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25:
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2027:
1091:" and promised support to the authorities in identifying the people hostile to the regime and by providing construction equipment for the canal. He also stated that Gheorghiu-Dej was not convinced by Stalin's recommendations, suspecting that the canal was actually part of the Soviet Union's expansion strategy. It has since been found out that Stalin's initiative was based on a secret study, commissioned in 1947–1948, which recommended building a Soviet submarine base at the
2015:
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2007:
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981:. The commission was responsible for the clearing of the Danube mouths from deposits of the river, and when necessary with clearing natural barriers, with the goal of ensuring of good conditions for navigation. The effect was that Austria, Britain, and France changed their attitude to the project for a Danube–Black Sea canal. The newspaper
1111:
Romania, the
Politburo recommended that the project be submitted to the Council of Ministers for the approval of the immediate start of the preparatory work for the construction of the canal. On the same day Gheorghiu-Dej, at that time first vice-president of the Council of Ministers, presented his proposal to the council, presided by
809:. Western diplomats and newspapers accused the Russian government that through bribing and intimidation, it determined the Ottoman officials to reject the proposal of Szechenyi's company. In 1839, Széchenyi got the approval of his and Ottoman governments to ensure the transport of goods and people without getting to Sulina by a
136:
1720:
set up along the length of the planned canal were filled to capacity; that year alone, up to 15,000 prisoners were held in those camps. In 1952, more than 80% of the workforce at the canal consisted of detainees. By 1953, the number of prisoners had swelled to 20,193, or 40,000, or as high as 60,000;
871:
in the summer of 1854, followed by the withdrawal of
Russian troops from Wallachia and Moldavia and the advancement of Ottoman and Austrian ones. In 1855, the French government put forward an initiative, and the Ottomans approved it, for the cheapest solution: build a strategic road between Cernavodă
1910:
family background). Their numbers fluctuated greatly (regular employees went from 13,200 in 1950 to 15,000 in 1951, to as little as 7,000 in early 1952, and again to 12,500 later in that year). At the same time, facilities meant to accommodate the projected influx of labor (including homes available
824:
In its place, a new Brăila–Istanbul route was established. However, by 1844, the depth of the Sulina branch had decreased to 7–9 feet, from 13–14 feet in 1836, due to lack of dredging by the
Russian authorities which controlled the passage. The Austrian government made a new attempt to cut a canal,
470:, worked on its excavation. The total number of prisoners used as labor force during this period is unknown, with the total number of deaths being estimated at several tens of thousands. The construction works of the Danube–Black Sea Canal were to be resumed 20 years later, in different conditions.
1715:
Prison camps sprang up all along the projected canal route in the summer of 1949 and were quickly filled with prisoners brought from jails from throughout the country. These first arrivals were soon joined by newly arrested people who were sent to the canal in ever increasing numbers. By 1950 the
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announced on May 25, 1856 that the plan for building the canal was abandoned; instead a railroad line between
Cernavodă and Constanța was to be built. After two and a half years of construction, the line was inaugurated on October 4, 1860. Following the opening of the line, goods were easily and
1110:
was presented a report by
Gheorghiu-Dej on the projected construction of a canal linking the Danube and the Black Sea and on the economic and cultural development of the neighboring area. Estimating that this important construction was an important component of the construction of socialism in
1891:). It has also been called "a cesspool of immense human suffering and mortality". Investigations conducted by the Association of Former Political Prisoners of Romania (AFDPR) Constanța, based on death records from the villages found along the Canal route, indicate 6,355 "Canal workers" (a
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to
Cernavodă by ca. 400 km (250 mi). It has a width of 90–150 m (300–490 ft) and a depth of 7 m (23 ft); the northern arm has a length of 31.2 km (19.4 mi), width of 50–75 m (164–246 ft) and a depth of 5.5 m (18 ft). The
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Sums allocated for prisoners' health, hygiene and nutrition declined dramatically over the years. Food rations were kept to a minimum, and prisoners would often resort to hunting mice and other small animals, or even consuming grass in an attempt to supplement their diet.
1773:, Albon employed torture methods against the detainees, and personally killed many of them. Other security officers who used often cruel and deadly methods with the prisoners were senior lieutenant Liviu Borcea, at the Midia Camp; captain Petre Burghișan, at the
2075:(ISPH) designed the works for the Danube and Cernavodă areas. New and large machinery, produced inside Romania, was introduced to the site. The southern arm was completed in May 1984, with the northern arm being inaugurated in October 1987.
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stories instead, according to which work quotas were surpassed by as much as 170%. Authorities also claimed the construction site was offering training to previously unskilled workers (as many as 10,000 in one official communiqué).
993:
of
Moldavia and Wallachia (1859) remained formally Ottoman vassals, and moreover Dobruja was directly administered by the Ottomans, the idea to build the canal was not of interest to the Romanians at that time. But following the
60:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
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On July 18, 1953, the project came to a discreet halt (according to some sources, the closure had been ordered by Stalin himself, as early as 1952). From 1959, part of the works built between 1949 and 1953 was used for the
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on July 23, 1855, the project was of interest to
Britain, the French Empire and the Austrian Empire, who were asking the Ottoman government to allot the concession of the canal and the fitting of the port of Constanța to a
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hailed the construction of the canal claiming "we are building the canal without the bourgeoisie and against the bourgeoisie". Banners with this slogan were set up in all construction sites of the canal.
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presented an estimate of several thousand deaths among the political prisoners used in the project, significantly higher than 656 officially recorded by an official report from 1968. Journalist
482:, originally a tributary of the Danube. Therefore, hydrographically it also has the function of conveying the runoff from a 1,031 km (398 sq mi) drainage basin to the Black Sea.
1002:. The idea to build a canal became a national issue, which could promote Romania's international trade. However, in the following years the development of trade was concentrated mainly on the
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In parallel, authorities left aside sectors of employment for skilled workers, kept in strict isolation from all others, they were attracted to the site with exceptional salaries (over 5,000
37:
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The construction effort surpassed the resources available to the
Romanian economy in the 1950s. The canal was assigned inferior machinery, part of which had already been used on the Soviet
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After the cessation of works, in 1953, the canal camps remained in existence for another year, and their prisoners progressively relocated, to similar conditions at other work sites in
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In
October 1949, the authorities established a General Directorate to oversee both the works and the penal facilities, answering directly to the national leadership. Its first head was
817:. The enterprise was scrapped after 4 years due to non-profitability because of a low number of passengers, high cost of transport, and poor conditions of cargo handling in the unfit
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969:) to their vassal, Moldavia. The freedom of international navigation on the Danube was restored; passage taxes were canceled, police and quarantine rules were simplified; and the
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to prospect the land. But the idea had to be abandoned again due to technical problem, first of all due to the unfitness of the port of Constanța for large international trade.
790:, collecting taxes to cover the Russian financial deficit, and by not performing maintenance for the navigation on the Sulina branch to remove the continuous deposits of sand.
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1852:, the death rate among political prisoners at the canal was extremely high; for instance, in the winter of 1951–52, there were one to three detainees dying every day at the
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1974:); others were imprisoned for various terms. Defendants in a second group, around the engineer Gheorghe Crăciun, were sentenced to various harsh penalties (including three
1971:
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2441:
3058:"Temnițele și închisorile comuniste din România – câteva referințe despre numărul lor, activitatea, volumul de încarcerare, capacitatea și dispunerea lor geografică..."
609:, with the drainage of marshes in the area. Also during the construction period, the Danube–Black Sea Canal was advertised as a fast and direct connection between the
1754:). Detainees were allocated to brigades, usually run by common criminals, which were encouraged to use violence against their subordinates. In parallel, the region's
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544:. On its reach it is joined on the northeast bank by tributaries Valea Seacă and Lazu and on the southwest bank by the Siminoc, Șerplea, Potârnichea and Agigea.
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Although the idea of building a navigable canal between the Danube and the Black Sea is old, the first concrete attempt was made between 1949 and 1953, when the
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This prompted the Austrians to conceive the idea of building a canal to connect the Danube with the Black Sea at the shortest point before the Delta, between
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Marian Cosor, "Canalul Dunăre-Marea Neagră își va scoate banii în 633 de ani" ("The Danube – Black Sea Canal Will Absorb Its Construction Cost in 633 Years")
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At the time when the decision to build the canal was taken, it was officially announced that these works would also serve a secondary purpose, that of
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in 1948. Gheorghiu-Dej's chief of staff stated that Stalin indicated the canal as a means of getting rid of the rich peasants and of the so-called "
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The building of the road did not eliminate, however, the need for a canal, and the Austrian government renewed its persuading efforts. According to
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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In 2018, more than 32.9 million tonnes of cargo were carried over the Danube–Black Sea Canal (an increase of 4.7% compared to the previous year).
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each (respectively, a total of 18,000 in tonnage), 296 m (971 ft) in length and 22.8 m (75 ft) wide (ships of up to 5,000 in
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2138:– "The Danube–Black Sea Canal, a Construction of Peace"). During the 1980s, the song "Magistrala Albastră" ("The Blue Freeway"), performed by
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of people sentenced in the 1952 trial, and who aimed to withdraw the Lower Danube from Soviet control (which had been established by the 1948
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of land on each side of the canal for 99 years, where colonist could be settled. Goods were to travel freely, with ships having to pay only a
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513:, and Poarta Albă. On this reach the canal is joined on the north bank by tributaries (from west to east): Valea Cișmelei, Valea Plantației,
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had previously claimed that over 200,000 had died in its construction, as a result of exposure, unsafe equipment, malnutrition, accidents,
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2205:, set in 1980s Romania, the main protagonist 11-year-old boy's father is deported to a labor camp to work on the Danube–Black Sea Canal.
1735:, that, overall, one million Romanians had been imprisoned in various prisons and labor camps, including those on the path of the canal.
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proposed a canal from Cernavodă to Constanța, passing through Murfatlar, of which 10 miles between Cernavodă and Murfatlar would be in a
738:, allowing these countries to build their own fleets by 1834. Both Romanian and non-Romanian ships used mostly the Danube port cities of
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which is difficult to navigate, shorten the distance to the Black Sea and several issues related to the loading and unloading of ships.
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on dry land. Carts and coaches made a 7–8 hour trip from Cernavodă to Constanța, where people and goods were boarding other ships for
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1167:, while another part of the excavations was capitalized during the construction of the northern branch of the canal, 30 years later.
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was put in charge of these works, that started in the summer of 1855 and were finished by the year's end. According to the newspaper
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on March 30, 1856, ending the war. Russia ceded the Danube mouths to the Ottomans and southern Bessarabia (lately organised as the
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This is a partial list of notable inmates of the Danube–Black Sea Canal labor camps; the symbol † indicates those who died there.
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a former mechanic and tractor driver who had been promoted to the position of first-secretary of the Romanian Worker's party in
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of its sharpest bends is 3 km (1.9 mi) for the main branch, and 1.2 km (0.75 mi), for the northern branch.
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3031:[Horrific stories from the Peninsula slaughterhouse of terror. The communist labor camp where death was a blessing].
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Roxana Roseti – Canalul Dunăre-Marea Neagră. Imagini inedite de la inaugurarea de acum 30 de ani – EVZ Special, 27 Mai 2014
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Gabriel Stegărescu – Paradoxurile istoriei: În România stalinistă, un spion rus fură identitatea unui legionar – Historia
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3189:[Augustin Albon, the torturer who invented the "pillar of infamy": "Dig the Canal with your canteens, bandits"].
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2193:("The Death Canal") detailing his sufferings during incarceration; it was first published in Romania in 1993, after the
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The idea of starting the construction of the Danube–Black Sea Canal seems to have been suggested to Romanian leader
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Hebrew Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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758:, and there was little the Danubian Principalities could do to rectify this situation. Both countries welcomed the
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canals), and 5,000,000 m (180,000,000 cu ft) of concrete were used for the locks and support walls.
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was established, with representatives of seven powers: Britain, France, Austria, Russia, the Ottoman Empire, the
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In its delta, the Danube is divided into three main branches, none of which is suited to optimal navigation: the
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of the time used this opportunity to eliminate political opponents, so the canal became notorious as the site of
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886:, the work was performed by 300 physically strong men of moderate character selected in Moldavia and Wallachia.
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3029:"Poveștile cumplite din abatorul terorii Peninsula. Lăgărul comunist de muncă unde moartea era o binecuvântare"
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3187:"Augustin Albon, torționarul care a inventat "stâlpul infamiei": "Cu gamela să săpați Canalul, bandiților""
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and using the Canal as its setting, was frequently broadcast in official and semi-official contexts.
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The waterway passes through the towns of Medgidia and Murfatlar, both of which have been turned into
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At Poarta Albă the canal bifurcates into two branches. The main canal goes to the south, towards the
2056:, where the 1950s precedent was no longer mentioned, the canal was referred to as the Blue Highway (
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under the name of Vasile Posteucă, who held the position from 1952 to 1953. According to historian
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The general designer of the works of the navigable canal and of the Port of Constanța Sud was the
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other estimates put the number at 40,000 or 100,000 for the entire period. British historian and
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435:. The main branch of the canal, with a length of 64.4 km (40.0 mi), which connects the
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1936:
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3452:[Photo documentary: 35 years since the inauguration of the Danube – Black Sea Canal].
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Blame for the debilitating and unsuccessful works was eventually placed on a group of alleged
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1115:, which approved it immediately. Work started on June 29. In a speech held on August 22, 1949
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threatened by the development of Brăila and Galați. Without resolving to direct measures, the
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inexpensively transported from Constanța by rail, so plans for a canal were again abandoned.
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10 cu ft) of soil were excavated (greater than the amount involved in building the
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Nicolas Spulber, "The Danube – Black Sea Canal and the Russian Control over the Danube", in
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Starting in summer 1949, the commander of the Canal security troops was lieutenant colonel
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had estimated the number of deaths to be "considerably in excess of 10,000". According to
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Adrian Bucurescu – Tragicul Canal Dunăre – Marea Neagră – România Liberă, March 12, 2010
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In its final phase, the canal took over nine years to construct; 381,000,000 m (1.35
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of 1854–1856, added a military and strategical dimension for this plan. The British and
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tax, significantly lower than the one on the Sulina branch. According to the newspaper
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3218:"Comisia Prezidențială pentru Analiza Dictaturii Comuniste din România – Raport Final"
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David Turnock, "The Danube – Black Sea Canal and its impact on Southern Romania", in
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is the deepest, but its mouths were not stable, which made navigation dangerous; the
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3450:"Documentar în imagini: 35 de ani de la inaugurarea Canalului Dunăre – Marea Neagră"
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Comisia Prezidențială pentru Analiza Dictaturii Comuniste din România: Raport Final
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2705:("On the Shoulders of Marx. An Incursion into the History of Romanian Communism"),
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The construction plans for the canal took a different turn with the signing of the
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Return to diversity: A Political History of East Central Europe Since World War II
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in 1952 following the monetary reform) announcing the canal would be ready in 1955
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The earliest plans for building this canal were drawn in the late 1830s. The 1829
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is not deep enough for maritime ships and it also used to be isolated from the
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Cristina Arvatu, Ilarion Țiu, "Basmele Canalului" ("Fairy Tales of the Canal")
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Presidential Commission for the Study of the Communist Dictatorship in Romania
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The 64.4 km (40.0 mi) main branch reduces the distance by boat from
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Reeducarea în România comunistă. (Reeducation in communist Romania) Vol. III
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The northern branch, the Poarta Albă–Midia Năvodari Canal, goes towards the
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1985 stamp sheet showing Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu inaugurating the canal
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to the Anglo-French–Austrian consortium Wilson–Morny–Breda, represented by
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3525:"Reflections on a dark past – the forced labour camps of the Danube Delta"
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In June 1973, the project, with a completely new design, was restarted by
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under the direction of the three countries. The Ottomans were to lease a
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Ceaușescu and the Securitate: Coercion and Dissent in Romania, 1965–1989
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3002:/ ed.: Vladimir Tismăneanu, Dorin Dobrincu, Cristian Vasile, București:
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Ceaușescu (foreground) visiting the canal construction site, summer 1979
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Map of forced labor camps along the Danube–Black Sea Canal building site
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Aerial view of the canal at its eastern end, in Constanța South Seaport
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
3119:"Buried In A Casino Wall, A Dark Secret From Romania's Communist Past"
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The main reasons for the building of the canal were to circumvent the
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The course of the canal follows mostly the course of the former river
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on credit) were never actually completed. This was overlooked by the
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priests. The canal was referred to as the "graveyard of the Romanian
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and administrator of the State Fisheries. He was replaced in 1951 by
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690:(in Cernavodă and Agigea, and in Ovidiu and Năvodari, respectively).
533:
514:
466:, when at any given time, between 5,000 and 20,000 detainees, mostly
428:
420:
267:
3824:
3819:
3586:
Stalinism for All Seasons: A Political History of Romanian Communism
2097:
For much of the 1950s, the Danube–Black Sea Canal was celebrated in
1799:
The prisoners were dispossessed farmers who had attempted to resist
1059:
743:
739:
3799:
3794:
3784:
2178:
2098:
2078:
The cost of building the canal is estimated to be around 2 billion
2006:
1952:
841:
814:
735:
641:
506:
2703:
Pe umerii lui Marx. O introducere în istoria comunismului românesc
852:'s Embassy in the Ottoman Empire. Ghica lobbied Brad's project to
443:, was built in 1976–1984, while the northern branch, known as the
4024:
3789:
1927:. Penal facilities on the canal site were shut down in mid-1954.
1823:
1816:
1747:
999:
686:
can also pass through the canal). The structure is bound by four
675:
671:
664:
510:
400:
159:
3902:
3779:
883:
57:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3769:
3759:
3660:
2019:
1743:
1623:
1462:
932:
927:
771:
653:
560:
541:
424:
408:
271:
253:
3892:
3295:
The Memorial of the Victims of Communism and of the Resistance
3962:
3932:
3912:
3907:
3862:
3809:
3629:
1948:
1868:
and other diseases, over-work, etc., while political analyst
1578:
856:, who gave a negative response for fear of provoking Russia.
787:
767:
667:
396:
4095:
3982:
3952:
3917:
3897:
3877:
3764:
3397:
2823:
2083:
940:, authorizing it to build the canal which was to be called
447:, with a length of 31.2 km (19.4 mi), connecting
427:, it is an important part of the waterway link between the
2033:
pin for the construction site of the Canal, depicting the
1151:
was allowed direct intervention on the construction site.
944:. The 12 articles of the Concession Act were published in
3744:
1902:
per month), as well as for young people drafted into the
2848:
2846:
1036:
drafted a new set of plans. Afterwards, because of the
903:
to build the desired canal. According to an article in
497:
it goes near or through the settlements of Cernavodă,
2843:
2519:
1750:, which was especially hard in the rocky terrain of
53:
2920:"The Danube–Black Sea Canal: A Graveyard Revisited"
2860:
2858:
2136:Canalul Dunăre-Marea Neagră, o construcție a păcii
1040:, World War II, and political turmoil in Romania (
365:Poarta Albă-Midia Năvodari Canal (northern branch)
2065:Design Institute of Road, Water and Air Transport
1906:and whose files indicated "unhealthy origins" (a
1895:for detainees) died during the 1949–1953 period.
1095:, which was suitable due to its proximity to the
4315:
2855:
1781:camps; lieutenant Chirion at Peninsula; captain
3378:Joseph Rothschild, Nancy Meriwether Wingfield,
3242:[Who were the torturers from Dobruja].
2652:An Economic History of Twentieth-Century Europe
1029:and the rest of 27 miles would be in the open.
1006:. Another project was consequently rejected by
2936:10891/osa:1d1da643-edcd-44f8-8467-73e9f57202f0
1962:Three people were executed (the engine driver
1170:
178:(Northern branch: 31.2 km (19.4 mi))
78:accompanying your translation by providing an
44:Click for important translation instructions.
36:expand this article with text translated from
4081:
3645:
3564:
3403:
2730:United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
2208:
2073:Institute of Hydroelectric Studies and Design
1688:
4354:Buildings and structures in Constanța County
3569:(in Romanian). București, Romania: Polirom.
2734:Inland Transport Committee TRANS/SC.3/2003/3
2694:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2130:, "The Danube Flows to the Sea"), and film (
1054:
825:sending the military engineer Colonel Baron
191:119.4 m (392 ft) (northern branch)
3522:
3227:(in Romanian), Bucharest, p. 180, 2006
3212:
3210:
2709:, Bucharest, 2005, Chapter 9.4, pp. 300–307
2682:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2604:"The history of the Danube–Black Sea Canal"
1993:
899:, the Austrian Finance Minister, founded a
836:proposed yet another project, supported by
567:. On its reach it is joined by tributaries
225:4 (2 on main branch + 2 on northern branch)
4369:Coastal basins of the Black Sea in Romania
4088:
4074:
3652:
3638:
3583:
3371:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2529:Analele Universității București: Geografie
1695:
1681:
1192:
204:11.4 m (37 ft) (northern branch)
176:(Main branch: 64.4 km (40.0 mi))
134:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3323:
3263:
3261:
3112:
3110:
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2990:
2988:
2910:
2813:
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2554:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2189:, a former prisoner, wrote a book titled
3545:
3490:
3287:
3207:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2894:
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2661:
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2644:
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2634:
2598:
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2594:
2592:
2590:
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2584:
2582:
2580:
2574:, vol. 30, no.3 (July 1954), pp. 236–245
2025:
2013:
2005:
1997:
1706:
1058:
635:
627:
3610:
3444:
3442:
3240:"Cine au fost torționarii din Dobrogea"
3153:Postwar: a history of Europe since 1945
2725:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2715:
1845:was one of its most significant goals.
1732:Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945
217:4 m (13 ft) (northern branch)
140:Danube (in blue) and the Canal (in red)
4316:
3409:
3258:
3116:
3107:
3049:
3017:
2985:
2821:("The Trial of the Death Canal") – in
2738:
2535:
2508:
2109:, "The Beginning of the Epic", and in
1943:in late 1952 on trumped-up charges of
1769:. According to the 2006 report of the
1274:Front of Socialist Unity and Democracy
202:22.8 m (75 ft) (main branch)
189:296 m (971 ft) (main branch)
90:{{Translated|he|תעלת דנובה–הים השחור}}
4069:
3633:
3237:
3231:
3184:
3178:
3026:
2914:
2887:
2778:
2631:
2577:
2492:Mass killings under communist regimes
1599:Trial and execution of the Ceaușescus
1099:and because of the rocky foundation.
215:5.5 m (18 ft) (main branch)
3615:. Iasi: Center for Romania Studies.
3439:
3146:
3075:
3027:Iancu, Mariana (September 9, 2017).
2712:
762:'s 1834 decision, endorsed by Count
532:. It passes near the settlements of
18:
3503:, M.E. Sharpe, London, 1995, p.182
3358:
722:canceled the trade monopoly of the
455:, was built between 1983 and 1987.
13:
3487:, on Radio Constanța, May 26, 2005
3238:Bălan, Camelia (August 12, 2013).
3055:
2613:. pp. 339–353. Archived from
1955:. The inquiry was orchestrated by
1564:Bucharest student movement of 1956
14:
4400:
3550:. Vol. 1. București: Verus.
3117:Mutler, Alison (August 8, 2020).
3091:. August 24, 1953. Archived from
2044:, who had previously ordered the
1574:Jiu Valley miners' strike of 1977
971:European Commission of the Danube
4174:Transylvania, Crișana, Maramureș
3728:
3305:, page for Room 17, Forced Labor
2520:Zaharia, L.; Pișota, I. (2003).
1813:Romanian Social Democratic Party
1106:of the Central Committee of the
445:Poarta Albă–Midia Năvodari Canal
122:
23:
4384:Political repression in Romania
4050:List of crossings of the Danube
3523:Cherneva, Toni; Rotariu, Oana.
3471:
3352:
3317:
3308:
3185:Iancu, Mariana (January 2019).
3140:
3127:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
2976:
2958:
2949:
2876:
2867:
2834:
2827:, March 11, 2006 Archived from
2769:
1856:camp, near Galeșu village. The
1569:Dissent under Nicolae Ceaușescu
1387:Ceaușescu's cult of personality
1032:In 1927, the Romanian engineer
1021:authorities taking part in the
832:In 1850, the Moldavian scholar
682:and 5.5 m (18 ft) in
4389:1987 establishments in Romania
3659:
3594:University of California Press
3270:Eastern Europe: Romania (1954)
2760:
2751:
2658:, Cambridge, 2006, pp. 155–156
2181:, set during the 18th century
2166:Cel mai iubit dintre pământeni
1883:, the project became known as
1023:occupation of southern Romania
996:Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878
240:October 1987 (northern branch)
88:You may also add the template
1:
4349:Socialist Republic of Romania
4276:Western Moldavia and Bukovina
4045:List of islands in the Danube
3584:Tismăneanu, Vladimir (2003).
3516:
3456:(in Romanian). Archived from
2487:Cernavodă Nuclear Power Plant
1876:, a historian and adviser to
1619:Soviet occupation (1944–1958)
713:
623:
574:
571:, Nazarcea and Valea Adâncă.
485:The main branch extends from
1978:). Torture was applied by a
530:Port of Constanța Sud Agigea
473:
411:river, via two branches, to
7:
2819:"Procesul Canalului Morții"
2470:
2119:, "Dustless Road"), music (
1641:Relations with other states
1171:Forced labor and repression
1163:, later developed into the
1044:Romania during World War II
947:Bukurester Deutsche Zeitung
926:from January 24, 1856, the
393:Canalul Dunăre–Marea Neagră
174:95.6 km (59.4 mi)
10:
4405:
4374:Defunct prisons in Romania
3546:Petrescu, Florian (2009).
2656:Cambridge University Press
2332:Constantin Ticu Dumitrescu
2209:Inmates of the labor camps
1972:Nicolae Vasilescu-Colorado
1803:, former activists of the
1613:Relationship with the USSR
821:of the port of Constanța.
708:
431:and the Black Sea via the
52:Machine translation, like
4275:
4234:
4173:
4147:
4126:
4105:
4012:
3991:
3853:
3737:
3726:
3667:
3611:Treptow, Kurt W. (1996).
3565:Stănescu, Mircea (2010).
3548:Din istoria dacoromânilor
3387:, New York, 1999, p. 161
3283:American Jewish Committee
2442:Nicolae Scarlat Stoenescu
2092:
1939:, who were indicted in a
1915:machine, which furnished
1269:People's Democratic Front
1244:National Council of Women
1145:Internal Affairs Ministry
1055:First attempt (1949–1953)
1049:Romanian Communist regime
1013:after consultations with
750:controlled access to the
377:
369:
361:
321:
281:
263:
249:
244:
234:
229:
221:
208:
195:
182:
170:
165:
155:
145:
133:
121:
116:
38:the corresponding article
3324:Applebaum, Anne (2003).
2982:Tismăneanu, pp. 139, 300
2502:
2275:George Matei Cantacuzino
2128:Dunărea se varsă în mare
2101:literature (notably, in
1994:Construction (1973–1987)
1930:
1805:National Peasants' Party
1259:Romanian Orthodox Church
1254:Ștefan Gheorghiu Academy
1224:Union of Communist Youth
1165:Carasu irrigation system
872:and Constanța. Engineer
632:Danube – Black Sea Canal
602:is shallow and sinuous.
3999:Rhine–Main–Danube Canal
3385:Oxford University Press
2924:catalog.osaarchivum.org
2817:Valentin Hossu-Longin,
2531:(in Romanian): 116–117.
2312:Vladimir Constantinescu
1986:, as a means to obtain
1553:Protests and resistance
1229:Great National Assembly
1178:Part of a series on the
1108:Romanian Workers' Party
848:, the secretary of the
728:Danubian Principalities
433:Rhine–Main–Danube Canal
99:For more guidance, see
4139:Danube–Black Sea Canal
4004:Danube–Black Sea Canal
2748:12:1 (1986), pp. 65–79
2477:Danube–Bucharest Canal
2185:rules). In 1973–1974,
2037:
2023:
2011:
2003:
1809:National Liberal Party
1729:assessed in his book,
1712:
1559:1940s–1950s resistance
1516:Danube–Black Sea Canal
1317:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
1135:, in turn replaced by
1083:during a visit to the
1073:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
1068:
1017:. During World War I,
892:Gazeta de Transilvania
834:Ion Ionescu de la Brad
644:
633:
600:Sfântu Gheorghe branch
392:
385:Danube–Black Sea Canal
238:May 1984 (main branch)
117:Danube–Black Sea Canal
4339:Canals opened in 1987
4334:Canals opened in 1984
2955:Treptow, 1996, p. 523
2852:Petrescu, pp. 139–140
2775:Petrescu, pp. 138–139
2757:Petrescu, pp. 136–137
2149:During the period of
2029:
2017:
2009:
2001:
1968:Aurel Rozei-Rozenberg
1771:Tismăneanu Commission
1710:
1297:Constantin Ion Parhon
1184:Socialist Republic of
1102:On May 25, 1949, the
1089:enemies of the people
1062:
1034:Jean Stoenescu-Dunăre
991:United Principalities
897:Karl Ludwig von Bruck
778:, who controlled the
639:
631:
460:communist authorities
101:Knowledge:Translation
72:copyright attribution
16:Ship canal in Romania
4055:Internationalization
3613:A History of Romania
3436:, September 26, 2006
3225:www.wilsoncenter.org
2707:Editura Curtea Veche
1966:, and the engineers
1526:Bărăgan deportations
1063:1951 postage stamp (
895:in July 1855, Baron
720:Treaty of Adrianople
423:. Administered from
3244:Ziarul de Constanța
2918:(August 31, 1984).
2831:on January 21, 2008
2650:Tibor Iván Berend,
2058:Magistrala Albastră
1984:Alexandru Nicolschi
1723:New York University
1594:Romanian Revolution
1312:Ion Gheorghe Maurer
979:Kingdom of Sardinia
468:political prisoners
370:Official River Code
342: /
302: /
3483:2007-02-08 at the
3426:2015-12-22 at the
3361:"Gulag: A History"
3301:2007-07-03 at the
3277:2007-06-15 at the
3083:"Unfinished Canal"
2970:2015-12-22 at the
2572:Economic Geography
2497:Tineretului Statue
2379:Alexandru Nicolici
2374:Leonard Mociulschi
2342:Constantin Galeriu
2322:Gheorghe Cristescu
2307:Alexandru Claudian
2219:Emanoil Bârzotescu
2195:Revolution of 1989
2169:and, most likely,
2105:'s 1950 reportage
2038:
2035:Tineretului statue
2024:
2012:
2004:
1988:forced confessions
1976:life imprisonments
1964:Nichita Dumitrescu
1957:Iosif Chișinevschi
1878:Romanian President
1792:, director of the
1713:
1415:Literacy campaigns
1380:National communism
1137:Mihail Povstanschi
1069:
975:Kingdom of Prussia
645:
634:
403:, which runs from
80:interlanguage link
4344:Canals in Romania
4329:Macro-engineering
4311:
4310:
4098:Communist Romania
4063:
4062:
3622:978-0-88033-345-0
3576:978-973-46-1626-8
3557:978-973-7754-57-8
3433:Jurnalul Național
3404:Stănescu Vol. III
3314:Tismăneanu, p. 36
3056:Gombos, Stelian.
3012:978-973-50-1836-8
2928:Radio Free Europe
2459:Richard Wurmbrand
2337:Gheorghe Eminescu
2229:Szilárd Bogdánffy
2116:Drum fără pulbere
2107:Începutul epopeii
2050:Danube Conference
2042:Nicolae Ceaușescu
2022:lock on the Canal
1756:industrialization
1705:
1704:
1589:Letter of the Six
1483:Socialist realism
1468:Cîntarea României
1332:Nicolae Ceaușescu
867:allies landed at
801:) and Constanța (
786:on the island of
770:and ports in the
670:, up to 3,000 in
551:. It passes near
489:on the Danube to
441:Port of Constanța
437:Port of Cernavodă
395:) is a navigable
381:
380:
346:44.100°N 28.638°E
306:44.346°N 28.023°E
112:
111:
45:
4396:
4090:
4083:
4076:
4067:
4066:
3732:
3654:
3647:
3640:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3607:
3580:
3561:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3532:www.breiling.org
3529:
3511:
3494:
3488:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3446:
3437:
3418:
3407:
3401:
3395:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3327:Gulag: a history
3321:
3315:
3312:
3306:
3291:
3285:
3265:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3222:
3214:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3114:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3024:
3015:
2998:
2994:
2983:
2980:
2974:
2962:
2956:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2912:
2885:
2880:
2874:
2871:
2865:
2864:Petrescu, p. 141
2862:
2853:
2850:
2841:
2840:Petrescu, p. 139
2838:
2832:
2815:
2776:
2773:
2767:
2766:Petrescu, p. 138
2764:
2758:
2755:
2749:
2742:
2736:
2727:
2710:
2699:Adrian Cioroianu
2696:
2659:
2648:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2619:
2608:
2600:
2575:
2568:
2533:
2532:
2526:
2522:"Apele Dobrogei"
2517:
2464:Sabina Wurmbrand
2450:
2433:
2400:
2387:
2364:Pyotr Leshchenko
2350:
2303:
2260:
2247:
2177:(by means of an
1925:Northern Dobruja
1801:collectivization
1791:
1752:Northern Dobruja
1697:
1690:
1683:
1629:De-satellization
1584:Brașov Rebellion
1478:Obsessive decade
1473:Cenaclul Flacăra
1425:De-Stalinization
1405:Collectivization
1322:Gheorghe Apostol
1239:Patriotic Guards
1196:
1175:
1174:
1141:Adrian Cioroianu
1038:Great Depression
1019:Austro-Hungarian
764:István Széchenyi
696:
607:land reclamation
357:
356:
354:
353:
352:
347:
343:
340:
339:
338:
335:
317:
316:
314:
313:
312:
307:
303:
300:
299:
298:
295:
150:Constanța County
138:
126:
114:
113:
91:
85:
58:Google Translate
43:
27:
26:
19:
4404:
4403:
4399:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4314:
4313:
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4307:
4271:
4230:
4169:
4143:
4122:
4101:
4094:
4064:
4059:
4008:
3987:
3849:
3733:
3724:
3663:
3658:
3623:
3604:
3577:
3558:
3536:
3534:
3527:
3519:
3514:
3497:Dennis Deletant
3495:
3491:
3485:Wayback Machine
3476:
3472:
3463:
3461:
3448:
3447:
3440:
3428:Wayback Machine
3419:
3410:
3402:
3398:
3376:
3372:
3365:forejustice.org
3359:Sherrer, Hans.
3357:
3353:
3346:
3322:
3318:
3313:
3309:
3303:Wayback Machine
3292:
3288:
3279:Wayback Machine
3268:Joseph Gordon,
3266:
3259:
3249:
3247:
3236:
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3220:
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3215:
3208:
3198:
3196:
3183:
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3018:
2996:
2995:
2986:
2981:
2977:
2972:Wayback Machine
2963:
2959:
2954:
2950:
2940:
2938:
2916:Socor, Vladimir
2913:
2888:
2881:
2877:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2856:
2851:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2816:
2779:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2761:
2756:
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2743:
2739:
2728:
2713:
2697:
2662:
2649:
2632:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2578:
2569:
2536:
2524:
2518:
2509:
2505:
2473:
2468:
2444:
2427:
2410:Ovidiu Papadima
2394:
2392:Emil Pălăngeanu
2381:
2344:
2327:Dimitrie Cuclin
2317:Corneliu Coposu
2297:
2295:Andrei Ciurunga
2254:
2241:
2211:
2201:'s 2005 novel,
2199:György Dragomán
2095:
2052:). In official
1996:
1933:
1885:The Death Canal
1785:
1783:Nicolae Doicaru
1740:Volga–Don Canal
1701:
1672:
1671:
1642:
1634:
1633:
1614:
1606:
1605:
1554:
1546:
1545:
1506:
1498:
1497:
1458:
1450:
1449:
1445:1980s austerity
1435:Systematization
1420:Five-Year Plans
1410:Nationalization
1400:
1392:
1391:
1360:
1352:
1351:
1347:Elena Ceaușescu
1292:
1284:
1283:
1209:Communist Party
1204:
1185:
1173:
1057:
967:Ismail counties
955:Treaty of Paris
938:Forbes Campbell
874:Charles Lalanne
827:Karl von Bigaro
760:Austrian Empire
716:
711:
694:
626:
614:Volga–Don Canal
596:railroad system
577:
476:
350:
348:
344:
341:
336:
333:
331:
329:
328:
310:
308:
304:
301:
296:
293:
291:
289:
288:
239:
216:
203:
190:
177:
175:
141:
129:
108:
107:
106:
89:
83:
46:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4402:
4392:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4279:
4277:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4238:
4236:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4177:
4175:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4151:
4149:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4141:
4136:
4130:
4128:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4109:
4107:
4103:
4102:
4093:
4092:
4085:
4078:
4070:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4016:
4014:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4006:
4001:
3995:
3993:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3859:
3857:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3734:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3664:
3657:
3656:
3649:
3642:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3621:
3608:
3602:
3581:
3575:
3562:
3556:
3543:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3489:
3470:
3438:
3408:
3396:
3370:
3351:
3344:
3316:
3307:
3286:
3257:
3230:
3206:
3177:
3170:
3139:
3106:
3074:
3048:
3016:
2984:
2975:
2957:
2948:
2886:
2875:
2866:
2854:
2842:
2833:
2777:
2768:
2759:
2750:
2737:
2711:
2660:
2630:
2576:
2534:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2482:Bystroye Canal
2479:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2439:
2434:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2405:Gherman Pântea
2402:
2389:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2265:Barbu Brezianu
2262:
2252:Ioan Gh. Botez
2249:
2239:Fortunát Boros
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2215:
2210:
2207:
2203:The White King
2191:Canalul morții
2153:preceding the
2151:liberalization
2144:Mirabela Dauer
2125:symphonic poem
2111:Petru Dumitriu
2094:
2091:
2067:(IPTANA) from
2046:rehabilitation
1995:
1992:
1932:
1929:
1889:Canalul Morții
1881:Klaus Iohannis
1870:Vladimir Socor
1862:Anne Applebaum
1843:social classes
1767:Augustin Albon
1703:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1536:Pitești prison
1533:
1531:Tămădău Affair
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1367:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1189:
1188:
1180:
1179:
1172:
1169:
1133:Meyer Grünberg
1125:Gheorghe Hossu
1085:Moscow Kremlin
1056:
1053:
1015:Grigore Antipa
923:Steaua Dunării
850:United Kingdom
846:David Urquhart
797:or Cernavodă (
776:Russian Empire
748:Russian Empire
724:Ottoman Empire
715:
712:
710:
707:
625:
622:
618:Central Europe
576:
573:
517:, Castelu and
475:
472:
379:
378:
375:
374:
371:
367:
366:
363:
359:
358:
351:44.100; 28.638
326:
319:
318:
311:44.346; 28.023
286:
279:
278:
265:
261:
260:
251:
247:
246:
242:
241:
236:
235:Date completed
232:
231:
227:
226:
223:
219:
218:
213:
206:
205:
200:
193:
192:
187:
180:
179:
172:
168:
167:
166:Specifications
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
147:
143:
142:
139:
131:
130:
127:
119:
118:
110:
109:
105:
104:
97:
86:
64:
61:
50:
47:
33:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4401:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4274:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4257:Râmnicu Sărat
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4146:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4125:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4099:
4091:
4086:
4084:
4079:
4077:
4072:
4071:
4068:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4011:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3731:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3655:
3650:
3648:
3643:
3641:
3636:
3635:
3632:
3624:
3618:
3614:
3609:
3605:
3603:0-520-23747-1
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3582:
3578:
3572:
3568:
3563:
3559:
3553:
3549:
3544:
3533:
3526:
3521:
3520:
3510:
3509:1-56324-633-3
3506:
3502:
3498:
3493:
3486:
3482:
3479:
3474:
3460:on 2021-11-13
3459:
3455:
3451:
3445:
3443:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3425:
3422:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3406:, p. 280
3405:
3400:
3394:
3393:0-19-511993-2
3390:
3386:
3382:
3381:
3374:
3366:
3362:
3355:
3347:
3345:9780767900560
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3328:
3320:
3311:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3290:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3273:
3272:, pp. 299–301
3271:
3264:
3262:
3246:(in Romanian)
3245:
3241:
3234:
3226:
3219:
3213:
3211:
3195:(in Romanian)
3194:
3193:
3188:
3181:
3173:
3171:1-59420-065-3
3167:
3163:
3159:
3158:Penguin Press
3155:
3154:
3149:
3143:
3132:September 12,
3128:
3124:
3123:www.rferl.org
3120:
3113:
3111:
3095:on 2013-08-25
3094:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3078:
3067:September 12,
3063:(in Romanian)
3062:
3059:
3052:
3037:(in Romanian)
3036:
3035:
3030:
3023:
3021:
3014:, pp. 253-261
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:(in Romanian)
2993:
2991:
2989:
2979:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2961:
2952:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2884:
2879:
2870:
2861:
2859:
2849:
2847:
2837:
2830:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2772:
2763:
2754:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2620:on 2020-08-09
2616:
2612:
2605:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2573:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2530:
2523:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2507:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2454:Franț Țandără
2452:
2448:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2369:Petru Manoliu
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2359:George Ivașcu
2357:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2290:Radu Ciuceanu
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2270:Radu Câmpeanu
2268:
2266:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2016:
2008:
2000:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1982:squad led by
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1928:
1926:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1904:Romanian Army
1901:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1874:Andrei Muraru
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1848:According to
1846:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1829:, as well as
1828:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1795:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1709:
1698:
1693:
1691:
1686:
1684:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1542:
1541:Sighet prison
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1375:Neo-Stalinism
1373:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1337:Manea Mănescu
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1288:
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1093:Port of Midia
1090:
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1081:Joseph Stalin
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811:transshipment
808:
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804:
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780:Sulina branch
777:
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592:Sulina branch
589:
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39:
34:You can help
30:
21:
20:
4379:Penal labour
4364:Danube basin
4138:
4040:Danube Delta
4003:
3928:Great Morava
3612:
3585:
3566:
3547:
3535:. Retrieved
3531:
3500:
3492:
3473:
3462:. Retrieved
3458:the original
3453:
3431:
3399:
3379:
3373:
3364:
3354:
3330:. New York:
3326:
3319:
3310:
3294:
3289:
3269:
3248:. Retrieved
3243:
3233:
3224:
3197:. Retrieved
3190:
3180:
3156:. New York:
3152:
3142:
3130:. Retrieved
3122:
3097:. Retrieved
3093:the original
3086:
3077:
3065:. Retrieved
3060:
3051:
3039:. Retrieved
3032:
2978:
2960:
2951:
2941:November 27,
2939:. Retrieved
2923:
2878:
2869:
2836:
2829:the original
2822:
2771:
2762:
2753:
2745:
2740:
2702:
2651:
2622:. Retrieved
2615:the original
2610:
2571:
2528:
2437:Toma Spătaru
2425:Ștefan Radof
2354:Șerban Ghica
2224:Arsenie Boca
2212:
2202:
2190:
2174:
2164:
2154:
2148:
2135:
2127:
2121:Leon Klepper
2114:
2106:
2096:
2088:
2077:
2072:
2071:, while the
2064:
2062:
2057:
2039:
1961:
1937:conspirators
1934:
1922:
1917:Stakhanovite
1908:middle-class
1897:
1888:
1884:
1866:tuberculosis
1850:Marius Oprea
1847:
1798:
1764:
1760:
1737:
1730:
1714:
1662:Soviet Union
1521:Re-education
1515:
1327:Chivu Stoica
1164:
1157:Mircea Vodă
1156:
1153:
1122:
1101:
1070:
1041:
1031:
1004:Sulina Canal
988:
982:
952:
945:
942:Abdul Medjid
931:
921:
917:
904:
890:
888:
877:
858:
831:
823:
802:
798:
792:
756:Danube Delta
717:
692:
661:inland ports
658:
646:
604:
585:
581:Danube Delta
578:
546:
527:
484:
477:
457:
444:
384:
382:
76:edit summary
67:
35:
4324:Ship canals
4160:Ocnele Mari
4134:Brăila Pond
4100:(1945–1967)
4096:Prisons in
4035:Danube Bend
3923:Timiș/Tamiš
3855:Tributaries
3454:agerpres.ro
3099:January 16,
2746:Geo Journal
2445: [
2428: [
2395: [
2382: [
2345: [
2298: [
2280:Ion Caraion
2255: [
2242: [
2234:Matei Boilă
2171:Eugen Barbu
2161:Marin Preda
2156:July Theses
2140:Dan Spătaru
1854:Poarta Albă
1839:bourgeoisie
1786: [
1718:labor camps
1657:North Korea
1370:July Theses
1342:Ilie Verdeț
1302:Petru Groza
1117:Anna Pauker
1113:Petru Groza
1065:overprinted
861:Crimean War
854:Ahmed Vefik
840:and by the
503:Mircea Vodă
491:Poarta Albă
464:labor camps
449:Poarta Albă
349: /
324:coordinates
309: /
284:coordinates
250:Start point
185:boat length
4318:Categories
4303:Târgu Ocna
4216:Lead mines
4201:Dumbrăveni
4113:Caransebeș
3913:Tisza/Tisa
3903:Ipeľ/Ipoly
3775:Bratislava
3755:Regensburg
3750:Ingolstadt
3661:The Danube
3517:References
3464:2021-02-09
3334:. p.
3250:August 13,
3199:August 13,
3160:. p.
3148:Judt, Tony
3041:August 11,
2624:2012-02-26
2420:Pavel Popa
2415:Aurel Popa
2183:Phanariote
2175:Principele
2132:Ion Bostan
2054:propaganda
1980:Securitate
1941:show trial
1913:propaganda
1820:Iron Guard
1815:, and the
1794:Securitate
1725:professor
1667:Yugoslavia
1511:Censorship
1505:Repression
1430:Decree 770
1307:Ana Pauker
1214:Securitate
1159:irrigation
1149:Securitate
1147:, and the
977:, and the
910:consortium
803:Küstendjie
784:quarantine
714:Precedents
624:Dimensions
575:Motivation
493:. On this
362:Branch(es)
337:28°38′17″E
334:44°06′00″N
297:28°01′23″E
294:44°20′46″N
282:Beginning
211:boat draft
4267:Văcărești
4235:Wallachia
4165:Târgu Jiu
4118:Timișoara
3805:Smederevo
3668:Countries
3332:Doubleday
3281:, at the
3004:Humanitas
2611:iptana.ro
2285:Ion Cârja
2187:Ion Cârja
2103:Geo Bogza
2069:Bucharest
1945:espionage
1893:euphemism
1779:Peninsula
1727:Tony Judt
1365:Dacianism
1279:Comturist
1104:Politburo
1097:Bosphorus
930:issued a
844:diplomat
838:Ion Ghica
819:roadstead
799:Bogaz Köi
752:Black Sea
732:Wallachia
649:Constanța
534:Murfatlar
515:Agi Cabul
487:Cernavodă
474:Geography
439:with the
429:North Sea
421:Black Sea
413:Constanța
405:Cernavodă
268:Black Sea
264:End point
258:Cernavodă
245:Geography
198:boat beam
94:talk page
40:in Hebrew
4283:Botoșani
4013:See also
3973:Ialomița
3800:Belgrade
3795:Novi Sad
3785:Budapest
3705:Bulgaria
3685:Slovakia
3590:Berkeley
3481:Archived
3424:Archived
3299:Archived
3275:Archived
3192:Adevărul
3150:(2005).
3061:Historia
3034:Adevărul
3006:, 2007,
2968:Archived
2471:See also
2179:allegory
2134:'s 1951
2099:agitprop
1953:sabotage
1835:Catholic
1831:Orthodox
1748:pickaxes
1399:Policies
1359:Ideology
1264:Scînteia
1249:Pioneers
918:per tone
842:Scottish
815:Istanbul
736:Moldavia
642:Medgidia
565:Năvodari
553:Nazarcea
523:Medgidia
519:Nisipari
507:Medgidia
451:and the
417:Năvodari
389:Romanian
373:XV.1.10b
276:Năvodari
209:Maximum
196:Maximum
183:Maximum
146:Location
70:provide
4298:Suceava
4262:Târgșor
4252:Pitești
4206:Făgăraș
4155:Craiova
4148:Oltenia
4127:Dobruja
4025:Brigach
3790:Vukovar
3720:Ukraine
3715:Moldova
3710:Romania
3695:Croatia
3690:Hungary
3680:Austria
3675:Germany
3537:May 22,
2080:dollars
1824:Zionist
1817:fascist
1744:shovels
1716:forced
1457:Culture
1291:Leaders
1186:Romania
1161:complex
1079:leader
1011:Carol I
1000:Dobruja
989:As the
983:Zimbrul
963:Bolgrad
905:Zimbrul
879:Zimbrul
754:in the
726:in the
709:History
676:tonnage
672:tonnage
538:Cumpăna
511:Castelu
499:Saligny
419:on the
407:on the
401:Romania
322:Ending
230:History
160:Romania
156:Country
92:to the
74:in the
4359:Danube
4288:Galați
4247:Mislea
4242:Jilava
4226:Sighet
4221:Oradea
4211:Gherla
4186:Brașov
4030:Source
3992:Canals
3958:Yantra
3888:Morava
3845:Tulcea
3840:Kiliia
3835:Izmail
3825:Galați
3820:Brăila
3770:Vienna
3760:Passau
3738:Cities
3700:Serbia
3619:
3600:
3573:
3554:
3507:
3391:
3342:
3168:
3010:
2093:In art
2020:Agigea
1951:, and
1811:, the
1807:, the
1624:SovRom
1488:Emblem
1463:Daciad
1077:Soviet
1027:tunnel
933:firman
928:Sultan
914:league
865:French
795:Rasova
772:Crimea
744:Galați
740:Brăila
699:Panama
668:barges
654:radius
611:Soviet
598:; the
561:Ovidiu
557:Lumina
542:Agigea
480:Carasu
425:Agigea
409:Danube
272:Agigea
254:Danube
171:Length
4106:Banat
3978:Siret
3968:Argeș
3963:Vedea
3943:Iskar
3933:Timok
3908:Drava
3873:Regen
3863:Iller
3810:Vidin
3528:(PDF)
3430:, in
3221:(PDF)
2618:(PDF)
2607:(PDF)
2525:(PDF)
2503:Notes
2449:]
2432:]
2399:]
2386:]
2349:]
2302:]
2259:]
2246:]
2197:. In
2084:euros
1949:fraud
1931:Trial
1790:]
1775:Galeș
1652:Italy
1647:China
1579:SLOMR
1439:Rural
959:Cahul
869:Varna
788:Letea
768:Odesa
688:locks
684:draft
665:towed
569:Cocoș
495:reach
397:canal
222:Locks
54:DeepL
4293:Iași
4191:Cluj
4181:Aiud
4020:Breg
3983:Prut
3953:Osam
3918:Sava
3898:Hron
3878:Isar
3868:Lech
3830:Reni
3815:Ruse
3780:Győr
3765:Linz
3617:ISBN
3598:ISBN
3571:ISBN
3552:ISBN
3539:2021
3505:ISBN
3389:ISBN
3340:ISBN
3252:2021
3201:2021
3166:ISBN
3134:2022
3101:2021
3088:Time
3069:2022
3043:2021
3008:ISBN
2943:2021
2824:Ziua
2142:and
2018:The
1970:and
1833:and
1827:Jews
1777:and
1746:and
1493:Flag
1219:Army
1042:see
1008:King
965:and
884:Iași
859:The
742:and
734:and
703:Suez
701:and
680:beam
616:and
563:and
540:and
415:and
383:The
274:and
68:must
66:You
4196:Dej
3948:Olt
3938:Jiu
3893:Váh
3883:Inn
3745:Ulm
3336:456
3162:192
2932:hdl
2173:'s
2163:'s
2123:'s
2113:'s
2060:).
2031:UTC
1900:lei
1075:by
882:of
730:of
399:in
270:at
256:at
56:or
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2930:.
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2633:^
2609:.
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2537:^
2527:.
2510:^
2447:ro
2430:ro
2397:ro
2384:ro
2347:ro
2300:ro
2257:ro
2244:ro
2086:.
1990:.
1959:.
1947:,
1822:,
1788:ro
1051:.
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3203:.
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2388:†
2261:†
2248:†
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1441:)
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387:(
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