85:
93:
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108:, and the rate at which damage to any physical thing occurs is therefore largely dependent on the elasticity of such bonds in the material being subjected to stress. Damage can occur where atomic bonds are not completely broken, but are shifted to create unstable pockets of concentration and diffusion of the material, which are more susceptible to later breakage. The effect of outside forces on a material depends on the relative
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of the material; if a material tends towards elasticity, then changes to its consistency are reversible, and it can bounce back from potential damage. However, if the material tends towards plasticity, then such changes are permanent, and each such change increases the possibility of a crack or fault
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in a thing, often a physical object, that degrades it away from its initial state. It can broadly be defined as "changes introduced into a system that adversely affect its current or future performance". Damage "does not necessarily imply total loss of system functionality, but rather that the system
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Damage can be intentional or accidental. When an object or building is deliberately damaged, the act can be socially significant as a way to degrade the meaning of the object. Though things can have multiple meanings, in circumstances where they are deliberately damaged one meaning—which prompts the
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is accompanied by a loss of ability to recover quickly from various kinds of biological damage. Damage is one of two factors proposed to influence biological ageing (the other being programmed factors follow a biological timetable). Damage-related factors include internal and environmental assaults
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in the 1940s, damage was said to occur in both directions, i.e., not only the lives, families and professional activities of a number of individuals were wrecked by the public exposure, but also the political institutions of individual rights and freedom in the United States were also similarly
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codices have many provisions to protect individuals against injuries caused by institutions to which they are unwillingly committed. The extent and the respect to these laws vary widely among countries and communities. These controversies relate to the old
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The propensity for damage to occur to physical objects and systems, as well as to intangible characteristics, is built into the prices of goods and services that depend on the supply of these things, particularly as a component of
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Although all damage at the atomic level manifests as broken atomic bonds, the manifestation of damage at the macroscopic level depends on the material, and can include
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It is not a widely used term, however, but it is a legal concept of considerable importance, because it is extremely common, particularly in countries where
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The same expression is also used in the opposite sense, i.e., as damage caused to institutions, as opposed to damage caused to individuals. For example,
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The two concepts, damage caused by institutions and damage caused to institutions, are related in many situations. In widespread political trials ("
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is no longer operating in its optimal manner". Damage to physical objects is "the progressive physical process by which they break", and includes
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to an individual resulting from interaction with an institution which has responsibility for his or her care. The individual might be a
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the object, thereby restoring it to its original condition, or to a new condition that allows it to function despite the damage.
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are significantly harder to measure. There is controversy as to whether such damage can be measured and if it actually occurs.
168:, which includes damage to materials due to cyclic mechanical loads. When an object has been damaged, it may be possible to
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Sovereign
Natural Disaster Insurance for Developing Countries: A Paradigm Shift in Catastrophe Risk Financing
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392:; and even (paradoxically), external aid to countries which are rich in natural resources but have a poor
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237:. By extension, damage is also used to describe a degradation in the value of intangible things such as
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of an effort to cause intentional damage elsewhere, such as with a military operation, is called
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of prisoners and other people under institutional care are not respected or guaranteed by
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are relatively easily measured; others, such as long-term damage to development and
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that disrupt normal functioning of society's institutions, such as in the case of
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Damage to structures and other objects can take a number of forms, such as
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Converting Large Sensor Array Data into
Structural Health Information
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to living organisms that induce cumulative damage at various levels.
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caused by the presence of any foreign substance, debris, or article;
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debate which has permeated philosophy and political science since
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504:"Creativity and controversy in a new anthropology of buildings"
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208:. Damage to the body on a larger scale is often referred to as
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Change in a thing that degrades it away from its initial state
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384:; external military intervention, such as in the invasion of
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30:"Damaged" and "Damaging" redirect here. For other uses, see
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in a biological cell, to damage to larger systems such as
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571:"Mitochondrial Theory of Aging and Other Aging Theories"
128:, as well as structural weakening that is not visible.
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that weakens a structure, even if this is not visible.
786:. World Bank article on the damage to institutions of
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Damage to a gas station in Texas caused by a hurricane
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Damage to a living organism may be referred to as an
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due to interactions between metals and hydrogen; and
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411:") in democratic countries, such as in the famous
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96:Damage caused by military action in the Gulf War
148:to materials not resistant to its effects, and
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298:. Some forms of institutional damage, such as
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286:Institutional damage is broadly defined as
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360:situations, such as the suspension of
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594:"Modern Biological Theories of Aging"
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372:of public buildings, extremely large
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65:Damage to an electric locomotive in
687:Current Approaches in Drama Therapy
674:Confronting Relationship Challenges
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462:Farrar, C.R., Sohn, H., Park, G., "
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685:David Read Johnson, Renee Emunah,
550:"Wounds and Injuries: MedlinePlus"
140:caused by the effects of burning,
100:All physical damage begins on the
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726:An Analysis of the Economic Torts
368:institutions. Other examples are
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274:are the award, typically of
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400:government (the so-called "
304:hospital-acquired infection
117:appearing in the material.
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206:articular cartilage damage
180:Damage to living organisms
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750:International principle:
225:Damage that occurs as an
520:10.1177/1466138115621318
502:Verkaaik, Oskar (2016).
221:Other concepts of damage
32:Damaged (disambiguation)
790:caused by external aid.
431:Deformation (mechanics)
288:unintended consequences
36:Damage (disambiguation)
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352:Damage to institutions
329:civil law (common law)
227:unintended consequence
176:act—takes precedence.
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282:Institutional damage
656:"collateral damage"
358:political exception
257:Economics of damage
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154:ionizing radiation
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231:collateral damage
190:direct DNA damage
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69:caused by a
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508:Ethnography
436:Degradation
194:cell damage
138:fire damage
126:deformation
556:2015-07-20
447:References
366:democratic
342:individual
338:government
266:costs. In
247:reputation
243:self-image
114:plasticity
110:elasticity
640:6 October
598:Aging Dis
577:4 October
536:148026260
374:epidemics
370:vandalism
264:insurance
71:car crash
798:Category
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573:. 1Vigor
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420:See also
292:hospital
251:goodwill
144:done by
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611:2995895
492:(2013).
398:corrupt
396:and/or
394:economy
340:versus
272:damages
152:due to
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382:Africa
296:inmate
249:, and
214:Ageing
210:trauma
204:, and
186:injury
170:repair
122:cracks
102:atomic
46:change
42:Damage
532:S2CID
524:JSTOR
441:Virus
426:Death
276:money
146:water
642:2007
616:PMID
579:2013
386:Iraq
378:AIDS
331:and
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192:and
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516:doi
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380:in
319:law
268:law
112:or
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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