Darius the Great - Knowledge

9640: 2073: 1817: 3007: 9077: 8217: 3180: 6849: 2837: 3149: 7812: 11304: 7521: 2673: 1399: 10934: 3199: 9470: 2485: 7484: 6909: 1653: 1426: 8063: 11656: 9697: 2156: 1617: 1205: 8391: 2512: 2763: 2082: 7259: 11646: 6884: 2047:, one of the seven noblemen who had deposed the previous ruler and installed Darius as the new monarch. The seven had made an agreement that they could all visit the new king whenever they pleased, except when he was with a woman. One evening, Intaphernes went to the palace to meet Darius, but was stopped by two officers who stated that Darius was with a woman. Becoming enraged and insulted, Intaphernes drew his sword and cut off the ears and noses of the two officers. While leaving the palace, he took the 8662: 7469: 2425: 1747: 2945: 10518: 3142:. To construct these monuments, Darius employed a large number of workers and artisans of diverse nationalities. Several of these workers were deportees who had been employed specifically for these projects. These deportees enhanced the empire's economy and improved inter-cultural relations. At the time of Darius's death construction projects were still under way. Xerxes completed these works and in some cases expanded his father's projects by erecting new buildings of his own. 2929: 10409: 3018: 7092: 12373: 2855:, sometime before 500 BCE. Darius used the coinage system as a transnational currency to regulate trade and commerce throughout his empire. The Daric was also recognized beyond the borders of the empire, in places such as Celtic Central Europe and Eastern Europe. There were two types of darics, a gold daric and a silver daric. Only the king could mint gold darics. Important generals and satraps minted silver darics, the latter usually to recruit Greek mercenaries in 17671: 8731: 2814:

assess tributes, a commission evaluated the expenses and revenues of each satrap. To ensure that one person did not gain too much power, each satrap had a secretary, who observed the affairs of the state and communicated with Darius; a treasurer, who safeguarded provincial revenues; and a garrison commander, who was responsible for the troops. Additionally, royal inspectors, who were the "eyes and ears" of Darius, completed further checks on each satrap.

1828: 11914: 9725: 2698:, would command the imperial armies. Darius had spent three years preparing men and ships for war when a revolt broke out in Egypt. This revolt in Egypt worsened his failing health and prevented the possibility of his leading another army. Soon afterwards, Darius died, after thirty days of suffering through an unidentified illness, partially due to his part in crushing the revolt, at about sixty-four years old. In October 486 BCE, his body was 2303: 872: 5820: 3239: 10751: 862: 857: 852: 842: 7743: 867: 847: 2059:

proof of any such plan. Nonetheless, Darius killed Intaphernes's entire family, excluding his wife's brother and son. She was asked to choose between her brother and son. She chose her brother to live. Her reasoning for doing so was that she could have another husband and another son, but she would always have but one brother. Darius was impressed by her response and spared both her brother's and her son's life.

8839: 2378:, the tactics used by the Scythians resulted in the loss of their best lands and of damage to their loyal allies. This gave Darius the initiative. As he moved eastwards in the cultivated lands of the Scythians in Eastern Europe proper, he remained resupplied by his fleet and lived to an extent off the land. While moving eastwards in the European Scythian lands, he captured the large fortified city of the 3225: 654: 602: 524: 469: 7656: 392: 287: 7479: 8834: 8386: 8058: 7651: 7464: 1905:

According to Herodotus, Darius had a slave, Oebares, who rubbed his hand over the genitals of a mare that Darius's horse favored. When the six gathered, Oebares placed his hands beside the nostrils of Darius's horse, who became excited at the scent and neighed. This was followed by lightning and thunder, leading the others to dismount and kneel before Darius in recognition of his apparent

88: 8951: 7913: 6896: 3253: 2031:, Darius had a loyal army, led by close confidants and nobles (including the six nobles who had helped him remove Gaumata). With their support, Darius was able to suppress and quell all revolts within a year. In Darius's words, he had killed a total of nine "lying kings" through the quelling of revolutions. Darius left a detailed account of these revolutions in the 1951: 2468:. To improve Greek-Persian relations, Darius opened his court and treasuries to those Greeks who wanted to serve him. These Greeks served as soldiers, artisans, statesmen and mariners for Darius. However, the increasing concerns amongst the Greeks over the strength of Darius's kingdom along with the constant interference by the Greeks in 1909:. In this account, Darius himself claimed that he achieved the throne not through fraud, but cunning, even erecting a statue of himself mounted on his neighing horse with the inscription: "Darius, son of Hystaspes, obtained the sovereignty of Persia by the sagacity of his horse and the ingenious contrivance of Oebares, his groom." 2055:

the noblemen, asking them if they approved of Intaphernes's actions. They denied and disavowed any connection with Intaphernes's actions, stating that they stood by their decision to appoint Darius as King of Kings. Darius's choice to ask the noblemen indicates that he was not yet completely sure of his authority.

2988:

In the lands that were conquered by his empire, Darius followed the same Achaemenid tolerance that Cyrus had shown and later Achaemenid kings would show. He supported faiths and religions that were "alien" as long as the adherents were "submissive and peaceable", sometimes giving them grants from his

2548:

since the late 6th century BCE, but retained autonomy. Mardonius's 492 campaign made it a fully subordinate part of the Persian kingdom. These military actions, coming as a direct response to the revolt in Ionia, were the beginning of the First Persian invasion of (mainland) Greece. At the same time,

2821:

as the common language, which soon spread throughout the empire. However, Darius gathered a group of scholars to create a separate language system only used for Persis and the Persians, which was called Aryan script and was only used for official inscriptions. Before this, the accomplishments of the

2058:

Taking precautions against further resistance, Darius sent soldiers to seize Intaphernes, along with his son, family members, relatives and any friends who were capable of arming themselves. Darius believed that Intaphernes was planning a rebellion, but when he was brought to the court, there was no

1924:

who resembled Bardiya, on the throne and declared him the Great King. Otanes discovered that Gaumata was an impostor, and along with six other Iranian nobles, including Darius, created a plan to oust the pseudo-Bardiya. After killing the impostor along with his brother Patizeithes and other Magians,

1778:

named Gaumata came and lied to the people, stating that he was Bardiya. The Iranians had grown rebellious against Cambyses's rule and, on 11 March 522 BCE, a revolt against Cambyses broke out in his absence. On 1 July, the Iranian people chose to be under the leadership of Gaumata, as "Bardiya". No

2365:

in 513 BCE, where the Scythians evaded Darius's army, using feints and retreating eastwards while laying waste to the countryside, by blocking wells, intercepting convoys, destroying pastures and continuous skirmishes against Darius's army. Seeking to fight with the Scythians, Darius's army chased

2271:

Darius encountered mockery and taunting from the rebels, including the famous saying "Oh yes, you will capture our city, when mules shall have foals." For a year and a half, Darius and his armies were unable to retake the city, though he attempted many tricks and strategies—even copying that which

2054:

The officers went to the king and showed him what Intaphernes had done to them. Darius began to fear for his own safety; he thought that all seven noblemen had banded together to rebel against him and that the attack against his officers was the first sign of revolt. He sent a messenger to each of

1904:

To decide who would become the monarch, six of them decided on a test, with Otanes abstaining, as he had no interest in being king. They were to gather outside the palace, mounted on their horses at sunrise, and the man whose horse neighed first in recognition of the rising sun would become king.

1733:

as king in case he should not return from battle. However, once Cyrus had crossed the Aras River, he had a vision in which Darius had wings atop his shoulders and stood upon the confines of Europe and Asia (the known world). When Cyrus awoke from the dream, he inferred it as a great danger to the

2813:

origin and were members of the royal house or the six great noble families. These satraps were personally picked by Darius to monitor these provinces. Each of the provinces was divided into sub-provinces, each having its own governor, who was chosen either by the royal court or by the satrap. To

2287:

nomads took advantage of the disorder and chaos and invaded Persia. Darius first finished defeating the rebels in Elam, Assyria, and Babylon and then attacked the Scythian invaders. He pursued the invaders, who led him to a marsh; there he found no known enemies but an enigmatic Scythian tribe.

1928:

The details regarding Darius's rise to power is generally acknowledged as forgery and was in reality used as a concealment of his overthrow and murder of Cyrus's rightful successor, Bardiya. To legitimize his rule, Darius had a common origin fabricated between himself and Cyrus by designating

2870:

The daric also improved government revenues as the introduction of the daric made it easier to collect new taxes on land, livestock and marketplaces. This led to the registration of land which was measured and then taxed. The increased government revenues helped maintain and improve existing

2984:

inscriptions denoting his achievements, he presents himself as a devout believer, perhaps even convinced that he had a divine right to rule over the world. However, his relationship with the deity was far more complex: in one inscription he writes "Ahura Mazda is mine, I am Ahura Mazda's"

1734:

future security of the empire, as it meant that Darius would one day rule the whole world. However, his son Cambyses was the heir to the throne, not Darius, causing Cyrus to wonder if Darius was forming treasonable and ambitious designs. This led Cyrus to order Hystaspes to go back to

3111:. A palace was also built during the reign of Darius, with an inscription in the name of Cyrus the Great. It was previously believed that Cyrus had constructed this building, however due to the cuneiform script being used, the palace is believed to have been constructed by Darius. 1900:

was pushed by Megabyzus, while Darius pushed for a monarchy. After stating that a republic would lead to corruption and internal fighting, while a monarchy would be led with a single-mindedness not possible in other governments, Darius was able to convince the other nobles.

2280:, a high-ranking soldier, foaled. Following this, a plan was hatched for Zopyrus to pretend to be a deserter, enter the Babylonian camp, and gain the trust of the Babylonians. The plan was successful and Darius's army eventually surrounded the city and overcame the rebels. 2395:

states that the ruins of the forts were still standing in his day. After chasing the Scythians for a month, Darius's army was suffering losses due to fatigue, privation and sickness. Concerned about losing more of his troops, Darius halted the march at the banks of the

2580:. The defeat at Marathon marked the end of the first Persian invasion of Greece. Darius began preparations for a second force which he would command, instead of his generals; however, before the preparations were complete, Darius died, thus leaving the task to his son 2993:

which had originally been decreed by Cyrus, was supportive towards Greek cults which can be seen in his letter to Gadatas, and supported Elamite priests. He had also observed Egyptian religious rites related to kingship and had built the temple for the Egyptian god,

2370:

to fight or surrender. The ruler replied that he would not stand and fight with Darius until they found the graves of their fathers and tried to destroy them. Until then, they would continue their strategy as they had no cities or cultivated lands to lose.

2706:, which he had been preparing. An inscription on his tomb introduces him as "Great King, King of Kings, King of countries containing all kinds of men, King in this great earth far and wide, son of Hystaspes, an Achaemenian, a Persian, son of a Persian, an 2739:; before his accession, he had contested the succession with his elder half-brother Artobarzanes, Darius's eldest son, who was born to his first wife before Darius rose to power. With Xerxes's accession, the empire was again ruled by a member of the 3148: 2256:, especially on the eastern side. Darius asserted his position as king by force, taking his armies throughout the empire, suppressing each revolt individually. The most notable of all these revolts was the Babylonian revolt which was led by 1881:

Herodotus provides a dubious account of Darius's ascension: Several days after Gaumata had been assassinated, Darius and the other six nobles discussed the fate of the empire. At first, the seven discussed the form of government: A

1779:

member of the Achaemenid family would rise against Gaumata for the safety of their own life. Darius, who had served Cambyses as his lance-bearer until the deposed ruler's death, prayed for aid and, in September 522 BCE, along with

1758:

There are different accounts of the rise of Darius to the throne from both Darius himself and Greek historians. The oldest records report a convoluted sequence of events in which Cambyses II lost his mind, murdered his brother

1816: 2090:

Egyptian alabaster vase of Darius I with quadrilingual hieroglyphic and cuneiform inscriptions. The hieroglyph on the vase reads: "King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Lord of the Two Lands, Darius, living forever, year

2798:, which was the land of the Persians and the only province which was not a conquered land. Tributes were paid in both silver and gold talents. Tributes in silver from each satrap were measured with the Babylonian 2540:. Persian military and naval operations to quell the revolt ended in the Persian reoccupation of Ionian and Greek islands, as well as the re-subjugation of Thrace and the conquering of Macedonia in 492 BCE under 9639: 3812: 2770:

Early in his reign, Darius wanted to reorganize the structure of the empire and reform the system of taxation he inherited from Cyrus and Cambyses. To do this, Darius created twenty provinces called

2898:

throughout the empire, so that there was a system of travel authorization for the King, satraps and other high officials, which entitled the traveller to draw provisions at daily stopping places.

2817:

The imperial administration was coordinated by the chancery with headquarters at Persepolis, Susa, and Babylon with Bactria, Ecbatana, Sardis, Dascylium and Memphis having branches. Darius kept

2822:

king were addressed in Persian solely through narration and hymns and through the "masters of memory". Indeed, oral history continued to play an important role throughout the history of Iran.

2264:

to aid Darius in suppressing other revolts. Darius felt that the Babylonian people had taken advantage of him and deceived him, which resulted in Darius gathering a large army and marching to

3198: 3114:

In Egypt, Darius built many temples and restored those that had previously been destroyed. Even though Darius was a believer of Ahura Mazda, he built temples dedicated to the Gods of the

2464:

and some of the Greek islands had submitted to Persian rule already by 510 BCE. Nonetheless, there were certain Greeks who were pro-Persian, although these were largely based in

2385:

Darius eventually ordered a halt at the banks of Oarus, where he built "eight great forts, some eight miles distant from each other", no doubt as a frontier defence. In his

3276: 3068:. To open this canal, he travelled to Egypt in 497 BCE, where the inauguration was carried out with great fanfare and celebration. Darius also built a canal to connect the 1849: 1299: 1231: 1132:. Through these changes, the Achaemenid Empire became centralized and unified. Darius undertook other construction projects throughout his realm, primarily focusing on 2366:

the Scythian army deep into Scythian lands, where there were no cities to conquer and no supplies to forage. In frustration Darius sent a letter to the Scythian ruler

6725: 946: 2875:

projects in dry lands. This new tax system also led to the formation of state banking and the creation of banking firms. One of the most famous banking firms was

17715: 17710: 8172: 3179: 3126:. Darius also created several roads and routes in Egypt. The monuments that Darius built were often inscribed in the official languages of the Persian Empire, 12093: 1770:

Darius's account, written at the Behistun Inscription, states that Cambyses II killed his own brother Bardiya, but that this murder was not known among the

17750: 2660:. Any daughters he had with her are not known. Although Artobazanes was Darius's first-born, Xerxes became heir and the next king through the influence of 2648:. It is unknown if he had any children with her. Before these royal marriages, Darius had married an unknown daughter of his good friend and lance carrier 1718:, then the Persian Great King; this is often interpreted to mean he was the king's personal spear-carrier, an important role. Hystaspes was an officer in 15984: 8301: 8177: 1515:

Darius the great king, king of kings, king of countries, son of Hystaspes, an Achaemenid. King Darius says: This is the kingdom which I hold, from the

17755: 2000:

which had always been in favour of Darius, and had initially volunteered an army of soldiers to quell revolts. Following this, revolts broke out in

8594: 1698:, an affluent landowner descended from a family of local Elamite rulers. Richard Stoneman likewise refers to Irdabama as the mother of Darius. The 10933: 8216: 2123:

Through another series of campaigns, Darius I would eventually reign over the territorial apex of the empire, when it stretched from parts of the

1069:. The new king met with rebellions throughout the empire but quelled each of them; a major event in Darius's life was his expedition to subjugate 8032: 2072: 12051: 2887: 8972: 8693: 8604: 8293: 8008: 7950: 7946: 6718: 2560:

forced the troops to return to Persia. Seeking revenge on Athens and Eretria, Darius assembled another army of 20,000 men under his Admiral,

1710:

in 522 BCE. According to Herodotus (III.139), Darius, prior to seizing power and "of no consequence at the time", had served as a spearman (

12460: 8250: 8246: 7954: 11659: 8697: 8504: 8075: 8038: 8004: 7579: 7575: 6908: 5669: 411: 17308: 16070: 11303: 7862: 7706: 7571: 7567: 6848: 4205: 2276:

had employed when he captured Babylon. However, the situation changed in Darius's favour when, according to the story, a mule owned by

2890:

and a powerful navy. According to Herodotus, qanat irrigation technology was introduced to Egypt, which is supported by the historian

15999: 15994: 12086: 8590: 8586: 8500: 8297: 7054: 2116:

where he defeated the armies of the Pharaoh and secured the lands that Cambyses had conquered while incorporating a large portion of

1933:

as the eponymous founder of their dynasty. In reality, Darius was not from the same house as Cyrus and his forebears, the rulers of

1763:, and was killed by an infected leg wound. After this, Darius and a group of six nobles traveled to Sikayauvati to kill an usurper, 8701: 7958: 6711: 6006: 355: 2976:

Darius had dualistic philosophical convictions and believed that each rebellion in his kingdom was the work of druj, the enemy of

1536: 15974: 15969: 11991: 11933: 3077: 2167: 1591:. He wrote extensively on Darius, spanning half of Book 3 along with Books 4, 5 and 6. It begins with the removal of the alleged 1027: 3995: 625: 579: 447: 363: 361: 358: 264: 15979: 8104: 7858: 7838: 4428: 3380: 3006: 2791: 2495: 2297: 1431:

One of the two gold deposition plates. Two more were in silver. They all had the same trilingual inscription (DPh inscription).

623: 501: 493: 369: 367: 366: 263: 7811: 7520: 261: 259: 17730: 15959: 11813: 11766: 11736: 5553: 5534: 5504: 5409: 5379: 5358: 5321: 5299: 5289: 5278: 5254: 5236: 5194: 5161: 5136: 5116: 5096: 5062: 5041: 5017: 4999: 4980: 4956: 4930: 4909: 4880: 4853: 4824: 4803: 4769: 4745: 4721: 4701: 4681: 4661: 4641: 4610: 4354: 4291: 4237: 3633: 3422: 3390: 2794:

is preserved in the catalogue of Herodotus, beginning with Ionia and listing the other satrapies from west to east excluding

631: 628: 582: 498: 496: 490: 450: 326: 230: 3647: 3084:

on the charge of treason. When Darius returned to Persis, he found that the codification of Egyptian law had been finished.

2476:

were stepping stones towards the conflict that was yet to come between Persia and certain of the leading Greek city states.

194: 15989: 15964: 12329: 12079: 1992:. After three months the revolt in Babylonia had ended. While in Babylonia, Darius learned a revolution had broken out in 994:, reigning from 522 BCE until his death in 486 BCE. He ruled the empire at its territorial peak, when it included much of 15954: 13734: 13522: 10060: 7555: 7407: 7264: 5086: 15943: 14704: 14420: 13288: 12548: 12522: 12470: 11862: 10730: 8409: 2757: 2710:, having Aryan lineage." A relief under his tomb portraying equestrian combat was later carved during the reign of the 4445: 4213: 4106: 3345: 1963: 1470:. To aid the presentation of his ancestry, Darius wrote down the sequence of events that occurred after the death of 9076: 5128:

The Outline of History: Volume 1 (Barnes & Noble Library of Essential Reading): Prehistory to the Roman Republic

17725: 17720: 16009: 11943: 5874: 3627: 3033: 2565: 2413: 1988:

had broken out. Darius ended the Elamite revolt when the revolutionary leader Aschina was captured and executed in

17: 2549:

anti-Persian parties gained more power in Athens, and pro-Persian aristocrats were exiled from Athens and Sparta.

2374:

Despite the evading tactics of the Scythians, Darius's campaign was so far relatively successful. As presented by

15196: 10724: 5662: 5637: 4437: 3158: 2103: 543: 185: 1267: 17329: 16063: 15246: 14973: 14829: 10797: 10344: 10268: 6500: 1683: 898: 4370: 2957:

While there is no general consensus in scholarship whether Darius and his predecessors had been influenced by

2836: 2330:

in battle, revolted against Darius and threatened to disrupt trade between Central Asia and the shores of the

15542: 15332: 15264: 15129: 14996: 14906: 14719: 12837: 12434: 11938: 11649: 11629: 10911: 10818: 10803: 10641: 10511: 10312: 10011: 9696: 7080: 4731: 2649: 1788: 1354:). The name in nominative form means "he who holds firm the good(ness)", which can be seen by the first part 750: 15114: 15051: 14334: 11450: 11259: 11235: 10635: 9615: 6689: 6211: 5073: 2572:, the Persian army was defeated by a heavily armed Athenian army, with 9,000 men who were supported by 600 4581: 4575: 1584: 16812: 15475: 14584: 14496: 13981: 13758: 13749: 10872: 9911: 9710: 9257: 9251: 7498: 6854: 6693: 6578: 6263: 6103: 3154: 3041: 2441: 2117: 1094: 4843: 4331: 2268:. At Babylon, Darius was met with closed gates and a series of defences to keep him and his armies out. 17740: 16880: 15304: 14637: 14374: 14201: 14133: 12715: 11499: 11355: 11118: 10809: 10619: 9965: 9627: 9595: 9589: 7796: 6033: 5655: 4737: 2859:. The daric was a major boost to international trade. Trade goods such as textiles, carpets, tools and 983: 3310:

states that this is an error. Richard Stoneman likewise considers Herodotus's account to be incorrect.

2353:

Straits using a bridge of boats. Darius conquered large portions of Eastern Europe, even crossing the

1845: 17695: 17674: 17617: 17464: 17241: 16563: 16056: 15825: 13596: 12062: 11636: 11244: 11130: 11112: 10962: 10624: 10488: 10189: 10004: 8901: 6466: 6196: 6174: 5401: 3115: 1398: 17610: 17596: 17410: 16942: 16535: 16089: 13670: 13441: 13303: 12439: 12322: 12000: 11959: 11622: 11267: 11264: 11187: 11157: 11100: 11086: 10492: 9476: 9214: 8631: 8415: 7258: 5864: 4281: 3092: 3011: 2676: 2404:. He had conquered enough Scythian territory to force the Scythians to respect the Persian forces. 2315: 1687: 1039: 9469: 3095:

in the north of the city. An inscription states that the palace was destroyed during the reign of

1160:

to record his conquests, which would later become important evidence of the Old Persian language.

567: 435: 17700: 17645: 17554: 17301: 17234: 16705: 16094: 15510: 15425: 15402: 13719: 13581: 13518: 13307: 13107: 12923: 12480: 11282: 11210: 11184: 11160: 11154: 11139: 11051: 10987: 10952: 10896: 10845: 10418: 8895: 8676: 8421: 7729: 7187: 5981: 5971: 5789: 5612: 3166: 2965:, whom he saw as the supreme deity. However, Ahura Mazda was also worshipped by adherents of the 2621: 796: 60: 16920: 4901: 3776: 3329: 2980:. Darius believed that because he lived righteously by Asha, Ahura Mazda supported him. In many 2672: 1690:(1994), Darius's mother was thought to have been a woman named Rhodogune. However, according to 17745: 17705: 17582: 17457: 17322: 17315: 17287: 16659: 16618: 16550: 16014: 16004: 15552: 15531: 15450: 14364: 14224: 13834: 13468: 13428: 13222: 13164: 13048: 12852: 12515: 12387: 12116: 11889: 11855: 11445: 11435: 11225: 11220: 11215: 11175: 11166: 11109: 11089: 11083: 11077: 11074: 11065: 10993: 10990: 10981: 10881: 10860: 10474: 10248: 10180: 10090: 9834: 9828: 9309: 8764: 8623: 8188: 7969: 7509: 7483: 7443: 7086: 6859: 6652: 6276: 6068: 5961: 5688: 2863:

began to travel throughout Asia, Europe and Africa. To further improve trade, Darius built the

2484: 1652: 1474:. Darius mentions several times that he is the rightful king by the grace of the supreme deity 1467: 1121: 11756: 8062: 7091: 5184: 4671: 4344: 4227: 3099:, but was rebuilt. Today only glazed bricks of the palace remain, the majority of them in the 2806:

talent. The total tribute from the satraps came to an amount less than 15,000 silver talents.

2432:

Darius's European expedition was a major event in his reign, which began with the invasion of

17735: 17540: 17495: 17431: 17294: 17227: 16964: 16866: 16861: 16842: 16241: 16158: 16024: 15500: 15465: 15445: 15435: 15397: 13997: 13901: 13255: 11986: 11913: 11805:

Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History

11726: 11689: 11611: 11488: 11148: 11124: 11080: 11068: 11062: 11059: 11014: 11008: 10984: 10949: 10905: 10893: 10890: 10887: 10875: 10869: 10857: 10851: 10670: 10580: 10577: 10568: 10131: 8208: 6232: 5933: 5348: 5270: 5027: 4970: 4948: 4793: 4759: 4711: 4631: 2577: 2387: 2200:. Darius conquered the lands surrounding the Indus River in 515 BCE. Darius I controlled the 1691: 1579: 1507: 1483: 1425: 1214: 1108:

Darius organized the empire by dividing it into administrative provinces, each governed by a

11803: 11655: 7468: 3794: 17371: 16730: 16710: 16654: 16558: 16511: 16019: 15525: 15480: 14853: 14481: 14416: 14269: 14264: 13971: 13966: 13819: 13245: 13033: 12912: 12010: 11056: 11005: 10914: 10908: 10878: 10480: 10433: 10421: 10245: 10186: 9810: 9704: 9527: 9054: 8202: 7723: 7140: 6539: 6271: 6201: 6010: 5313: 3139: 2970: 2935: 2911: 2799: 2545: 2032: 1751: 1699: 1673: 1627: 1375: 1153: 1129: 1007: 940: 93: 10517: 5457:

Klotz, David (2015). "Darius I and the Sabaeans: Ancient Partners in Red Sea Navigation".

2568:, who met success when they captured Eretria and advanced to Marathon. In 490 BCE, at the 2155: 2027:

leaving the empire in turmoil. Even though Darius did not seem to have the support of the

8: 17483: 17336: 17220: 16829: 16794: 16735: 16568: 16476: 15515: 15490: 15455: 15392: 14767: 14742: 13946: 13941: 13365: 12796: 12491: 12357: 12315: 11561: 11416: 11121: 11071: 10996: 10946: 10899: 10884: 10863: 10562: 10548: 10436: 10369: 10192: 10083: 10025: 9789: 9462: 9302: 9021: 8826: 8643: 8456: 7772: 6983: 6461: 6108: 5779: 4653:

Empires of the Silk Road: a history of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the present

2609: 2541: 2004:, the homeland of the Persians and Darius and then in Elam and Babylonia, followed by in 1883: 1199: 791: 2664:; she had great authority in the kingdom as Darius loved her the most of all his wives. 1840:

of King Darius the Great hunting in a chariot, reading "I am Darius, the Great King" in

1616: 17760: 17280: 17261: 17196: 17091: 17062: 16682: 16664: 16588: 16516: 16491: 16466: 15805: 15792: 15369: 14379: 13951: 13926: 12993: 12768: 11787: 11601: 11478: 11039: 10978: 10972: 10500: 10464: 10377: 10358: 10254: 10251: 10204: 10170: 10167: 10122: 9813: 9798: 9783: 9459: 9456: 9447: 9206: 8381: 8109: 7382: 7235: 7152: 6955: 6409: 6073: 5474: 5445: 4894: 3609: 2891: 2831: 2687: 2605: 2581: 2569: 2339: 2319: 2257: 2213: 1767:, who had taken the throne by pretending to be Bardiya during the true king's absence. 1588: 1563:, the greatest of gods, bestowed upon me. May Ahuramazda protect me and my royal house! 1310: 1204: 1113: 1086: 888: 771: 16700: 10257: 5497:

The rise and organisation of the Achaemenid Empire : the eastern Iranian evidence

3100: 17357: 17343: 17268: 17103: 17047: 16992: 16780: 16765: 16720: 16636: 16598: 16583: 16496: 16486: 16431: 16421: 15860: 15839: 15733: 15700: 15412: 14747: 14369: 14249: 13871: 13799: 13457: 13260: 13250: 13182: 12508: 12167: 12106: 11848: 11809: 11762: 11732: 11025: 10999: 10975: 10957: 10757: 10678: 10586: 10455: 10427: 10242: 10210: 10201: 10143: 10140: 10137: 10125: 10113: 10028: 9949: 9801: 9795: 9762: 9756: 9327: 9200: 9064: 8886: 8612: 8211: 8205: 8013: 7981: 7526: 6735: 5929: 5889: 5700: 5679: 5576: 5549: 5530: 5500: 5478: 5449: 5405: 5375: 5354: 5317: 5295: 5274: 5250: 5232: 5190: 5157: 5132: 5112: 5092: 5058: 5037: 5013: 4995: 4976: 4952: 4926: 4905: 4876: 4849: 4833:

Cook, J. M. (1985), "The Rise of the Achaemenids and Establishment of their Empire",

4820: 4799: 4765: 4741: 4717: 4697: 4677: 4657: 4637: 4606: 4441: 4350: 4287: 4233: 4209: 4102: 3984: 3418: 3386: 3341: 3135: 3073: 2740: 2691: 2437: 2253: 2160: 2140: 2109: 2024: 1906: 1864: 1459: 1176: 1168: 1011: 991: 760: 105: 75: 9189: 5054:

King of the Seven Climes: A History of the Ancient Iranian World (3000 BCE – 651 CE)

4941: 4780: 3300: 2973:, Darius believed that Ahura Mazda had appointed him to rule the Achaemenid Empire. 1955: 17252: 16979: 16755: 16725: 16715: 16593: 16578: 16573: 16436: 16039: 15866: 15694: 15460: 14797: 14094: 13990: 13931: 13355: 13335: 12036: 11685: 11597: 11543: 11474: 11461: 11440: 11405: 11254: 11042: 11011: 10866: 10842: 10610: 10607: 10601: 10556: 10449: 10430: 10424: 10380: 10363: 10207: 10198: 10195: 10119: 10116: 9954: 9839: 9426: 8516: 8450: 8438: 8131: 7678: 6968: 6184: 5631: 5466: 5437: 5215: 4021: 3258: 2876: 2762: 2511: 2185: 1451: 1328: 1222: 1117: 1074: 1035: 152: 70: 6703: 5647: 5204: 5051:

Llewellyn-Jones, Lloyd (2017). "The Achaemenid Empire". In Daryaee, Touraj (ed.).

1672:

Darius toppled the previous Achaemenid ruler (here depicted in the reliefs of the

17401: 17386: 17364: 17168: 17071: 16892: 16823: 16775: 16750: 16740: 16674: 16608: 16521: 16501: 16461: 16403: 16334: 16285: 16173: 15811: 15781: 15740: 15676: 15420: 15350: 15220: 14559: 14214: 13936: 13330: 12968: 12936: 12775: 12429: 12276: 12216: 11899: 11606: 11592: 11567: 11520: 11483: 11469: 11293: 11142: 11095: 11002: 10967: 10839: 10834: 10762: 10736: 10592: 10467: 10461: 10446: 10439: 10393: 10383: 10216: 10161: 10155: 10152: 10098: 10046: 9882: 9816: 9804: 9792: 9780: 9765: 9744: 9663: 9567: 9564: 9538: 9453: 9432: 9420: 9387: 9381: 9351: 9273: 9083: 8435: 8390: 8344: 8338: 8328: 8118: 7218: 7196: 6963: 6636: 6405: 5991: 5831: 5799: 5744: 5369: 5264: 5171: 5126: 5106: 5052: 5031: 4920: 4889: 4814: 4691: 4651: 4620: 4600: 4099: 3358: 3271: 3209: 3205: 3190: 3108: 2711: 2601: 2445: 2327: 2273: 2081: 1934: 1771: 1719: 1524: 1471: 1379: 1319: 1218: 65: 13517: 11981: 11645: 6883: 17211: 17161: 17007: 16887: 16745: 16506: 16481: 16456: 16393: 16385: 16365: 15907: 15705: 15666: 15384: 15340: 15209: 14293: 14219: 14049: 13921: 13881: 13629: 13481: 13446: 13436: 13370: 13325: 13207: 13202: 12782: 12761: 12727: 12455: 12271: 12124: 12102: 11928: 11504: 11048: 10941: 10830: 10783: 10744: 10687: 10589: 10525: 10443: 10402: 10396: 10386: 10374: 10158: 10146: 10134: 10054: 9943: 9897: 9807: 9777: 9741: 9605: 9450: 9429: 9423: 9414: 9366: 9336: 9318: 9293: 9281: 9193: 9050: 8921: 8772: 8634: 8628: 8531: 8523: 8459: 8432: 8396: 8229: 7996: 7993: 7894: 7302: 7067: 6973: 6950: 6842: 6471: 6374: 6320: 5976: 5794: 5428:

Hyland, John O. (2014). "The Casualty Figures in Darius' Bisitun Inscription".

3600:

Zournatzi, Antigoni (2003). "The Apadana Coin Hoards, Darius I, and the West".

3230: 2958: 2810: 2703: 2680: 2323: 2005: 1868: 1503: 1495: 1447: 1405: 1172: 1164: 1157: 1070: 957: 926: 710: 12071: 4736:. Vol. 10: Persia, Greece, and the Western Mediterranean. Cambridge, UK: 2908:"By the grace of Ahuramazda am I king; Ahuramazda has granted me the kingdom." 1746: 17689: 17154: 17115: 16949: 16836: 16631: 16626: 16352: 16300: 16290: 16254: 15586: 15485: 15317: 15287: 14963: 14818: 14675: 14544: 14384: 14359: 14309: 13916: 13911: 13906: 13896: 13703: 13634: 13624: 13486: 13240: 12988: 12931: 12884: 12721: 12680: 12266: 12005: 11799: 11722: 11707: 11579: 11511: 11391: 11036: 11033: 10786: 10780: 10740: 10696: 10604: 10565: 10399: 10338: 10239: 10236: 10164: 10149: 10110: 10107: 10050: 9989: 9871: 9577: 9570: 9547: 9441: 9435: 9399: 9321: 9277: 9234: 9026: 8924: 8918: 8876: 8775: 8578: 8540: 8313: 8199: 8113: 7923: 7874: 7629: 7613: 7306: 7232: 7193: 7167: 7161: 7122: 7063: 7034: 6759: 6642: 6563: 6526: 6366: 6343: 6286: 6028: 5966: 5914: 3307: 2990: 2966: 2852: 2841: 2536:

and Athens supported him by sending ships and troops to Ionia and by burning

2529: 2517:

Detail of Darius, with a label in Greek (ΔΑΡΕΙΟΣ, top right) giving his name.

2419: 2113: 1920:

to murder Bardiya. After the killing, Patizeithes put his brother Gaumata, a

1872: 1837: 1686:. The identity of his mother is uncertain. According to the modern historian 1409: 1256: 1187: 1149: 1082: 1047: 987: 919: 101: 50: 8661: 5441: 5421:

The Arts of Ancient Iran from Its Origins to the Time of Alexander the Great

4837:, Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 2, London: Cambridge University Press 4080: 4013: 2944: 2424: 1694:(2013), recently uncovered texts in Persepolis indicate that his mother was 1304: 1288: 951: 17638: 17624: 17502: 17126: 17120: 16987: 16928: 16912: 16760: 16692: 16646: 16603: 16451: 16441: 16380: 16370: 16262: 16231: 16201: 15671: 15505: 15495: 15470: 15322: 15272: 15231: 14957: 14869: 14757: 14670: 14650: 14569: 14534: 14529: 14415: 14354: 14064: 13886: 13876: 13839: 13794: 13708: 13698: 13688: 13604: 13320: 13197: 13006: 12947: 12807: 12754: 12659: 12413: 12246: 11752: 11549: 11427: 11361: 11279: 11270: 11201: 11127: 11030: 10774: 10675: 10598: 10452: 10408: 10288: 10213: 10173: 10104: 10101: 10095: 10034: 9986: 9974: 9888: 9865: 9858: 9774: 9768: 9738: 9550: 9522: 9504: 9495: 9444: 9237: 9231: 9225: 9130: 9100: 8906: 8818: 8715: 8652: 8600: 8429: 8154: 8089: 8079: 7990: 7941: 7826: 7806: 7802: 7587: 7451: 7311: 7291: 7244: 7203: 6990: 6945: 6794: 6779: 6622: 6379: 6361: 6328: 6242: 6088: 5986: 5919: 5894: 5884: 5769: 5368:

Woolf, Alex; Maddocks, Steven; Balkwill, Richard; McCarthy, Thomas (2004),

3096: 3057: 2860: 2644:. He also married another woman of the nobility, Phaidyme, the daughter of 2144: 1548: 1499: 1184: 1180: 1031: 1023: 995: 3017: 1852: 596: 463: 314: 218: 17631: 17568: 17526: 17450: 17438: 17417: 17078: 17002: 16997: 16898: 16855: 16471: 16446: 16426: 16398: 16360: 16249: 16226: 16221: 16211: 15775: 15720: 15571: 15520: 15440: 15312: 15204: 15186: 15144: 15055: 14946: 14941: 14936: 14890: 14874: 14847: 14812: 14802: 14737: 14690: 14680: 14665: 14655: 14602: 14564: 14539: 14519: 14509: 14275: 14259: 14234: 14229: 14029: 13956: 13866: 13849: 13804: 13779: 13713: 13693: 13678: 13660: 13390: 13385: 13192: 13019: 12999: 12813: 12747: 12738: 12622: 12372: 12221: 11564: 11555: 11410: 11364: 11349: 11340: 11334: 11276: 11178: 11136: 11106: 11103: 11045: 10902: 10854: 10765: 10684: 10681: 10664: 10574: 10389: 10332: 10329: 10326: 10301: 10291: 10279: 10128: 10069: 10022: 9998: 9992: 9983: 9977: 9922: 9885: 9868: 9852: 9786: 9771: 9759: 9747: 9718: 9685: 9682: 9544: 9519: 9516: 9510: 9417: 9378: 9375: 9363: 9348: 9345: 9333: 9240: 9228: 9219: 9168: 9162: 9112: 9109: 9097: 9094: 9030: 9007: 8990: 8976: 8967: 8737: 8666: 8656: 8508: 8493: 8487: 8471: 8468: 8371: 8350: 8260: 8223: 8146: 7987: 7777: 7702: 7697: 7690: 7660: 7646: 7609: 7459: 7368: 7283: 7253: 7239: 7008: 6994: 6939: 6874: 6804: 6774: 6456: 6389: 6252: 6093: 6083: 5899: 5869: 5749: 3304: 3244: 3127: 3107:, Darius finished all incomplete construction projects from the reign of 2962: 2928: 2707: 2525: 2491: 2397: 2367: 2201: 2197: 2181: 2044: 2043:

One of the significant events of Darius's early reign was the slaying of

1913: 1841: 1796: 1784: 1730: 1715: 1631: 1560: 1556: 1532: 1475: 1455: 1273: 814: 8730: 3613: 2886:

In an effort to further improve trade, Darius built canals, underground

17589: 17575: 17561: 17533: 17471: 17181: 16905: 16770: 16416: 16186: 15892: 15846: 15799: 15754: 15726: 15547: 15430: 15355: 15282: 15171: 14986: 14924: 14919: 14914: 14896: 14884: 14864: 14837: 14807: 14787: 14732: 14685: 14660: 14592: 14554: 14524: 14514: 14254: 14054: 14044: 13814: 13809: 13774: 13683: 13655: 13476: 13380: 13375: 13360: 13345: 13153: 13147: 13061: 12789: 12607: 12544: 12465: 12338: 12281: 12211: 12188: 12181: 12041: 11969: 11964: 11573: 11570: 11552: 11529: 11514: 11508: 11388: 11385: 11343: 11331: 11325: 11310: 11181: 11172: 11169: 11163: 11145: 11115: 10923: 10848: 10789: 10655: 10595: 10458: 10352: 10323: 10320: 10317: 10305: 10297: 10285: 10273: 10019: 9995: 9980: 9916: 9878: 9855: 9849: 9753: 9492: 9324: 9222: 9181: 9171: 9165: 9127: 9124: 9121: 9115: 9103: 9091: 9088: 9058: 9004: 9001: 8814: 8793: 8769: 8745: 8574: 8465: 8462: 8453: 8444: 8363: 8254: 8140: 8095: 8083: 7927: 7765: 7761: 7710: 7531: 7439: 7365: 7361: 7105: 6978: 6928: 6922: 6432: 6427: 6348: 6338: 6305: 6222: 6206: 6169: 6044: 5956: 5941: 5879: 5804: 5739: 5716: 5709: 5350:

Ancient Persia: A Concise History of the Achaemenid Empire, 550–330 BCE

4755: 3104: 3045: 3026: 2872: 2864: 2653: 2641: 2633: 2629: 2593: 2553: 2461: 2225: 1969: 1930: 1800: 1726: 1479: 1439: 1141: 1137: 1125: 1051: 819: 804: 776: 739: 125: 120: 55: 9724: 4716:, vol. IV (2nd ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1827: 17547: 17519: 17350: 17174: 17147: 17140: 17133: 17012: 16935: 16848: 16295: 16277: 16272: 16216: 16206: 16181: 15832: 15747: 15710: 15636: 15630: 15557: 15537: 15254: 15236: 15181: 15161: 15024: 14859: 14842: 14792: 14645: 14612: 14607: 14549: 14348: 14169: 14122: 14074: 14034: 14011: 13784: 13650: 13619: 13273: 13187: 13013: 12894: 12631: 12475: 12261: 12256: 12251: 12142: 11582: 11525: 11382: 11352: 11346: 11337: 11322: 11316: 11298: 11273: 11151: 11133: 10920: 10917: 10777: 10704: 10690: 10661: 10649: 10571: 10542: 10282: 10276: 10041: 9971: 9928: 9925: 9874: 9657: 9574: 9560: 9557: 9513: 9507: 9489: 9411: 9402: 9372: 9369: 9360: 9342: 9339: 9177: 9174: 9038: 9034: 9010: 8958: 8945: 8915: 8810: 8806: 8684: 8544: 8281: 8276: 8272: 8241: 8158: 8135: 8099: 7984: 7907: 7830: 7822: 7789: 7686: 7670: 7642: 7605: 7474: 7432: 7249: 7128: 7014: 6612: 6598: 6594: 6568: 6544: 6422: 6417: 6353: 6310: 6247: 6164: 6078: 6058: 6053: 5951: 5946: 5904: 5784: 5774: 5546:

Persepolis : the archaeology of Parsa, seat of the Persian kings

5515: 4966: 3296: 3162: 2981: 2771: 2715: 2699: 2657: 2637: 2617: 2557: 2453: 2392: 2375: 2358: 2350: 2346: 2331: 2311: 2284: 2233: 2229: 1985: 1917: 1897: 1574: 1383: 1019: 966: 809: 781: 744: 729: 5398:

Persia and the Greeks : the defence of the West, c. 546–478 B.C

3087:

Additionally, Darius sponsored large construction projects in Susa,

2552:

Darius responded by sending troops led by his son-in-law across the

1912:

According to the accounts of Greek historians, Cambyses II had left

1569:

DPh inscription of Darius I in the foundations of the Apadana Palace

1361: 1355: 1337: 1331: 1282: 1276: 37: 17603: 17109: 17097: 16872: 16408: 16319: 16305: 16267: 16196: 16048: 15902: 15897: 15886: 15853: 15768: 15761: 15715: 15687: 15681: 15646: 15609: 15604: 15599: 15594: 15226: 15166: 15009: 14981: 14574: 14504: 14316: 14302: 14282: 14244: 14156: 14101: 14059: 13891: 13861: 13824: 13769: 13614: 13491: 13396: 13340: 13235: 13142: 13136: 13125: 13091: 12975: 12961: 12954: 12941: 12905: 12645: 12408: 12241: 12157: 12152: 12046: 11840: 11532: 11358: 11319: 11313: 11190: 10771: 10768: 10713: 10710: 10652: 10583: 10533: 10496: 10349: 9891: 9750: 9732: 9715: 9653: 9580: 9554: 9501: 9483: 9393: 9268: 9159: 9150: 9138: 9106: 9070: 9046: 8996: 8964: 8940: 8912: 8882: 8870: 8863: 8849: 8843: 8778: 8688: 8670: 8582: 8560: 8556: 8441: 8367: 8196: 8150: 8127: 8122: 8053: 8048: 8017: 7834: 7758: 7754: 7747: 7625: 7546: 7391: 7223: 7213: 7208: 7199: 7135: 7118: 6889: 6836: 6662: 6616: 6534: 6510: 6451: 6227: 6130: 6098: 6063: 6023: 5909: 5849: 5764: 5622: 5470: 5331: 4346:

The Economies of Hellenistic Societies, Third to First Centuries BC

4200: 4198: 3081: 2895: 2856: 2736: 2728: 2613: 2302: 2205: 2193: 2189: 2136: 2028: 2023:

By 522 BCE, there were revolts against Darius in most parts of the

1973: 1888: 1792: 1695: 1641: 1540: 1463: 1210: 1098: 1015: 909: 786: 180: 145: 11761:. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables). 10750: 5819: 5010:

The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period

4025: 2989:

treasury for their purposes. He had funded the restoration of the

2652:

from an early marriage, with whom he had three sons, Artobazanes,

2260:. This revolt occurred when Otanes withdrew much of the army from 1462:. The inscription begins with a brief autobiography including his 1057:

Darius ascended the throne by overthrowing the Achaemenid monarch

17085: 16375: 16342: 15879: 15818: 15661: 15345: 15156: 15150: 15138: 15019: 15014: 14951: 14930: 14775: 14727: 14627: 14617: 14342: 14239: 14209: 14191: 14180: 14163: 14115: 14108: 14039: 13961: 13609: 13417: 13403: 13315: 13266: 13172: 13115: 13066: 12899: 12889: 12869: 12802: 12652: 12531: 12362: 12352: 12231: 12226: 12206: 12201: 12195: 12137: 11974: 11894: 11585: 11413: 11394: 11379: 11373: 11367: 10701: 10646: 10539: 10536: 10484: 10335: 10077: 10016: 9937: 9931: 9672: 9666: 9438: 9408: 9263: 9153: 9118: 8909: 8852: 8753: 8722: 8426: 7975: 7918: 7847: 7742: 7734: 7599: 7534: 7341: 7338: 7323: 7319: 7131: 7125: 7109: 6987: 6676: 6672: 6666: 6646: 6632: 6602: 6573: 6555: 6505: 6492: 6481: 6476: 6300: 6237: 6216: 6156: 6146: 6135: 6018: 5996: 5859: 5854: 5844: 5839: 5754: 5734: 5729: 5723: 5605: 3266: 3186: 3170: 3131: 3123: 3088: 3069: 3061: 3049: 3022: 2818: 2787: 2573: 2533: 2362: 2277: 2265: 2261: 2249: 2209: 2177: 2132: 2124: 2013: 2009: 1997: 1993: 1977: 1916:

in charge of the kingdom when he headed for Egypt. He later sent

1860: 1775: 1764: 1760: 1707: 1663: 1659: 1637: 1623: 1595: 1592: 1544: 1491: 1145: 1078: 1066: 1058: 999: 883: 871: 170: 135: 17034: 12543: 8838: 5312:, "Blackwell History of the Ancient World" series, Hoboken, NJ: 4195: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3204:

Relief showing Darius I offering lettuces to the Egyptian deity

2766:

Volume of annual tribute per district, in the Achaemenid Empire.

1634:

inscription reads "This is Gaumâta, the Magian. He lied, saying

861: 856: 851: 841: 16347: 16191: 15786: 15656: 15293: 15176: 14781: 14752: 14622: 14597: 14389: 14323: 14149: 14142: 14069: 14024: 14018: 13844: 13764: 13350: 13177: 13130: 13084: 13056: 12982: 12860: 12819: 12701: 12666: 12638: 12300:

indicate kings not directly attested and so possibly legendary.

12286: 12147: 12026: 11376: 11370: 11328: 11239: 10707: 10658: 10233:

Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos")

10031: 9934: 9919: 9903: 9648: 9633: 9498: 9405: 9396: 9330: 9287: 9156: 9147: 9144: 9141: 9042: 9014: 8955: 8846: 8741: 8568: 8447: 8359: 8347: 7978: 7935: 7900: 7881: 7853: 7750: 7682: 7620: 7563: 7515: 7424: 7395: 7351: 7348: 7298: 7228: 7146: 7099: 7049: 7024: 7019: 6998: 6815: 6789: 6764: 6656: 6515: 6384: 6333: 6151: 5809: 4343:

Archibald, Zosia; Davies, John K.; Gabrielsen, Vincent (2011).

2880: 2845: 2803: 2795: 2779: 2732: 2661: 2645: 2625: 2597: 2537: 2465: 2457: 2449: 2433: 2401: 2379: 2354: 2335: 2237: 2173: 2128: 2048: 2001: 1921: 1893: 1780: 1738:

and watch over his son strictly, until Cyrus himself returned.

1735: 1703: 1520: 1494:(Harmatta) and a letter from Darius to Gadates, preserved in a 1487: 1443: 1109: 1090: 1003: 866: 846: 734: 724: 8833: 8385: 8057: 7655: 7650: 7478: 7463: 5291:

Classic Biblical Baby Names: Timeless Names for Modern Parents

4363: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4100:"The Policy of Darius and Xerxes towards Thrace and Macedonia" 3658: 1085:. Although his campaign ultimately resulted in failure at the 17424: 15872: 15651: 15641: 15619: 15277: 14186: 14174: 14087: 14004: 13855: 13789: 13451: 13120: 13078: 13072: 12864: 12823: 12694: 12687: 12673: 12307: 12031: 11576: 11558: 10073: 9679: 9660: 8726: 8637: 8608: 8535: 8267: 7931: 7818: 7737: 7665: 7542: 7538: 7420: 7358: 7354: 7315: 7102: 7044: 7039: 7029: 7002: 6784: 6606: 6443: 6188: 6119: 5367: 5074:"Zoroastrianism i. Historical review up to the Arab conquest" 4225: 4086: 4056: 3985:"A Stone Jar with Inscriptions of Darius I in Four Languages" 3847: 3277:

List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources

2695: 2561: 2473: 2469: 2217: 2017: 1552: 1349: 1343: 1265: 1259: 1252: 1102: 961: 8950: 7912: 5222:, vol. 7, New York: Columbia University, pp. 41–50 4845:

Government leaders, military rulers, and political activists

4386: 4384: 4371:"India Relations: Achaemenid Period – Encyclopaedia Iranica" 3547: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3340:, vol 46), Mainz am Rhein: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 1999. 2961:, it is well established that Darius was a firm believer in 2894:. He further improved and expanded the network of roads and 2883:. These banking firms provided loans and credit to clients. 2867:, a postal system and Phoenician-based commercial shipping. 2436:. Darius also conquered many cities of the northern Aegean, 2428:

Map showing key sites during the Persian invasions of Greece

1093:

and expanded the Achaemenid Empire through his conquests of

15624: 15614: 15004: 14879: 14080: 13410: 13230: 13212: 13097: 12879: 12874: 12708: 12500: 10530: 10294: 10221: 10065: 9821: 8932: 8787: 8709: 8550: 8478: 8307: 8193: 8024: 7999: 7887: 7868: 7637: 7595: 7550: 7490: 7428: 7375: 7344: 7273: 7173: 7115: 7112: 7059: 6903: 6895: 6865: 6825: 6809: 6799: 6769: 6626: 4819:(illustrated, annotated ed.), Transaction Publishers, 4300: 4136: 4068: 3629:

Persepolis : discovery and afterlife of a world wonder

3493: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3119: 3065: 3053: 3037: 2995: 2977: 2221: 2172:

In 516 BCE, Darius embarked on a campaign to Central Asia,

1989: 1981: 1528: 1516: 1133: 607: 474: 339: 243: 87: 3864: 2314:

were a group of north Iranian nomadic tribes, speaking an

13829: 8527: 6688:

In most territories, Achaemenid rulers were succeeded by

5057:. UCI Jordan Center for Persian Studies. pp. 1–236. 4381: 4342: 4124: 3916: 3759: 3757: 3417:. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. p. 132. 1950: 15050: 11696:. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48–49. 4795:

From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire

4543: 4495: 4408: 4183: 4159: 4112: 3964: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3933: 3931: 3892: 3472: 2620:, another daughter of Cyrus, with whom he had two sons, 1482:

have been found, as well as a clay tablet containing an

8164: 6820: 5131:(illustrated ed.), Barnes & Noble Publishing, 4473: 4471: 4469: 4032: 3742: 3730: 3670: 3438: 3436: 3434: 2690:, Darius began planning another expedition against the 11675:

Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional.

4555: 4519: 4171: 3754: 3694: 1510:

the extent of his Empire in broad geographical terms:

9196:

Ilum-gamil Anam of Uruk Irdanene Rim-Anum Nabi-ilišu

4483: 4454: 4396: 4312: 4258: 4044: 3943: 3928: 3904: 3682: 3581: 3448: 2252:

was murdered, widespread revolts occurred throughout

8264:

Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter

4943:

The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia

4848:(illustrated ed.), Greenwood Publishing Group, 4656:(illustrated ed.), Princeton University Press, 4466: 4246: 3835: 3823: 3718: 3431: 3220: 2592:

Darius was the son of Hystaspes and the grandson of

2382:, one of the allies of the Scythians, and burnt it. 2051:

from his horse, and tied the two officers together.

1442:

and his death, Darius left a tri-lingual monumental

6733: 5677: 5310:

A History of the Ancient Near East: Ca. 3000–323 BC

4761:

Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices

4531: 4507: 3982: 3706: 3569: 3557: 3460: 3415:

Worlds Together, Worlds Apart concise edition vol.1

2628:, the daughter of Bardiya, with whom he had a son, 1729:to battle with the Armenians, he installed his son 8067:(King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam) 4940: 4893: 4873:Political memoir: essays on the politics of memory 2686:After becoming aware of the Persian defeat at the 2216:to explore the Indian Ocean from the mouth of the 4975:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 352. 2556:. However, a violent storm and harassment by the 2306:Map of the European Scythian campaign of Darius I 1803:, killed Gaumata in the fortress of Sikayauvati. 17687: 5488:History of the Persian Empire, Achaemenid Period 2851:Darius introduced a new universal currency, the 1478:. In addition, further texts and monuments from 1342:) forms, and possibly in the longer Greek form, 1065:), who he claimed was in fact an imposter named 12101: 5050: 5033:King and Court in Ancient Persia 559 to 331 BCE 5026: 4693:Conquerors: The Roots of New World horsemanship 3858: 3664: 3091:, Egypt, and Persepolis. In Susa, Darius built 2150: 1925:Darius was crowned king the following morning. 1867:. The word 'great' only appears in Babylonian. 1309:). The longer Persian form is reflected in the 1124:. He also put the empire in better standing by 1120:a co-official language of the empire alongside 5548:(Rev. ed.). Princeton, NJ: Darwin Press. 5353:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–272. 5307: 5036:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 1–272. 4602:History of Darius the Great: Makers of History 4577:Ars orientalis; the arts of Islam and the East 3887:, London: The British Museum press, p. 42 3870: 1391:Apadana foundation tablets of Darius the Great 1322: 1116:as a new uniform monetary system, and he made 17716:5th-century BC Kings of the Achaemenid Empire 17711:6th-century BC Kings of the Achaemenid Empire 16064: 12516: 12323: 12087: 11856: 6719: 5663: 5520:. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner and Co. 5111:(illustrated ed.), Infobase Publishing, 2407: 2291: 2038: 1750:Lineage of Darius the Great according to the 1313: 17036:Babylon under foreign rule (539 BC – AD 224) 12461:2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire 11710:. cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS. 11684: 9188:: Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk 7781:"King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk 5529:. Azizeh Azodi, trans. London: I.B. Tauris. 5374:(illustrated ed.), Marshall Cavendish, 4922:Shadows in the desert: ancient Persia at war 4816:Nomadic empires: from Mongolia to the Danube 4673:Temple restoration in early Achaemenid Judah 2802:. Those paid in gold were measured with the 2192:. Darius spent the winter of 516–515 BCE in 1725:Before Cyrus and his army crossed the river 1714:) in the Egyptian campaign (528–525 BCE) of 1598:and continues to the end of Darius's reign. 1404:Gold foundation tablets of Darius I for the 92:The relief stone of Darius the Great in the 17751:Pharaohs of the Achaemenid dynasty of Egypt 11720: 10937:Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon 5527:Ancient Persia : from 550 BC to 650 AD 4990:Konecky, Sean (2008), Gidley, Chuck (ed.), 4232:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 135–138. 2969:religious tradition. As can be seen at the 2444:submitted voluntarily, after the demand of 1626:" being trampled upon by Darius the Great, 1609:The predecessor of Darius: Bardiya/ Gaumata 1246: 1240: 309:Chieftain and Lord, beloved of Upper Egypt 16071: 16057: 12523: 12509: 12330: 12316: 12094: 12080: 11863: 11849: 6726: 6712: 5670: 5656: 5524: 5244: 5182: 4862:Duncker, Max (1882), Evelyn Abbott (ed.), 4549: 4279: 4062: 3118:. Several temples found were dedicated to 2460:to spend the winter. The Greeks living in 11637:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia 8233:"King of the four quarters of the world" 5494: 5418: 5203:Shahbazi, A. Shapur (1988). "Bahrām II". 5124: 4965: 4866:(Volume 6 ed.), R. Bentley & son 4841: 4696:, Solvang, CA: Amigo Publications, Inc., 4629: 4165: 4118: 4038: 3599: 2790:that the satrapies were required to pay. 2576:and 10,000 lightly armed soldiers led by 1666:", from the reliefs at Behistun (detail). 17756:Persian people of the Greco-Persian Wars 15933: 11808:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5. 5485: 5262: 5226: 5213: 5206:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 5 5202: 5176:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VII, Fasc. 1 5071: 4938: 4812: 4729: 4709: 4649: 4561: 4477: 4426: 4349:. Oxford University Press. p. 404. 4306: 4226:Joseph Roisman; Ian Worthington (2011). 4189: 4177: 4153: 4130: 4074: 3763: 3700: 3676: 3551: 3036:, he had begun construction projects in 3016: 3005: 2835: 2761: 2671: 2632:. Furthermore, Darius married his niece 2423: 2301: 2154: 1949: 1745: 1203: 1089:, he succeeded in the re-subjugation of 11653: 5490:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 5430:Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History 5169: 5084: 4989: 4918: 4870: 4861: 4689: 4676:(illustrated ed.), Leiden: Brill, 4669: 4573: 4460: 4414: 4402: 4014:"Alabastres royaux d'époque achéménide" 3648:"Behistun, minor inscriptions - Livius" 3587: 3466: 3454: 3442: 3412: 2667: 2168:Achaemenid invasion of the Indus Valley 336: 240: 14: 17688: 16117: 15080: 14445: 13547: 12573: 11782: 11780: 11778: 11518: 10748: 10546: 8326: 8317:(Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer) 8221: 7145: 5543: 5513: 5427: 5346: 5329: 5287: 5104: 4791: 4785:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 7 4618: 4598: 4489: 4390: 4318: 4264: 4252: 4050: 4011: 3970: 3958: 3937: 3922: 3910: 3898: 3841: 3829: 3748: 3736: 3724: 3688: 2298:European Scythian campaign of Darius I 2108:After securing his authority over the 1682:Darius was the eldest of five sons to 115:29 September 522 BCE – October 486 BCE 17033: 16052: 15932: 15049: 14414: 13516: 12542: 12504: 12311: 12075: 11844: 11798: 11643: 11610: 11605: 11596: 11548: 11487: 11482: 11473: 11468: 11459: 11449: 11444: 11439: 11434: 11425: 11291: 11263: 11258: 11253: 11243: 11234: 11224: 11219: 11208: 11199: 11093: 10828: 10735: 10633: 10623: 10509: 10357: 10266: 10088: 10081: 10039: 9963: 9941: 9909: 9895: 9864: 9848: 9722: 9694: 9670: 9625: 9586: 9531: 9467: 9300: 9285: 9262: 9249: 9212: 9062: 9019: 8893: 8869: 8861: 8824: 8762: 8751: 8721: 8705: 8674: 8641: 8621: 8599: 8566: 8475: 8407: 8395: 8354: 8266: 8258: 8186: 7967: 7721: 7714: 7676: 7603: 7585: 7554: 7507: 7473: 7458: 7450: 7437: 7418: 7406: 7389: 7373: 7336: 7289: 7263: 7185: 7150: 7078: 6902: 6871: 6864: 6853: 6834: 6707: 5651: 5456: 5247:Western Civilization: Seventh edition 5151: 5007: 4947:. Rutgers University Press. pp. 4778: 4754: 4537: 4525: 4513: 4501: 4275: 4273: 3882: 3876: 3777:"cylinder seal | British Museum" 3563: 2702:and entombed in the rock-cut tomb at 2062: 1702:of Darius states that his father was 16078: 15585: 11870: 11751: 5395: 5125:Ross, William; Wells, H. G. (2004), 4888: 4832: 4764:. Psychology Press. pp. 1–252. 4324: 4286:. Thames & Hudson. p. 280. 3712: 3575: 3378: 3334:Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen 3076:. On this visit to Egypt he erected 3001: 2809:The majority of the satraps were of 2243: 2097: 1338: 1163:Darius is mentioned in the books of 11775: 5231:, Vercelli, Italy: VMB Publishers, 4001:from the original on 12 April 2018. 3593: 2112:, Darius embarked on a campaign to 1976:. He soon learned that support for 1408:, in their original stone box. The 1360:, meaning "holder", and the adverb 162:September 522 BCE – October 486 BCE 24: 17400: 16333: 12471:Persepolis Administrative Archives 11731:. Getty Publications. p. 14. 11650:Chronology of the Neolithic period 11302: 10932: 10749: 10731:First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt 10516: 10407: 9723: 9695: 9638: 9468: 9075: 8729: 7090: 5818: 5389: 5249:, Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth, 4994:, Old Saybrook, CT: Grange Books, 4835:The Median and Achaemenian Periods 4336: 4270: 4206:"A companion to Ancient Macedonia" 3983:Goodnick Westenholz, Joan (2002). 3640: 2950:Crowned head of Darius at Behistun 2879:, based in the Babylonian city of 2758:Districts of the Achaemenid Empire 2224:. Darius then marched through the 1722:'s army and a noble of his court. 1577:, a Greek historian and author of 1369: 25: 17772: 17061: 16808: 11307:Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint. 9643:Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos 7454:("made the land of Elam submit") 5563: 4580:. Freer Gallery of Art. pp. 4204:Joseph Roisman, Ian Worthington. 3382:The Making of the Georgian Nation 1964:Achaemenid Civil War (522-520 BC) 1809:Cylinder seal of Darius the Great 1030:in the far east, and portions of 27:Persian ruler from 522 to 486 BCE 17670: 17669: 16978: 12371: 11912: 11728:Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins 11654: 11644: 8949: 8837: 8832: 8660: 8389: 8384: 8215: 8061: 8056: 7911: 7810: 7741: 7654: 7649: 7519: 7482: 7477: 7467: 7462: 7257: 6907: 6894: 6882: 6847: 5332:"Darius and the Achaemenid Line" 4798:. Eisenbrauns. pp. 1–1196. 4229:A Companion to Ancient Macedonia 3251: 3237: 3223: 3197: 3178: 3147: 2943: 2927: 2778:) which were each assigned to a 2546:a vassal kingdom of the Persians 2510: 2483: 2456:to conquer Thrace, returning to 2414:First Persian invasion of Greece 2118:Egypt into the Achaemenid Empire 2080: 2071: 1945: 1826: 1815: 1651: 1615: 1424: 1397: 870: 865: 860: 855: 850: 845: 840: 652: 600: 522: 467: 390: 285: 86: 11792: 11745: 11714: 11700: 11678: 11669: 10725:Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt 5459:Journal of Near Eastern Studies 5371:Exploring Ancient Civilizations 5156:, Encyclopædia Britannica Inc, 5154:The New Encyclopædia Britannica 4636:, Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 4591: 4567: 4438:The University of Chicago Press 4420: 4219: 4092: 4005: 3976: 3805: 3787: 3769: 3620: 3602:American Journal of Numismatics 3338:Münchner ägyptologische Studien 3289: 3159:Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt 2871:infrastructure and helped fund 2751: 2731:, the eldest son of Darius and 2720: 2616:and Hystaspes. He also married 2496:Archaeological Museum of Naples 2104:Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt 1502:. In the foundation tablets of 1412:had been deposited underneath ( 1293:; which is a shortened form of 1081:for their participation in the 12337: 11660:Rulers of Ancient Central Asia 10798:Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt 10345:Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt 10269:Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt 8831:"Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad" 5400:(2nd ed.). Stanford, CA: 4992:The Chronicle of World History 4650:Beckwith, Christopher (2009), 3795:"Darius' seal, photo - Livius" 3406: 3372: 3351: 3323: 3299:, Hystaspes was the satrap of 3010:Reconstruction drawing of the 2604:, with whom he had four sons: 1940: 1583:, provided an account of many 978:– 486 BCE), commonly known as 13: 1: 15543:Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator 11630:Muslim conquest of the Levant 10876:Cleopatra II Philometor Soter 10819:Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt 10804:Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt 10642:Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt 10512:Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt 10313:Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt 10012:Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt 5585: 5308:Van De Mieroop, Marc (2003), 5229:Hidden Treasures of Antiquity 5072:Malandra, William W. (2005). 4733:The Cambridge Ancient History 4713:The Cambridge Ancient History 4633:The Torah's vision of worship 4625:, New York: Harper & Bros 4430:History of the Persian Empire 4208:John Wiley & Sons, 2011. 3317: 2746: 2735:, succeeded to the throne as 2636:, with whom he had two sons, 2499: 1601: 1413: 972: 686: 550: 418: 201: 17731:Monarchs in the Hebrew Bible 12530: 10179:Fourth Babylonian dynasty (" 6913:(Uruk influence or control) 5486:Olmstead, Albert T. (1948). 5336:The Ancient History Bulletin 5245:Spielvogel, Jackson (2009), 5189:, London: Penguin Classics, 4730:Boardman, John, ed. (1982). 3385:. Indiana University Press. 3379:Suny, Ronald Grigor (1994). 2624:and Gobryas. Darius married 2151:Invasion of the Indus Valley 1968:Following his coronation at 1741: 1658:Portrait of Achaemenid King 1362: 1356: 1344: 1332: 1323: 1314: 1305: 1289: 1277: 1260: 1193: 1156:carved upon a cliff-face of 967: 952: 7: 15476:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator 12242:Xerxes the Great (Xerxes I) 12237:Darius the Great (Darius I) 10873:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator 9912:Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt 9711:Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt 9258:Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt 9252:Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt 8512:(Vassals of the Akkadians) 7499:Indus-Mesopotamia relations 6900:(Anonymous "King-priests") 6855:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations 5183:Sélincourt, Aubrey (2002), 4896:The History of Ancient Iran 4622:History of Darius the Great 3413:Pollard, Elizabeth (2015). 3216: 3155:Egyptian statue of Darius I 2901: 2196:, preparing to conquer the 1980:was strong, and revolts in 10: 17777: 14375:Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef 13759:Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep 13523:Second Intermediate Period 12217:Cyrus the Great (Cyrus II) 11665: 11500:Sasanian conquest of Egypt 10927: 10810:Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt 10694: 10668: 10620:Assyrian conquest of Egypt 9966:Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt 9731:Third Babylonian dynasty ( 9628:Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt 9590:Second Intermediate Period 8400:(vassal of the Akkadians) 7788: 6933:Early or legendary kings: 5816: 5544:Wilber, Donald N. (1989). 5525:Wiesehöfer, Josef (1996). 5514:Warner, Arthur G. (1905). 5294:, New York: Bantam Books, 5263:Stoneman, Richard (2015). 5227:Siliotti, Alberto (2006), 4738:Cambridge University Press 4630:Balentine, Samuel (1999), 4574:Razmjou, Shahrokh (1954). 2829: 2825: 2755: 2417: 2411: 2408:Persian invasion of Greece 2361:. Darius invaded European 2334:as they lived between the 2295: 2292:European Scythian campaign 2165: 2101: 2039:Elimination of Intaphernes 1961: 1857:adam Dārayavaʰuš xšāyaθiya 1373: 1350: 1298: 1283: 1266: 1230: 1197: 962: 944: 643: 615: 610: 571: 513: 482: 477: 439: 412:Prenomen (Praenomen) 381: 347: 342: 318: 276: 251: 246: 222: 38: 17667: 17385: 17251: 17242:Antigonus I Monophthalmus 17210: 17195: 17046: 17042: 17029: 16963: 16793: 16691: 16673: 16645: 16617: 16549: 16534: 16318: 16240: 16172: 16157: 16108: 16104: 16084: 16037: 15939: 15928: 15826:Lucius Mussius Aemilianus 15570: 15516:Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos 15411: 15383: 15368: 15331: 15303: 15263: 15245: 15195: 15128: 15113: 15071: 15067: 15045: 14995: 14972: 14905: 14828: 14766: 14718: 14703: 14636: 14583: 14495: 14480: 14436: 14432: 14421:Third Intermediate Period 14410: 14333: 14292: 14200: 14132: 13980: 13748: 13733: 13669: 13643: 13595: 13580: 13538: 13534: 13512: 13467: 13427: 13302: 13287: 13221: 13163: 13106: 13047: 13032: 12922: 12851: 12836: 12737: 12621: 12606: 12564: 12560: 12549:First Intermediate Period 12538: 12489: 12448: 12422: 12396: 12380: 12369: 12345: 12295: 12166: 12123: 12114: 12060: 12019: 11952: 11921: 11910: 11885: 11878: 11634: 11627: 11620: 11591: 11541: 11538: 11497: 11456: 11422: 11403: 11245:Parthamaspates of Parthia 11231: 11196: 11055: 11023: 10816: 10795: 10722: 10719: 10625:Assyrian conquest of Elam 10618: 10506: 10472: 10406: 10367: 10231: 10220: 10177: 10005:Third Intermediate Period 9820: 9691: 9535:Second Babylonian dynasty 9480:("Old Babylonian Period") 9246: 9198: 8962: 8930: 8902:Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt 8874: 8858: 8805: 8802: 8785: 8707: 8692: 8651: 8618: 8564: 8548: 8522: 8514: 8485: 8410:First Intermediate Period 8404: 8380: 8336: 8321: 8305: 8280: 8271: 8245: 8240: 8052: 8031: 8012: 8003: 7964: 7939: 7922: 7898: 7885: 7880: 7866: 7851: 7842: 7794: 7770: 7695: 7635: 7618: 7583: 7562: 7556:Early Dynastic Period III 7504: 7488: 7416: 7414: 7403: 7330: 7281: 7271: 7182: 7159: 7075: 7006: 6937: 6920: 6917: 6858: 6831: 6758: 6742: 6686: 6587: 6553: 6524: 6490: 6441: 6404: 6339:Queen Amoashtart (regent) 6319: 6285: 6261: 6183: 6117: 6042: 6005: 5928: 5829: 5696: 5686: 5629: 5619: 5610: 5602: 5570: 5423:. New York: Golden Press. 5419:Ghirshman, Roman (1964). 5402:Stanford University Press 5214:Shahbazi, Shapur (1994), 5170:Schmitt, Rudiger (1994). 4842:Del Testa, David (2001), 4813:Chaliand, Gérard (2004), 4098:Miroslav Ivanov Vasilev. 3116:Ancient Egyptian religion 3034:Darius's Greek expedition 2587: 1892:) was strongly pushed by 1438:At some time between his 1128:and introducing standard 915: 904: 894: 882: 837: 832: 828: 759: 717: 705: 695: 682: 678: 614: 549: 542: 481: 417: 410: 346: 250: 213:The one of splendid mind 200: 193: 176: 166: 158: 151: 141: 131: 119: 111: 100: 85: 45: 34: 16536:Middle Babylonian period 16090:List of kings of Babylon 15538:Cleopatra VII Philopator 13795:Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI 12553: (<3150–2040 BC) 12440:Alireza Shapour Shahbazi 11623:Muslim conquest of Egypt 11087:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus 10918:Cleopatra VII Philopator 10415:Eight Babylonian Dynasty 9477:First Babylonian dynasty 9215:Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt 8719:(vassal of the Gutians) 8416:Seventh Dynasty of Egypt 7408:Early Dynastic Period II 5517:The Shahnama of Firdausi 5495:Vogelsang, W.J. (1992). 5091:, Kessinger Publishing, 4871:Egerton, George (1994), 4864:The history of antiquity 4427:Olmstead, A. T. (1948). 4012:Qahéri, Sépideh (2020). 3282: 3060:) which ran from modern 3012:Palace of Darius in Susa 2316:Eastern Iranian language 2212:and appointed the Greek 1688:Alireza Shapour Shahbazi 1676:) to acquire the throne. 986:who served as the third 17726:5th-century BC pharaohs 17721:6th-century BC pharaohs 16706:Ninurta-kudurri-usur II 15511:Ptolemy XI Alexander II 15426:Ptolemy II Philadelphus 13720:Seankhibtawy Seankhibra 12481:Achaemenid architecture 11708:"Rulers of Mesopotamia" 11451:Province of Mesopotamia 11260:Province of Mesopotamia 11236:Province of Mesopotamia 11211:Roman conquest of Egypt 11052:Antigonus II Mattathias 10846:Ptolemy II Philadelphus 10419:Ninurta-kudurri-usur II 8896:Middle Kingdom of Egypt 8422:Eighth Dynasty of Egypt 7730:Fourth Dynasty of Egypt 7265:Early Dynastic Period I 7188:Second Dynasty of Egypt 5613:King of Kings of Persia 5442:10.1515/janeh-2013-0001 5288:Tropea, Judith (2006), 5085:Moulton, James (2005), 4939:Grousset, René (1970). 4919:Farrokh, Kaveh (2007), 4792:Briant, Pierre (2002). 4710:Boardman, John (1988), 4670:Bedford, Peter (2001), 4283:Darius the Great: Death 3883:Allen, Lindsay (2005), 3167:National Museum of Iran 1450:, which was written in 701:(aged approximately 64) 17323:Antiochus IV Epiphanes 17316:Seleucus IV Philopator 17288:Seleucus II Callinicus 16660:Ninurta-kudurri-usur I 15553:Ptolemy XIV Philopator 15532:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena 15526:Berenice IV Epiphaneia 15481:Ptolemy VIII Euergetes 15451:Arsinoe III Philopator 14365:Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef 13835:Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw 13775:Sekhemkare Amenemhat V 13366:Neferkare VI Pepiseneb 12388:Tomb of Artaxerxes III 11308: 11090:Philip II Philoromaeus 11084:Antiochus XII Dionysus 11078:Demetrius III Eucaerus 11075:Antiochus XI Epiphanes 11066:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus 10938: 10906:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena 10861:Arsinoe III Philopator 10754: 10522: 10412: 10249:Ninurta-kudurri-usur I 10181:Second Dynasty of Isin 9728: 9701: 9644: 9473: 9356:(Non-dynastic usurpers 9080: 8765:Tenth Dynasty of Egypt 8734: 8624:Ninth Dynasty of Egypt 8189:Sixth Dynasty of Egypt 7970:Fifth Dynasty of Egypt 7797:Second kingdom of Mari 7510:Third Dynasty of Egypt 7444:Dumuzid, the Fisherman 7096: 7087:First Dynasty of Egypt 6277:Alexander I of Macedon 5823: 5266:Xerxes: A Persian Life 5028:Llewellyn-Jones, Lloyd 4619:Abbott, Jacob (1850), 4599:Abbott, Jacob (2009), 3303:, although the French 3029: 3014: 2915: 2848: 2786:) and specified fixed 2767: 2723: 274–293 CE 2683: 2452:kingdom. He then left 2429: 2307: 2180:and then marched into 2163: 2159:Eastern border of the 2143:) in the west, to the 1959: 1755: 1572: 1506:, Darius described in 1366:, meaning "goodness". 1247: 1241: 1237: 17432:Antiochus VII Sidetes 17295:Seleucus III Ceraunus 17228:Philip III Arrhidaeus 16965:Neo-Babylonian Empire 16867:Marduk-apla-iddina II 16862:Marduk-zakir-shumi II 16843:Marduk-apla-iddina II 16159:Old Babylonian Empire 15501:Ptolemy X Alexander I 15466:Ptolemy VI Philometor 15446:Ptolemy IV Philopator 15441:Berenice II Euergetes 15436:Ptolemy III Euergetes 15398:Philip III Arrhidaeus 13907:Khahotepre Sobekhotep 13902:Merhotepre Sobekhotep 13256:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II 12282:Darius III Codomannus 11987:Canal of the Pharaohs 11694:The Ancient Near East 11612:Byzantine Mesopotamia 11526:Province of Asoristan 11489:Byzantine Mesopotamia 11306: 11299:Province of Asoristan 11081:Philip I Philadelphus 11069:Seleucus VI Epiphanes 11063:Antiochus VIII Grypus 11060:Seleucus V Philometor 11015:Antiochus VII Sidetes 11009:Antiochus VI Dionysus 10936: 10909:Berenice IV Epiphanea 10870:Ptolemy VI Philometor 10858:Ptolemy IV Philopator 10855:Berenice II Euergetis 10852:Ptolemy III Euergetes 10753: 10671:Neo-Babylonian Empire 10581:Marduk-apla-iddina II 10578:Marduk-zakir-shumi II 10569:Marduk-apla-iddina II 10520: 10475:Humban-Tahrid dynasty 10411: 10132:Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur 9822:Middle Elamite period 9727: 9699: 9642: 9472: 9079: 8733: 8488:Third kingdom of Mari 8209:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II 7284:First kingdom of Mari 7094: 7081:Early Dynastic Period 6923:Proto-Dynastic period 5934:Hellespontine Phrygia 5822: 5805:Darius III Codomannus 5347:Waters, Matt (2014). 5330:Waters, Matt (1996). 5271:Yale University Press 5152:Safra, Jacob (2002), 5078:Encyclopaedia Iranica 4925:, Osprey Publishing, 4900:. C.H.Beck. pp. 4690:Bennett, Deb (1998), 4119:Ross & Wells 2004 3056:by building a canal ( 3020: 3009: 2906: 2839: 2765: 2756:Further information: 2694:; this time, he, not 2675: 2427: 2305: 2228:and returned through 2158: 1954:Darius the Great, by 1953: 1749: 1692:Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones 1512: 1508:Old Persian cuneiform 1484:Old Persian cuneiform 1215:Old Persian cuneiform 1207: 17372:Demetrius II Nicator 16731:Marduk-zakir-shumi I 16711:Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina 16655:Eulmash-shakin-shumi 16559:Marduk-kabit-ahheshu 16512:Marduk-apla-iddina I 15934:Dynastic genealogies 15558:Ptolemy XV Caesarion 14854:Tutkheperre Shoshenq 14768:High Priests of Amun 14270:Merankhre Mentuhotep 13972:Seheqenre Sankhptahi 13967:Sewadjare Mentuhotep 13820:Khaankhre Sobekhotep 13527: (2040–1550 BC) 13246:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I 12272:Artaxerxes III Ochus 12267:Artaxerxes II Mnemon 12011:Behistun Inscription 11057:Alexander II Zabinas 10921:Ptolemy XV Caesarion 10897:Ptolemy XI Alexander 10879:Ptolemy VIII Physcon 10434:Marduk-zakir-shumi I 10422:Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina 10246:Eulmash-shakin-shumi 10187:Marduk-kabit-ahheshu 9811:Marduk-apla-iddina I 9705:New Kingdom of Egypt 9528:Early Kassite rulers 8822:(Vassals of Ur III) 8803:(Vassals of UR III) 8203:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I 8173:Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II 7724:Old Kingdom of Egypt 6540:Hydarnes the Younger 6272:Amyntas I of Macedon 5795:Artaxerxes III Ochus 5790:Artaxerxes II Mnemon 5691:- Achaemenid Kingdom 5220:Encyclopedia Iranica 5216:"Darius I the Great" 5172:"Darius I. The Name" 5088:Early Zoroastrianism 4890:Frye, Richard Nelson 4740:. pp. 239–243. 4018:L’Antiquité à la BnF 3859:Llewellyn-Jones 2017 3665:Llewellyn-Jones 2013 3330:Jürgen von Beckerath 3157:, as Pharaoh of the 3140:Egyptian hieroglyphs 3093:a new palace complex 3048:. He had linked the 2971:Behistun Inscription 2936:Behistun Inscription 2912:Behistun Inscription 2668:Death and succession 2283:During this revolt, 2033:Behistun Inscription 1752:Behistun Inscription 1700:Behistun Inscription 1674:Behistun inscription 1628:Behistun inscription 1559:: "Spardâ") – what 1376:Behistun Inscription 1324:Da-(a-)ri-ia-(a-)muš 1130:weights and measures 1101:, and the island of 1022:'s coastal regions, 94:Behistun Inscription 17337:Antiochus V Eupator 17302:Antiochus III Megas 16830:Tiglath-Pileser III 16795:Neo-Assyrian period 16736:Marduk-balassu-iqbi 16569:Ninurta-nadin-shumi 16477:Shagarakti-Shuriash 15456:Ptolemy V Epiphanes 15393:Alexander the Great 14425: (1550–664 BC) 13947:Mershepsesre Ini II 13942:Merkawre Sobekhotep 13336:Neferkare IV Khendu 12492:Category:Persepolis 12358:Gate of All Nations 12287:Artaxerxes V Bessus 12277:Artaxerxes IV Arses 11562:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz 11072:Antiochus X Eusebes 10900:Ptolemy XII Auletes 10891:Ptolemy X Alexander 10885:Ptolemy IX Lathyros 10864:Ptolemy V Epiphanes 10549:Neo-Assyrian Empire 10437:Marduk-balassu-iqbi 10370:Neo-Assyrian Empire 10193:Ninurta-nadin-shumi 10084:Syro-Hittite states 9790:Shagarakti-Shuriash 9463:Ashur-nadin-ahhe II 8457:Neferkare Pepiseneb 8356:Akkadian Governors: 6860:Pre-Dynastic period 6690:Hellenistic satraps 6588:Other known satraps 6043:Greek Governors of 5810:Artaxerxes V Bessus 5800:Artaxerxes IV Arses 5396:Burn, A.R. (1984). 5342:(1). London: 11–18. 5209:. pp. 514–522. 4787:. pp. 684–687. 4504:, pp. 684–687. 4393:, pp. 126–127. 4309:, pp. 514–522. 4280:livius.org (2017). 4156:, pp. 239–243. 4077:, pp. 286–287. 4065:, pp. 234–235. 3925:, pp. 115–116. 3871:Van De Mieroop 2003 2544:. Macedon had been 2400:and headed towards 2357:to wage war on the 2345:Darius crossed the 2342:and the Black Sea. 1884:democratic republic 1200:Darius (given name) 17281:Antiochus II Theos 17262:Seleucus I Nicator 17197:Hellenistic period 17092:Nebuchadnezzar III 16683:Mar-biti-apla-usur 16665:Shirikti-shuqamuna 16589:Marduk-shapik-zeri 16564:Itti-Marduk-balatu 16517:Zababa-shuma-iddin 16492:Kadashman-Harbe II 16467:Kadashman-Enlil II 15793:Trebonianus Gallus 14380:Senakhtenre Ahmose 13998:Ya'ammu Nubwoserre 13952:Sewahenre Senebmiu 13927:Sankhenre Sewadjtu 13356:Neferkare V Tereru 13326:Neferkare III Neby 12994:Sekhemib-Perenmaat 11788:Sumerian King List 11602:Palaestina Secunda 11479:Palaestina Secunda 11309: 11040:Alexander Jannaeus 10939: 10929:Hellenistic Period 10755: 10523: 10501:Humban-haltash III 10465:Nabu-shuma-ukin II 10413: 10378:Tukulti-Ninurta II 10359:Kingdom of Samaria 10255:Mar-biti-apla-usur 10252:Shirikti-shuqamuna 10222:Neo-Elamite period 10205:Marduk-shapik-zeri 10190:Itti-Marduk-balatu 10171:Tiglath-Pileser II 10168:Ashur-resh-ishi II 10123:Enlil-kudurri-usur 9814:Zababa-shuma-iddin 9799:Kadashman-Harbe II 9784:Kadashman-Enlil II 9729: 9702: 9645: 9474: 9460:Ashur-rim-nisheshu 9457:Ashur-bel-nisheshu 9448:Ashur-nadin-ahhe I 9207:Siwe-Palar-Khuppak 9081: 8735: 8110:Lugal-kinishe-dudu 7491:Old Elamite period 7383:Mesh-ki-ang-gasher 7236:Sekhemib-Perenmaat 7153:Jemdet Nasr period 7097: 6696:from around 330 BC 6694:Hellenistic rulers 5824: 5577:Achaemenid dynasty 5273:. pp. 1–288. 5105:Poolos, J (2008), 5008:Kuhrt, A. (2013). 4779:Boyce, M. (1984). 3901:, pp. 11, 18. 3885:The Persian Empire 3781:The British Museum 3348:, pp. 220–21. 3165:; height: 2.46 m; 3030: 3015: 2921:Darius at Behistun 2892:Albert T. Olmstead 2849: 2832:Achaemenid coinage 2768: 2688:Battle of Marathon 2684: 2570:Battle of Marathon 2430: 2322:) who had invaded 2320:Scythian languages 2308: 2258:Nebuchadnezzar III 2214:Scylax of Caryanda 2164: 2063:Military campaigns 1972:, Darius moved to 1960: 1756: 1589:Greco-Persian Wars 1410:Apadana coin hoard 1315:Da-ri-(y)a-ma-u-iš 1238: 1114:Achaemenid coinage 1087:Battle of Marathon 299:Second Horus name: 17681: 17680: 17663: 17662: 17659: 17658: 17655: 17654: 17392:(141 BC – AD 224) 17381: 17380: 17358:Demetrius I Soter 17344:Demetrius I Soter 17269:Antiochus I Soter 17191: 17190: 17104:Nebuchadnezzar IV 17037: 17025: 17024: 17021: 17020: 16993:Nebuchadnezzar II 16959: 16958: 16789: 16788: 16781:Nabu-suma-ukin II 16766:Nabu-shuma-ishkun 16721:Nabu-shuma-ukin I 16637:Kashshu-nadin-ahi 16599:Marduk-ahhe-eriba 16584:Marduk-nadin-ahhe 16530: 16529: 16497:Adad-shuma-iddina 16487:Enlil-nadin-shumi 16432:Kadashman-Enlil I 16422:Kadashman-Harbe I 16314: 16313: 16153: 16152: 16046: 16045: 16033: 16032: 15924: 15923: 15920: 15919: 15916: 15915: 15840:Claudius Gothicus 15734:Severus Alexander 15701:Septimius Severus 15566: 15565: 15364: 15363: 15109: 15108: 15041: 15040: 15037: 15036: 15033: 15032: 14748:Osorkon the Elder 14699: 14698: 14476: 14475: 14406: 14405: 14402: 14401: 14398: 14397: 14370:Nubkheperre Intef 14250:Sekhemre Shedwast 13872:Sehetepkare Intef 13800:Semenkare Nebnuni 13729: 13728: 13576: 13575: 13508: 13507: 13504: 13503: 13500: 13499: 13283: 13282: 13261:Netjerkare Siptah 13183:Neferirkare Kakai 13028: 13027: 12832: 12831: 12602: 12601: 12498: 12497: 12305: 12304: 12069: 12068: 11908: 11907: 11838: 11837: 11832: 11831: 11828: 11827: 11815:978-1-62564-606-4 11800:Unger, Merrill F. 11768:978-0-14-193825-7 11738:978-1-60606-649-2 11505:Province of Egypt 11436:Province of Egypt 11216:Province of Egypt 10958:Antigonid dynasty 10758:Achaemenid Empire 10679:Nebuchadnezzar II 10587:Ashur-nadin-shumi 10456:Nabu-shuma-ishkun 10428:Nabu-shuma-ukin I 10243:Kashshu-nadin-ahi 10211:Marduk-ahhe-eriba 10202:Marduk-nadin-ahhe 10144:Asharid-apal-Ekur 10141:Tiglath-Pileser I 10138:Ashur-resh-ishi I 10126:Ninurta-apal-Ekur 10114:Tukulti-Ninurta I 10061:Kingdom of Israel 10029:Osorkon the Elder 9950:Shutrukid dynasty 9835:Igehalkid dynasty 9802:Adad-shuma-iddina 9796:Enlil-nadin-shumi 9763:Kadashman-Enlil I 9757:Kadashman-harbe I 9201:Sukkalmah dynasty 9065:Isin-Larsa period 8887:Shimashki Dynasty 8613:Puzur-Inshushinak 8212:Netjerkare Siptah 7982:Neferirkare Kakai 7527:Egyptian pyramids 6736:Ancient Near East 6701: 6700: 5890:Cyrus the Younger 5701:Achaemenid Empire 5680:Achaemenid Empire 5646: 5645: 5620:Succeeded by 5572:Darius the Great 5555:978-0-87850-062-8 5536:978-1-85043-999-8 5506:978-90-04-09682-0 5499:. Leiden: Brill. 5411:978-0-8047-1235-4 5381:978-0-7614-7456-2 5360:978-1-107-65272-9 5323:978-0-631-22552-2 5301:978-0-553-38393-5 5280:978-1-57506-120-7 5256:978-0-495-50285-2 5238:978-88-540-0497-9 5196:978-0-14-044908-2 5163:978-0-85229-787-2 5138:978-0-7607-5866-3 5118:978-0-7910-9633-8 5098:978-1-4179-7400-9 5064:978-0-692-86440-1 5043:978-0-7486-7711-5 5019:978-1-136-01694-3 5001:978-1-56852-680-5 4982:978-0-375-71271-5 4958:978-0-8135-1304-1 4932:978-1-84603-108-3 4911:978-3-406-09397-5 4882:978-0-7146-3471-5 4855:978-1-57356-153-2 4826:978-0-7658-0204-0 4805:978-1-57506-120-7 4771:978-0-415-23902-8 4747:978-0-521-22804-6 4723:978-0-521-22804-6 4703:978-0-9658533-0-9 4683:978-90-04-11509-5 4663:978-0-691-13589-2 4643:978-0-8006-3155-0 4612:978-1-60520-835-0 4528:, pp. 54–55. 4417:, pp. 65–66. 4375:iranicaonline.org 4356:978-0-19-958792-6 4293:978-0-500-20428-3 4239:978-1-4443-5163-7 4133:, pp. 68–69. 4087:Woolf et al. 2004 3973:, p. 99–101. 3813:"The Darius Seal" 3632:. 2012. pp. 3554:, pp. 41–50. 3424:978-0-393-25093-0 3392:978-0-253-20915-3 3002:Building projects 2910:— Darius, on the 2692:Greek city-states 2596:. Darius married 2564:, and his nephew 2244:Babylonian revolt 2161:Achaemenid Empire 2098:Egyptian campaign 2025:Achaemenid Empire 1907:divine providence 992:Achaemenid Empire 949: 934: 933: 878: 877: 672: 671: 668: 667: 664: 663: 660: 659: 647: 646: 639: 638: 635: 634: 591: 590: 587: 586: 538: 537: 534: 533: 530: 529: 517: 516: 509: 508: 505: 504: 458: 457: 454: 453: 406: 405: 402: 401: 398: 397: 385: 384: 377: 376: 373: 372: 334: 333: 330: 329: 297: 296: 293: 292: 280: 279: 272: 271: 268: 267: 238: 237: 234: 233: 106:Achaemenid Empire 76:King of Countries 16:(Redirected from 17768: 17696:Darius the Great 17673: 17672: 17398: 17397: 17394: 17393: 17208: 17207: 17204: 17203: 17059: 17058: 17055: 17054: 17044: 17043: 17035: 17031: 17030: 16976: 16975: 16972: 16971: 16881:Aššur-nādin-šumi 16806: 16805: 16802: 16801: 16756:Marduk-apla-usur 16726:Nabu-apla-iddina 16716:Shamash-mudammiq 16594:Adad-apla-iddina 16579:Enlil-nadin-apli 16574:Nebuchadnezzar I 16547: 16546: 16543: 16542: 16437:Burna-Buriash II 16331: 16330: 16327: 16326: 16259:Unknown king (?) 16170: 16169: 16166: 16165: 16145: 16140: 16133: 16115: 16114: 16106: 16105: 16079:Kings of Babylon 16073: 16066: 16059: 16050: 16049: 16040:List of pharaohs 15930: 15929: 15695:Pescennius Niger 15583: 15582: 15579: 15578: 15491:Ptolemy IX Soter 15461:Cleopatra I Syra 15381: 15380: 15377: 15376: 15126: 15125: 15122: 15121: 15078: 15077: 15069: 15068: 15062: 15061: 15047: 15046: 14798:Djedkhonsuefankh 14716: 14715: 14712: 14711: 14493: 14492: 14489: 14488: 14463: 14458: 14443: 14442: 14434: 14433: 14427: 14426: 14412: 14411: 14005:Qareh Khawoserre 13991:Yakbim Sekhaenre 13932:Mersekhemre Ined 13746: 13745: 13742: 13741: 13593: 13592: 13589: 13588: 13545: 13544: 13536: 13535: 13529: 13528: 13514: 13513: 13300: 13299: 13296: 13295: 13045: 13044: 13041: 13040: 12849: 12848: 12845: 12844: 12619: 12618: 12615: 12614: 12571: 12570: 12562: 12561: 12555: 12554: 12540: 12539: 12525: 12518: 12511: 12502: 12501: 12404:Darius the Great 12375: 12332: 12325: 12318: 12309: 12308: 12262:Darius II Nothus 12174: 12173: 12131: 12130: 12096: 12089: 12082: 12073: 12072: 12037:Imperial Aramaic 11939:European Scythia 11916: 11883: 11882: 11872:Darius the Great 11865: 11858: 11851: 11842: 11841: 11820: 11819: 11796: 11790: 11784: 11773: 11772: 11749: 11743: 11742: 11721:Thomas, Ariane; 11718: 11712: 11711: 11704: 11698: 11697: 11682: 11676: 11673: 11658: 11648: 11598:Palaestina Prima 11544:Byzantine Empire 11475:Palaestina Prima 11462:Byzantine Empire 11441:Syria Palaestina 11406:Palmyrene Empire 11392:Bahram VI Chobin 11255:Syria Palaestina 11043:Salome Alexandra 11026:Kingdom of Judea 11012:Diodotus Tryphon 10867:Cleopatra I Syra 10843:Ptolemy Keraunos 10611:Ashur-uballit II 10608:Sin-shumu-lishir 10602:Ashur-etil-ilani 10557:Sargonid dynasty 10450:Marduk-apla-usur 10431:Nabu-apla-iddina 10425:Shamash-mudammiq 10381:Ashurnasirpal II 10364:Kingdom of Judah 10208:Adad-apla-iddina 10199:Enlil-nadin-apli 10196:Nebuchadnezzar I 10120:Ashur-nirari III 10117:Ashur-nadin-apli 9955:Shutruk-Nakhunte 9840:Untash-Napirisha 9829:Kidinuid dynasty 9427:Shamshi-Adad III 9135:Dynasty of Larsa 8953: 8841: 8836: 8664: 8517:Shar-Kali-Sharri 8451:Neferkare Tereru 8439:Neferkare Khendu 8393: 8388: 8219: 8178:Kiku-siwe-tempti 8065: 8060: 7915: 7844:Kish III dynasty 7814: 7745: 7658: 7653: 7558:(2600–2340 BCE) 7523: 7486: 7481: 7471: 7466: 7410:(2700–2600 BCE) 7267:(2900–2700 BCE) 7261: 7178:(3100–2700 BCE) 7157:(3100–2900 BCE) 6911: 6898: 6886: 6862:(4000–2900 BCE) 6851: 6750: 6749: 6746: 6745: 6728: 6721: 6714: 6705: 6704: 5760:Darius the Great 5672: 5665: 5658: 5649: 5648: 5632:Pharaoh of Egypt 5603:Preceded by 5598: 5591: 5590: 5587: 5568: 5567: 5559: 5540: 5521: 5510: 5491: 5482: 5453: 5424: 5415: 5384: 5364: 5343: 5326: 5304: 5284: 5259: 5241: 5223: 5210: 5199: 5179: 5166: 5148: 5147: 5145: 5121: 5108:Darius the Great 5101: 5081: 5068: 5047: 5023: 5004: 4986: 4962: 4946: 4935: 4915: 4899: 4885: 4867: 4858: 4838: 4829: 4809: 4788: 4775: 4751: 4726: 4706: 4686: 4666: 4646: 4626: 4615: 4605:, Cosimo, Inc., 4586: 4585: 4571: 4565: 4559: 4553: 4547: 4541: 4535: 4529: 4523: 4517: 4511: 4505: 4499: 4493: 4487: 4481: 4475: 4464: 4458: 4452: 4451: 4435: 4424: 4418: 4412: 4406: 4400: 4394: 4388: 4379: 4378: 4367: 4361: 4360: 4340: 4334: 4328: 4322: 4316: 4310: 4304: 4298: 4297: 4277: 4268: 4262: 4256: 4250: 4244: 4243: 4223: 4217: 4216:pp. 135–138, 343 4202: 4193: 4192:, pp. 9–10. 4187: 4181: 4175: 4169: 4163: 4157: 4151: 4134: 4128: 4122: 4116: 4110: 4096: 4090: 4084: 4078: 4072: 4066: 4060: 4054: 4048: 4042: 4036: 4030: 4029: 4009: 4003: 4002: 4000: 3989: 3980: 3974: 3968: 3962: 3956: 3941: 3935: 3926: 3920: 3914: 3908: 3902: 3896: 3890: 3888: 3880: 3874: 3868: 3862: 3856: 3845: 3839: 3833: 3827: 3821: 3820: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3773: 3767: 3761: 3752: 3751:, p. 15–16. 3746: 3740: 3739:, p. 14–15. 3734: 3728: 3722: 3716: 3710: 3704: 3698: 3692: 3686: 3680: 3674: 3668: 3662: 3656: 3655: 3644: 3638: 3637: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3597: 3591: 3585: 3579: 3573: 3567: 3561: 3555: 3549: 3470: 3464: 3458: 3452: 3446: 3440: 3429: 3428: 3410: 3404: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3376: 3370: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3355: 3349: 3327: 3311: 3293: 3261: 3259:Biography portal 3256: 3255: 3254: 3247: 3242: 3241: 3240: 3233: 3228: 3227: 3226: 3201: 3189:of Egypt at the 3182: 3151: 2991:Israelite temple 2947: 2931: 2724: 2722: 2514: 2504: 2501: 2487: 2084: 2075: 1850:𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁𐎴 1836:Impression of a 1830: 1819: 1655: 1619: 1570: 1428: 1418: 1415: 1401: 1365: 1359: 1353: 1352: 1347: 1341: 1340: 1335: 1326: 1317: 1308: 1302: 1292: 1286: 1285: 1280: 1271: 1270: 1263: 1250: 1244: 1234: 1036:Northeast Africa 980:Darius the Great 977: 974: 970: 965: 964: 955: 950: 945: 930: 874: 869: 864: 859: 854: 849: 844: 830: 829: 691: 688: 656: 655: 620: 619: 616: 608: 604: 603: 597: 576: 575: 572: 568: 551: 526: 525: 487: 486: 483: 475: 471: 470: 464: 444: 443: 440: 436: 419: 394: 393: 352: 351: 348: 340: 323: 322: 319: 315: 311: 310: 306:Wernebmeryshemau 289: 288: 256: 255: 252: 244: 227: 226: 223: 219: 215: 214: 202: 191: 190: 153:Pharaoh of Egypt 90: 71:Pharaoh of Egypt 41: 40: 35:Darius the Great 32: 31: 21: 18:Darius Hystaspes 17776: 17775: 17771: 17770: 17769: 17767: 17766: 17765: 17686: 17685: 17682: 17677: 17651: 17391: 17390: 17389: 17387:Parthian period 17377: 17365:Alexander Balas 17247: 17201: 17200: 17199: 17187: 17052: 17051: 17050: 17038: 17017: 16969: 16968: 16967: 16955: 16921:Šamaš-šuma-ukin 16893:Mushezib-Marduk 16824:Nabu-mukin-zeri 16817: 16799: 16798: 16797: 16785: 16776:Nabu-nadin-zeri 16751:Marduk-bel-zeri 16741:Baba-aha-iddina 16701:Nabû-mukin-apli 16687: 16669: 16641: 16613: 16609:Nabu-shum-libur 16540: 16539: 16538: 16526: 16522:Enlil-nadin-ahi 16502:Adad-shuma-usur 16462:Kadashman-Turgu 16404:Kashtiliash III 16324: 16323: 16322: 16310: 16286:Peshgaldaramesh 16236: 16163: 16162: 16161: 16149: 16148: 16143: 16136: 16128: 16120: 16111: 16100: 16099: 16080: 16077: 16047: 16042: 16029: 15935: 15912: 15812:Macrianus Minor 15741:Maximinus Thrax 15677:Marcus Aurelius 15576: 15575: 15574: 15562: 15421:Ptolemy I Soter 15407: 15374: 15373: 15372: 15360: 15327: 15299: 15259: 15241: 15221:Psammetichus IV 15191: 15119: 15118: 15117: 15105: 15083: 15074: 15063: 15060:(664 BC–313 AD) 15059: 15058: 15029: 14991: 14968: 14964:Menkheperre Ini 14901: 14824: 14762: 14709: 14708: 14707: 14695: 14632: 14579: 14560:Neferneferuaten 14486: 14485: 14484: 14472: 14471: 14461: 14456: 14455:Pharaohs 14448: 14439: 14428: 14424: 14423: 14394: 14329: 14288: 14215:Sobekhotep VIII 14196: 14128: 13976: 13937:Sewadjkare Hori 13739: 13738: 13737: 13725: 13665: 13639: 13586: 13585: 13584: 13572: 13550: 13541: 13530: 13526: 13525: 13496: 13463: 13423: 13331:Djedkare Shemai 13293: 13292: 13291: 13279: 13217: 13159: 13102: 13038: 13037: 13036: 13024: 12918: 12842: 12841: 12840: 12828: 12733: 12612: 12611: 12610: 12598: 12576: 12567: 12556: 12552: 12551: 12534: 12529: 12499: 12494: 12485: 12444: 12430:Heidemarie Koch 12418: 12392: 12376: 12367: 12341: 12336: 12306: 12301: 12291: 12171: 12170: 12162: 12128: 12127: 12119: 12110: 12100: 12070: 12065: 12056: 12015: 11948: 11917: 11904: 11900:Darius the Mede 11879:Related figures 11874: 11869: 11839: 11834: 11833: 11824: 11823: 11816: 11797: 11793: 11785: 11776: 11769: 11750: 11746: 11739: 11719: 11715: 11706: 11705: 11701: 11683: 11679: 11674: 11670: 11607:Byzantine Syria 11593:Byzantine Egypt 11568:Farrukh Hormizd 11528: 11524: 11521:Sasanian Empire 11507: 11503: 11484:Byzantine Syria 11470:Byzantine Egypt 11409: 11301: 11297: 11294:Sasanian Empire 11214: 11119:Mithridates III 11099: 11096:Parthian Empire 11029: 10968:Seleucid Empire 10965: 10955: 10931: 10840:Ptolemy I Soter 10838: 10835:Ptolemaic Egypt 10807: 10801: 10761: 10743: 10739: 10737:Kings of Byblos 10728: 10700: 10674: 10645: 10639: 10613: 10593:Mushezib-Marduk 10563:Tiglath-Pileser 10561: 10552: 10529: 10515: 10499: 10495: 10491: 10487: 10483: 10479: 10478: 10470: 10468:Nabu-mukin-zeri 10462:Nabu-nadin-zeri 10447:Marduk-bel-zeri 10440:Baba-aha-iddina 10417: 10394:Adad-nirari III 10384:Shalmaneser III 10373: 10362: 10361: 10348: 10342: 10341: 10339:Menkheperre Ini 10316: 10309: 10308: 10272: 10258:Nabû-mukin-apli 10235: 10224:(1100–540 BCE) 10217:Nabu-shum-libur 10185: 10162:Ashur-nirari IV 10156:Ashurnasirpal I 10153:Shamshi-Adad IV 10099:Ashur-uballit I 10094: 10076: 10072: 10068: 10064: 10058: 10057: 10053: 10049: 10047:Kings of Byblos 10045: 10015: 10008: 10002: 10001: 9970: 9969: 9953: 9947: 9915: 9902: 9901: 9883:Neferneferuaten 9843: 9842: 9838: 9832: 9826: 9825:(1500–1100 BCE) 9817:Enlil-nadin-ahi 9805:Adad-shuma-usur 9793:Kashtiliashu IV 9781:Kadashman-Turgu 9766:Burnaburiash II 9745:Kashtiliash III 9737: 9714: 9708: 9678: 9677:(1600–1260 BCE) 9676: 9646: 9637: 9631: 9619: 9613: 9609: 9603: 9599: 9593: 9573: 9568:Peshgaldaramesh 9563: 9553: 9543: 9539:Sealand Dynasty 9536: 9533: 9532: 9526: 9525: 9488: 9481: 9479: 9454:Ashur-nirari II 9433:Puzur-Ashur III 9421:Shamshi-Adad II 9392: 9390: 9388:Adaside dynasty 9385: 9384: 9359: 9357: 9355: 9354: 9317: 9315: 9313: 9306: 9297: 9291: 9280: 9276: 9274:Kings of Byblos 9272: 9266: 9255: 9218: 9205: 9204: 9186:Uruk VI dynasty 9184: 9133: 9084:Dynasty of Isin 9074: 9068: 9057: 9053: 9049: 9045: 9041: 9037: 9033: 9029: 9025: 9000: 8994: 8987: 8983: 8982: 8981: 8979: 8975: 8971: 8954: 8948: 8944: 8938: 8935: 8905: 8899: 8881: 8842: 8830: 8821: 8817: 8813: 8809: 8792: 8782: 8768: 8752: 8744: 8740: 8736: 8725: 8718: 8714: 8700: 8696: 8687: 8683: 8682: 8680: 8669: 8665: 8659: 8655: 8646:(2150–2000 BCE) 8627: 8611: 8607: 8603: 8597: 8593: 8589: 8585: 8581: 8577: 8573: 8559: 8555: 8543: 8539: 8515: 8511: 8507: 8503: 8499: 8498: 8496: 8491: 8481: 8436:Djedkare Shemai 8425: 8419: 8413: 8399: 8370: 8366: 8362: 8358: 8345:Sargon of Akkad 8343: 8342: 8339:Akkadian Empire 8331:(2340–2150 BCE) 8329:Akkadian Period 8316: 8312: 8300: 8296: 8275: 8263: 8253: 8249: 8232: 8228: 8214: 8192: 8171: 8169: 8157: 8153: 8149: 8138: 8134: 8130: 8121: 8112: 8098: 8094: 8082: 8078: 8066: 8037: 8034: 8028: 8016: 8007: 7974: 7973: 7957: 7953: 7949: 7945: 7934: 7930: 7926: 7917: 7916: 7910: 7906: 7905: 7893: 7892: 7876: 7873: 7861: 7857: 7846: 7837: 7833: 7829: 7825: 7821: 7817: 7816: 7815: 7809: 7805: 7801: 7800: 7792:(2500-539 BCE) 7780: 7776: 7746: 7740: 7733: 7727: 7709: 7705: 7701: 7689: 7685: 7681: 7669: 7663: 7659: 7645: 7641: 7631: 7628: 7624: 7612: 7608: 7598: 7594: 7592: 7578: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7530: 7524: 7518: 7514: 7513: 7497: 7496: 7495:(2700–1500 BCE) 7494: 7442: 7431: 7394:("conqueror of 7380: 7364: 7357: 7347: 7333: 7314: 7310: 7305: 7296: 7287: 7279: 7276: 7256: 7192: 7191: 7177: 7171: 7165: 7156: 7098: 7084: 7071: 7012: 6943: 6932: 6926: 6912: 6906: 6899: 6893: 6887: 6881: 6880: 6879:(4000–3100 BCE) 6878: 6872: 6846: 6840: 6812: 6793: 6783: 6756: 6754: 6738: 6732: 6702: 6697: 6682: 6637:Greater Phrygia 6583: 6549: 6520: 6486: 6437: 6400: 6315: 6281: 6257: 6179: 6113: 6038: 6001: 5992:Pharnabazus III 5924: 5825: 5814: 5745:Cyrus the Great 5698: 5692: 5682: 5676: 5641: 5635: 5625: 5616: 5608: 5592: 5588: 5581: 5580: 5573: 5566: 5556: 5537: 5507: 5412: 5392: 5390:Further reading 5387: 5382: 5361: 5324: 5314:Wiley-Blackwell 5302: 5281: 5257: 5239: 5197: 5164: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5119: 5099: 5065: 5044: 5020: 5002: 4983: 4959: 4933: 4912: 4883: 4856: 4827: 4806: 4772: 4748: 4724: 4704: 4684: 4664: 4644: 4613: 4594: 4589: 4572: 4568: 4560: 4556: 4550:Spielvogel 2009 4548: 4544: 4536: 4532: 4524: 4520: 4512: 4508: 4500: 4496: 4488: 4484: 4476: 4467: 4459: 4455: 4448: 4440:. p. 224. 4433: 4425: 4421: 4413: 4409: 4401: 4397: 4389: 4382: 4369: 4368: 4364: 4357: 4341: 4337: 4332:Book III, 89–95 4329: 4325: 4317: 4313: 4305: 4301: 4294: 4278: 4271: 4263: 4259: 4251: 4247: 4240: 4224: 4220: 4203: 4196: 4188: 4184: 4176: 4172: 4168:, pp. 352. 4164: 4160: 4152: 4137: 4129: 4125: 4117: 4113: 4097: 4093: 4085: 4081: 4073: 4069: 4063:Sélincourt 2002 4061: 4057: 4049: 4045: 4037: 4033: 4010: 4006: 3998: 3987: 3981: 3977: 3969: 3965: 3957: 3944: 3936: 3929: 3921: 3917: 3909: 3905: 3897: 3893: 3881: 3877: 3869: 3865: 3857: 3848: 3840: 3836: 3828: 3824: 3811: 3810: 3806: 3793: 3792: 3788: 3775: 3774: 3770: 3762: 3755: 3747: 3743: 3735: 3731: 3723: 3719: 3711: 3707: 3699: 3695: 3687: 3683: 3675: 3671: 3663: 3659: 3646: 3645: 3641: 3626: 3625: 3621: 3598: 3594: 3586: 3582: 3574: 3570: 3562: 3558: 3550: 3473: 3465: 3461: 3453: 3449: 3441: 3432: 3425: 3411: 3407: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3377: 3373: 3363: 3361: 3357: 3356: 3352: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3315: 3314: 3294: 3290: 3285: 3272:Darius the Mede 3257: 3252: 3250: 3243: 3238: 3236: 3229: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3212: 3210:Temple of Hibis 3206:Amun-Ra Kamutef 3202: 3193: 3191:Temple of Hibis 3183: 3174: 3161:; 522–486 BCE; 3152: 3109:Cyrus the Great 3004: 2955: 2954: 2953: 2952: 2951: 2948: 2940: 2939: 2932: 2923: 2922: 2916: 2909: 2904: 2834: 2828: 2792:A complete list 2760: 2754: 2749: 2719: 2714:King of Kings, 2670: 2590: 2522: 2521: 2520: 2519: 2518: 2515: 2507: 2506: 2502: 2488: 2446:earth and water 2422: 2416: 2410: 2300: 2294: 2274:Cyrus the Great 2246: 2170: 2153: 2106: 2100: 2095: 2094: 2093: 2092: 2087: 2086: 2085: 2077: 2076: 2065: 2041: 1966: 1948: 1943: 1879: 1878: 1877: 1876: 1871:, excavated in 1833: 1832: 1831: 1822: 1821: 1820: 1811: 1810: 1744: 1680: 1679: 1678: 1677: 1669: 1668: 1667: 1656: 1648: 1647: 1620: 1611: 1610: 1604: 1571: 1568: 1519:who are beyond 1486:of Darius from 1472:Cyrus the Great 1436: 1435: 1434: 1433: 1432: 1429: 1421: 1420: 1417: 510 BCE) 1416: 1402: 1393: 1392: 1386: 1380:DNa inscription 1372: 1370:Primary sources 1272:), itself from 1236: 1219:DNa inscription 1202: 1196: 1112:. He organized 998:, parts of the 975: 924: 923: 839: 824: 755: 713: 700: 699:October 486 BCE 689: 674: 673: 653: 624: 601: 583: 561: 557: 523: 497: 468: 429: 425: 391: 368: 362: 308: 304: 300: 298: 286: 262: 260: 212: 208: 188: 96: 80: 66:King of Babylon 36: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 17774: 17764: 17763: 17758: 17753: 17748: 17743: 17738: 17733: 17728: 17723: 17718: 17713: 17708: 17703: 17701:550s BC births 17698: 17679: 17678: 17668: 17665: 17664: 17661: 17660: 17657: 17656: 17653: 17652: 17650: 17649: 17642: 17635: 17628: 17621: 17618:Parthamaspates 17614: 17607: 17600: 17593: 17586: 17579: 17572: 17565: 17558: 17551: 17544: 17537: 17530: 17523: 17516: 17511: 17506: 17499: 17492: 17487: 17480: 17475: 17468: 17465:Mithridates II 17461: 17454: 17447: 17442: 17435: 17428: 17421: 17414: 17406: 17404: 17395: 17383: 17382: 17379: 17378: 17376: 17375: 17368: 17361: 17354: 17347: 17340: 17333: 17326: 17319: 17312: 17305: 17298: 17291: 17284: 17277: 17272: 17265: 17257: 17255: 17249: 17248: 17246: 17245: 17238: 17231: 17224: 17216: 17214: 17205: 17193: 17192: 17189: 17188: 17186: 17185: 17178: 17172: 17165: 17162:Artaxerxes III 17158: 17151: 17144: 17137: 17130: 17123: 17118: 17113: 17106: 17101: 17094: 17089: 17082: 17075: 17067: 17065: 17056: 17048:Persian period 17040: 17039: 17027: 17026: 17023: 17022: 17019: 17018: 17016: 17015: 17010: 17008:Labashi-Marduk 17005: 17000: 16995: 16990: 16984: 16982: 16973: 16961: 16960: 16957: 16956: 16954: 16953: 16946: 16943:Sîn-šumu-līšir 16939: 16932: 16925: 16916: 16909: 16902: 16895: 16890: 16888:Nergal-ushezib 16885: 16876: 16869: 16864: 16859: 16852: 16845: 16840: 16833: 16826: 16820: 16818: 16816: 16815: 16809: 16803: 16791: 16790: 16787: 16786: 16784: 16783: 16778: 16773: 16768: 16763: 16758: 16753: 16748: 16746:Ninurta-apla-X 16743: 16738: 16733: 16728: 16723: 16718: 16713: 16708: 16703: 16697: 16695: 16689: 16688: 16686: 16685: 16679: 16677: 16671: 16670: 16668: 16667: 16662: 16657: 16651: 16649: 16643: 16642: 16640: 16639: 16634: 16629: 16623: 16621: 16615: 16614: 16612: 16611: 16606: 16601: 16596: 16591: 16586: 16581: 16576: 16571: 16566: 16561: 16555: 16553: 16544: 16532: 16531: 16528: 16527: 16525: 16524: 16519: 16514: 16509: 16504: 16499: 16494: 16489: 16484: 16482:Kashtiliash IV 16479: 16474: 16469: 16464: 16459: 16457:Nazi-Maruttash 16454: 16449: 16444: 16439: 16434: 16429: 16424: 16419: 16414: 16411: 16406: 16401: 16396: 16394:Burnaburiash I 16391: 16388: 16383: 16378: 16373: 16368: 16366:Kashtiliash II 16363: 16358: 16355: 16350: 16345: 16339: 16337: 16328: 16325:(1729–1157 BC) 16320:Kassite period 16316: 16315: 16312: 16311: 16309: 16308: 16303: 16298: 16293: 16288: 16283: 16280: 16275: 16270: 16265: 16260: 16257: 16252: 16246: 16244: 16238: 16237: 16235: 16234: 16229: 16224: 16219: 16214: 16209: 16204: 16199: 16194: 16189: 16184: 16178: 16176: 16167: 16164:(1894–1595 BC) 16155: 16154: 16151: 16150: 16147: 16146: 16141: 16134: 16124: 16123: 16121: 16118: 16112: 16109: 16102: 16101: 16098: 16097: 16092: 16086: 16085: 16082: 16081: 16076: 16075: 16068: 16061: 16053: 16044: 16043: 16038: 16035: 16034: 16031: 16030: 16028: 16027: 16022: 16017: 16012: 16007: 16002: 15997: 15992: 15987: 15982: 15977: 15972: 15967: 15962: 15957: 15952: 15949: 15946: 15940: 15937: 15936: 15926: 15925: 15922: 15921: 15918: 15917: 15914: 15913: 15911: 15910: 15908:Maximinus Daza 15905: 15900: 15895: 15890: 15883: 15876: 15869: 15864: 15857: 15850: 15843: 15836: 15829: 15822: 15815: 15808: 15803: 15796: 15789: 15784: 15779: 15772: 15765: 15758: 15751: 15744: 15737: 15730: 15723: 15718: 15713: 15708: 15703: 15698: 15691: 15684: 15679: 15674: 15669: 15667:Antoninus Pius 15664: 15659: 15654: 15649: 15644: 15639: 15634: 15627: 15622: 15617: 15612: 15607: 15602: 15597: 15591: 15589: 15580: 15577:(30 BC–313 AD) 15568: 15567: 15564: 15563: 15561: 15560: 15555: 15550: 15545: 15540: 15535: 15528: 15523: 15518: 15513: 15508: 15503: 15498: 15493: 15488: 15483: 15478: 15473: 15468: 15463: 15458: 15453: 15448: 15443: 15438: 15433: 15428: 15423: 15417: 15415: 15409: 15408: 15406: 15405: 15400: 15395: 15389: 15387: 15378: 15366: 15365: 15362: 15361: 15359: 15358: 15353: 15348: 15343: 15341:Artaxerxes III 15337: 15335: 15329: 15328: 15326: 15325: 15320: 15315: 15309: 15307: 15301: 15300: 15298: 15297: 15290: 15285: 15280: 15275: 15269: 15267: 15261: 15260: 15258: 15257: 15251: 15249: 15243: 15242: 15240: 15239: 15234: 15229: 15224: 15217: 15212: 15210:Petubastis III 15207: 15201: 15199: 15193: 15192: 15190: 15189: 15184: 15179: 15174: 15169: 15164: 15159: 15154: 15147: 15142: 15134: 15132: 15123: 15111: 15110: 15107: 15106: 15104: 15103: 15098: 15097: 15096: 15093: 15086: 15084: 15081: 15075: 15072: 15065: 15064: 15043: 15042: 15039: 15038: 15035: 15034: 15031: 15030: 15028: 15027: 15022: 15017: 15012: 15007: 15001: 14999: 14993: 14992: 14990: 14989: 14984: 14978: 14976: 14970: 14969: 14967: 14966: 14961: 14954: 14949: 14944: 14939: 14934: 14927: 14922: 14917: 14911: 14909: 14903: 14902: 14900: 14899: 14894: 14887: 14882: 14877: 14872: 14867: 14862: 14857: 14850: 14845: 14840: 14834: 14832: 14826: 14825: 14823: 14822: 14815: 14810: 14805: 14800: 14795: 14790: 14785: 14778: 14772: 14770: 14764: 14763: 14761: 14760: 14755: 14750: 14745: 14740: 14735: 14730: 14724: 14722: 14713: 14705:3 Intermediate 14701: 14700: 14697: 14696: 14694: 14693: 14688: 14683: 14678: 14673: 14668: 14663: 14658: 14653: 14648: 14642: 14640: 14634: 14633: 14631: 14630: 14625: 14620: 14615: 14610: 14605: 14600: 14595: 14589: 14587: 14581: 14580: 14578: 14577: 14572: 14567: 14562: 14557: 14552: 14547: 14542: 14537: 14532: 14527: 14522: 14517: 14512: 14507: 14501: 14499: 14490: 14487:(1550–1070 BC) 14478: 14477: 14474: 14473: 14470: 14469: 14464: 14459: 14452: 14451: 14449: 14446: 14440: 14437: 14430: 14429: 14408: 14407: 14404: 14403: 14400: 14399: 14396: 14395: 14393: 14392: 14387: 14382: 14377: 14372: 14367: 14362: 14357: 14352: 14345: 14339: 14337: 14331: 14330: 14328: 14327: 14320: 14313: 14306: 14298: 14296: 14290: 14289: 14287: 14286: 14279: 14272: 14267: 14262: 14257: 14252: 14247: 14242: 14237: 14232: 14227: 14222: 14220:Neferhotep III 14217: 14212: 14206: 14204: 14198: 14197: 14195: 14194: 14189: 14184: 14177: 14172: 14167: 14160: 14153: 14146: 14138: 14136: 14130: 14129: 14127: 14126: 14119: 14112: 14105: 14098: 14091: 14084: 14077: 14072: 14067: 14062: 14057: 14052: 14050:Sewadjkare III 14047: 14042: 14037: 14032: 14027: 14022: 14019:Maaibre Sheshi 14015: 14012:'Ammu Ahotepre 14008: 14001: 13994: 13986: 13984: 13978: 13977: 13975: 13974: 13969: 13964: 13959: 13954: 13949: 13944: 13939: 13934: 13929: 13924: 13922:Merhotepre Ini 13919: 13914: 13909: 13904: 13899: 13894: 13889: 13884: 13882:Sobekhotep III 13879: 13874: 13869: 13864: 13859: 13852: 13847: 13842: 13837: 13832: 13827: 13822: 13817: 13812: 13807: 13802: 13797: 13792: 13787: 13782: 13777: 13772: 13767: 13762: 13754: 13752: 13743: 13740:(1802–1550 BC) 13735:2 Intermediate 13731: 13730: 13727: 13726: 13724: 13723: 13716: 13711: 13706: 13701: 13696: 13691: 13686: 13681: 13675: 13673: 13667: 13666: 13664: 13663: 13658: 13653: 13647: 13645: 13641: 13640: 13638: 13637: 13632: 13630:Mentuhotep III 13627: 13622: 13617: 13612: 13607: 13601: 13599: 13590: 13587:(2040–1802 BC) 13582:Middle Kingdom 13578: 13577: 13574: 13573: 13571: 13570: 13565: 13564: 13563: 13560: 13553: 13551: 13548: 13542: 13539: 13532: 13531: 13519:Middle Kingdom 13510: 13509: 13506: 13505: 13502: 13501: 13498: 13497: 13495: 13494: 13489: 13484: 13482:Neferkare VIII 13479: 13473: 13471: 13465: 13464: 13462: 13461: 13454: 13449: 13447:Nebkaure Khety 13444: 13439: 13437:Meryibre Khety 13433: 13431: 13425: 13424: 13422: 13421: 13414: 13407: 13400: 13393: 13388: 13383: 13378: 13373: 13371:Neferkamin Anu 13368: 13363: 13358: 13353: 13348: 13343: 13338: 13333: 13328: 13323: 13318: 13312: 13310: 13297: 13294:(2181–2040 BC) 13289:1 Intermediate 13285: 13284: 13281: 13280: 13278: 13277: 13270: 13263: 13258: 13253: 13248: 13243: 13238: 13233: 13227: 13225: 13219: 13218: 13216: 13215: 13210: 13208:Djedkare Isesi 13205: 13203:Menkauhor Kaiu 13200: 13195: 13190: 13185: 13180: 13175: 13169: 13167: 13161: 13160: 13158: 13157: 13150: 13145: 13140: 13133: 13128: 13123: 13118: 13112: 13110: 13104: 13103: 13101: 13100: 13095: 13088: 13081: 13076: 13069: 13064: 13059: 13053: 13051: 13042: 13039:(2686–2181 BC) 13030: 13029: 13026: 13025: 13023: 13022: 13017: 13010: 13003: 12996: 12991: 12986: 12979: 12972: 12965: 12958: 12951: 12944: 12939: 12934: 12928: 12926: 12920: 12919: 12917: 12916: 12909: 12902: 12897: 12892: 12887: 12882: 12877: 12872: 12867: 12857: 12855: 12846: 12843:(3150–2686 BC) 12838:Early Dynastic 12834: 12833: 12830: 12829: 12827: 12826: 12817: 12810: 12805: 12800: 12793: 12786: 12779: 12772: 12765: 12758: 12751: 12743: 12741: 12735: 12734: 12732: 12731: 12724: 12719: 12712: 12705: 12698: 12691: 12684: 12677: 12670: 12663: 12656: 12649: 12642: 12635: 12627: 12625: 12616: 12604: 12603: 12600: 12599: 12597: 12596: 12591: 12590: 12589: 12586: 12579: 12577: 12574: 12568: 12565: 12558: 12557: 12536: 12535: 12528: 12527: 12520: 12513: 12505: 12496: 12495: 12490: 12487: 12486: 12484: 12483: 12478: 12473: 12468: 12463: 12458: 12456:Tangeh Bolaghi 12452: 12450: 12446: 12445: 12443: 12442: 12437: 12432: 12426: 12424: 12420: 12419: 12417: 12416: 12411: 12406: 12400: 12398: 12394: 12393: 12391: 12390: 12384: 12382: 12381:Other sections 12378: 12377: 12370: 12368: 12366: 12365: 12360: 12355: 12349: 12347: 12343: 12342: 12335: 12334: 12327: 12320: 12312: 12303: 12302: 12296: 12293: 12292: 12290: 12289: 12284: 12279: 12274: 12269: 12264: 12259: 12254: 12249: 12244: 12239: 12234: 12229: 12224: 12219: 12214: 12209: 12204: 12199: 12192: 12185: 12177: 12175: 12164: 12163: 12161: 12160: 12155: 12150: 12145: 12140: 12134: 12132: 12121: 12120: 12115: 12112: 12111: 12099: 12098: 12091: 12084: 12076: 12067: 12066: 12061: 12058: 12057: 12055: 12054: 12049: 12044: 12039: 12034: 12029: 12023: 12021: 12017: 12016: 12014: 12013: 12008: 12003: 11998: 11997: 11996: 11995: 11994: 11979: 11978: 11977: 11967: 11962: 11956: 11954: 11950: 11949: 11947: 11946: 11941: 11936: 11931: 11925: 11923: 11919: 11918: 11911: 11909: 11906: 11905: 11903: 11902: 11897: 11892: 11886: 11880: 11876: 11875: 11868: 11867: 11860: 11853: 11845: 11836: 11835: 11830: 11829: 11826: 11825: 11822: 11821: 11814: 11791: 11774: 11767: 11744: 11737: 11723:Potts, Timothy 11713: 11699: 11677: 11667: 11666: 11663: 11662: 11652: 11641: 11640: 11633: 11626: 11619: 11615: 11614: 11609: 11604: 11595: 11589: 11588: 11547: 11540: 11536: 11535: 11517: 11496: 11492: 11491: 11486: 11481: 11472: 11466: 11465: 11458: 11454: 11453: 11448: 11443: 11438: 11432: 11431: 11424: 11420: 11419: 11402: 11398: 11397: 11290: 11286: 11285: 11262: 11257: 11252: 11248: 11247: 11242: 11233: 11229: 11228: 11223: 11218: 11206: 11205: 11198: 11197:30 BCE–116 CE 11194: 11193: 11131:Mithridates IV 11113:Mithridates II 11092: 11054: 11049:Aristobulus II 11022: 11018: 11017: 10942:Argead dynasty 10926: 10831:Argead dynasty 10827: 10823: 10822: 10814: 10813: 10793: 10792: 10784:Artaxerxes III 10747: 10745:Kings of Sidon 10734: 10721: 10717: 10716: 10693: 10688:Labashi-Marduk 10667: 10632: 10628: 10627: 10622: 10616: 10615: 10590:Nergal-ushezib 10545: 10526:Black Pharaohs 10508: 10504: 10503: 10471: 10444:Ninurta-apla-X 10405: 10403:Ashur-nirari V 10397:Shalmaneser IV 10387:Shamshi-Adad V 10375:Adad-nirari II 10366: 10356: 10265: 10261: 10260: 10230: 10226: 10225: 10219: 10176: 10159:Shalmaneser II 10147:Ashur-bel-kala 10135:Mutakkil-Nusku 10091:Middle Assyria 10087: 10080: 10055:Kings of Sidon 10038: 9962: 9961:1155–1025 BCE 9958: 9957: 9944:Elamite Empire 9940: 9907: 9906: 9898:Hittite Empire 9894: 9862: 9861: 9846: 9845: 9819: 9808:Meli-Shipak II 9778:Nazi-Maruttash 9742:Burnaburiash I 9721: 9693: 9692:1531–1155 BCE 9689: 9688: 9669: 9624: 9584: 9583: 9530: 9466: 9451:Enlil-Nasir II 9430:Ashur-nirari I 9424:Ishme-Dagan II 9415:Sharma-Adad II 9367:Ashur-apla-idi 9358:1735–1701 BCE) 9337:Ashur-apla-idi 9319:Shamshi-Adad I 9314:1808–1736 BCE) 9299: 9294:Yamhad dynasty 9284: 9282:Kings of Sidon 9261: 9248: 9247:1800–1595 BCE 9244: 9243: 9210: 9209: 9197: 9061: 9051:Puzur-Ashur II 9018: 8961: 8928: 8927: 8922:Mentuhotep III 8891: 8890: 8873: 8868: 8860: 8859:2025-1763 BCE 8856: 8855: 8827:Ur III dynasty 8823: 8804: 8801: 8797: 8796: 8784: 8773:Neferkare VIII 8761: 8757: 8756: 8749: 8748: 8720: 8706: 8704: 8691: 8677:Gutian dynasty 8673: 8649: 8648: 8640: 8635:Nebkaure Khety 8629:Meryibre Khety 8620: 8616: 8615: 8598: 8565: 8563: 8547: 8520: 8519: 8513: 8484: 8474: 8460:Neferkamin Anu 8433:Neferkare Neby 8406: 8402: 8401: 8397:Lugal-ushumgal 8394: 8379: 8375: 8374: 8353: 8334: 8333: 8325: 8323: 8319: 8318: 8304: 8291: 8289: 8285: 8284: 8279: 8270: 8265: 8257: 8244: 8239: 8235: 8234: 8230:Lugalannemundu 8220: 8185: 8181: 8180: 8175: 8161: 8144: 8125: 8116: 8107: 8102: 8086: 8073: 8069: 8068: 8051: 8046: 8042: 8041: 8030: 8021: 8020: 8011: 8002: 7997:Djedkare Isesi 7994:Menkauhor Kaiu 7966: 7962: 7961: 7938: 7921: 7897: 7895:Pabilgagaltuku 7884: 7879: 7865: 7854:Akshak dynasty 7850: 7841: 7793: 7787: 7783: 7782: 7769: 7720: 7716: 7715: 7713: 7694: 7679:Enun-dara-anna 7674: 7673: 7634: 7617: 7602: 7584: 7582: 7560: 7559: 7553: 7506: 7502: 7501: 7487: 7472: 7456: 7455: 7448: 7447: 7436: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7411: 7405: 7401: 7400: 7387: 7386: 7372: 7335: 7328: 7327: 7303:Kullassina-bel 7288: 7280: 7269: 7268: 7262: 7184: 7180: 7179: 7158: 7149: 7144: 7095:Narmer Palette 7077: 7076:3100–2900 BCE 7073: 7072: 7005: 6935: 6934: 6919: 6918:3200–3100 BCE 6915: 6914: 6901: 6869: 6868: 6863: 6857: 6852: 6833: 6832:4000–3200 BCE 6829: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6787: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6744: 6743: 6740: 6739: 6734:Rulers of the 6731: 6730: 6723: 6716: 6708: 6699: 6698: 6687: 6684: 6683: 6681: 6680: 6670: 6660: 6650: 6640: 6630: 6620: 6610: 6591: 6589: 6585: 6584: 6582: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6560: 6558: 6551: 6550: 6548: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6531: 6529: 6522: 6521: 6519: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6497: 6495: 6488: 6487: 6485: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6472:Pherendates II 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6448: 6446: 6439: 6438: 6436: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6414: 6412: 6402: 6401: 6399: 6398: 6397:Abdashtart III 6395: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6375:Baalshillem II 6372: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6325: 6323: 6321:Kings of Sidon 6317: 6316: 6314: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6295: 6291: 6289: 6283: 6282: 6280: 6279: 6274: 6268: 6266: 6259: 6258: 6256: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6193: 6191: 6181: 6180: 6178: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6141: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6124: 6122: 6115: 6114: 6112: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6050: 6048: 6040: 6039: 6037: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6015: 6013: 6003: 6002: 6000: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5977:Pharnabazus II 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5938: 5936: 5926: 5925: 5923: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5875:Artaphernes II 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5836: 5834: 5827: 5826: 5817: 5815: 5813: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5720: 5713: 5705: 5703: 5697:Kings of Kings 5694: 5693: 5687: 5684: 5683: 5678:Rulers in the 5675: 5674: 5667: 5660: 5652: 5644: 5643: 5627: 5626: 5621: 5618: 5609: 5604: 5600: 5599: 5589: 550 BCE 5574: 5571: 5565: 5564:External links 5562: 5561: 5560: 5554: 5541: 5535: 5522: 5511: 5505: 5492: 5483: 5471:10.1086/682344 5465:(2): 267–280. 5454: 5436:(2): 173–199. 5425: 5416: 5410: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5385: 5380: 5365: 5359: 5344: 5327: 5322: 5305: 5300: 5285: 5279: 5260: 5255: 5242: 5237: 5224: 5211: 5200: 5195: 5180: 5167: 5162: 5149: 5137: 5122: 5117: 5102: 5097: 5082: 5069: 5063: 5048: 5042: 5024: 5018: 5005: 5000: 4987: 4981: 4969:, ed. (2015). 4963: 4957: 4936: 4931: 4916: 4910: 4886: 4881: 4868: 4859: 4854: 4839: 4830: 4825: 4810: 4804: 4789: 4776: 4770: 4752: 4746: 4727: 4722: 4707: 4702: 4687: 4682: 4667: 4662: 4647: 4642: 4627: 4616: 4611: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4587: 4566: 4554: 4542: 4530: 4518: 4506: 4494: 4492:, p. 126. 4482: 4465: 4453: 4446: 4419: 4407: 4395: 4380: 4362: 4355: 4335: 4323: 4321:, p. 136. 4311: 4299: 4292: 4269: 4267:, p. 113. 4257: 4245: 4238: 4218: 4194: 4182: 4170: 4166:Herodotus 2015 4158: 4135: 4123: 4121:, p. 291. 4111: 4091: 4089:, p. 686. 4079: 4067: 4055: 4053:, p. 129. 4043: 4039:Del Testa 2001 4031: 4004: 3975: 3963: 3961:, p. 131. 3942: 3940:, p. 116. 3927: 3915: 3913:, p. 115. 3903: 3891: 3875: 3863: 3846: 3834: 3822: 3817:British Museum 3804: 3799:www.livius.org 3786: 3768: 3753: 3741: 3729: 3717: 3715:, p. 217. 3705: 3693: 3691:, p. 467. 3681: 3679:, p. 189. 3669: 3667:, p. 112. 3657: 3652:www.livius.org 3639: 3619: 3592: 3580: 3578:, p. 103. 3568: 3566:, p. 197. 3556: 3471: 3459: 3457:, p. 192. 3447: 3430: 3423: 3405: 3391: 3371: 3350: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3313: 3312: 3287: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3280: 3279: 3274: 3269: 3263: 3262: 3248: 3234: 3231:History portal 3218: 3215: 3214: 3213: 3203: 3196: 3194: 3184: 3177: 3175: 3153: 3146: 3003: 3000: 2967:(Indo-)Iranian 2959:Zoroastrianism 2949: 2942: 2941: 2934:Darius on the 2933: 2926: 2925: 2924: 2920: 2919: 2918: 2917: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2827: 2824: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2741:house of Cyrus 2704:Naqsh-e Rostam 2681:Naqsh-e Rostam 2677:Tomb of Darius 2669: 2666: 2600:, daughter of 2589: 2586: 2528:organized the 2516: 2509: 2508: 2489: 2482: 2481: 2480: 2479: 2478: 2412:Main article: 2409: 2406: 2296:Main article: 2293: 2290: 2245: 2242: 2188:in modern-day 2166:Main article: 2152: 2149: 2102:Main article: 2099: 2096: 2089: 2088: 2079: 2078: 2070: 2069: 2068: 2067: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2040: 2037: 1962:Main article: 1956:Eugène Flandin 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1869:British Museum 1835: 1834: 1825: 1824: 1823: 1814: 1813: 1812: 1808: 1807: 1806: 1805: 1772:Iranian people 1743: 1740: 1671: 1670: 1657: 1650: 1649: 1621: 1614: 1613: 1612: 1608: 1607: 1606: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1587:kings and the 1566: 1504:Apadana Palace 1448:Mount Behistun 1430: 1423: 1422: 1406:Apadana Palace 1403: 1396: 1395: 1394: 1390: 1389: 1388: 1387: 1371: 1368: 1339:𐡃𐡓𐡉𐡅𐡄𐡅𐡔 1300:𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 1232:𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 1208: 1198:Main article: 1195: 1192: 1158:Mount Behistun 1126:building roads 1050:, and coastal 1018:, most of the 947:𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 932: 931: 927:Zoroastrianism 917: 913: 912: 906: 902: 901: 896: 892: 891: 886: 880: 879: 876: 875: 835: 834: 826: 825: 823: 822: 817: 812: 807: 802: 799: 794: 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 765: 763: 757: 756: 754: 753: 749:a daughter of 747: 742: 737: 732: 727: 721: 719: 715: 714: 711:Naqsh-e Rostam 709: 707: 703: 702: 697: 693: 692: 690: 550 BCE 684: 680: 679: 676: 675: 670: 669: 666: 665: 662: 661: 658: 657: 650: 648: 645: 644: 641: 640: 637: 636: 633: 632: 629: 626: 612: 611: 605: 594: 592: 589: 588: 585: 584: 580: 564: 563: 547: 546: 540: 539: 536: 535: 532: 531: 528: 527: 520: 518: 515: 514: 511: 510: 507: 506: 503: 502: 499: 494: 491: 479: 478: 472: 461: 459: 456: 455: 452: 451: 448: 432: 431: 415: 414: 408: 407: 404: 403: 400: 399: 396: 395: 388: 386: 383: 382: 379: 378: 375: 374: 371: 370: 364: 359: 356: 344: 343: 337: 335: 332: 331: 328: 327: 302:wr-nb-mrj-šmꜤw 295: 294: 291: 290: 283: 281: 278: 277: 274: 273: 270: 269: 266: 265: 248: 247: 241: 239: 236: 235: 232: 231: 198: 197: 189: 186:Royal titulary 184: 183: 178: 174: 173: 168: 164: 163: 160: 156: 155: 149: 148: 143: 139: 138: 133: 129: 128: 123: 117: 116: 113: 109: 108: 98: 97: 91: 83: 82: 79: 78: 73: 68: 63: 61:King of Persia 58: 53: 47: 43: 42: 39:𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17773: 17762: 17759: 17757: 17754: 17752: 17749: 17747: 17746:City founders 17744: 17742: 17741:Ezra–Nehemiah 17739: 17737: 17734: 17732: 17729: 17727: 17724: 17722: 17719: 17717: 17714: 17712: 17709: 17707: 17706:486 BC deaths 17704: 17702: 17699: 17697: 17694: 17693: 17691: 17684: 17676: 17666: 17648: 17647: 17643: 17641: 17640: 17636: 17634: 17633: 17629: 17627: 17626: 17622: 17620: 17619: 17615: 17613: 17612: 17611:Vologases III 17608: 17606: 17605: 17601: 17599: 17598: 17597:Artabanus III 17594: 17592: 17591: 17587: 17585: 17584: 17580: 17578: 17577: 17573: 17571: 17570: 17566: 17564: 17563: 17559: 17557: 17556: 17552: 17550: 17549: 17545: 17543: 17542: 17538: 17536: 17535: 17531: 17529: 17528: 17524: 17522: 17521: 17517: 17515: 17512: 17510: 17507: 17505: 17504: 17500: 17498: 17497: 17493: 17491: 17488: 17486: 17485: 17481: 17479: 17476: 17474: 17473: 17469: 17467: 17466: 17462: 17460: 17459: 17455: 17453: 17452: 17448: 17446: 17443: 17441: 17440: 17436: 17434: 17433: 17429: 17427: 17426: 17422: 17420: 17419: 17415: 17413: 17412: 17411:Mithridates I 17408: 17407: 17405: 17403: 17399: 17396: 17388: 17384: 17374: 17373: 17369: 17367: 17366: 17362: 17360: 17359: 17355: 17353: 17352: 17348: 17346: 17345: 17341: 17339: 17338: 17334: 17332: 17331: 17327: 17325: 17324: 17320: 17318: 17317: 17313: 17311: 17310: 17306: 17304: 17303: 17299: 17297: 17296: 17292: 17290: 17289: 17285: 17283: 17282: 17278: 17276: 17273: 17271: 17270: 17266: 17264: 17263: 17259: 17258: 17256: 17254: 17250: 17244: 17243: 17239: 17237: 17236: 17232: 17230: 17229: 17225: 17223: 17222: 17221:Alexander III 17218: 17217: 17215: 17213: 17209: 17206: 17198: 17194: 17184: 17183: 17179: 17176: 17173: 17171: 17170: 17169:Artaxerxes IV 17166: 17164: 17163: 17159: 17157: 17156: 17155:Artaxerxes II 17152: 17150: 17149: 17145: 17143: 17142: 17138: 17136: 17135: 17131: 17129: 17128: 17124: 17122: 17119: 17117: 17116:Shamash-eriba 17114: 17112: 17111: 17107: 17105: 17102: 17100: 17099: 17095: 17093: 17090: 17088: 17087: 17083: 17081: 17080: 17076: 17074: 17073: 17069: 17068: 17066: 17064: 17060: 17057: 17049: 17045: 17041: 17032: 17028: 17014: 17011: 17009: 17006: 17004: 17001: 16999: 16996: 16994: 16991: 16989: 16986: 16985: 16983: 16981: 16977: 16974: 16966: 16962: 16952: 16951: 16950:Sinsharishkun 16947: 16945: 16944: 16940: 16938: 16937: 16933: 16931: 16930: 16926: 16924: 16923: 16922: 16917: 16915: 16914: 16910: 16908: 16907: 16903: 16901: 16900: 16896: 16894: 16891: 16889: 16886: 16884: 16883: 16882: 16877: 16875: 16874: 16870: 16868: 16865: 16863: 16860: 16858: 16857: 16853: 16851: 16850: 16846: 16844: 16841: 16839: 16838: 16837:Shalmaneser V 16834: 16832: 16831: 16827: 16825: 16822: 16821: 16819: 16814: 16811: 16810: 16807: 16804: 16796: 16792: 16782: 16779: 16777: 16774: 16772: 16769: 16767: 16764: 16762: 16759: 16757: 16754: 16752: 16749: 16747: 16744: 16742: 16739: 16737: 16734: 16732: 16729: 16727: 16724: 16722: 16719: 16717: 16714: 16712: 16709: 16707: 16704: 16702: 16699: 16698: 16696: 16694: 16690: 16684: 16681: 16680: 16678: 16676: 16672: 16666: 16663: 16661: 16658: 16656: 16653: 16652: 16650: 16648: 16644: 16638: 16635: 16633: 16632:Ea-mukin-zeri 16630: 16628: 16627:Simbar-shipak 16625: 16624: 16622: 16620: 16616: 16610: 16607: 16605: 16602: 16600: 16597: 16595: 16592: 16590: 16587: 16585: 16582: 16580: 16577: 16575: 16572: 16570: 16567: 16565: 16562: 16560: 16557: 16556: 16554: 16552: 16548: 16545: 16541:(1157–732 BC) 16537: 16533: 16523: 16520: 16518: 16515: 16513: 16510: 16508: 16505: 16503: 16500: 16498: 16495: 16493: 16490: 16488: 16485: 16483: 16480: 16478: 16475: 16473: 16470: 16468: 16465: 16463: 16460: 16458: 16455: 16453: 16450: 16448: 16445: 16443: 16440: 16438: 16435: 16433: 16430: 16428: 16425: 16423: 16420: 16418: 16415: 16413:Kadashman-Sah 16412: 16410: 16407: 16405: 16402: 16400: 16397: 16395: 16392: 16389: 16387: 16384: 16382: 16379: 16377: 16374: 16372: 16369: 16367: 16364: 16362: 16359: 16356: 16354: 16353:Kashtiliash I 16351: 16349: 16346: 16344: 16341: 16340: 16338: 16336: 16332: 16329: 16321: 16317: 16307: 16304: 16302: 16301:Melamkurkurra 16299: 16297: 16294: 16292: 16291:Ayadaragalama 16289: 16287: 16284: 16281: 16279: 16276: 16274: 16271: 16269: 16266: 16264: 16261: 16258: 16256: 16255:Itti-ili-nibi 16253: 16251: 16248: 16247: 16245: 16243: 16239: 16233: 16230: 16228: 16225: 16223: 16220: 16218: 16215: 16213: 16210: 16208: 16205: 16203: 16200: 16198: 16195: 16193: 16190: 16188: 16185: 16183: 16180: 16179: 16177: 16175: 16171: 16168: 16160: 16156: 16142: 16139: 16135: 16132: 16131:foreign ruler 16126: 16125: 16122: 16116: 16113: 16107: 16103: 16096: 16093: 16091: 16088: 16087: 16083: 16074: 16069: 16067: 16062: 16060: 16055: 16054: 16051: 16041: 16036: 16026: 16023: 16021: 16018: 16016: 16013: 16011: 16008: 16006: 16003: 16001: 15998: 15996: 15993: 15991: 15988: 15986: 15983: 15981: 15978: 15976: 15973: 15971: 15968: 15966: 15963: 15961: 15958: 15956: 15953: 15950: 15947: 15945: 15942: 15941: 15938: 15931: 15927: 15909: 15906: 15904: 15901: 15899: 15896: 15894: 15891: 15889: 15888: 15884: 15882: 15881: 15877: 15875: 15874: 15870: 15868: 15865: 15863: 15862: 15858: 15856: 15855: 15851: 15849: 15848: 15844: 15842: 15841: 15837: 15835: 15834: 15830: 15828: 15827: 15823: 15821: 15820: 15816: 15814: 15813: 15809: 15807: 15804: 15802: 15801: 15797: 15795: 15794: 15790: 15788: 15785: 15783: 15780: 15778: 15777: 15773: 15771: 15770: 15766: 15764: 15763: 15759: 15757: 15756: 15752: 15750: 15749: 15745: 15743: 15742: 15738: 15736: 15735: 15731: 15729: 15728: 15724: 15722: 15719: 15717: 15714: 15712: 15709: 15707: 15704: 15702: 15699: 15697: 15696: 15692: 15690: 15689: 15685: 15683: 15680: 15678: 15675: 15673: 15670: 15668: 15665: 15663: 15660: 15658: 15655: 15653: 15650: 15648: 15645: 15643: 15640: 15638: 15635: 15633: 15632: 15628: 15626: 15623: 15621: 15618: 15616: 15613: 15611: 15608: 15606: 15603: 15601: 15598: 15596: 15593: 15592: 15590: 15588: 15584: 15581: 15573: 15569: 15559: 15556: 15554: 15551: 15549: 15546: 15544: 15541: 15539: 15536: 15534: 15533: 15529: 15527: 15524: 15522: 15519: 15517: 15514: 15512: 15509: 15507: 15504: 15502: 15499: 15497: 15494: 15492: 15489: 15487: 15486:Cleopatra III 15484: 15482: 15479: 15477: 15474: 15472: 15469: 15467: 15464: 15462: 15459: 15457: 15454: 15452: 15449: 15447: 15444: 15442: 15439: 15437: 15434: 15432: 15429: 15427: 15424: 15422: 15419: 15418: 15416: 15414: 15410: 15404: 15401: 15399: 15396: 15394: 15391: 15390: 15388: 15386: 15382: 15379: 15371: 15367: 15357: 15354: 15352: 15349: 15347: 15344: 15342: 15339: 15338: 15336: 15334: 15330: 15324: 15321: 15319: 15316: 15314: 15311: 15310: 15308: 15306: 15302: 15296: 15295: 15291: 15289: 15288:Nepherites II 15286: 15284: 15281: 15279: 15276: 15274: 15271: 15270: 15268: 15266: 15262: 15256: 15253: 15252: 15250: 15248: 15244: 15238: 15235: 15233: 15230: 15228: 15225: 15223: 15222: 15218: 15216: 15213: 15211: 15208: 15206: 15203: 15202: 15200: 15198: 15194: 15188: 15185: 15183: 15180: 15178: 15175: 15173: 15170: 15168: 15165: 15163: 15160: 15158: 15155: 15153: 15152: 15148: 15146: 15143: 15141: 15140: 15136: 15135: 15133: 15131: 15127: 15124: 15116: 15112: 15102: 15099: 15094: 15091: 15090: 15088: 15087: 15085: 15079: 15076: 15070: 15066: 15057: 15053: 15048: 15044: 15026: 15023: 15021: 15018: 15016: 15013: 15011: 15008: 15006: 15003: 15002: 15000: 14998: 14994: 14988: 14985: 14983: 14980: 14979: 14977: 14975: 14971: 14965: 14962: 14960: 14959: 14955: 14953: 14950: 14948: 14945: 14943: 14940: 14938: 14935: 14933: 14932: 14928: 14926: 14923: 14921: 14918: 14916: 14913: 14912: 14910: 14908: 14904: 14898: 14895: 14893: 14892: 14888: 14886: 14883: 14881: 14878: 14876: 14873: 14871: 14868: 14866: 14863: 14861: 14858: 14856: 14855: 14851: 14849: 14846: 14844: 14841: 14839: 14836: 14835: 14833: 14831: 14827: 14821: 14820: 14819:Psusennes III 14816: 14814: 14811: 14809: 14806: 14804: 14801: 14799: 14796: 14794: 14791: 14789: 14786: 14784: 14783: 14779: 14777: 14774: 14773: 14771: 14769: 14765: 14759: 14756: 14754: 14751: 14749: 14746: 14744: 14741: 14739: 14736: 14734: 14731: 14729: 14726: 14725: 14723: 14721: 14717: 14714: 14710:(1069–664 BC) 14706: 14702: 14692: 14689: 14687: 14684: 14682: 14679: 14677: 14676:Ramesses VIII 14674: 14672: 14669: 14667: 14664: 14662: 14659: 14657: 14654: 14652: 14649: 14647: 14644: 14643: 14641: 14639: 14635: 14629: 14626: 14624: 14621: 14619: 14616: 14614: 14611: 14609: 14606: 14604: 14601: 14599: 14596: 14594: 14591: 14590: 14588: 14586: 14582: 14576: 14573: 14571: 14568: 14566: 14563: 14561: 14558: 14556: 14553: 14551: 14548: 14546: 14545:Amenhotep III 14543: 14541: 14538: 14536: 14533: 14531: 14528: 14526: 14523: 14521: 14518: 14516: 14513: 14511: 14508: 14506: 14503: 14502: 14500: 14498: 14494: 14491: 14483: 14479: 14468: 14465: 14460: 14454: 14453: 14450: 14444: 14441: 14435: 14431: 14422: 14418: 14413: 14409: 14391: 14388: 14386: 14385:Seqenenre Tao 14383: 14381: 14378: 14376: 14373: 14371: 14368: 14366: 14363: 14361: 14360:Sobekemsaf II 14358: 14356: 14353: 14351: 14350: 14346: 14344: 14341: 14340: 14338: 14336: 14332: 14326: 14325: 14321: 14319: 14318: 14314: 14312: 14311: 14310:Wepwawetemsaf 14307: 14305: 14304: 14300: 14299: 14297: 14295: 14291: 14285: 14284: 14280: 14278: 14277: 14273: 14271: 14268: 14266: 14263: 14261: 14258: 14256: 14253: 14251: 14248: 14246: 14243: 14241: 14238: 14236: 14233: 14231: 14228: 14226: 14223: 14221: 14218: 14216: 14213: 14211: 14208: 14207: 14205: 14203: 14199: 14193: 14190: 14188: 14185: 14183: 14182: 14178: 14176: 14173: 14171: 14168: 14166: 14165: 14161: 14159: 14158: 14154: 14152: 14151: 14147: 14145: 14144: 14140: 14139: 14137: 14135: 14131: 14125: 14124: 14120: 14118: 14117: 14113: 14111: 14110: 14106: 14104: 14103: 14099: 14097: 14096: 14092: 14090: 14089: 14085: 14083: 14082: 14078: 14076: 14073: 14071: 14068: 14066: 14063: 14061: 14058: 14056: 14053: 14051: 14048: 14046: 14043: 14041: 14038: 14036: 14033: 14031: 14028: 14026: 14023: 14021: 14020: 14016: 14014: 14013: 14009: 14007: 14006: 14002: 14000: 13999: 13995: 13993: 13992: 13988: 13987: 13985: 13983: 13979: 13973: 13970: 13968: 13965: 13963: 13960: 13958: 13955: 13953: 13950: 13948: 13945: 13943: 13940: 13938: 13935: 13933: 13930: 13928: 13925: 13923: 13920: 13918: 13917:Merneferre Ay 13915: 13913: 13912:Wahibre Ibiau 13910: 13908: 13905: 13903: 13900: 13898: 13897:Sobekhotep IV 13895: 13893: 13890: 13888: 13885: 13883: 13880: 13878: 13875: 13873: 13870: 13868: 13865: 13863: 13860: 13858: 13857: 13853: 13851: 13848: 13846: 13843: 13841: 13838: 13836: 13833: 13831: 13828: 13826: 13823: 13821: 13818: 13816: 13813: 13811: 13808: 13806: 13803: 13801: 13798: 13796: 13793: 13791: 13788: 13786: 13783: 13781: 13778: 13776: 13773: 13771: 13768: 13766: 13763: 13761: 13760: 13756: 13755: 13753: 13751: 13747: 13744: 13736: 13732: 13722: 13721: 13717: 13715: 13712: 13710: 13707: 13705: 13704:Amenemhat III 13702: 13700: 13697: 13695: 13692: 13690: 13687: 13685: 13682: 13680: 13677: 13676: 13674: 13672: 13668: 13662: 13659: 13657: 13654: 13652: 13649: 13648: 13646: 13642: 13636: 13635:Mentuhotep IV 13633: 13631: 13628: 13626: 13625:Mentuhotep II 13623: 13621: 13618: 13616: 13613: 13611: 13608: 13606: 13603: 13602: 13600: 13598: 13594: 13591: 13583: 13579: 13569: 13566: 13561: 13558: 13557: 13555: 13554: 13552: 13546: 13543: 13537: 13533: 13524: 13520: 13515: 13511: 13493: 13490: 13488: 13487:Wahkare Khety 13485: 13483: 13480: 13478: 13475: 13474: 13472: 13470: 13466: 13460: 13459: 13455: 13453: 13450: 13448: 13445: 13443: 13442:Neferkare VII 13440: 13438: 13435: 13434: 13432: 13430: 13426: 13420: 13419: 13415: 13413: 13412: 13408: 13406: 13405: 13401: 13399: 13398: 13394: 13392: 13389: 13387: 13384: 13382: 13379: 13377: 13374: 13372: 13369: 13367: 13364: 13362: 13359: 13357: 13354: 13352: 13349: 13347: 13344: 13342: 13339: 13337: 13334: 13332: 13329: 13327: 13324: 13322: 13319: 13317: 13314: 13313: 13311: 13309: 13305: 13301: 13298: 13290: 13286: 13276: 13275: 13271: 13269: 13268: 13264: 13262: 13259: 13257: 13254: 13252: 13249: 13247: 13244: 13242: 13239: 13237: 13234: 13232: 13229: 13228: 13226: 13224: 13220: 13214: 13211: 13209: 13206: 13204: 13201: 13199: 13196: 13194: 13191: 13189: 13186: 13184: 13181: 13179: 13176: 13174: 13171: 13170: 13168: 13166: 13162: 13156: 13155: 13151: 13149: 13146: 13144: 13141: 13139: 13138: 13134: 13132: 13129: 13127: 13124: 13122: 13119: 13117: 13114: 13113: 13111: 13109: 13105: 13099: 13096: 13094: 13093: 13089: 13087: 13086: 13082: 13080: 13077: 13075: 13074: 13070: 13068: 13065: 13063: 13060: 13058: 13055: 13054: 13052: 13050: 13046: 13043: 13035: 13031: 13021: 13018: 13016: 13015: 13011: 13009: 13008: 13004: 13002: 13001: 12997: 12995: 12992: 12990: 12989:Seth-Peribsen 12987: 12985: 12984: 12980: 12978: 12977: 12973: 12971: 12970: 12966: 12964: 12963: 12959: 12957: 12956: 12952: 12950: 12949: 12945: 12943: 12940: 12938: 12935: 12933: 12932:Hotepsekhemwy 12930: 12929: 12927: 12925: 12921: 12915: 12914: 12910: 12908: 12907: 12903: 12901: 12898: 12896: 12893: 12891: 12888: 12886: 12883: 12881: 12878: 12876: 12873: 12871: 12868: 12866: 12862: 12859: 12858: 12856: 12854: 12850: 12847: 12839: 12835: 12825: 12821: 12818: 12816: 12815: 12811: 12809: 12806: 12804: 12801: 12799: 12798: 12794: 12792: 12791: 12787: 12785: 12784: 12780: 12778: 12777: 12773: 12771: 12770: 12766: 12764: 12763: 12759: 12757: 12756: 12752: 12750: 12749: 12745: 12744: 12742: 12740: 12736: 12730: 12729: 12725: 12723: 12722:Double Falcon 12720: 12718: 12717: 12713: 12711: 12710: 12706: 12704: 12703: 12699: 12697: 12696: 12692: 12690: 12689: 12685: 12683: 12682: 12678: 12676: 12675: 12671: 12669: 12668: 12664: 12662: 12661: 12657: 12655: 12654: 12650: 12648: 12647: 12643: 12641: 12640: 12636: 12634: 12633: 12629: 12628: 12626: 12624: 12620: 12617: 12613:(pre-3150 BC) 12609: 12608:Protodynastic 12605: 12595: 12592: 12587: 12584: 12583: 12581: 12580: 12578: 12572: 12569: 12563: 12559: 12550: 12546: 12545:Protodynastic 12541: 12537: 12533: 12526: 12521: 12519: 12514: 12512: 12507: 12506: 12503: 12493: 12488: 12482: 12479: 12477: 12474: 12472: 12469: 12467: 12464: 12462: 12459: 12457: 12454: 12453: 12451: 12447: 12441: 12438: 12436: 12435:Erich Schmidt 12433: 12431: 12428: 12427: 12425: 12421: 12415: 12412: 12410: 12407: 12405: 12402: 12401: 12399: 12395: 12389: 12386: 12385: 12383: 12379: 12374: 12364: 12361: 12359: 12356: 12354: 12351: 12350: 12348: 12344: 12340: 12333: 12328: 12326: 12321: 12319: 12314: 12313: 12310: 12299: 12294: 12288: 12285: 12283: 12280: 12278: 12275: 12273: 12270: 12268: 12265: 12263: 12260: 12258: 12255: 12253: 12250: 12248: 12245: 12243: 12240: 12238: 12235: 12233: 12230: 12228: 12225: 12223: 12220: 12218: 12215: 12213: 12210: 12208: 12205: 12203: 12200: 12198: 12197: 12193: 12191: 12190: 12186: 12184: 12183: 12179: 12178: 12176: 12169: 12165: 12159: 12156: 12154: 12151: 12149: 12146: 12144: 12141: 12139: 12136: 12135: 12133: 12126: 12122: 12118: 12113: 12108: 12104: 12097: 12092: 12090: 12085: 12083: 12078: 12077: 12074: 12064: 12059: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12035: 12033: 12030: 12028: 12025: 12024: 12022: 12018: 12012: 12009: 12007: 12006:Second Temple 12004: 12002: 11999: 11993: 11990: 11989: 11988: 11985: 11984: 11983: 11980: 11976: 11973: 11972: 11971: 11968: 11966: 11963: 11961: 11958: 11957: 11955: 11953:Constructions 11951: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11926: 11924: 11920: 11915: 11901: 11898: 11896: 11893: 11891: 11888: 11887: 11884: 11881: 11877: 11873: 11866: 11861: 11859: 11854: 11852: 11847: 11846: 11843: 11817: 11811: 11807: 11806: 11801: 11795: 11789: 11783: 11781: 11779: 11770: 11764: 11760: 11759: 11754: 11753:Roux, Georges 11748: 11740: 11734: 11730: 11729: 11724: 11717: 11709: 11703: 11695: 11691: 11687: 11681: 11672: 11668: 11664: 11661: 11657: 11651: 11647: 11642: 11639: 11638: 11632: 11631: 11625: 11624: 11617: 11616: 11613: 11608: 11603: 11599: 11594: 11590: 11587: 11584: 11581: 11580:Yazdegerd III 11578: 11575: 11572: 11569: 11566: 11563: 11560: 11557: 11554: 11551: 11546: 11545: 11537: 11534: 11531: 11527: 11523: 11522: 11516: 11513: 11512:Sahralanyozan 11510: 11506: 11501: 11494: 11493: 11490: 11485: 11480: 11476: 11471: 11467: 11464: 11463: 11455: 11452: 11447: 11442: 11437: 11433: 11430: 11429: 11421: 11418: 11415: 11412: 11408: 11407: 11400: 11399: 11396: 11393: 11390: 11387: 11384: 11381: 11378: 11375: 11372: 11369: 11366: 11363: 11360: 11357: 11354: 11351: 11348: 11345: 11342: 11339: 11336: 11333: 11330: 11327: 11324: 11321: 11318: 11315: 11312: 11305: 11300: 11296: 11295: 11288: 11287: 11284: 11281: 11278: 11275: 11272: 11269: 11268:Mithridates V 11266: 11265:Sinatruces II 11261: 11256: 11250: 11249: 11246: 11241: 11237: 11230: 11227: 11222: 11217: 11212: 11207: 11204: 11203: 11195: 11192: 11189: 11188:Artabanus III 11186: 11183: 11180: 11177: 11174: 11171: 11168: 11165: 11162: 11159: 11158:Tiridates III 11156: 11153: 11150: 11147: 11144: 11141: 11138: 11135: 11132: 11129: 11126: 11123: 11120: 11117: 11114: 11111: 11108: 11105: 11102: 11101:Mithridates I 11098: 11097: 11091: 11088: 11085: 11082: 11079: 11076: 11073: 11070: 11067: 11064: 11061: 11058: 11053: 11050: 11047: 11044: 11041: 11038: 11037:Aristobulus I 11035: 11034:John Hyrcanus 11032: 11028: 11027: 11020: 11019: 11016: 11013: 11010: 11007: 11004: 11003:Alexander III 11001: 10998: 10995: 10992: 10989: 10988:Antiochus III 10986: 10983: 10980: 10977: 10974: 10970: 10969: 10964: 10960: 10959: 10954: 10951: 10948: 10947:Alexander III 10944: 10943: 10935: 10930: 10925: 10922: 10919: 10916: 10913: 10910: 10907: 10904: 10901: 10898: 10895: 10892: 10889: 10886: 10883: 10882:Cleopatra III 10880: 10877: 10874: 10871: 10868: 10865: 10862: 10859: 10856: 10853: 10850: 10847: 10844: 10841: 10837: 10836: 10832: 10825: 10824: 10821: 10820: 10815: 10812: 10811: 10806: 10805: 10800: 10799: 10794: 10791: 10788: 10787:Artaxerxes IV 10785: 10782: 10781:Artaxerxes II 10779: 10776: 10773: 10770: 10767: 10764: 10760: 10759: 10752: 10746: 10742: 10741:Kings of Tyre 10738: 10732: 10727: 10726: 10718: 10715: 10712: 10709: 10706: 10703: 10699: 10698: 10697:Median Empire 10692: 10689: 10686: 10683: 10680: 10677: 10673: 10672: 10666: 10663: 10660: 10657: 10654: 10651: 10648: 10644: 10643: 10638: 10637: 10630: 10629: 10626: 10621: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10609: 10606: 10605:Sinsharishkun 10603: 10600: 10597: 10594: 10591: 10588: 10585: 10582: 10579: 10576: 10573: 10570: 10567: 10564: 10560: 10558: 10551: 10550: 10544: 10541: 10538: 10535: 10532: 10527: 10519: 10514: 10513: 10505: 10502: 10498: 10494: 10490: 10486: 10482: 10477: 10476: 10469: 10466: 10463: 10460: 10457: 10454: 10451: 10448: 10445: 10442:(five kings) 10441: 10438: 10435: 10432: 10429: 10426: 10423: 10420: 10416: 10410: 10404: 10401: 10400:Ashur-Dan III 10398: 10395: 10391: 10388: 10385: 10382: 10379: 10376: 10372: 10371: 10365: 10360: 10355: 10354: 10351: 10347: 10346: 10340: 10337: 10334: 10331: 10328: 10325: 10322: 10319: 10315: 10314: 10307: 10304: 10303: 10299: 10296: 10293: 10290: 10287: 10284: 10281: 10278: 10275: 10271: 10270: 10263: 10262: 10259: 10256: 10253: 10250: 10247: 10244: 10241: 10240:Ea-mukin-zeri 10238: 10237:Simbar-shipak 10234: 10229:1025–934 BCE 10228: 10227: 10223: 10218: 10215: 10212: 10209: 10206: 10203: 10200: 10197: 10194: 10191: 10188: 10184: 10182: 10175: 10172: 10169: 10166: 10165:Ashur-rabi II 10163: 10160: 10157: 10154: 10151: 10150:Eriba-Adad II 10148: 10145: 10142: 10139: 10136: 10133: 10130: 10127: 10124: 10121: 10118: 10115: 10112: 10111:Shalmaneser I 10109: 10108:Adad-nirari I 10106: 10103: 10100: 10097: 10093: 10092: 10086: 10085: 10079: 10075: 10071: 10067: 10063: 10062: 10056: 10052: 10051:Kings of Tyre 10048: 10044: 10043: 10037: 10036: 10033: 10030: 10027: 10024: 10021: 10018: 10014: 10013: 10007: 10006: 10000: 9997: 9994: 9991: 9990:Ramesses VIII 9988: 9985: 9982: 9979: 9976: 9973: 9968: 9967: 9960: 9959: 9956: 9952: 9951: 9946: 9945: 9939: 9936: 9933: 9930: 9927: 9924: 9921: 9918: 9914: 9913: 9908: 9905: 9900: 9899: 9893: 9890: 9887: 9884: 9881: 9880: 9876: 9873: 9872:Amenhotep III 9870: 9867: 9863: 9860: 9857: 9854: 9851: 9847: 9844: 9841: 9837: 9836: 9831: 9830: 9823: 9818: 9815: 9812: 9809: 9806: 9803: 9800: 9797: 9794: 9791: 9788: 9785: 9782: 9779: 9776: 9773: 9770: 9767: 9764: 9761: 9758: 9755: 9752: 9749: 9746: 9743: 9740: 9736: 9734: 9726: 9720: 9717: 9713: 9712: 9707: 9706: 9698: 9690: 9687: 9684: 9681: 9675: 9674: 9668: 9665: 9662: 9659: 9656: 9655: 9651: 9650: 9641: 9635: 9630: 9629: 9623: 9622: 9618: 9617: 9612: 9608: 9607: 9602: 9598: 9597: 9592: 9591: 9585: 9582: 9579: 9578:Melamkurkurra 9576: 9572: 9571:Ayadaragalama 9569: 9566: 9562: 9559: 9556: 9552: 9549: 9548:Itti-ili-nibi 9546: 9542: 9540: 9529: 9524: 9521: 9518: 9515: 9512: 9509: 9506: 9503: 9500: 9497: 9494: 9491: 9487: 9485: 9478: 9471: 9465: 9464: 9461: 9458: 9455: 9452: 9449: 9446: 9443: 9442:Ashur-shaduni 9440: 9437: 9436:Enlil-nasir I 9434: 9431: 9428: 9425: 9422: 9419: 9416: 9413: 9410: 9407: 9404: 9401: 9400:Sharma-Adad I 9398: 9395: 9391:1700–722 BCE) 9389: 9383: 9380: 9377: 9374: 9371: 9368: 9365: 9362: 9353: 9350: 9347: 9344: 9341: 9338: 9335: 9332: 9329: 9326: 9323: 9322:Ishme-Dagan I 9320: 9311: 9305: 9304: 9295: 9290: 9289: 9283: 9279: 9278:Kings of Tyre 9275: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9259: 9254: 9253: 9245: 9242: 9239: 9236: 9235:Amenemhat III 9233: 9230: 9227: 9224: 9221: 9217: 9216: 9211: 9208: 9203: 9202: 9195: 9191: 9187: 9183: 9179: 9176: 9173: 9170: 9167: 9164: 9161: 9158: 9155: 9152: 9149: 9146: 9143: 9140: 9136: 9132: 9129: 9126: 9123: 9120: 9117: 9114: 9111: 9108: 9105: 9102: 9099: 9096: 9093: 9090: 9086: 9085: 9078: 9072: 9067: 9066: 9060: 9056: 9052: 9048: 9044: 9040: 9036: 9032: 9028: 9027:Puzur-Ashur I 9024: 9023: 9016: 9012: 9009: 9006: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8992: 8986: 8978: 8974: 8969: 8966: 8960: 8957: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8934: 8933:Third Eblaite 8929: 8926: 8925:Mentuhotep IV 8923: 8920: 8919:Mentuhotep II 8917: 8914: 8911: 8908: 8904: 8903: 8898: 8897: 8892: 8888: 8884: 8880: 8878: 8872: 8867: 8865: 8857: 8854: 8851: 8848: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8829: 8828: 8820: 8816: 8812: 8808: 8799: 8798: 8795: 8791: 8789: 8783: 8780: 8777: 8776:Wahkare Khety 8774: 8771: 8767: 8766: 8759: 8758: 8755: 8750: 8747: 8743: 8739: 8732: 8728: 8724: 8717: 8713: 8711: 8703: 8699: 8695: 8690: 8686: 8679: 8678: 8672: 8668: 8663: 8658: 8654: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8644:Ur III period 8639: 8636: 8633: 8632:Neferkare VII 8630: 8626: 8625: 8617: 8614: 8610: 8606: 8602: 8596: 8592: 8588: 8584: 8580: 8579:Ur-Ningirsu I 8576: 8572: 8570: 8562: 8558: 8554: 8552: 8546: 8542: 8537: 8533: 8529: 8525: 8521: 8518: 8510: 8506: 8502: 8495: 8490: 8489: 8483: 8480: 8473: 8470: 8467: 8464: 8461: 8458: 8455: 8452: 8449: 8446: 8443: 8440: 8437: 8434: 8431: 8428: 8424: 8423: 8418: 8417: 8412: 8411: 8403: 8398: 8392: 8387: 8383: 8377: 8376: 8373: 8369: 8365: 8361: 8357: 8352: 8349: 8346: 8341: 8340: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8324: 8320: 8315: 8311: 8309: 8303: 8299: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8286: 8283: 8278: 8274: 8269: 8262: 8256: 8252: 8248: 8243: 8237: 8236: 8231: 8227: 8225: 8218: 8213: 8210: 8207: 8204: 8201: 8198: 8195: 8191: 8190: 8183: 8182: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8168: 8166: 8162: 8160: 8156: 8152: 8148: 8145: 8142: 8137: 8133: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8114:Lugal-kisalsi 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8097: 8093: 8091: 8087: 8085: 8081: 8077: 8074: 8071: 8070: 8064: 8059: 8055: 8050: 8047: 8044: 8043: 8040: 8036: 8026: 8023: 8022: 8019: 8015: 8010: 8006: 8001: 7998: 7995: 7992: 7989: 7986: 7983: 7980: 7977: 7972: 7971: 7963: 7960: 7956: 7952: 7948: 7944: 7943: 7937: 7933: 7929: 7925: 7920: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7902: 7896: 7891: 7889: 7883: 7878: 7872: 7870: 7864: 7860: 7856: 7855: 7849: 7845: 7840: 7836: 7832: 7828: 7824: 7820: 7813: 7808: 7804: 7799: 7798: 7791: 7785: 7784: 7779: 7775: 7774: 7768: 7767: 7763: 7760: 7757: 7756: 7752: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7736: 7732: 7731: 7726: 7725: 7718: 7717: 7712: 7708: 7704: 7700: 7699: 7693: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7680: 7675: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7648: 7644: 7640: 7639: 7633: 7627: 7623: 7622: 7616: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7601: 7597: 7591: 7589: 7581: 7577: 7573: 7569: 7565: 7561: 7557: 7552: 7549: 7548: 7544: 7541: 7540: 7536: 7533: 7528: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7511: 7503: 7500: 7493: 7492: 7485: 7480: 7476: 7470: 7465: 7461: 7457: 7453: 7449: 7446: 7445: 7441: 7435: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7413: 7409: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7393: 7388: 7385: 7384: 7379: 7377: 7371: 7370: 7367: 7363: 7360: 7356: 7353: 7350: 7346: 7343: 7340: 7334: 7329: 7326: 7325: 7321: 7317: 7313: 7308: 7307:Nangishlishma 7304: 7300: 7295: 7293: 7286: 7285: 7278: 7275: 7274:First Eblaite 7270: 7266: 7260: 7255: 7252: 7251: 7247: 7246: 7242: 7241: 7237: 7234: 7233:Seth-Peribsen 7231: 7230: 7226: 7225: 7221: 7220: 7216: 7215: 7211: 7210: 7206: 7205: 7201: 7198: 7195: 7194:Hotepsekhemwy 7190: 7189: 7181: 7175: 7170: 7169: 7164: 7163: 7162:Proto-Elamite 7155: 7154: 7148: 7143: 7142: 7138: 7137: 7133: 7130: 7127: 7124: 7120: 7117: 7114: 7111: 7107: 7104: 7101: 7093: 7089: 7088: 7083: 7082: 7074: 7070: 7069: 7065: 7064:Double Falcon 7062: 7061: 7057: 7056: 7052: 7051: 7047: 7046: 7042: 7041: 7037: 7036: 7032: 7031: 7027: 7026: 7022: 7021: 7017: 7016: 7011: 7010: 7004: 7000: 6997: 6996: 6992: 6989: 6986: 6985: 6981: 6980: 6976: 6975: 6971: 6970: 6966: 6965: 6961: 6958: 6957: 6953: 6952: 6948: 6947: 6942: 6941: 6936: 6930: 6925: 6924: 6916: 6910: 6905: 6897: 6891: 6885: 6877: 6876: 6870: 6867: 6861: 6856: 6850: 6845: 6844: 6839: 6838: 6830: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6752: 6751: 6748: 6747: 6741: 6737: 6729: 6724: 6722: 6717: 6715: 6710: 6709: 6706: 6695: 6691: 6685: 6678: 6674: 6671: 6668: 6664: 6661: 6658: 6654: 6651: 6648: 6644: 6643:Phrataphernes 6641: 6638: 6634: 6631: 6628: 6624: 6621: 6618: 6614: 6611: 6608: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6593: 6592: 6590: 6586: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6564:Syennesis III 6562: 6561: 6559: 6557: 6552: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6532: 6530: 6528: 6523: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6498: 6496: 6494: 6489: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6449: 6447: 6445: 6440: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6415: 6413: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6396: 6394:Abdashtart II 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6367:Baalshillem I 6365: 6363: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6344:Eshmunazar II 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6326: 6324: 6322: 6318: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6296: 6293: 6292: 6290: 6288: 6287:Kings of Tyre 6284: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6269: 6267: 6265: 6260: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6126: 6125: 6123: 6121: 6116: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6041: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6029:Mithrobuzanes 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6012: 6008: 6004: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5967:Pharnabazus I 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5915:Autophradates 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5870:Artaphernes I 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5837: 5835: 5833: 5828: 5821: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5725: 5721: 5719: 5718: 5714: 5712: 5711: 5707: 5706: 5704: 5702: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5681: 5673: 5668: 5666: 5661: 5659: 5654: 5653: 5650: 5640: 5639: 5638:XXVII Dynasty 5634: 5633: 5628: 5624: 5615: 5614: 5607: 5601: 5596: 5584: 5579: 5578: 5569: 5557: 5551: 5547: 5542: 5538: 5532: 5528: 5523: 5519: 5518: 5512: 5508: 5502: 5498: 5493: 5489: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5426: 5422: 5417: 5413: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5394: 5393: 5383: 5377: 5373: 5372: 5366: 5362: 5356: 5352: 5351: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5328: 5325: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5306: 5303: 5297: 5293: 5292: 5286: 5282: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5267: 5261: 5258: 5252: 5248: 5243: 5240: 5234: 5230: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5212: 5208: 5207: 5201: 5198: 5192: 5188: 5187: 5186:The Histories 5181: 5178:. p. 40. 5177: 5173: 5168: 5165: 5159: 5155: 5150: 5140: 5134: 5130: 5129: 5123: 5120: 5114: 5110: 5109: 5103: 5100: 5094: 5090: 5089: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5070: 5066: 5060: 5056: 5055: 5049: 5045: 5039: 5035: 5034: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5015: 5012:. Routledge. 5011: 5006: 5003: 4997: 4993: 4988: 4984: 4978: 4974: 4973: 4972:The Histories 4968: 4964: 4960: 4954: 4950: 4945: 4944: 4937: 4934: 4928: 4924: 4923: 4917: 4913: 4907: 4903: 4898: 4897: 4891: 4887: 4884: 4878: 4875:, Routledge, 4874: 4869: 4865: 4860: 4857: 4851: 4847: 4846: 4840: 4836: 4831: 4828: 4822: 4818: 4817: 4811: 4807: 4801: 4797: 4796: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4781:"Ahura Mazdā" 4777: 4773: 4767: 4763: 4762: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4734: 4728: 4725: 4719: 4715: 4714: 4708: 4705: 4699: 4695: 4694: 4688: 4685: 4679: 4675: 4674: 4668: 4665: 4659: 4655: 4654: 4648: 4645: 4639: 4635: 4634: 4628: 4624: 4623: 4617: 4614: 4608: 4604: 4603: 4597: 4596: 4583: 4579: 4578: 4570: 4564:, p. 76. 4563: 4562:Boardman 1988 4558: 4552:, p. 49. 4551: 4546: 4540:, p. 56. 4539: 4534: 4527: 4522: 4516:, p. 55. 4515: 4510: 4503: 4498: 4491: 4486: 4479: 4478:Malandra 2005 4474: 4472: 4470: 4463:, p. 86. 4462: 4457: 4449: 4447:0-226-62777-2 4443: 4439: 4432: 4431: 4423: 4416: 4411: 4405:, p. 65. 4404: 4399: 4392: 4387: 4385: 4376: 4372: 4366: 4358: 4352: 4348: 4347: 4339: 4333: 4327: 4320: 4315: 4308: 4307:Shahbazi 1988 4303: 4295: 4289: 4285: 4284: 4276: 4274: 4266: 4261: 4255:, p. 16. 4254: 4249: 4241: 4235: 4231: 4230: 4222: 4215: 4214:1-4443-5163-X 4211: 4207: 4201: 4199: 4191: 4190:Grousset 1970 4186: 4180:, p. 16. 4179: 4178:Chaliand 2004 4174: 4167: 4162: 4155: 4154:Boardman 1982 4150: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4132: 4131:Beckwith 2009 4127: 4120: 4115: 4108: 4107:90-04-28215-7 4104: 4101: 4095: 4088: 4083: 4076: 4075:Siliotti 2006 4071: 4064: 4059: 4052: 4047: 4041:, p. 47. 4040: 4035: 4027: 4026:10.58079/b8of 4023: 4020:(in French). 4019: 4015: 4008: 3997: 3993: 3986: 3979: 3972: 3967: 3960: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3939: 3934: 3932: 3924: 3919: 3912: 3907: 3900: 3895: 3886: 3879: 3872: 3867: 3861:, p. 70. 3860: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3844:, p. 98. 3843: 3838: 3832:, p. 17. 3831: 3826: 3818: 3814: 3808: 3800: 3796: 3790: 3782: 3778: 3772: 3766:, p. 54. 3765: 3764:Boardman 1988 3760: 3758: 3750: 3745: 3738: 3733: 3727:, p. 14. 3726: 3721: 3714: 3709: 3703:, p. 20. 3702: 3701:Stoneman 2015 3697: 3690: 3685: 3678: 3677:Stoneman 2015 3673: 3666: 3661: 3653: 3649: 3643: 3635: 3631: 3630: 3623: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3596: 3590:, p. 53. 3589: 3584: 3577: 3572: 3565: 3560: 3553: 3552:Shahbazi 1994 3548: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3468: 3463: 3456: 3451: 3445:, p. 40. 3444: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3426: 3420: 3416: 3409: 3394: 3388: 3384: 3383: 3375: 3360: 3354: 3347: 3346:3-8053-2310-7 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3326: 3322: 3309: 3308:Pierre Briant 3306: 3302: 3298: 3295:According to 3292: 3288: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3264: 3260: 3249: 3246: 3235: 3232: 3221: 3211: 3207: 3200: 3195: 3192: 3188: 3181: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3150: 3145: 3144: 3143: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3112: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3085: 3083: 3080:and executed 3079: 3075: 3074:Mediterranean 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3052:to the river 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3028: 3024: 3021:The ruins of 3019: 3013: 3008: 2999: 2997: 2992: 2986: 2983: 2979: 2974: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2946: 2937: 2930: 2914: 2913: 2899: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2884: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2868: 2866: 2862: 2861:metal objects 2858: 2854: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2833: 2823: 2820: 2815: 2812: 2807: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2764: 2759: 2744: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2665: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2585: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2550: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2530:Ionian Revolt 2527: 2513: 2497: 2493: 2486: 2477: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2448:, becoming a 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2426: 2421: 2420:Ionian Revolt 2415: 2405: 2403: 2399: 2394: 2390: 2389: 2383: 2381: 2377: 2372: 2369: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2343: 2341: 2338:River, River 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2304: 2299: 2289: 2286: 2281: 2279: 2275: 2269: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2241: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2169: 2162: 2157: 2148: 2147:in the east. 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2121: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2110:entire empire 2105: 2083: 2074: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2050: 2046: 2036: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2021: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1965: 1957: 1952: 1946:Early revolts 1938: 1936: 1932: 1926: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1910: 1908: 1902: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1890: 1885: 1874: 1873:Thebes, Egypt 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1838:cylinder seal 1829: 1818: 1804: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1777: 1774:. A would-be 1773: 1768: 1766: 1762: 1753: 1748: 1739: 1737: 1732: 1728: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1675: 1665: 1661: 1654: 1645: 1643: 1640:, the son of 1639: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1618: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1581: 1580:The Histories 1576: 1565: 1564: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1427: 1411: 1407: 1400: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1367: 1364: 1358: 1346: 1334: 1330: 1325: 1321: 1316: 1312: 1307: 1306:d-a-r-y-v-u-š 1301: 1296: 1291: 1279: 1275: 1269: 1262: 1258: 1255:forms of the 1254: 1249: 1243: 1233: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1206: 1201: 1191: 1189: 1188:Old Testament 1186: 1182: 1178: 1177:Ezra–Nehemiah 1174: 1170: 1166: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1083:Ionian Revolt 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 988:King of Kings 985: 984:Persian ruler 981: 969: 959: 954: 948: 942: 938: 928: 921: 918: 914: 911: 908:Rhodogune or 907: 903: 900: 897: 893: 890: 887: 885: 881: 873: 868: 863: 858: 853: 848: 843: 838:Dārayava(h)uš 836: 831: 827: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 806: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 767: 766: 764: 762: 758: 752: 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 722: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 698: 694: 685: 681: 677: 651: 649: 642: 630: 627: 622: 621: 618: 617: 613: 609: 606: 599: 598: 595: 593: 581: 578: 577: 574: 573: 570: 569: 566: 565: 560: 556: 553: 552: 548: 545: 541: 521: 519: 512: 500: 495: 492: 489: 488: 485: 484: 480: 476: 473: 466: 465: 462: 460: 449: 446: 445: 442: 441: 438: 437: 434: 433: 430:Progeny of Ra 428: 424: 421: 420: 416: 413: 409: 389: 387: 380: 365: 360: 357: 354: 353: 350: 349: 345: 341: 338: 325: 324: 321: 320: 317: 316: 313: 312: 307: 303: 284: 282: 275: 258: 257: 254: 253: 249: 245: 242: 229: 228: 225: 224: 221: 220: 217: 216: 211: 207: 204: 203: 199: 196: 192: 187: 182: 179: 175: 172: 169: 165: 161: 157: 154: 150: 147: 144: 140: 137: 134: 130: 127: 124: 122: 118: 114: 110: 107: 103: 102:King of Kings 99: 95: 89: 84: 81: 77: 74: 72: 69: 67: 64: 62: 59: 57: 54: 52: 51:King of Kings 49: 48: 44: 33: 30: 19: 17736:Dhul-Qarnayn 17683: 17646:Artabanus IV 17644: 17639:Vologases VI 17637: 17630: 17625:Vologases IV 17623: 17616: 17609: 17602: 17595: 17588: 17581: 17574: 17567: 17560: 17555:Artabanus II 17553: 17546: 17539: 17532: 17525: 17518: 17513: 17508: 17503:Phraates III 17501: 17494: 17489: 17482: 17477: 17470: 17463: 17456: 17449: 17444: 17437: 17430: 17423: 17416: 17409: 17370: 17363: 17356: 17349: 17342: 17335: 17328: 17321: 17314: 17307: 17300: 17293: 17286: 17279: 17274: 17267: 17260: 17240: 17235:Alexander IV 17233: 17226: 17219: 17202:(331–141 BC) 17180: 17167: 17160: 17153: 17146: 17139: 17132: 17127:Artaxerxes I 17125: 17121:Bel-shimanni 17108: 17096: 17084: 17077: 17070: 17053:(539–331 BC) 16988:Nabopolassar 16970:(626–539 BC) 16948: 16941: 16934: 16929:Ashurbanipal 16927: 16919: 16918: 16913:Ashurbanipal 16911: 16904: 16897: 16879: 16878: 16871: 16854: 16847: 16835: 16828: 16800:(732–626 BC) 16761:Eriba-Marduk 16604:Marduk-zer-X 16452:Kurigalzu II 16442:Kara-hardash 16390:Unknown king 16381:Harba-Shipak 16371:Urzigurumash 16357:Unknown king 16263:Damqi-ilishu 16232:Samsu-Ditana 16202:Sin-Muballit 16137: 16130: 16127:Kings 16095:Royal titles 15885: 15878: 15871: 15859: 15852: 15845: 15838: 15831: 15824: 15817: 15810: 15798: 15791: 15774: 15767: 15760: 15753: 15746: 15739: 15732: 15725: 15693: 15686: 15672:Lucius Verus 15629: 15530: 15506:Berenice III 15496:Cleopatra IV 15471:Cleopatra II 15403:Alexander IV 15323:Nectanebo II 15292: 15273:Nepherites I 15232:Artaxerxes I 15219: 15214: 15149: 15137: 15120:(664–332 BC) 15100: 15056:Roman Period 14958:Shoshenq VII 14956: 14929: 14889: 14870:Shoshenq III 14852: 14817: 14780: 14758:Psusennes II 14671:Ramesses VII 14651:Ramesses III 14535:Amenhotep II 14530:Thutmose III 14466: 14355:Sobekemsaf I 14347: 14322: 14315: 14308: 14301: 14281: 14274: 14179: 14162: 14157:'Aper-'Anati 14155: 14148: 14141: 14121: 14114: 14107: 14100: 14093: 14086: 14079: 14065:Sekheperenre 14017: 14010: 14003: 13996: 13989: 13887:Neferhotep I 13877:Seth Meribre 13854: 13840:Djedkheperew 13757: 13718: 13709:Amenemhat IV 13699:Senusret III 13689:Amenemhat II 13605:Mentuhotep I 13567: 13456: 13416: 13409: 13402: 13395: 13321:Neferkare II 13272: 13265: 13198:Nyuserre Ini 13152: 13135: 13090: 13083: 13071: 13012: 13007:Neferkasokar 13005: 12998: 12981: 12974: 12967: 12960: 12953: 12946: 12911: 12904: 12812: 12795: 12788: 12781: 12774: 12767: 12760: 12755:Finger Snail 12753: 12746: 12726: 12714: 12707: 12700: 12693: 12686: 12679: 12672: 12665: 12658: 12651: 12644: 12637: 12630: 12593: 12414:Artaxerxes I 12403: 12297: 12247:Artaxerxes I 12236: 12194: 12187: 12180: 12172:(550–330 BC) 12129:(728–550 BC) 11934:Indus Valley 11871: 11804: 11794: 11758:Ancient Iraq 11757: 11747: 11727: 11716: 11702: 11693: 11680: 11671: 11635: 11628: 11621: 11550:Ardashir III 11542: 11519: 11460: 11428:Roman Empire 11426: 11404: 11362:Yazdegerd II 11292: 11283:Artabanus IV 11280:Vologases VI 11271:Vologases IV 11202:Roman Empire 11200: 11185:Vologases II 11161:Artabanus II 11155:Artabanus II 11140:Tiridates II 11128:Phraates III 11094: 11031:Simon Thassi 11024: 11006:Demetrius II 10994:Antiochus IV 10985:Seleucus III 10979:Antiochus II 10966: 10956: 10953:Alexander IV 10940: 10928: 10912:Ptolemy XIII 10894:Berenice III 10888:Cleopatra IV 10829: 10826:331–141 BCE 10817: 10808: 10802: 10796: 10775:Artaxerxes I 10756: 10723: 10720:539–331 BCE 10695: 10676:Nabopolassar 10669: 10640: 10634: 10631:626–539 BCE 10599:Ashurbanipal 10554: 10553: 10547: 10510: 10507:745–609 BCE 10473: 10453:Eriba-Marduk 10414: 10368: 10343: 10311: 10310: 10300: 10289:Shoshenq III 10267: 10264:911–745 BCE 10232: 10214:Marduk-zer-X 10178: 10174:Ashur-dan II 10105:Arik-den-ili 10102:Enlil-nirari 10096:Eriba-Adad I 10089: 10082: 10059: 10040: 10035:Psusennes II 10010: 10009: 10003: 9987:Ramesses VII 9975:Ramesses III 9964: 9948: 9942: 9910: 9896: 9877: 9866:Amenhotep II 9859:Thutmose III 9833: 9827: 9824: 9775:Kurigalzu II 9769:Kara-hardash 9739:Agum-Kakrime 9730: 9709: 9703: 9671: 9654:'Aper-'Anati 9652: 9647: 9626: 9620: 9614: 9610: 9604: 9600: 9594: 9588: 9587: 9551:Damqi-ilishu 9534: 9523:Samsu-Ditana 9505:Sin-muballit 9496:Sin-muballit 9475: 9445:Ashur-rabi I 9310:Shamshi-Adad 9307: 9301: 9286: 9256: 9250: 9238:Amenemhat IV 9232:Senusret III 9226:Amenemhat II 9213: 9199: 9185: 9134: 9131:Damiq-ilishu 9101:Lipit-Eshtar 9082: 9063: 9020: 8988: 8984: 8968:Shakkanakkus 8931: 8907:Mentuhotep I 8900: 8894: 8875: 8862: 8825: 8819:Puzur-Ishtar 8786: 8781: 8763: 8716:Lugalannatum 8708: 8675: 8642: 8622: 8601:Hishep-Ratep 8567: 8549: 8486: 8476: 8430:Neferkare II 8420: 8414: 8408: 8355: 8337: 8327: 8306: 8259:Invasion by 8222: 8187: 8163: 8155:Enannatum II 8119:E-iginimpa'e 8088: 8080:Igrish-Halam 7991:Nyuserre Ini 7968: 7942:Awan dynasty 7940: 7899: 7886: 7867: 7852: 7843: 7827:Ishtup-Ishar 7807:Iku-Shamagan 7803:Ikun-Shamash 7795: 7773:Ur I dynasty 7771: 7764: 7753: 7728: 7722: 7696: 7677: 7636: 7619: 7604: 7586: 7545: 7537: 7508: 7489: 7452:Enmebaragesi 7438: 7419: 7390: 7381: 7374: 7337: 7332: 7312:En-tarah-ana 7297: 7290: 7282: 7272: 7248: 7245:Neferkasokar 7243: 7238: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7186: 7166: 7160: 7151: 7139: 7134: 7085: 7079: 7066: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7007: 6993: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6946:Finger Snail 6944: 6938: 6921: 6890:Anu Ziggurat 6873: 6841: 6835: 6753:Territories/ 6653:Ariobarzanes 6623:Satibarzanes 6380:Abdashtart I 6362:Tetramnestos 6329:Eshmunazar I 6233:Artemisia II 6143:Teththiweibi 6089:Themistocles 6034:Ariarathes I 5987:Artabazus II 5982:Ariobarzanes 5972:Pharnaces II 5920:Spithridates 5895:Tissaphernes 5885:Tissaphernes 5770:Artaxerxes I 5759: 5722: 5715: 5708: 5642:522–486 BCE 5636: 5630: 5617:522–486 BCE 5611: 5594: 5582: 5575: 5545: 5526: 5516: 5496: 5487: 5462: 5458: 5433: 5429: 5420: 5397: 5370: 5349: 5339: 5335: 5309: 5290: 5265: 5246: 5228: 5219: 5205: 5185: 5175: 5153: 5142:, retrieved 5127: 5107: 5087: 5077: 5053: 5032: 5009: 4991: 4971: 4942: 4921: 4895: 4872: 4863: 4844: 4834: 4815: 4794: 4784: 4760: 4732: 4712: 4692: 4672: 4652: 4632: 4621: 4601: 4592:Bibliography 4576: 4569: 4557: 4545: 4533: 4521: 4509: 4497: 4485: 4461:Konecky 2008 4456: 4429: 4422: 4415:Farrokh 2007 4410: 4403:Farrokh 2007 4398: 4374: 4365: 4345: 4338: 4326: 4314: 4302: 4282: 4260: 4248: 4228: 4221: 4185: 4173: 4161: 4126: 4114: 4094: 4082: 4070: 4058: 4046: 4034: 4017: 4007: 3991: 3978: 3966: 3918: 3906: 3894: 3884: 3878: 3866: 3837: 3825: 3816: 3807: 3798: 3789: 3780: 3771: 3744: 3732: 3720: 3708: 3696: 3684: 3672: 3660: 3651: 3642: 3628: 3622: 3605: 3601: 3595: 3588:Schmitt 1994 3583: 3571: 3559: 3469:, p. 6. 3467:Egerton 1994 3462: 3455:Duncker 1882 3450: 3443:Schmitt 1994 3414: 3408: 3396:. Retrieved 3381: 3374: 3362:. Retrieved 3353: 3337: 3333: 3325: 3291: 3113: 3097:Artaxerxes I 3086: 3058:Darius Canal 3031: 2987: 2975: 2956: 2907: 2896:way stations 2885: 2877:Murashu Sons 2869: 2850: 2844:, minted at 2816: 2808: 2783: 2775: 2769: 2752:Organization 2727: 2685: 2591: 2551: 2523: 2431: 2386: 2384: 2373: 2344: 2309: 2282: 2270: 2247: 2202:Indus Valley 2198:Indus Valley 2171: 2145:Indus Valley 2122: 2107: 2057: 2053: 2042: 2022: 1967: 1927: 1911: 1903: 1887: 1880: 1856: 1769: 1757: 1724: 1711: 1681: 1644:, I am king" 1635: 1578: 1573: 1549:Indus valley 1539:, "Hidauv", 1514: 1513: 1500:Roman period 1498:text of the 1437: 1294: 1284:𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎢𐏁 1239: 1226: 1209:The name of 1181:Hebrew Bible 1162: 1152:. He had an 1107: 1062: 1056: 1043: 1032:North Africa 1028:Indus Valley 1024:Central Asia 996:Western Asia 979: 936: 935: 920:Indo-Iranian 558: 554: 426: 422: 305: 301: 209: 205: 46: 29: 17632:Vologases V 17583:Vologases I 17569:Gotarzes II 17527:Phraates IV 17458:Artabanus I 17451:Hyspaosines 17439:Phraates II 17418:Phraates II 17079:Cambyses II 17003:Neriglissar 16998:Amel-Marduk 16899:Sennacherib 16856:Sennacherib 16507:Meli-Shipak 16472:Kudur-Enlil 16447:Nazi-Bugash 16427:Kurigalzu I 16399:Ulamburiash 16386:Shipta'ulzi 16361:Abi-Rattash 16250:Ilum-ma-ili 16227:Ammi-Saduqa 16222:Ammi-Ditana 16212:Samsu-iluna 16138:vassal king 15776:Gordian III 15721:Diadumenian 15521:Cleopatra V 15375:(332–30 BC) 15370:Hellenistic 15313:Nectanebo I 15205:Cambyses II 15187:Psamtik III 15145:Tefnakht II 14947:Takelot III 14942:Osorkon III 14937:Shoshenq VI 14891:Pedubast II 14875:Shoshenq IV 14848:Shoshenq II 14813:Pinedjem II 14803:Menkheperre 14738:Psusennes I 14691:Ramesses XI 14681:Ramesses IX 14666:Ramesses VI 14656:Ramesses IV 14603:Ramesses II 14565:Tutankhamun 14540:Thutmose IV 14520:Thutmose II 14510:Amenhotep I 14482:New Kingdom 14417:New Kingdom 14276:Senusret IV 14260:Dedumose II 14235:Nebiriau II 14230:Nebiryraw I 14225:Mentuhotepi 14030:Khakherewre 13957:Merkheperre 13867:Imyremeshaw 13850:Sedjefakare 13805:Sehetepibre 13780:Ameny Qemau 13714:Sobekneferu 13694:Senusret II 13679:Amenemhat I 13661:Iyibkhentre 13391:Neferirkare 13386:Neferkauhor 13193:Shepseskare 13034:Old Kingdom 13020:Khasekhemwy 13000:Neferkara I 12969:Weneg-Nebty 12814:Scorpion II 12423:Researchers 12222:Cambyses II 12117:Family tree 12020:Foundations 11960:Susa Palace 11690:Simpson, W. 11618:639–651 CE 11565:Azarmidokht 11556:Khosrow III 11539:628–641 CE 11495:618–628 CE 11457:395–618 CE 11423:273–395 CE 11411:Vaballathus 11401:270–273 CE 11365:Hormizd III 11350:Yazdegerd I 11341:Ardashir II 11335:Adur Narseh 11289:224–270 CE 11277:Vologases V 11251:117–224 CE 11232:116–117 CE 11179:Vardanes II 11176:Vologases I 11167:Gotarzes II 11137:Phraates IV 11107:Hyspaosines 11046:Hyrcanus II 11021:141–30 BCE 11000:Demetrius I 10997:Antiochus V 10991:Seleucus IV 10982:Seleucus II 10976:Antiochus I 10963:Antigonus I 10915:Ptolemy XIV 10903:Cleopatra V 10685:Neriglissar 10682:Amel-Marduk 10665:Psamtik III 10636:Late Period 10575:Sennacherib 10566:Shalmaneser 10493:Tammaritu I 10390:Shammuramat 10333:Takelot III 10330:Osorkon III 10327:Shoshenq VI 10302:Pedubast II 10292:Shoshenq IV 10280:Shoshenq II 10129:Ashur-dan I 10070:Ish-bosheth 10023:Psusennes I 9999:Ramesses XI 9993:Ramesses IX 9984:Ramesses VI 9978:Ramesses IV 9923:Ramesses II 9886:Tutankhamun 9869:Thutmose IV 9853:Thutmose II 9787:Kudur-Enlil 9772:Nazi-Bugash 9760:Kurigalzu I 9748:Ulamburiash 9719:Amenhotep I 9700:Tutankhamun 9686:Parshatatar 9683:Shuttarna I 9616:Seventeenth 9545:Ilum-ma-ili 9520:Ammi-saduqa 9517:Ammi-ditana 9511:Samsu-iluna 9418:Erishum III 9379:Adad-salulu 9376:Ipqi-Ishtar 9364:Ashur-dugul 9349:Adad-salulu 9346:Ipqi-Ishtar 9334:Ashur-dugul 9303:Old Assyria 9298:(Amorites) 9241:Sobekneferu 9229:Senusret II 9220:Amenemhat I 9192:Sîn-iribam 9169:Sin-Iqisham 9163:Sin-Iddinam 9113:Erra-imitti 9110:Lipit-Enlil 9098:Ishme-Dagan 9095:Iddin-Dagan 9031:Shalim-ahum 9022:Old Assyria 9008:Yasmah-Adad 8985:Lim Dynasty 8977:Hanun-Dagan 8973:Hitial-Erra 8738:Ur-Ningirsu 8694:Kuda (Uruk) 8667:Ishgum-Addu 8657:Ishtup-Ilum 8509:Ishma-Dagan 8494:Shakkanakku 8472:Neferirkare 8469:Neferkauhor 8372:Ili-ishmani 8351:Manishtushu 8314:Lugalzagesi 8310:III dynasty 8294:Puzur-Nirah 8009:Ishar-Malik 7988:Shepseskare 7778:Mesannepada 7703:Nin-kisalsi 7691:Lugal-kitun 7661:Meskalamdug 7647:Ur-Pabilsag 7460:Aga of Kish 7369:Barsal-nuna 7254:Khasekhemwy 7240:Neferkara I 7219:Weneg-Nebty 7197:Nebra/Raneb 7009:Lower Egypt 6995:Scorpion II 6940:Upper Egypt 6892:, 4000 BCE) 6875:Uruk period 6554:Satraps of 6525:Satraps of 6491:Satraps of 6457:Pherendates 6442:Satraps of 6390:Evagoras II 6253:Orontobates 6212:Lygdamis II 6118:Dynasts of 6094:Archeptolis 6084:Aristagoras 6069:Eurysthenes 5962:Artabazus I 5900:Tithraustes 5830:Satraps of 5750:Cambyses II 5689:Family tree 4756:Boyce, Mary 4490:Briant 2002 4391:Briant 2002 4319:Briant 2002 4265:Briant 2002 4253:Briant 2002 4051:Abbott 2009 3971:Abbott 2009 3959:Briant 2002 3938:Briant 2002 3923:Briant 2002 3911:Briant 2002 3899:Waters 1996 3842:Abbott 2009 3830:Poolos 2008 3749:Abbott 2009 3737:Abbott 2009 3725:Abbott 2009 3689:Briant 2002 3398:29 December 3364:29 December 3305:Iranologist 3245:Iran portal 3128:Old Persian 2963:Ahura Mazda 2566:Artaphernes 2526:Aristagoras 2492:Darius Vase 2398:Volga River 2368:Idanthyrsus 2182:Afghanistan 2045:Intaphernes 1941:Early reign 1914:Patizeithes 1842:Old Persian 1785:Intaphrenes 1731:Cambyses II 1716:Cambyses II 1632:Old Persian 1557:Old Persian 1533:Old Persian 1527:, and from 1476:Ahura Mazda 1456:Old Persian 1295:Dārayavaʰuš 1274:Old Persian 1154:inscription 1073:and punish 1046:), eastern 953:Dārayavaʰuš 941:Old Persian 815:Hyperanthes 768:Artobazanes 167:Predecessor 132:Predecessor 17690:Categories 17590:Pacorus II 17576:Vonones II 17562:Vardanes I 17541:Orodes III 17534:Phraates V 17509:Piriustana 17496:Sinatruces 17478:Asi'abatar 17472:Gotarzes I 17182:Darius III 16906:Esarhaddon 16771:Nabonassar 16417:Karaindash 16187:Sumu-la-El 15893:Diocletian 15847:Quintillus 15800:Aemilianus 15755:Gordian II 15727:Elagabalus 15548:Arsinoe IV 15431:Arsinoe II 15356:Darius III 15283:Psammuthes 15172:Psamtik II 14987:Bakenranef 14925:Pedubast I 14920:Takelot II 14915:Harsiese A 14897:Osorkon IV 14885:Shoshenq V 14865:Osorkon II 14838:Shoshenq I 14808:Smendes II 14788:Pinedjem I 14733:Amenemnisu 14686:Ramesses X 14661:Ramesses V 14613:Amenmesses 14593:Ramesses I 14555:Smenkhkare 14525:Hatshepsut 14515:Thutmose I 14265:Montuemsaf 14255:Dedumose I 14055:Nebdjefare 14045:Merdjefare 13815:Nedjemibre 13810:Sewadjkare 13684:Senusret I 13656:Qakare Ini 13477:Meryhathor 13381:Neferkaure 13376:Qakare Iby 13361:Neferkahor 13346:Neferkamin 13154:Thamphthis 13148:Shepseskaf 13062:Sekhemkhet 12913:Horus Bird 12790:Scorpion I 12466:Sivand Dam 12339:Persepolis 12212:Cambyses I 12189:Ariaramnes 12182:Achaemenes 12168:Achaemenid 12107:Achaemenid 12042:Royal Road 11970:Persepolis 11965:Pasargadae 11574:Khosrow IV 11571:Hormizd VI 11553:Shahrbaraz 11530:Khosrow II 11515:Shahrbaraz 11509:Shahrbaraz 11389:Khosrow II 11386:Hormizd IV 11344:Shapur III 11332:Hormizd II 11326:Bahram III 11311:Ardashir I 11182:Pacorus II 11173:Vonones II 11170:Meherdates 11164:Vardanes I 11149:Orodes III 11146:Phraates V 11125:Sinatruces 10973:Seleucus I 10950:Philip III 10924:Arsinoe IV 10849:Arsinoe II 10790:Darius III 10656:Psamtik II 10596:Esarhaddon 10489:Ummanigash 10459:Nabonassar 10353:Bakenranef 10324:Pedubast I 10321:Takelot II 10318:Harsiese A 10306:Osorkon IV 10298:Shoshenq V 10286:Osorkon II 10274:Shoshenq I 10020:Amenemnisu 9996:Ramesses X 9981:Ramesses V 9929:Amenmesses 9917:Ramesses I 9879:Smenkhkare 9856:Hatshepsut 9850:Thutmose I 9754:Karaindash 9493:Sumu-la-El 9325:Mut-Ashkur 9316:(Amorites) 9223:Senusret I 9182:Rim-Sin II 9172:Silli-Adad 9166:Sin-Eribam 9128:Suen-magir 9125:Ur-du-kuga 9122:Iter-pisha 9116:Enlil-bani 9104:Ur-Ninurta 9092:Shu-Ilishu 9089:Ishbi-Erra 9059:Erishum II 9005:Yahdun-Lim 9002:Yaggid-Lim 8815:Tura-Dagan 8794:Utu-hengal 8770:Meryhathor 8746:Nam-mahani 8712:II dynasty 8681:(21 kings) 8575:Puzer-Mama 8571:II dynasty 8553:IV dynasty 8466:Neferkaure 8463:Qakare Ibi 8454:Neferkahor 8445:Neferkamin 8364:Ilshu-rabi 8255:Ishqi-Mari 8251:Ikun-Ishar 8247:Enna-Dagan 8167:II dynasty 8141:Bara-irnun 8096:Puzur-Suen 8092:IV dynasty 8084:Irkab-Damu 8029:(3 kings) 7955:Ukkutahesh 7928:Meskiagnun 7924:A'annepada 7871:II dynasty 7766:Thamphthis 7762:Shepseskaf 7711:Lugal-dalu 7610:Udulkalama 7590:II dynasty 7532:Sekhemkhet 7440:Lugalbanda 7366:Melem-Kish 7362:En-me-nuna 7147:Canaanites 7141:Horus Bird 7106:Neithhotep 6979:Scorpion I 6929:Naqada III 6462:Achaemenes 6433:Orontes II 6428:Darius III 6349:Bodashtart 6297:Boulomenus 6223:Hecatomnus 6207:Pisindelis 6197:Lygdamis I 6170:Mithrapata 6161:Artembares 6104:Amyntas II 6045:Asia Minor 6024:Ariamnes I 6011:Cappadocia 5957:Oebares II 5942:Mitrobates 5880:Pissuthnes 5740:Cambyses I 5717:Ariaramnes 5710:Achaemenes 4538:Boyce 1979 4526:Boyce 1979 4514:Boyce 1979 4502:Boyce 1984 4330:Herodotus 3564:Kuhrt 2013 3359:"DĀḠESTĀN" 3318:References 3185:Darius as 3136:Babylonian 3105:Pasargadae 3064:to modern 3046:Persepolis 3027:Persepolis 3025:palace in 2873:irrigation 2865:Royal Road 2830:See also: 2747:Government 2654:Ariabignes 2642:Hyperantes 2634:Phratagune 2630:Ariomardus 2610:Achaemenes 2554:Hellespont 2503: 340 2462:Asia Minor 2418:See also: 2254:the empire 2226:Bolan Pass 2208:to modern 1970:Pasargadae 1931:Achaemenes 1865:Babylonian 1801:Aspathines 1712:doryphoros 1602:Early life 1561:Ahuramazda 1537:𐏃𐎡𐎭𐎢𐎺 1480:Persepolis 1460:Babylonian 1440:coronation 1374:See also: 1320:Babylonian 1290:d-a-r-y-uš 1227:Dārayavauš 1142:Persepolis 1138:Pasargadae 1038:including 1014:) and the 976: 550 925:(possibly 889:Achaemenid 820:Artazostre 805:Ariomardus 792:Achaemenes 777:Ariabignes 740:Phratagune 195:Horus name 126:Pasargadae 121:Coronation 56:Great King 17761:Regicides 17548:Vonones I 17520:Orodes II 17514:Teleuniqe 17490:Ispubarza 17351:Timarchus 17330:Antiochus 17309:Antiochus 17175:Nidin-Bel 17148:Darius II 17141:Sogdianus 17134:Xerxes II 17013:Nabonidus 16936:Kandalanu 16849:Sargon II 16296:Akurduana 16278:Gulkishar 16273:Shushushi 16217:Abi-Eshuh 16207:Hammurabi 16182:Sumu-abum 16025:Ptolemaic 15833:Gallienus 15748:Gordian I 15711:Caracalla 15637:Vespasian 15631:Vitellius 15413:Ptolemaic 15255:Amyrtaeus 15237:Darius II 15182:Ahmose II 15162:Psamtik I 15101:uncertain 15089:Pharaohs 15025:Tanutamun 14860:Takelot I 14843:Osorkon I 14793:Masaharta 14743:Amenemope 14646:Setnakhte 14608:Merneptah 14550:Akhenaten 14467:uncertain 14349:Nebmaatre 14170:Sakir-Har 14123:Yaqub-Har 14035:Nebefawre 13785:Hotepibre 13651:Segerseni 13620:Intef III 13568:uncertain 13556:Pharaohs 13188:Neferefre 13014:Hudjefa I 12895:Semerkhet 12632:Hedju Hor 12594:uncertain 12582:Pharaohs 12476:Waterskin 12257:Sogdianus 12252:Xerxes II 12143:Phraortes 12052:Waterways 11992:Monuments 11922:Campaigns 11686:Hallo, W. 11583:Peroz III 11417:Antiochus 11383:Khosrow I 11353:Shapur IV 11347:Bahram IV 11338:Shapur II 11323:Bahram II 11317:Hormizd I 11274:Osroes II 11152:Vonones I 11134:Orodes II 11110:Artabanus 10778:Darius II 10705:Phraortes 10691:Nabonidus 10662:Ahmose II 10650:Psamtik I 10543:Tanutamun 10392:(regent) 10283:Takelot I 10277:Osorkon I 10042:Phoenicia 10026:Amenemope 9972:Setnakhte 9926:Merneptah 9875:Akhenaten 9658:Sakir-Har 9596:Sixteenth 9575:Akurduana 9561:Gulkishar 9558:Shushushi 9514:Abi-eshuh 9508:Hammurabi 9490:Sumu-abum 9412:Shu-Ninua 9403:Iptar-Sin 9373:Sin-namir 9370:Nasir-Sin 9361:Puzur-Sin 9343:Sin-namir 9340:Nasir-Sin 9194:Sîn-gāmil 9190:Sîn-kāšid 9178:Rim-Sin I 9175:Warad-Sin 9055:Naram-Sin 9039:Erishum I 9035:Ilu-shuma 9011:Zimri-Lim 8959:Indilimma 8946:Ibbit-Lim 8916:Intef III 8879:invasions 8866:invasions 8811:Ili-Ishar 8807:Iddi-ilum 8800:2100 BCE 8790:V dynasty 8760:2125 BCE 8698:Puzur-ili 8685:La-erabum 8619:2150 BCE 8545:Shu-turul 8538:(3 years) 8505:Shu-Dagan 8405:2200 BCE 8382:Naram-Sin 8378:2250 BCE 8322:2340 BCE 8288:2350 BCE 8282:Luh-ishan 8277:Urukagina 8273:Lugalanda 8242:Isar-Damu 8238:2370 BCE 8184:2380 BCE 8159:Enentarzi 8147:Enannatum 8136:Gishakidu 8100:Ur-Zababa 8076:Adub-Damu 8072:2400 BCE 8045:2425 BCE 8039:Napilhush 8027:invasions 8005:Enar-Damu 7985:Neferefre 7965:2450 BCE 7908:Ur-Nanshe 7903:I dynasty 7890:I dynasty 7831:Ikun-Mari 7790:Phoenicia 7786:2500 BCE 7719:2575 BCE 7687:Melamanna 7671:Akalamdug 7643:A-Imdugud 7606:Ur-Nungal 7593:(5 kings) 7580:Baba-Damu 7576:Ibbi-Damu 7505:2600 BCE 7475:Gilgamesh 7433:Iltasadum 7404:2700 BCE 7378:I dynasty 7331:2800 BCE 7294:I dynasty 7250:Hudjefa I 7183:2900 BCE 7129:Semerkhet 7121:(regent) 7108:(regent) 7015:Hedju Hor 6843:Naqada II 6599:Abrocomas 6595:Megabyzus 6569:Camisares 6545:Atropates 6501:Hystaspes 6423:Orontes I 6418:Artasyrus 6354:Yatonmilk 6311:Azemilcus 6294:Mattan IV 6264:Macedonia 6262:Kings of 6248:Pixodarus 6202:Artemisia 6165:Artumpara 6109:Philiscus 6079:Histiaeus 6059:Demaratus 6054:Miltiades 5952:Megabates 5947:Megabazus 5905:Tiribazus 5785:Darius II 5780:Sogdianus 5775:Xerxes II 5479:163013181 5450:180763595 4967:Herodotus 3713:Cook 1985 3576:Frye 1984 3297:Herodotus 3163:greywacke 3078:monuments 2982:cuneiform 2888:waterways 2772:satrapies 2716:Bahram II 2658:Arsamenes 2638:Abrokomas 2618:Artystone 2578:Miltiades 2574:Plataeans 2558:Thracians 2542:Mardonius 2505:–320 BCE. 2494:" at the 2454:Megabyzus 2442:Macedonia 2393:Herodotus 2388:Histories 2376:Herodotus 2359:Scythians 2351:Bosphorus 2347:Black Sea 2332:Black Sea 2326:, killed 2312:Scythians 2234:Drangiana 2230:Arachosia 2133:Macedonia 1986:Babylonia 1918:Prexaspes 1898:oligarchy 1797:Megabyzus 1742:Accession 1684:Hystaspes 1575:Herodotus 1547:", i.e. " 1384:Herodotus 1351:Δαρειαῖος 1345:Dareiaîos 1194:Etymology 1185:Christian 1169:Zechariah 1095:Macedonia 1020:Black Sea 1008:Macedonia 922:religion 899:Hystaspes 810:Abrocomes 782:Arsamenes 745:Phaedymia 730:Artystone 177:Successor 142:Successor 17675:Category 17604:Osroes I 17484:Orodes I 17275:Seleucus 17110:Xerxes I 17098:Darius I 17072:Cyrus II 16873:Bel-ibni 16409:Agum III 16306:Ea-gamil 16282:DIŠ+U-EN 16268:Ishkibal 16197:Apil-Sin 15985:21 to 23 15903:Galerius 15898:Maximian 15887:Numerian 15854:Aurelian 15806:Valerian 15769:Balbinus 15762:Pupienus 15716:Macrinus 15688:Pertinax 15682:Commodus 15647:Domitian 15610:Claudius 15605:Caligula 15600:Tiberius 15595:Augustus 15215:Darius I 15167:Necho II 15010:Shebitku 14982:Tefnakht 14575:Horemheb 14505:Ahmose I 14317:Pantjeny 14303:Senebkay 14283:Pepi III 14245:Bebiankh 14102:Shenshek 14060:Nebsenre 13892:Sihathor 13862:Khendjer 13825:Renseneb 13770:Nerikare 13615:Intef II 13492:Merykare 13397:Wadjkare 13341:Merenhor 13236:Userkare 13143:Menkaure 13137:Bikheris 13126:Djedefre 13092:Qahedjet 12976:Wadjenes 12962:Horus Sa 12955:Nubnefer 12942:Nynetjer 12906:Sneferka 12646:Ni-Neith 12532:Pharaohs 12409:Xerxes I 12397:Builders 12158:Astyages 12153:Cyaxares 12063:Category 12047:Angarium 11802:(2014). 11755:(1992). 11725:(2020). 11692:(1971). 11533:Kavad II 11359:Bahram V 11320:Bahram I 11314:Shapur I 11191:Osroes I 11122:Orodes I 11116:Gotarzes 11104:Phraates 10769:Darius I 10766:Cambyses 10714:Astyages 10711:Cyaxares 10653:Necho II 10584:Bel-ibni 10534:Shebitku 10497:Indabibi 10350:Tefnakht 9892:Horemheb 9751:Agum III 9733:Kassites 9716:Ahmose I 9581:Ea-gamil 9565:DIŠ+U-EN 9555:Ishkibal 9502:Apil-Sin 9484:Amorites 9394:Bel-bani 9269:Biblical 9160:Nur-Adad 9151:Gungunum 9139:Naplanum 9107:Bur-Suen 9071:Amorites 9047:Sargon I 8997:Amorites 8941:Amorites 8913:Intef II 8883:Kindattu 8871:Ibbi-Sin 8850:Amar-Sin 8844:Ur-Nammu 8779:Merykare 8671:Apil-kin 8583:Pirig-me 8561:Ur-gigir 8557:Ur-nigin 8497:dynasty) 8442:Merenhor 8368:Epirmupi 8197:Userkare 8151:Entemena 8128:Ur-Lumma 8123:Meskigal 8054:Eannatum 8049:Kun-Damu 8033:Shushun- 8018:Enakalle 7877:kushanna 7863:Undalulu 7835:Iblul-Il 7759:Menkaure 7755:Bikheris 7748:Djedefre 7707:Me-durba 7632:shaengur 7626:En-hegal 7614:Labashum 7572:Agur-lim 7568:Abur-lim 7547:Qahedjet 7392:Enmerkar 7224:Wadjenes 7214:Horus Sa 7209:Nubnefer 7200:Nynetjer 7174:Susa III 7136:Sneferka 7119:Merneith 6837:Naqada I 6663:Abulites 6617:Hyrcania 6535:Hydarnes 6511:Masistes 6452:Aryandes 6306:Evagoras 6228:Mausolus 6219:(satrap) 6140:Harpagus 6131:Kybernis 6099:Aridolis 6064:Gongylos 5910:Struthas 5850:Harpagus 5765:Xerxes I 5623:Xerxes I 5030:(2013). 4892:(1984). 4758:(1979). 3996:Archived 3614:43580364 3608:: 1–28. 3217:See also 3082:Aryandes 2902:Religion 2857:Anatolia 2788:tributes 2737:Xerxes I 2712:Sasanian 2700:embalmed 2614:Masistes 2440:, while 2285:Scythian 2236:back to 2206:Gandhara 2194:Gandhara 2190:Pakistan 2137:Bulgaria 2029:populace 1974:Ecbatana 1889:Isonomia 1793:Hydarnes 1696:Irdabama 1567:— 1541:locative 1464:ancestry 1278:Dārayauš 1251:are the 1223:his tomb 1211:Darius I 1099:Cyclades 1016:Caucasus 982:, was a 937:Darius I 916:Religion 910:Irdabama 787:Masistes 772:Xerxes I 427:Seteture 210:Menekhib 181:Xerxes I 146:Xerxes I 17086:Bardiya 16376:Agum II 16343:Gandash 16144:female) 16119:Dynasty 15880:Carinus 15861:Tacitus 15819:Quietus 15662:Hadrian 15346:Khabash 15177:Wahibre 15157:Necho I 15151:Nekauba 15139:Ammeris 15082:Dynasty 15020:Taharqa 15015:Shabaka 14952:Rudamun 14931:Iuput I 14776:Herihor 14728:Smendes 14628:Twosret 14618:Seti II 14462:female) 14447:Dynasty 14343:Rahotep 14240:Semenre 14210:Djehuti 14192:Khamudi 14181:Yanassi 14164:Salitis 14116:Yakareb 14109:Khamure 14040:Sehebre 13962:Merkare 13610:Intef I 13549:Dynasty 13458:Imhotep 13418:Iytjenu 13404:Khuiqer 13316:Menkare 13267:Neferka 13251:Pepi II 13173:Userkaf 13067:Sanakht 12890:Anedjib 12870:Hor-Aha 12803:Iry-Hor 12797:Shendjw 12769:Pen-Abu 12653:Hat-Hor 12575:Dynasty 12449:Related 12363:Apadana 12353:Tachara 12298:Italics 12232:Gaumata 12227:Smerdis 12207:Cyrus I 12202:Teispes 12196:Arsames 12138:Deioces 11975:Tachara 11929:Revolts 11895:Bardiya 11586:Narsieh 11414:Zenobia 11395:Vistahm 11380:Kavad I 11374:Kavad I 11368:Peroz I 11356:Khosrow 10702:Deioces 10659:Wahibre 10647:Necho I 10540:Taharqa 10537:Shabaka 10521:Taharqa 10485:Teumman 10336:Rudamun 10078:Solomon 10017:Smendes 9938:Twosret 9932:Seti II 9673:Mitanni 9667:Khamudi 9621:Dynasty 9611:Dynasty 9601:Dynasty 9439:Nur-ili 9409:Lullaya 9312:dynasty 9264:Abraham 9154:Abisare 9119:Zambiya 9013:(Queen 8965:Amorite 8936:Kingdom 8910:Intef I 8877:Elamite 8864:Amorite 8853:Shu-Sin 8754:Tirigan 8723:Ur-Baba 8653:Nûr-Mêr 8591:Lu-gula 8587:Lu-Baba 8501:Ididish 8482:Kingdom 8479:Eblaite 8477:Second 8427:Menkare 8302:Shu-Sin 8298:Ishu-Il 8226:dynasty 8206:Pepi II 8139:(Queen 8025:Elamite 7976:Userkaf 7919:Akurgal 7848:Ku-Baba 7664:(Queen 7600:Mesilim 7535:Sanakht 7525:(First 7342:Zuqaqip 7339:Kalumum 7324:Kalibum 7320:Puannum 7277:Kingdom 7126:Anedjib 7110:Hor-Aha 7055:Nat-Hor 6988:Iry-Hor 6984:Shendjw 6956:Pen-Abu 6904:Susa II 6677:Babylon 6673:Mazaeus 6667:Susiana 6647:Parthia 6633:Atizyes 6603:Belesys 6579:Arsames 6574:Mazaeus 6556:Cilicia 6506:Dadarsi 6493:Bactria 6482:Mazaces 6477:Sabaces 6467:Arsames 6410:Armenia 6406:Satraps 6301:Abdemon 6238:Idrieus 6217:Adusius 6185:Dynasts 6175:Perikle 6157:Arbinas 6147:Kheriga 6136:Kuprlli 6127:Kheziga 6074:Prokles 6019:Datames 6007:Satraps 5997:Arsites 5930:Satraps 5860:Bagaeus 5855:Oroetus 5845:Mazares 5840:Tabalus 5755:Bardiya 5735:Cyrus I 5730:Teispes 5724:Arsames 5699:of the 5606:Bardiya 5597:486 BCE 5144:28 July 3267:Dariush 3187:Pharaoh 3171:Teheran 3132:Elamite 3124:Nekhbet 3089:Babylon 3070:Red Sea 3062:Zaqāzīq 3050:Red Sea 3032:During 3023:Tachara 2938:reliefs 2826:Economy 2819:Aramaic 2811:Persian 2650:Gobryas 2622:Arsames 2594:Arsames 2534:Eretria 2438:Paeonia 2363:Scythia 2349:at the 2278:Zopyrus 2266:Babylon 2262:Babylon 2250:Bardiya 2210:Karachi 2178:Bactria 2141:Paeonia 2125:Balkans 2014:Assyria 2010:Parthia 1998:satrapy 1994:Bactria 1978:Bardiya 1861:Elamite 1789:Gobryas 1776:usurper 1765:Gaumata 1761:Bardiya 1708:Bactria 1664:Gaumata 1660:Bardiya 1638:Smerdis 1624:Gaumata 1596:Gaumata 1593:usurper 1585:Persian 1492:Romania 1468:lineage 1452:Elamite 1333:drywhwš 1329:Aramaic 1311:Elamite 1268:Δαρεῖος 1261:Dareîos 1217:on the 1179:of the 1146:Babylon 1122:Persian 1118:Aramaic 1079:Eretria 1067:Gaumata 1063:Smerdis 1059:Bardiya 1044:Mudrâya 1012:Paeonia 1000:Balkans 990:of the 968:Dareios 963:Δαρεῖος 884:Dynasty 801:Gobryas 797:Arsames 751:Gobryas 559:Deriush 423:rꜤ-sttw 171:Bardiya 136:Bardiya 104:of the 17445:Ubulna 16348:Agum I 16192:Sabium 16110:Period 16020:Argead 15867:Probus 15787:Decius 15782:Philip 15657:Trajan 15385:Argead 15294:Muthis 15247:XXVIII 15227:Xerxes 15095:female 15073:Period 14782:Piankh 14753:Siamun 14623:Siptah 14598:Seti I 14438:Period 14390:Kamose 14324:Snaaib 14294:Abydos 14150:Semqen 14143:Sharek 14095:Sheneh 14075:'Apepi 14070:Bebnum 14025:Nehesy 13845:Sebkay 13765:Sonbef 13562:female 13540:Period 13351:Nikare 13241:Pepi I 13178:Sahure 13131:Khafre 13116:Snefru 13085:Sedjes 13057:Djoser 12983:Senedj 12861:Narmer 12820:Narmer 12702:Wazner 12667:Hsekiu 12639:Ny-Hor 12588:female 12566:Period 12346:Palace 12148:Madyes 12125:Median 12103:Median 12027:Satrap 11944:Greece 11890:Family 11812: 11765: 11735: 11377:Jamasp 11371:Balash 11329:Narseh 11240:Trajan 11238:under 10772:Xerxes 10708:Madyes 10572:Sargon 10032:Siamun 9935:Siptah 9920:Seti I 9904:Ugarit 9649:Semqen 9634:Hyksos 9606:Abydos 9499:Sabium 9406:Bazaya 9397:Libaya 9331:Asinum 9328:Rimush 9288:Yamhad 9180:(...) 9157:Sumuel 9148:Zabaia 9145:Samium 9142:Emisum 9043:Ikunum 9015:Shibtu 8956:Immeya 8847:Shulgi 8742:Ur-gar 8702:Ur-Utu 8569:Lagash 8448:Nikare 8360:Eshpum 8348:Rimush 8200:Pepi I 8035:tarana 7979:Sahure 7959:Hishur 7936:Balulu 7901:Lagash 7882:Mug-si 7875:Ensha- 7823:Sa'umu 7751:Khafre 7735:Snefru 7683:Mes-he 7630:Lugal- 7621:Lagash 7564:Sagisu 7516:Djoser 7425:Tizqar 7396:Aratta 7352:Arwium 7349:Mashda 7299:Jushur 7229:Senedj 7168:period 7100:Narmer 7050:Wazner 7025:Hsekiu 7020:Ny-Hor 6999:Narmer 6969:Canide 6960:Animal 6866:Susa I 6816:Lagash 6790:Akshak 6765:Canaan 6657:Persis 6516:Bessus 6385:Tennes 6358:Anysos 6334:Tabnit 6152:Kherei 6047:cities 5865:Otanes 5593: 5552: 5533: 5503: 5477: 5448: 5408: 5378: 5357: 5320: 5298: 5277: 5253: 5235: 5193: 5160: 5135: 5115: 5095: 5061: 5040: 5016: 4998: 4979: 4955: 4951:–687. 4929: 4908: 4904:–411. 4879: 4852: 4823: 4802: 4768: 4744: 4720: 4700: 4680: 4660: 4640: 4609: 4444: 4353: 4290: 4236: 4212: 4109:p. 70 4105: 3612: 3421: 3389: 3344: 3301:Persis 3101:Louvre 2881:Nippur 2846:Sardis 2804:Euboic 2800:talent 2796:Persis 2784:archon 2780:satrap 2733:Atossa 2729:Xerxes 2662:Atossa 2646:Otanes 2626:Parmys 2606:Xerxes 2598:Atossa 2588:Family 2582:Xerxes 2538:Sardis 2466:Athens 2458:Sardis 2450:vassal 2434:Thrace 2402:Thrace 2380:Budini 2355:Danube 2336:Danube 2248:After 2238:Persia 2186:Taxila 2129:Thrace 2049:bridle 2016:, and 2002:Persis 1958:(1840) 1935:Anshan 1922:Magian 1894:Otanes 1846:𐎠𐎭𐎶 1781:Otanes 1736:Persis 1727:Araxes 1704:satrap 1662:, or " 1636:"I am 1630:. The 1551:") to 1521:Sogdia 1488:Gherla 1444:relief 1382:, and 1357:dāraya 1327:, and 1248:Dārēus 1242:Dārīus 1175:, and 1173:Daniel 1165:Haggai 1148:, and 1110:satrap 1097:, the 1091:Thrace 1075:Athens 1071:Greece 1026:, the 1004:Thrace 905:Mother 895:Father 735:Parmys 725:Atossa 718:Spouse 706:Burial 562:Darius 206:mnḫ-jb 17425:Rinnu 15873:Carus 15652:Nerva 15642:Titus 15620:Galba 15587:XXXIV 15572:Roman 15351:Arses 15278:Hakor 15197:XXVII 14907:XXIII 14497:XVIII 14457:(male 14187:Apepi 14175:Khyan 14088:Wazad 13856:Wegaf 13790:Iufni 13644:Nubia 13452:Setut 13274:Nefer 13121:Khufu 13079:Khaba 13073:Nebka 12937:Nebra 12865:Menes 12824:Menes 12776:Stork 12739:Upper 12695:Neheb 12688:Thesh 12674:Khayu 12623:Lower 12109:kings 12032:Daric 11982:Egypt 11577:Boran 11559:Boran 11446:Syria 11226:Syria 11221:Judea 10763:Cyrus 10481:Urtak 10074:David 9680:Kirta 9664:Apepi 9661:Khyan 9382:Adasi 9352:Adasi 8980:(...) 8727:Gudea 8689:Si'um 8638:Setut 8609:Khita 8595:Ka-ku 8536:Ilulu 8532:Nanum 8524:Igigi 8268:Ukush 8170:Nanni 7932:Elulu 7819:Ansud 7738:Khufu 7666:Puabi 7543:Khaba 7539:Nebka 7421:Zamug 7359:Balih 7355:Etana 7316:Babum 7103:Menes 7045:Neheb 7040:Thesh 7030:Khayu 7003:Menes 6964:Stork 6795:Akkad 6785:Assur 6760:Egypt 6755:dates 6613:Ochus 6607:Syria 6527:Media 6444:Egypt 6371:Baana 6189:Caria 6120:Lycia 5832:Lydia 5595:Died: 5583:Born: 5475:S2CID 5446:S2CID 4584:–101. 4434:(PDF) 3999:(PDF) 3994:: 2. 3988:(PDF) 3636:–181. 3610:JSTOR 3283:Notes 3103:. In 3042:Egypt 2853:daric 2842:daric 2840:Gold 2776:archi 2708:Aryan 2696:Datis 2602:Cyrus 2562:Datis 2524:When 2490:The " 2474:Lydia 2470:Ionia 2328:Cyrus 2324:Media 2218:Indus 2204:from 2114:Egypt 2018:Egypt 2006:Media 1896:, an 1720:Cyrus 1642:Cyrus 1553:Lydia 1545:Hiduš 1517:Sacae 1496:Greek 1257:Greek 1253:Latin 1183:(the 1150:Egypt 1103:Naxos 1052:Sudan 1048:Libya 1040:Egypt 958:Greek 833:Names 761:Issue 555:drjwš 544:Nomen 159:Reign 112:Reign 17253:XIII 16693:VIII 15706:Geta 15625:Otho 15615:Nero 15333:XXXI 15318:Teos 15265:XXIX 15130:XXVI 15115:Late 15092:male 15052:Late 15005:Piye 14974:XXIV 14880:Pami 14830:XXII 14419:and 14335:XVII 14081:Nuya 13750:XIII 13559:male 13521:and 13411:Khui 13308:VIII 13231:Teti 13213:Unas 13098:Huni 12900:Qa'a 12880:Djet 12875:Djer 12783:Bull 12762:Fish 12728:Wash 12709:Mekh 12585:male 12105:and 12001:Tomb 11810:ISBN 11786:Per 11763:ISBN 11733:ISBN 11143:Musa 10833:and 10531:Piye 10295:Pami 10066:Saul 8991:Mari 8788:Uruk 8710:Umma 8605:Helu 8551:Uruk 8541:Dudu 8308:Uruk 8261:Mari 8224:Adab 8194:Teti 8105:Urur 8090:Kish 8000:Unas 7951:Tata 7947:Peli 7888:Umma 7869:Uruk 7859:Unzi 7839:Nizi 7698:Adab 7596:Uhub 7588:Kish 7551:Huni 7429:Ilku 7376:Uruk 7345:Atab 7292:Kish 7132:Qa'a 7116:Djet 7113:Djer 7068:Wash 7060:Mekh 6974:Bull 6951:Fish 6826:Elam 6810:Umma 6805:Adab 6800:Uruk 6780:Kish 6775:Mari 6770:Ebla 6692:and 6627:Aria 5550:ISBN 5531:ISBN 5501:ISBN 5406:ISBN 5376:ISBN 5355:ISBN 5318:ISBN 5296:ISBN 5275:ISBN 5251:ISBN 5233:ISBN 5191:ISBN 5158:ISBN 5146:2011 5133:ISBN 5113:ISBN 5093:ISBN 5059:ISBN 5038:ISBN 5014:ISBN 4996:ISBN 4977:ISBN 4953:ISBN 4927:ISBN 4906:ISBN 4877:ISBN 4850:ISBN 4821:ISBN 4800:ISBN 4766:ISBN 4742:ISBN 4718:ISBN 4698:ISBN 4678:ISBN 4658:ISBN 4638:ISBN 4607:ISBN 4442:ISBN 4351:ISBN 4288:ISBN 4234:ISBN 4210:ISBN 4103:ISBN 3992:ARTA 3419:ISBN 3400:2014 3387:ISBN 3366:2014 3342:ISBN 3138:and 3134:and 3122:and 3120:Ptah 3072:and 3066:Suez 3054:Nile 3044:and 3038:Susa 2996:Amun 2978:Asha 2774:(or 2656:and 2640:and 2472:and 2310:The 2232:and 2222:Suez 2176:and 2174:Aria 2091:36". 1996:, a 1990:Susa 1984:and 1982:Elam 1863:and 1859:"), 1799:and 1543:of " 1529:Sind 1525:Kush 1466:and 1458:and 1245:and 1134:Susa 1077:and 1061:(or 1034:and 1010:and 696:Died 683:Born 17402:XIV 17212:XII 17177:(?) 16675:VII 16335:III 15305:XXX 15054:to 14997:XXV 14720:XXI 14585:XIX 14202:XVI 13982:XIV 13830:Hor 13671:XII 13304:VII 13049:III 12885:Den 12681:Tiu 12547:to 8989:of 8528:Imi 8014:Ush 7123:Den 7035:Tiu 6408:of 6243:Ada 6187:of 6009:of 5932:of 5467:doi 5438:doi 4022:doi 3634:171 3336:(= 2725:). 2679:at 2340:Don 2220:to 2184:to 1855:, " 1706:of 1523:to 1446:on 1363:vau 1221:of 1213:in 1190:). 17692:: 17063:XI 16813:IX 16647:VI 16551:IV 16242:II 16015:31 16010:30 16005:27 16000:26 15995:25 15990:24 15980:20 15975:19 15970:18 15965:12 15960:11 14638:XX 14570:Ay 14134:XV 13597:XI 13429:IX 13223:VI 13108:IV 12948:Ba 12924:II 12863:/ 12822:/ 12808:Ka 12660:Pu 11777:^ 11688:; 11600:, 11477:, 10971:: 10961:: 10945:: 10733:) 10528:") 10524:(" 10183:") 9889:Ay 9636:") 9632:(" 9541:") 9537:(" 9137:: 9087:: 9017:) 8889:) 8534:, 8530:, 8526:, 8165:Ur 8143:) 8132:Il 7638:Ur 7427:, 7423:, 7398:") 7322:, 7318:, 7301:, 7204:Ba 7001:/ 6991:Ka 6821:Ur 6601:, 6597:, 5586:c. 5473:. 5463:74 5461:. 5444:. 5432:. 5404:. 5340:10 5338:. 5334:. 5316:, 5269:. 5218:, 5174:. 5076:. 4783:. 4582:81 4468:^ 4436:. 4383:^ 4373:. 4272:^ 4197:^ 4138:^ 4016:. 3990:. 3945:^ 3930:^ 3849:^ 3815:. 3797:. 3779:. 3756:^ 3650:. 3606:15 3604:. 3474:^ 3433:^ 3332:, 3208:, 3130:, 3040:, 2998:. 2743:. 2721:r. 2612:, 2608:, 2584:. 2532:, 2500:c. 2498:. 2391:, 2240:. 2135:, 2120:. 2035:. 2020:. 2012:, 2008:, 1937:. 1853:𐏋 1848:𐏐 1795:, 1791:, 1787:, 1783:, 1646:." 1535:: 1490:, 1454:, 1414:c. 1378:, 1318:, 1303:, 1287:, 1225:: 1171:, 1167:, 1144:, 1140:, 1136:, 1105:. 1054:. 973:c. 971:; 960:: 956:; 943:: 687:c. 16980:X 16619:V 16174:I 16129:( 16072:e 16065:t 16058:v 15955:4 15951:3 15948:2 15944:1 13469:X 13306:/ 13165:V 12853:I 12748:A 12716:A 12524:e 12517:t 12510:v 12331:e 12324:t 12317:v 12095:e 12088:t 12081:v 11864:e 11857:t 11850:v 11818:. 11771:. 11741:. 11502:) 11498:( 11213:) 11209:( 10729:( 10559:) 10555:( 9735:) 9486:) 9482:( 9386:( 9308:( 9296:) 9292:( 9271:) 9267:( 9073:) 9069:( 8999:) 8995:( 8970:) 8963:( 8943:) 8939:( 8885:( 8492:( 7668:) 7529:) 7309:, 7176:) 7172:( 6931:) 6927:( 6888:( 6792:/ 6782:/ 6727:e 6720:t 6713:v 6679:) 6675:( 6669:) 6665:( 6659:) 6655:( 6649:) 6645:( 6639:) 6635:( 6629:) 6625:( 6619:) 6615:( 6609:) 6605:( 5671:e 5664:t 5657:v 5558:. 5539:. 5509:. 5481:. 5469:: 5452:. 5440:: 5434:1 5414:. 5363:. 5283:. 5080:. 5067:. 5046:. 5022:. 4985:. 4961:. 4949:1 4914:. 4902:1 4808:. 4774:. 4750:. 4480:. 4450:. 4377:. 4359:. 4296:. 4242:. 4028:. 4024:: 3889:. 3873:. 3819:. 3801:. 3783:. 3654:. 3616:. 3427:. 3402:. 3368:. 3173:) 3169:( 2782:( 2718:( 2318:( 2139:- 2131:- 2127:( 1886:( 1875:. 1844:( 1754:. 1622:" 1555:( 1531:( 1419:. 1348:( 1336:( 1297:( 1281:( 1264:( 1235:) 1229:( 1042:( 1006:– 1002:( 939:( 929:) 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index