2075:(PDF)
1964:(PDF)
1799:9 May
1761:S2CID
1705:9 May
1638:9 May
960:Spain
763:Ghana
508:HIPAA
416:HTTPS
384:email
336:XACML
130:fraud
87:IP TV
51:legal
3443:NOYB
2933:Type
2828:Loss
2786:Load
2696:Data
2533:ISBN
2434:link
2420:2022
2205:2019
2161:link
2143:OCLC
2133:ISBN
2115:2017
2021:ISSN
1946:link
1913:2013
1883:PMID
1830:link
1801:2018
1788:ISBN
1753:ISSN
1707:2018
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1352:link
1348:link
1330:OCLC
1320:ISBN
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864:CNIL
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675:Laws
648:and
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