40:
1447:
1456:
328:
355:
In a unanimous decision, the
Supreme Court restored the trial judge's declaration on the first issue, as it settled a "live controversy." However, it agreed that there was no "practical utility" in issuing the other declarations, as those questions "would be a restatement of the existing law." It did
301:
The defendants argued that there were insufficient facts for a declaration to be issued, that MĂ©tis had never been considered
Indians, and that there was not a group known as "non-status Indians." They denied allegations of discrimination. They claimed that issuing any declaration requested by the
326:
intended to give themselves adequate power to deal with any and all situations involving indigenous people that could frustrate these purposes and accordingly the power over "Indians" at section 91(24) was large enough to deal with all
Aboriginal people, including the MĂ©tis of the West. The court
415:. That may lead to the recognition of 200,000 recognized as MĂ©tis, a further 200,000 who identify themselves as such, and 200,000 Indians who live off-reserve. It might also be viewed as an incentive for Indians to move off-reserve, in order to earn higher incomes and thus encourage a
236:
The plaintiffs were Harry
Daniels, a MĂ©tis activist from Saskatchewan, who died before the case was heard; his son Gabriel; Leah Gardner, a non-status Indian from Ontario; Terry Joudrey, a non-status Indian from Nova Scotia; and the
347:, with the court upholding the original decision but excluded non-status Indians from its scope. The Supreme Court of Canada heard a subsequent appeal on 8 October 2015 and restored the trial judge's ruling on 14 April 2016.
1593:
65:
Harry
Daniels, Gabriel Daniels, Leah Gardner, Terry Joudrey and Congress of Aboriginal Peoples v Her Majesty the Queen as represented by the Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development and Attorney General of
804:
814:
1748:
1495:
746:
1152:
870:
794:
1533:
318:
were settlement, expansion and development of the
Dominion; that building a transcontinental railroad was integral to those purposes, that section 91(24) of the
280:
and that they have the right to be consulted by the federal government on a collective basis, respecting their rights, interests and needs as
Aboriginal people.
921:
375:
310:
The
Federal Court agreed to the first declaration but dismissed the other two. It determined that such a declaration was along the lines recommended by the
1103:
739:
1208:
246:
1403:
397:
The fact that federal jurisdiction exists in the matter does not necessarily invalidate any provincial legislation, as the
Supreme Court had held in
682:
732:
411:
The
Supreme Court's characterization of MĂ©tis as being equivalent to "MĂ©tis-as-mixed" appeared to represent a reversal of its ruling in
593:
1845:
1173:
1096:
709:
1626:
1500:
1313:
799:
381:
1588:
1743:
1299:
1047:
630:
Harry Daniels, et al. v. Her Majesty the Queen as represented by The Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, et al.
1835:
1145:
1059:
1648:
1840:
311:
298:
did not apply, and that the government's refusal to recognize those groups meant that they have been discriminated against.
1346:
915:
1850:
1524:
1738:
156:
17:
1091:
343:
On 6 February 2013, the Canadian government appealed the ruling. The appeal was heard on 29–30 October 2013 by the
1480:
1470:
1436:
1414:
1079:
784:
399:
1575:
1138:
238:
768:
Note: "Aboriginal law" refers to Canadian law dealing with Indigenous peoples; "Indigenous law" refers to the
1676:
1166:
1053:
864:
363:
1718:
1570:
909:
403:
that it "favour, where possible, the ordinary operation of statutes enacted by both levels of government."
1490:
1351:
963:
1830:
1583:
629:
434:
327:
found support for that interpretation in the fact that MĂ©tis had been recognized as "Indians" under the
1065:
789:
367:
had already accepted that Canada’s Aboriginal peoples had a fiduciary relationship with the Crown, and
250:
98:
1485:
1475:
1187:
322:, the power over "Indians," was related to these purposes, that by section 91(24) the Framers of the
207:
1562:
618:
1753:
1619:
883:
1338:
933:
852:
759:
755:
344:
289:
211:
164:
45:
1733:
105:
1666:
836:
224:
168:
128:
1636:
1614:
1085:
180:
1804:
1660:
1642:
1124:
391:
already recognized a context-specific duty to negotiate when Aboriginal rights are engaged.
8:
1654:
1429:
724:
1711:
1505:
1389:
1361:
687:
270:
that MĂ©tis and non-status Indians are "Indians" as the term is used in s 91(24) of the
242:
219:
145:
1706:
1327:
970:
939:
714:
176:
172:
72:
39:
1728:
1671:
1306:
1159:
1041:
903:
876:
705:
285:
160:
1444:
1789:
1215:
1072:
1799:
1784:
1446:
1774:
1455:
1422:
1201:
846:
152:
1723:
1824:
1809:
1365:
1278:
1249:
1236:
1222:
858:
809:
769:
1794:
459:
1769:
1631:
1609:
1372:
1257:
1229:
1194:
1683:
1384:
1355:
1285:
416:
284:
That was based on the facts the MĂ©tis had been considered Aboriginals in
292:, that non-status Indians were those descended from Indians to whom the
1779:
1292:
1264:
1243:
1180:
1131:
1034:
387:
294:
1542:
1026:
1021:
927:
371:
accepted that such a relationship exists between the Crown and MĂ©tis.
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
1450:
816:
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act
215:
1271:
594:"Feds to appeal landmark ruling on Metis and non-status Indians"
132:
is a broad term referring to all Indigenous peoples in Canada.
1377:
419:
that could undermine the economic viability of the reserves.
754:
203:
Daniels v Canada (Indian Affairs and Northern Development)
33:
Daniels v Canada (Indian Affairs and Northern Development)
795:
Section 25 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
683:"The Supreme Court ruling on MĂ©tis: A roadmap to nowhere"
101:, 4 FCR 97 (17 April 2014), setting aside in part
376:
Haida Nation v British Columbia (Minister of Forests)
277:
that the Queen owes a fiduciary duty to them as such,
894:
335:was narrower than the one found in section 91(24).
331:. He agreed that the definition of "Indian" in the
247:
Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development
116:Appeal allowed in part and cross‑appeal dismissed.
1404:Index of articles related to Indigenous Canadians
222:are "Indians" for the purpose of s 91(24) of the
1822:
1594:Union nationale métisse Saint-Joseph du Manitoba
314:. It found that the overarching purposes of the
1104:Ongoing treaty negotiations in British Columbia
302:plaintiffs would lead only to more litigation.
1430:
740:
805:Section 91(24) of the Constitution Act, 1867
369:Manitoba Metis Federation Inc v Canada (AG)
266:The plaintiffs asked the court to declare:
1437:
1423:
747:
733:
704:
700:
698:
1501:Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians
800:Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982
710:"The problems with the Daniels decision"
680:
1749:Metis Child and Family Services Society
1300:St Catharines Milling and Lumber Co v R
1048:James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement
14:
1823:
1174:Native Women's Assn of Canada v Canada
695:
619:MĂ©tis are within federal jurisdiction.
1589:Vancouver MĂ©tis Community Association
1418:
1314:Tsilhqot'in Nation v British Columbia
728:
382:Tsilhqot'in Nation v British Columbia
312:Royal Commission on Aboriginal People
1649:The National Committee of the MĂ©tis
1125:Attorney General of Canada v Lavell
435:SCC Case Information - Docket 35945
24:
1525:Legislative Assembly of Assiniboia
25:
1862:
1506:MĂ©tis Settlements General Council
1146:Chippewas of Sarnia Band v Canada
681:Andersen, Chris (14 April 2016).
126:"Indians" under s. 91(24) of the
95:Canada (Indian Affairs) v Daniels
27:2016 Supreme Court of Canada case
1846:Canadian constitutional case law
1496:Northwest Territory MĂ©tis Nation
1454:
1445:
772:of individual Indigenous groups.
350:
256:
38:
1739:MĂ©tis Population Betterment Act
1080:Duty to consult and accommodate
916:Lake Simcoe–Lake Huron Purchase
785:Aboriginal land title in Canada
674:
661:
652:
643:
634:
623:
612:
586:
574:
562:
550:
538:
400:Canadian Western Bank v Alberta
1744:List of settlements in Alberta
1576:Congress of Aboriginal Peoples
600:. QMI Agency. February 6, 2013
526:
514:
502:
490:
478:
466:
452:
440:
428:
239:Congress of Aboriginal Peoples
13:
1:
1836:Supreme Court of Canada cases
1677:Nemaha Half-Breed Reservation
1471:MĂ©tis Nation British Columbia
1167:Delgamuukw v British Columbia
1054:Nunavut Land Claims Agreement
865:Peace and Friendship Treaties
422:
364:Delgamuukw v British Columbia
108:, 2 FCR 268 (8 January 2013)
93:APPEAL and CROSS‑APPEAL from
1841:Canadian Aboriginal case law
910:Penetanguishene Bay Purchase
329:Secretary of State Act, 1868
261:
7:
964:Gradual Enfranchisement Act
475:, paras. 30, 34, 37, and 40
10:
1867:
1571:North Slave MĂ©tis Alliance
790:Royal Proclamation of 1763
338:
305:
251:Attorney General of Canada
231:
1851:2016 in Canadian case law
1762:
1699:
1602:
1555:
1517:
1491:Manitoba MĂ©tis Federation
1481:Métis Nation—Saskatchewan
1463:
1399:
1337:
1188:R v Marshall; R v Bernard
1139:Calder v British Columbia
1116:
953:
834:
825:
777:
766:
406:
191:
186:
141:
136:
125:
120:
112:
89:
81:
71:
60:
53:
37:
32:
1754:Gabriel Dumont Institute
1584:Alberta MĂ©tis Federation
1547:(Southbranch Settlement)
1538:(Southbranch Settlement)
1339:Indigenous customary law
884:Gradual Civilization Act
871:Treaties of Fort Niagara
245:, as represented by the
54:Hearing: 8 October 2015
1486:MĂ©tis Nation of Ontario
1476:MĂ©tis Nation of Alberta
1209:Paul v British Columbia
1066:Nisga'a Final Agreement
934:Saugeen Tract Agreement
853:Great Peace of Montreal
437:Supreme Court of Canada
345:Federal Court of Appeal
290:North-Western Territory
212:Supreme Court of Canada
165:Andromache Karakatsanis
56:Judgment: 14 April 2016
46:Supreme Court of Canada
1667:Southbranch Settlement
1563:MĂ©tis National Council
1534:Council of St. Laurent
828:governmental relations
667:SCC, par. 51, quoting
324:Constitution Act, 1867
320:Constitution Act, 1867
316:Constitution Act, 1867
272:Constitution Act, 1867
241:. The defendants were
225:Constitution Act, 1867
129:Constitution Act, 1867
1637:Pemmican Proclamation
669:Canadian Western Bank
243:Her Majesty the Queen
1661:North-West Rebellion
1643:Battle of Seven Oaks
1518:Historic Governments
922:Huron Tract Purchase
192:Unanimous reasons by
1655:Red River Rebellion
756:Canadian Aboriginal
708:(10 January 2013).
547:, paras. 20 and 619
214:, which ruled that
1805:MĂ©tis buffalo hunt
1529:(Red River Colony)
1464:Modern Governments
1362:Great Law of Peace
1086:Jordan's Principle
954:Post-Confederation
942:(1850, 1854, 1859)
688:The Globe and Mail
487:, paras. 38 and 39
220:non-status Indians
146:Beverley McLachlin
1818:
1817:
1580:
1567:
1548:
1539:
1530:
1510:
1412:
1411:
1328:Restoule v Canada
1153:Corbiere v Canada
1112:
1111:
971:Numbered Treaties
949:
948:
940:Robinson Treaties
715:The National Post
706:Kheiriddin, Tasha
210:is a case of the
199:
198:
18:Daniels v. Canada
16:(Redirected from
1858:
1672:Half-Breed Tract
1578:
1565:
1546:
1537:
1528:
1508:
1458:
1449:
1439:
1432:
1425:
1416:
1415:
1321:Daniels v Canada
1307:R v Van der Peet
1160:Daniels v Canada
904:Toronto Purchase
892:
891:
877:Douglas Treaties
832:
831:
749:
742:
735:
726:
725:
720:
719:
702:
693:
692:
678:
672:
665:
659:
656:
650:
647:
641:
640:SCC, par. 53, 56
638:
632:
627:
621:
616:
610:
609:
607:
605:
590:
584:
578:
572:
571:, paras. 362–364
566:
560:
554:
548:
542:
536:
530:
524:
518:
512:
506:
500:
494:
488:
482:
476:
470:
464:
463:
456:
450:
444:
438:
432:
161:Michael Moldaver
150:Puisne Justices:
137:Court membership
103:Daniels v Canada
42:
30:
29:
21:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1831:MĂ©tis in Canada
1821:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1758:
1695:
1598:
1551:
1513:
1459:
1443:
1413:
1408:
1395:
1347:Self-government
1333:
1216:Paulette Caveat
1108:
1097:specific claims
1088:(proposed 2005)
1073:Paix des Braves
955:
945:
896:
890:
839:
827:
821:
773:
762:
753:
723:
703:
696:
679:
675:
666:
662:
657:
653:
648:
644:
639:
635:
628:
624:
617:
613:
603:
601:
592:
591:
587:
579:
575:
567:
563:
555:
551:
543:
539:
531:
527:
519:
515:
507:
503:
495:
491:
483:
479:
471:
467:
460:"Harry Daniels"
458:
457:
453:
445:
441:
433:
429:
425:
409:
353:
341:
308:
264:
259:
234:
157:Thomas Cromwell
148:
55:
49:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1864:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1775:Chinook Jargon
1772:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1707:Canadian MĂ©tis
1703:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1690:Daniels ruling
1687:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1669:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1573:
1568:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1540:
1531:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1442:
1441:
1434:
1427:
1419:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1381:
1369:
1359:
1349:
1343:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1324:
1317:
1310:
1303:
1296:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1268:
1261:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1240:
1233:
1226:
1219:
1212:
1205:
1202:Mitchell v MNR
1198:
1191:
1184:
1177:
1170:
1163:
1156:
1149:
1142:
1135:
1128:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1039:
1038:(1876–present)
1031:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
968:
959:
957:
951:
950:
947:
946:
944:
943:
937:
931:
925:
919:
913:
907:
900:
898:
889:
888:
880:
874:
868:
862:
856:
850:
847:Covenant Chain
843:
841:
829:
823:
822:
820:
819:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
781:
779:
778:Sources of law
775:
774:
767:
764:
763:
760:Indigenous law
752:
751:
744:
737:
729:
722:
721:
694:
673:
660:
651:
642:
633:
622:
611:
585:
573:
561:
549:
537:
525:
513:
501:
489:
477:
465:
451:
439:
426:
424:
421:
408:
405:
395:
394:
393:
392:
372:
352:
349:
340:
337:
307:
304:
282:
281:
278:
275:
263:
260:
258:
255:
233:
230:
197:
196:
193:
189:
188:
184:
183:
173:Clément Gascon
169:Richard Wagner
153:Rosalie Abella
143:Chief Justice:
139:
138:
134:
133:
123:
122:
118:
117:
114:
110:
109:
91:
87:
86:
83:
79:
78:
75:
69:
68:
62:
61:Full case name
58:
57:
51:
50:
43:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1863:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1811:
1810:Red River Jig
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1684:Powley ruling
1682:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1579:(Canada-wide)
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1566:(Canada-wide)
1564:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1556:Organizations
1554:
1544:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1440:
1435:
1433:
1428:
1426:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1366:Haudenosaunee
1363:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1352:Grand Council
1350:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1279:R v Pamajewon
1276:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1250:Gladue report
1248:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1237:R v Gladstone
1234:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1223:Powley ruling
1220:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1032:
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941:
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859:Nanfan Treaty
857:
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837:Confederation
833:
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826:Treaties and
824:
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96:
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90:Prior history
88:
84:
80:
76:
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63:
59:
52:
48:
47:
41:
36:
31:
19:
1800:MĂ©tis fiddle
1785:MĂ©tis French
1689:
1632:Pemmican War
1610:Indian trade
1536:(1873–1878)
1383:
1373:Pittailiniit
1371:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1312:
1305:
1298:
1291:
1284:
1277:
1270:
1263:
1258:R v Gonzales
1256:
1242:
1235:
1230:R v Drybones
1228:
1221:
1214:
1207:
1200:
1195:R v Marshall
1193:
1186:
1179:
1172:
1165:
1158:
1151:
1144:
1137:
1130:
1123:
1082:(since 2004)
1071:
1033:
973:(1871–1921)
962:
895:Upper Canada
882:
815:
713:
686:
676:
668:
663:
658:SCC, par. 56
654:
649:SCC, par. 53
645:
636:
625:
614:
604:February 26,
602:. Retrieved
597:
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556:
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177:Suzanne Côté
149:
142:
127:
102:
99:2014 FCA 101
94:
64:
44:
1729:Bois-Brûlés
1724:Anglo-MĂ©tis
1657:(1869–1870)
1651:(est. 1864)
1390:Plains Cree
1385:Wahkohtowin
1286:R v Sparrow
1092:Land claims
1042:White Paper
967:(1869–1876)
956:(post-1867)
887:(1857–1869)
873:(1764–1784)
867:(1725–1779)
598:Toronto Sun
583:, para. 551
449:, para. 619
417:brain drain
208:2016 SCC 12
77:2016 SCC 12
1825:Categories
1780:Hivernants
1712:in Alberta
1293:Re Eskimos
1265:R v Guerin
1244:R v Gladue
1181:Kruger v R
1132:R v Badger
1035:Indian Act
840:(pre-1867)
718:. Toronto.
559:, para. 59
535:, para. 53
423:References
388:R v Powley
333:Indian Act
295:Indian Act
249:, and the
82:Docket No.
1620:Fur trade
1543:Exovedate
1509:(Alberta)
928:Treaty 45
879:(1850–54)
671:, par. 37
523:, para. 5
511:, para. 4
499:, para. 3
262:Arguments
106:2013 FC 6
73:Citations
1719:US MĂ©tis
1627:Marriage
1615:Scottish
1117:Case law
897:treaties
288:and the
195:Abella J
1763:Culture
1700:Society
1603:History
1545:(1885)
1527:(1870)
1453:people
1356:Miꞌkmaq
1272:R v Jim
849:(1670s)
581:Daniels
569:Daniels
557:Daniels
545:Daniels
533:Daniels
521:Daniels
509:Daniels
497:Daniels
485:Daniels
473:Daniels
447:Daniels
339:Appeals
306:Opinion
232:Parties
206:,
121:Holding
97:,
1790:Michif
1734:People
1692:(2016)
1686:(2003)
1663:(1885)
1645:(1816)
1639:(1814)
1076:(2002)
1068:(1998)
1062:(1995)
1056:(1993)
1050:(1975)
1044:(1969)
936:(1836)
930:(1836)
924:(1827)
918:(1815)
912:(1798)
906:(1787)
861:(1701)
855:(1701)
413:Powley
407:Impact
113:Ruling
85:35945
66:Canada
1770:Bungi
1451:MĂ©tis
1378:Inuit
216:MĂ©tis
1795:Flag
1060:RCAP
835:Pre-
758:and
606:2013
385:and
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