Daguerreotype - Knowledge

1994: 1925: 1871: 1362: 2126:, deputy director and then general director of the Louvre from 1836 to 1848), is annotated "Daguerre 1837" below, and on the back, in Daguerre's handwriting, bears the dedication "Epreuve ayant servi à constater la découverte du Daguerréotype, offerte à Monsieur de Cailleux par son dévoué serviteur" (Proof having served to verify the discovery of Daguerreotype, offered to Monsieur de Cailleux by his very devoted servant Daguerre). There is apparently no other documentary basis which might support statements found in many sources that it is the "first" or "first successful" or "first completely processed" daguerreotype, or that it was presented to de Cailleux at the Louvre in 1837 rather than at an unknown location and date after the 1839 unveiling of the process. According to the 1890: 479:

judge if it could remain secret. M. de Mandelot himself knows several persons who could subscribe but will not do so because they think it would be revealed by itself, and now I have proof that many think in this way. I entirely agree with the idea of M. Arago, that is get the government to purchase this discovery, and that he himself would pursue this in the chambre. I have already seen several deputies who are of the same opinion and would give support; this way it seems to me to have the most chance of success; thus, my dear friend, I think it is the best option, and everything makes me think we will not regret it. For a start M. Arago will speak next Monday at the Académie des Sciences ...

1014: 1543: 1502: 165: 563:. He had started out experimenting with light-sensitive materials and had made a contact print from a drawing and then went on to successfully make the first photomechanical record of an image in a camera obscura – the world's first photograph. Niépce's method was to coat a pewter plate with bitumen of Judea (asphalt) and the action of the light differentially hardened the bitumen. The plate was washed with a mixture of oil of lavender and turpentine leaving a relief image. Later, Daguerre's and Niépce's improvement to the heliograph process, the physautotype, reduced the exposure to eight hours. 754:

usual wording of English patent specifications before 1852. It was only after the 1852 Act, which unified the patent systems of England, Ireland and Scotland, that a single patent protection was automatically extended to the whole of the British Isles, including the Channel Isles and the Isle of Man. Richard Beard bought the patent rights from Miles Berry, and also obtained a Scottish patent, which he apparently did not enforce. The United Kingdom and the "Colonies and Plantations abroad" therefore became the only places where a license was legally required to make and sell daguerreotypes.

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it could create an image without painting, which was less efficient and more expensive. The introduction of the daguerreotype to America also promoted progress of ideals and technology. For example, an article published in the Boston Daily Advertiser on February 23, 1839 described the daguerreotype as having similar properties of the camera obscura, but introduced its remarkable capability of "fixing the image permanently on the paper, or making a permanent drawing, by the agency of light alone," which combined old and new concepts for readers to understand.

636: 4863: 1296: 1358:, an exposure only about one-fifteenth as long as that required when using a Chevalier lens was sufficient. Although it produced an acceptably sharp image in the central area of the plate, where the sitter's face was likely to be, the image quality dropped off toward the edges, so for this and other reasons it was unsuitable for landscape photography and not a general replacement for Chevalier-type lenses. Petzval intended his lens to be convertible with two alternative rear components: one for portraiture and the other for landscape and architecture. 1179: 1909: 1818:

daguerreotypists refused to entirely abandon their old medium when they started making the new, cheaper, easier to view but comparatively drab ambrotypes and tintypes. Historically minded photographers of subsequent generations, often fascinated by daguerreotypes, sometimes experimented with making their own or even revived the process commercially as a "retro" portraiture option for their clients. These eccentric late uses were extremely unusual and surviving examples reliably dated to between the 1860s and the 1960s are now exceedingly rare.

464: 1319:). They projected a sharp and undistorted but dim image onto the plate. Such a lens was necessary in order to produce the highly detailed results which had elicited so much astonishment and praise when daguerreotypes were first exhibited, results which the purchasers of daguerreotype equipment expected to achieve. Using this lens and the original sensitizing method, an exposure of several minutes was required to photograph even a very brightly sunlit scene. A much "faster" lens could have been provided—simply omitting the integral fixed 1856: 127: 679:

that required a full day's exposure during which time the sun had moved across the sky removing all trace of halftones or modelling in round objects, and the photographic layer was apt to peel off in patches, while praising the daguerreotype in glowing terms. Overlooking Nicéphore Niépce's contribution in this way led Niépce's son, Isidore to resent his father being ignored as having been the first to capture the image produced in a camera by chemical means, and Isidore wrote a pamphlet in defence of his father's reputation

687: 1022: 1975: 1590: 2009: 1945: 1599: 1034: 7784: 424:), together with his brother Claude and made improvements to the velocipede, as well as experimenting with lithography and related processes. Their correspondence reveals that Niépce was at first reluctant to divulge any details of his work with photographic images. To guard against letting any secrets out before the invention had been improved, they used a numerical code for security. 15, for example, signified the tanning action of the sun on human skin ( 2148:, the long exposure time (about ten or twelve minutes) meant that moving traffic cannot be seen; however, the bootblack and his customer at lower left remained still long enough to be distinctly visible. The building signage at the upper left shows that the image is laterally (left-right) reversed, as were most daguerreotypes. Daguerre presented this daguerreotype together with two others: a still-life and a view from the same window labelled 7795: 917: 1486:

studio was equipped with screens and blinds to control the light, to reduce it and make it unidirectional, or diffuse it to soften harsh direct lighting. Blue filtration was sometimes used to make it easier for the sitter to tolerate the strong light, as a daguerreotype plate was almost exclusively sensitive to light at the blue end of the spectrum and filtering out everything else did not significantly increase the exposure time.

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or days to produce a visible image without development. Becquerel daguerreotypes, when fully developed and fixed, typically take on a somewhat bluish hue. The image quality may not be as magnificently sharp as a daguerreotype developed using mercury vapor, although modern photographers pursuing daguerreotypy tend to favor the Becquerel process due to the hazards and expense of working with mercury.

221:, but sometimes even old prints on paper, are commonly misidentified as daguerreotypes, especially if they are in the small, ornamented cases in which daguerreotypes made in the US and the UK were usually housed. The name "daguerreotype" correctly refers only to one very specific image type and medium, the product of a process that was in wide use only from the early 1840s to the late 1850s. 376: 1639:

daguerreotype alleviated his fears when he saw how revolutionary its technology was. Morse wrote a letter to his brother Sidney describing Daguerre's invention, which Sidney then published in the New-York Observer on April 20, 1839. While this was not the first report of the daguerreotype to appear in America, it was the first in-person report to appear in the United States.

1440:. The mirror was fitted at one end of the camera and focusing was done by adjusting the position of the plate in a holder that slid along a rail. Designed solely for portraiture, this arrangement produced a far brighter image than a Chevalier lens, or even the later Petzval lens, but image quality was only marginal and the design was only practical for use with small plates. 1232:, a New Orleans bilingual newspaper of the time, which had been used to glue the plate into the frame. Other clues used by historians to identify daguerreotypes are hallmarks in the silver plate and the distinctive patterns left by different photographers when polishing the plate with a leather buff, which leaves extremely fine parallel lines discernible on the surface. 210:, depending on the angle at which it is viewed, how it is lit and whether a light or dark background is being reflected in the metal. The darkest areas of the image are simply bare silver; lighter areas have a microscopically fine light-scattering texture. The surface is very delicate, and even the lightest wiping can permanently scuff it. Some 1216:

cases began in 1856. In all types of cases, the inside of the cover was lined with velvet or plush or satin to provide a dark surface to reflect into the plate for viewing and to protect the cover glass. Some cases, however, held two daguerreotypes opposite each other. The cased images could be set out on a table or displayed on a

895:, was produced by a process sometimes called plating by fusion. A sheet of sterling silver was heat-fused onto the top of a thick copper ingot. When the ingot was repeatedly rolled under pressure to produce thin sheets, the relative thicknesses of the two layers of metal remained constant. The alternative was to 4605:, p. 148) " does not use mercury at all. Becquerel plates are made by sensitizing a polished daguerreotype plate with iodine vapor only ... the exposed plate is ... given an overall exposure to red light until a print-out image appears ... image particles formed in this way are composed only of silver." 2505:... But the first person to use this property to produce a photographic image (stencils of letters without the use of a camera) was German physicist Johann Heinrich Schulze. In 1727, Schulze made a paste of silver nitrate and chalk, placed the mixture in a glass bottle and wrapped the bottle in ... 5714:

According to Richmond artist Alyssa C. Salomon, who has devoted the last 18 months to mastering the not-so-lost art of the daguerreotype, plenty of room for invention remains in the process invented by Frenchman Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre. To prove it, Salomon is exhibiting 15 of what she calls her

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International group exhibitions of contemporary daguerreotypists' works have been held, notably the 2009 exhibition in Bry Sur Marne, France, with 182 daguerreotypes by forty-four artists, and the 2013 ImageObject exhibition in New York City, showcasing seventy-five works by thirty-three artists. The

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Establishments producing daguerreotype portraits generally had a daylight studio built on the roof, much like a greenhouse. Whereas later in the history of photography artificial electric lighting was done in a dark room, building up the light with hard spotlights and softer floodlights, the daylight

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fumes was correctly combined with this, the sensitivity of the plate could be greatly increased, which in turn greatly reduced the required exposure time to between fifteen and thirty seconds in favorable lighting conditions, according to Eder. Several experimenters discovered the propensity of using

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surface. Usually the silver is a thin layer on a copper substrate, but other metals such as brass can be used for the substrate and daguerreotypes can also be made on solid silver sheets. A surface of very pure silver is preferable, but sterling (92.5% pure) or US coin (90% pure) or even lower grades

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You will catch these pictures on a piece of white paper, which placed vertically in the room not far from that opening, and you will see all the above-mentioned objects on this paper in their natural shapes or colors, but they will appear smaller and upside down, on account of crossing of the rays at

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After Niépce's death in 1833, his son, Isidore, inherited rights in the contract and a new version was drawn up between Daguerre and Isidore. Isidore signed the document admitting that the old process had been improved to the limits that were possible and that a new process that would bear Daguerre's

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sprang up, predominantly the work of itinerant practitioners who traveled from town to town. For the first time in history, people could obtain an exact likeness of themselves or their loved ones for a modest cost, making portrait photographs extremely popular with those of modest means. Celebrities

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firm to design a lens that would reduce the time needed to expose daguerreotype plates for portraiture. Petzval was not aware of the scale of his invention at the start of his work on the lens, and later regretted not having secured his rights by obtaining letters patent on his invention. It was the

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and reduced the exposure time by nearly 90 percent—but because of the existing state of lens design the much shorter exposure would have been at the cost of a peripherally distorted and very much less clear image. With uncommon exceptions, daguerreotypes made before 1841 were of static subjects such

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in a purpose-made developing box. The toxicity of mercury was well known in the 19th century, but precautionary measures were rarely taken. Today, however, the hazards of contact with mercury and other chemicals traditionally used in the daguerreotype process are taken more seriously, as is the risk

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on the plate. Depending on the sensitization chemistry used, the brightness of the lighting, and the light-concentrating power of the lens, the required exposure time ranged from a few seconds to many minutes. After the exposure was judged to be complete, the lens was capped and the holder was again

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Johnson's father travelled to England with some specimen portraits to patent the camera and met with Richard Beard who bought the patent for the camera, and a year later bought the patent for the daguerreotype outright. Johnson assisted Beard in setting up a portrait studio on the roof of the Regent

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The images formed by means of a camera obscura have been found too faint to produce, in any moderate time, an effect upon the nitrate of silver. To copy these images was the first object of Mr. Wedgwood in his researches on the subject, and for this purpose he first used the nitrate of silver, which

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An advertisement for Mr Claudet's Daguerreotype Portrait Rooms, which was published in the Journal of the Society of Arts in December 1852, states that "Mr. Claudet's portraits are taken non-inverted (viz. the right and left side, as in nature), for which, and his other improvements in Photography,

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Morse's account of the brand-new invention interested the American public, and through further publishings the technique of the daguerreotype was integrated into the United States. Magazines and newspapers included essays applauding the daguerreotype for advancing democratic American values because

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It is possible that Morse may have been the first American to view a daguerreotype first-hand. Morse's experience with art and technology in the early 1800s attracted him to the daguerreotype; in the summers of 1820 and 1821 he conducted proto-photographic experiments with Benjamin Silliman. In his

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The use of either type of attachment caused some light loss, somewhat increasing the required exposure time, and unless they were of very high optical quality they could degrade the quality of the image. Right-reading text or right-handed buttons on men's clothing in a daguerreotype may be the only

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of light and was unaffected, but the latent image created in the camera by the blue, violet and ultraviolet rays color-sensitized each point on the plate proportionally, so that this color-filtered "sunbath" intensified it to full visibility, as if the plate had been exposed in the camera for hours

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To optimize the image quality of the end product, the silver side of the plate had to be polished to as nearly perfect a mirror finish as possible. The silver had to be completely free of tarnish or other contamination when it was sensitized, so the daguerreotypist had to perform at least the final

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Daguerre and Niépce had together signed a good agreement in which remuneration for the invention would be paid for by subscription. However, the campaign they launched to finance the invention failed. François Arago, whose views on the system of patenting inventions can be gathered from speeches he

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has been used by different authors to mean different things – either the publicizing of the process (in 1839) as a metaphor to indicate that previous to that the daguerreotype process had been kept secret; or, the date the first photograph was taken by or with a camera (using the asphalt process or

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Without bills being passed by Parliament, as had been arranged in France, Arago having presented a bill in the House of Deputies and Gay-Lussac in the Chamber of Peers, there was no possibility of repeating the French arrangement in England which is why the daguerreotype was given free to the world

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Having laid before the Lords &c your application on behalf of Messrs Daguerre & Niepce, that Government would purchase their Patent Right to the Invention known as the "Daguerreotype" I have it in command to acquaint you that Parliament has placed no Funds at the disposal of their Lordships

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Niépce's early experiments had derived from his interest in lithography and consisted of capturing the image in a camera (then called a camera obscura), resulting in an engraving that could be printed through various lithographic processes. The asphalt process or heliography required exposures that

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Although the daguerreotype process could only produce a single image at a time, copies could be created by re-daguerreotyping the original. As with any original photograph that is copied, the contrast increases. With a daguerreotype, any writing will appear back to front. Recopying a daguerreotype

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The person to be photographed must be seated in the open air. For an exposure by overcast, dark skies in winter 3 ½ minutes is sufficient; on a sunny day in the shade 1½ to 2 minutes are enough, and in direct sunlight it requires no more than 40–45 seconds. The last, however, is seldom employed on

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variation of the process, published in 1840 but very rarely used in the 19th century, the plate, sensitized by fuming with iodine alone, was developed by overall exposure to sunlight passing through yellow, amber or red glass. The silver iodide in its unexposed condition was insensitive to the red

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screen had become popular among affluent amateurs for making sketches of landscapes and architecture. The camera was pointed at the scene and steadied, a sheet of thin paper was placed on top of the ground glass, then a pencil or pen could be used to trace over the image projected from within. The

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Another story of a fortunate accident, which modern photo historians are now doubtful about, and was related by Louis Figuier, of a silver spoon lying on an iodized silver plate which left its design on the plate by light perfectly. Noticing this, Daguerre supposedly wrote to Niépce on 21 May 1831

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Usually, it was arranged so that sitters leaned their elbows on a support such as a posing table, the height of which could be adjusted, or else head rests were used that did not show in the picture, and this led to most daguerreotype portraits having stiff, lifeless poses. Some exceptions exist,

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The experience of viewing a daguerreotype is unlike that of viewing any other type of photograph. The image does not sit on the surface of the plate. After flipping from positive to negative as the viewing angle is adjusted, viewers experience an apparition in space, a mirage that arises once the

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were sometimes used. The more substantial Union case was made from a mixture of colored sawdust and shellac (the main component of wood varnish) formed in a heated mold to produce a decorative sculptural relief. The word "Union" referred to the sawdust and varnish mixture—the manufacture of Union

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briefly referred to the earlier process that Niépce had developed and Daguerre had helped to improve without mentioning them by name (the heliograph and the physautotype) in rather disparaging terms stressing their inconvenience and disadvantages such as that exposures were so long as eight hours

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Letters from Niépce to Daguerre dated 24 June and 8 November 1831, show that Niépce was unsuccessful in obtaining satisfactory results following Daguerre's suggestion, although he had produced a negative on an iodized silver plate in the camera. Niépce's letters to Daguerre dated 29 January and 3

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He sees difficulty with this proceeding by subscription; it is almost certain – just as I myself have been convinced ever since looking on my first specimens – that subscription would not serve. Everyone says it is superb: but it will cost us the thousand francs before we learn it and be able to

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with the Chevalier lens required the sitter to face into the sun for several minutes while trying to remain motionless and look pleasant, usually producing repulsive and unflattering results. The Woolcott mirror lens that produced tiny, postage stamp size daguerreotypes made portraiture with the

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No. 8194 of 1839: "A New or Improved Method of Obtaining the Spontaneous Reproduction of all the Images Received in the Focus of the Camera Obscura". The patent applied to "England, Wales, and the town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and in all her Majesty's Colonies and Plantations abroad". This was the

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made later in the House of Deputies (he apparently thought the English patent system had advantages over the French one) did not think the idea of raising money by subscription to be a good one, and supported Daguerre by arranging for motions to be passed in both Houses of the French parliament.

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was about to occur and observations were to be made from several sites on the earth's surface in order to calculate astronomical distances, daguerreotypy proved a more accurate method of making visual recordings through telescopes because it was a dry process with greater dimensional stability,

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process (using a red filter and extra exposure) daguerreotypes can be produced without mercury, and chemical analysis shows that there is no mercury in the final image with the Becquerel process. This brings into question the theory that the image is formed of amalgam with mercury development.

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Even with fast lenses and much more sensitive plates, under portrait studio lighting conditions an exposure of several seconds was necessary on the brightest of days, and on hazy or cloudy days the sitter had to remain still for considerably longer. The head rest was already in use for portrait

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who lectured at the Adelaide Gallery before assisting Beard with setting up the first daguerreotype portraiture studio on the roof of the Regent Street Polytechnic; (John Frederick Goddard was the first to publish information that bromine increased the sensitivity of daguerreotype plates in the

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If the facade of a building, or a place, or a landscape is illuminated by the sun and a small hole is drilled in the wall of a room in a building facing this, which is not directly lighted by the sun, then all objects illuminated by the sun will send their images through this aperture and will

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It is said that Daguerre has found the means to collect, on a plate prepared by him, the image produced by the camera obscura, in such a way that a portrait, a landscape, or any view, projected upon this plate by the ordinary camera obscura, leaves an imprint in light and shade there, and thus

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Morse met the inventor of the daguerreotype, Louis-Jacques-Mande Daguerre, in Paris in January 1839 when Daguerre's invention was announced. While the daguerreotype fascinated Morse, he was concerned about how the new invention would compete with his telegraph. However, Morse's viewing of the

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Early experiments required hours of exposure in the camera to produce visible results. Modern photo-historians consider the stories of Daguerre discovering mercury development by accident because of a bowl of mercury left in a cupboard, or, alternatively, a broken thermometer, to be spurious.

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The written contract drawn up between Nicéphore Niépce and Daguerre includes an undertaking by Niépce to release details of the process he had invented – the asphalt process or heliography. Daguerre was sworn to secrecy under penalty of damages and undertook to design a camera and improve the

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The proverbial phrase "mad as a hatter" refers to the strange behavior of poisoned hat makers who used mercury nitrate to soften and shape animal furs. This form of mercury is absorbed through the skin. Similar problems afflicted the early photographers, who used vaporized mercury to create

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In the US and Britain, the tradition of preserving miniature paintings in a wooden case covered with leather or paper stamped with a relief pattern continued through to the daguerreotype. Some daguerreotypists were portrait artists who also offered miniature portraits. Black-lacquered cases

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also displays daguerreotypes. The appeal of the medium lies in the "magic mirror" effect of light striking the polished silver plate and revealing a silvery image which can seem ghostly and ethereal even while being perfectly sharp, and in the dedication and handcrafting required to make a

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as having been taken in 1826 or 1827. Niépce's reputation as the real inventor of photography became known through his son Isidore's indignation that his father's early experiments had been overlooked or ignored although Nicéphore had revealed his process, which, at the time, was secret.

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Miles Berry, a patent agent acting on Daguerre's and Isidore Niépce's behalf in England, wrote a six-page memorial to the Board of the Treasury in an attempt to repeat the French arrangement in Great Britain, "for the purpose of throwing it open in England for the benefit of the public."

655:. With a weak magnifying glass it was possible to distinguish the details of the telegraph tower more than one and a half miles away. In April 1837, Daguerre remarked to Isidore Niépce that his equipment for taking daguerreotypes was ready, and the only thing he needed was good weather. 1377:

with the daguerreotype camera. Together with his friend, seller of prints and engravings Joseph Pelizzaro, he took the picture on the second floor of judge Philippe Van de Velde’s residence on the Ajuinlei. Of the four original plates they made, two plates are in the holdings of STAM –

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Although the daguerreotype process is sometimes said to have died out completely in the early 1860s, documentary evidence indicates that some very slight use of it persisted more or less continuously throughout the following 150 years of its supposed extinction. A few first-generation

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and moved to England to represent the factory with a showroom in High Holborn. At one stage, Beard sued Claudet with the aim of claiming that he had a monopoly of daguerreotypy in England, but lost. Niépce's aim originally had been to find a method to reproduce prints and drawings for

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The daguerreotype experienced a minor renaissance in the late 20th century and the process is currently practiced by a handful of enthusiastic devotees; there are thought to be fewer than 100 worldwide (see list of artists on cdags.org in links below). In recent years, artists like

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Together, these announcements caused early commentators to choose 1839 as the year photography was born, or made public. Later, it became known that Niépce's role had been downplayed in Arago's efforts to publicize the daguerreotype, and the first photograph is recorded in Eder's

1244:, and in brooches, bracelets and other jewelry now referred to by collectors as "daguerreian jewelry". The cover glass or crystal was sealed either directly to the edges of the daguerreotype or to the opening of its receptacle and a protective hinged cover was usually provided. 1220:. Most cases were small and lightweight enough to easily carry in a pocket, although that was not normally done. The other approach, common in France and the rest of continental Europe, was to hang the daguerreotype on the wall in a frame, either simple or elaborate. 902:

In order that the corners of the plate would not tear the buffing material when the plate was polished, the edges of the plate were bent back using patented devices that could also serve as plate holders to avoid touching the surface of the plate during processing.

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As the daguerreotype itself is on a relatively thin sheet of soft metal, it was easily sheared down to sizes and shapes suited for mounting into lockets, as was done with miniature paintings. Other imaginative uses of daguerreotype portraits were to mount them in

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One early attempt to address the lack of a good "fast" lens for portraiture, and the subject of the first US patent for photographic apparatus, was Alexander S. Wolcott's camera, which used a concave mirror instead of a lens and operated on the principle of the

794:: a bright light source (the sun), the shade that the leafy canopy provides, a flat surface onto which the image is projected and holes formed by the gaps between the leaves. The sun's image will show as a round disc, and, in a partial eclipse, as a crescent. 1443:

Friedrich Voigtländer's small, all-metal Daguerrotype camera (1841) was small enough to be carried. It was fitted with a f/3.5 Petzval portrait lens at the front and a focusing lens at the back, and took round plates. Only 600 of these cameras were produced.

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Parisian optician Charles Chevalier had long been making assorted high-quality lenses for microscopes, telescopes and other optical devices. The "Chevalier lens" referred to in the context of these earliest photographic cameras was an 81 mm diameter

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Historique et description des procédés du daguerréotype rédigés par Daguérre, ornés du portrait de l'auteur, et augmentés de notes et d'observations par MM Lerebours et Susse Frères, Lerebours, Opticien de L'Observatoire; Susse Frères, Éditeurs. Paris

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Daguerreotype photography spread rapidly across the United States after the discovery first appeared in US newspapers in February 1839. In the early 1840s, the invention was introduced in a period of months to practitioners in the United States by

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chlorine and bromine in addition to iodine: Wolcott, whose "Wolcott's mixture" was marketed by his partner, John Johnson that they called "quickstuff"; two unrelated individuals with the surname Goddard – Philadelphia physician and chemist

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were so long that Arago said it was not fit for use. Nevertheless, without Niépce's experiments, it is unlikely that Daguerre would have been able to build on them to adapt and improve what turned out to be the daguerreotype process.

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In the early 1840s, two innovations were introduced that dramatically shortened the required exposure times: a lens that produced a much brighter image in the camera, and a modification of the chemistry used to sensitize the plate.

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bore an identically worded dedication. They were among the plates put on display to a French government body in July 1839 when it was deciding on the award of a pension to Daguerre in exchange for the still-secret details of his

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left Hartford Connecticut to eventually take daguerreotypes for the political leaders of Monrovia, Liberia. He then went on to be elected as a speaker of the Liberian House of Representatives and later a member of the Liberian

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to Daguerre and to Niépce's son and heir, Isidore. The government would then present the daguerreotype process "free to the world" as a gift, which it did on 19 August 1839. However, five days previous to this, Miles Berry, a

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The daguerreotypes of the 1852 Omaha Indian (Native American) delegation in the Smithsonian include a daguerreotype copied in the camera, recognizable by the contrast being high and a black line down the side of the plate.

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Even when strengthened by gilding, the image surface was still very easily marred and air would tarnish the silver, so the finished plate was bound up with a protective cover glass and sealed with strips of paper soaked in

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In the US, Alexander S. Wolcott invented the mirror daguerreotype camera, according to John Johnson's account, in one single day after reading the description of the daguerreotype process published in English translation.

161:), that yield more readily viewable images. There has been a revival of the daguerreotype since the late 20th century by a small number of photographers interested in making artistic use of early photographic processes. 1431:

invented a small, portable metal camera, which was nineteen times smaller than the camera sold by Giroux. The resulting daguerreotypes were viewed in a special brass viewer. At least ten of these cameras were created.

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Isidore did not contribute anything to the invention of the Daguerreotype and he was not let in on the details of the invention. Nevertheless, he benefited from the state pension awarded to him together with Daguerre.

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had in his address to the French Chamber of Deputies outlined a wealth of possible applications including astronomy, and indeed the daguerreotype was still occasionally used for astronomical photography in the 1870s.

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had sought a solution whereby the invention would be given free to the world by the passing of Acts in the French Parliament. Richard Beard, controlled most of the licences in England and Wales with the exception of

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Netto constructed, in 1841, a studio in which the front part of the camera with the lens was built into the wall between the studio and the adjoining darkroom, the rear part of the camera being inside the darkroom.

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Directions for the use of the new daguerreotype apparatus for the making of portraits, executed according to the calculations of Professor Petzval by Voigtländer and Son, Vienna, printed by J.P.Sollinger, August 1,

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heliography), thought to have been 1822, but Eder's research indicates that the date was more probably 1826 or later. Fox Talbot's first photographs, on the other hand, were made "in the brilliant summer of 1835."

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eyes are properly focused. When reproduced via other processes, this effect associated with viewing an original daguerreotype will no longer be apparent. Other processes that have a similar viewing experience are

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presents the most perfect of all drawings ... a preparation put over this image preserves it for an indefinite time ... the physical sciences have perhaps never presented a marvel comparable to this one.

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will make the writing appear normal and rings worn on the fingers will appear on the correct hand. Another device to make a daguerreotype the right way round would be to use a mirror when taking the photograph.

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that aperture. If these pictures originate from a place which is illuminated by the sun, they will appear colored on the paper exactly as they are. The paper should be very thin and must be viewed from the back.

1924: 1465:

In 1845 Friedrich von Martens invented the first panoramic camera for curved daguerreotype plates with a lens that turned to cover an angle of 150 degrees. It was called "Megaskop-Kamera" of "Panorama-Kamera".

1870: 1227:

was made in New Orleans with the main clue being the type of frame, which was made for wall hanging in the French and continental style. Supporting evidence of the New Orleans origin was a scrap of paper from

2122:(Interior of a cabinet of curiosities), describes it as a whole-plate daguerreotype in a contemporary frame, states that it was acquired in 1897, came from the collection of de Cailleux (presumably, the late 1908: 1834:

have reintroduced the medium to the broader art world. The use of electronic flash in modern daguerreotype has solved many of the problems connected with the slow speed of the process when using daylight.

1017:

The earliest known photograph of a living animal (excluding humans). This daguerreotype was taken by French photographer Joseph-Philibert Girault de Prangey while visiting Rome between April and July 1842.

460:

name alone was 60 to 80 times as rapid as the old asphalt (bitumen) one his father had invented. This was the daguerreotype process that used iodized silvered plates and was developed with mercury fumes.

1169:

solution was pooled onto the surface and the plate was briefly heated over a flame, then drained, rinsed and dried. Without this treatment, the image was as delicate as the "dust" on a butterfly's wing.

631:

reported the public announcement of the daguerreotype in 1839, he mentioned that the daguerreotypes now being produced were of considerably better quality than the ones he had seen "four years earlier".

1252:

Daguerreotypes are normally laterally reversed—mirror images—because they are necessarily viewed from the side that originally faced the camera lens. Although a daguerreotypist could attach a mirror or

553:

Antoine Claudet had purchased a licence from Daguerre directly to produce daguerreotypes. His uncle, the banker Vital Roux, arranged that he should head the glass factory at Choisy-le-Roi together with

128: 1889: 471:

To exploit the invention, 400 shares would be on offer for 1,000 francs each; secrecy would be lifted after 100 shares had been sold, or the rights of the process could be bought for 20,000 francs.

4146: 2581:"An Account of a method of copying Paintings upon glass, and of making Profiles, by the agency of Light upon Nitrate of Silver. Invented by T. Wedgwood, Esq. With Observations by H. Davy. (1802)" 1350:

first lens to be designed using mathematical computation, and a team of mathematicians whose specialty was in fact calculating the trajectories of ballistics was put at Petzval's disposal by the

1165:

in 1840. It soon became part of the standard procedure. To give the steely gray image a slightly warmer tone and physically reinforce the powder-like silver particles of which it was composed, a

863:

beautiful but fugitive little light-paintings on the screen inspired several people to seek some way of capturing them more completely and effectively—and automatically—by means of chemistry.

1993: 616:", made passing mention of rumour that was going around the Paris studios of Daguerre's attempts to make a visual record on metal plates of the fleeting image produced by the camera obscura: 1646:

By 1853, an estimated three million daguerreotypes per year were being produced in the United States alone. One of these original Morse Daguerreotype cameras is currently on display at the

3221: 1478:

In one early attempt at portraiture, a Swedish amateur daguerreotypist caused his sitter nearly to lose an eye because of practically staring into the sun during the five-minute exposure.

550:

Wolcott's Mirror Camera, which gave postage stamp sized miniatures, was in use for about two years before it was replaced by Petzval's Portrait lens, which gave larger and sharper images.

4790: 592:, Daguerre was not versed in chemistry and it was Dumas who suggested Daguerre use sodium hyposulfite, discovered by Herschel in 1819, as a fixer to dissolve the unexposed silver salts. 2936: 530:

Daguerre patented his process in England, and Richard Beard patented his improvements to the process in Scotland During this time the astronomer and member of the House of Deputies

1959: 899:

a layer of pure silver onto a bare copper sheet. The two technologies were sometimes combined, the Sheffield plate being given a finishing coat of pure silver by electroplating.

1111:

or opening a pair of doors in the holder exposed the sensitized surface within the dark camera and removing a cap from the camera lens began the exposure, creating an invisible

195:

for as long as was judged to be necessary, which could be as little as a few seconds for brightly sunlit subjects or much longer with less intense lighting; made the resulting

585: 4541: 203:

vapor; removed its sensitivity to light by liquid chemical treatment; rinsed and dried it; and then sealed the easily marred result behind glass in a protective enclosure.

7820: 3731: 2194:

with a fixed 27 mm diameter opening formed the front end of the lens barrel and was spaced away from the lens at a distance that optimally reduced the most important

4419: 1047:

portion of the polishing and cleaning operation not too long before use. In the 19th century, the polishing was done with a buff covered with hide or velvet, first using

874:, sometimes very useful when planning out the celebrated theatrical scene backdrops he painted and the even larger ultra-realistic panoramas he exhibited in his popular 5616:

The author notes Hawes, of Southworth and Hawes, has "a number of daguerreotypes made recently, for he is one of the few operators who remain loyal to the old process".

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was mentioned to him by a friend, as a substance very sensible to the influence of light; but all his numerous experiments as to their primary end proved unsuccessful.

3309: 5994:(2). International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works. Studies in conservation, Volume 43, Number 2, pp. 89–100: Iiconservation.org: 89–100. 2287: 2568:

In 1822, Niépce coated a glass plate ... The sunlight passing through ... This first permanent example ... was destroyed ... some years later.

1307:

The first daguerreotype cameras could not be used for portraiture, as the exposure time required would have been too long. The cameras were fitted with Chevalier

2165:

Talbot's early "sensitive paper" or "photogenic drawing" process, which required very long camera exposures, should not be confused with the much more practical

1287:

A well-exposed and sharp large-format daguerreotype is able to faithfully record fine detail at a resolution that today's digital cameras are not able to match.

1565:

bought the British daguerreotype patent from Miles Berry in 1841 and closely controlled his investment, selling licenses throughout the country and prosecuting

2111: 4628: 1663:

and everyday people sought portraits and workers would save an entire day's income to have a daguerreotype taken of them, including occupational portraits.

3404: 3510: 2850:

American Hand Book of the Daguerreotype: Giving the Most Approved and Convenient Methods for Preparing the Chemicals, and the Combinations Used in the Art

7752: 830: 5014: 4907: 4150: 3855: 4465: 1494:

technique. These are represented in museum collections and are the most sought after by private collectors today. In the case of young children, their

2198:. Chevalier soon began producing other, faster camera lens designs which are also commonly called "Chevalier lenses", a potential source of confusion. 2008: 1462:

The stated exposure times are evidently for plates sensitized with iodine only; improved sensitization methods were just being introduced in 1841–42.

7699: 1345:

brought the need for a faster lens for daguerreotype cameras to his colleague, Professor Petzval's attention, who went ahead in cooperation with the

4835: 4029: 5885:

Facing the Light: Historic American Portrait Daguerreotypes: An Exhibition at the National Portrait Gallery, September 22, 1978 – January 15, 1979

2551: 5392: 3214: 3171: 409:

Louis Daguerre, when obtaining a camera obscura for his work on theatrical scene painting from the optician Chevalier, was put into contact with

4774: 4290: 3360:""Daguerre (1787–1851) and the Invention of Photography". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–" 2888: 1602: 574:

Daguerre did not give a clear account of his method of discovery and allowed these legends to become current after the secrecy had been lifted.

2821: 2762: 1804:

offered a cheaper and more convenient alternative for commercial portraiture and for other applications with shorter exposure times, when the

5281: 3425: 5956: 5199: 5173: 5151: 4752: 4726: 4680: 4658: 3125: 2943: 4052: 2660: 2529: 2156:) in order to publicise his invention. All three daguerreotypes were destroyed by cleaning in 1974 but they are preserved in reproduction. 7835: 7742: 7694: 4090: 3639:, Claudet explained that he gave his exposures as in June 10 to 20 seconds; in July, 20 to 40 seconds and in September, 60 to 90 seconds. 3622: 153:

and introduced worldwide in 1839, the daguerreotype was almost completely superseded by 1856 with new, less expensive processes, such as

5316:

Gates, Henry Louis (September 2015). "Frederick Douglass's Camera Obscura: Representing the Antislave "Clothed and in Their Own Form"".

2611: 7825: 7479: 5663: 640: 2740:

Three unpublished Addenda by R. Derek Wood to his article on "The Daguerreotype Patent, The British Government, and The Royal Society"

5591: 4167: 3701: 5229: 4706: 3909: 2104: 1059:. Originally, the work was entirely manual, but buffing machinery was soon devised to assist. Finally, the surface was swabbed with 5955:

Tang, Xiaoqing; Ardis, Paul A.; Messing, Ross; Brown, Christopher M.; Nelson, Randal C.; Ravines, Patrick; Wiegandt, Ralph (2010).

5568: 3551: 1876: 1154:

After development, the light sensitivity of the plate was arrested by removing the unexposed silver halide with a mild solution of

547:

Street Polytechnic and managed Beard's daguerreotype studio in Derby and then Manchester for some time before returning to the US.

4531:, p. 187). The amateur daguerreotypist was Lieutenant Lars Jesper Benzelstierna and his sitter was the actor Georg Dahlqvist. 3979: 3664: 6344: 3883: 1276:

Although daguerreotypes are unique images, they could be copied by re-daguerreotyping the original. Copies were also produced by

420:

Daguerre met with Niépce and entered into correspondence with him. Niépce had invented an early internal combustion engine, (the

3807: 3727: 5838: 5469: 4813: 4415: 4301: 3573:

Reuben, Knecht. Improved Daguerreotype-plate Holder US 10508 A. Reuben Knecht, assignee. Patent 10,508. 7 February 1854. Print.

3367: 1761: 651:

wrote in September 1836 that he saw a photograph made by Daguerre from the top of his diorama. The picture showed the hills of

6450: 6197: 5768: 5423: 5368: 5131: 4367: 4338: 4210: 4130: 3448: 3197: 2580: 2491: 2370: 2345: 5072: 4572: 2847:

Humphrey, Samuel D. (1858). "An Account of Wolcott and Johnson's Early Experiments in the Daguerreotype. By John Johnson.".

981: 625:

A further clue to fixing the date of invention of the process is that when the Paris correspondent of the London periodical

7747: 1198:

in Britain, was normally used to separate the image surface from the glass. In continental Europe, a thin cardboard mat or

260:

wrote that powdered silver nitrate was blackened by the sun, but did not find any practical application of the phenomenon.

3777: 3584: 3301: 3050: 1550: 953: 5712:

Proctor, Roy (23 December 2001). "Daguerreotype update: sunny North Side driveway". Richmond Times-Dispatch. p. G3.

5251: 3028: 2190:

of about 380 mm (each was ground and polished by hand, so the exact focal length of each was slightly different). A

2059: 1647: 1490:

with lively expressions full of character, as photographers saw the potential of the new medium, and would have used the

5801: 4353: 7689: 7241: 4877: 1931: 1809:

whereas collodion glass plates were exposed wet and the image would become slightly distorted when the emulsion dried.

1386:

The other major innovation was a chemical one. In Daguerre's original process, the plate was sensitized by exposure to

858:

By the late 18th century, small, easily portable box-form units equipped with a simple lens, an internal mirror, and a

643:, where Daguerre took pictures in 1837. If correct, this would be the oldest surviving portrait photograph of a person. 527:

by the French government with the exception of England and Wales for which Richard Beard controlled the patent rights.

146:

process, widely used during the 1840s and 1850s. "Daguerreotype" also refers to an image created through this process.

3483: 1099:

fumes, or a combination of bromine and chlorine fumes, could also be used. A final re-fuming with iodine was typical.

7855: 7450: 6055: 6033: 5945: 5926: 5903: 5871: 5827: 5790: 5740: 4994: 4275: 4013: 3282: 2688: 2464: 2426: 2320: 2235: 1944: 1361: 1000: 960: 7417: 700:

one spring morning in 1837 or 1838 from the window of the Diorama, where he lived and worked. It bears the caption

627: 4239: 2108: 7840: 7709: 7203: 6172:– Enhancement of the museum's collections, some are related with the work of Louis Daguerre and the Daguerreotype 4632: 4440: 3833: 3330: 1855: 692: 3506: 3396: 2863: 797:

A clear description of a camera obscura is given by Leonardo da Vinci in Codex Atlanticus (1502): (he called it

639:

Daguerreotype possibly made in 1837 by Daguerre. The subject is believed to be Constant Huet, who worked at the

7382: 6865: 6652: 6142: 5046: 1915: 967: 938: 934: 834: 354: 308: 17: 4225: 3275:

Bromley House, 1752–1991: Four Essays Celebrating the 175th Anniversary of the Nottingham Subscription Library

2996: 1742:

Daguerian Excursions in Jamaica, being a collection of views ... taken on the spot with the Daguerreotype

1635:

Morse used a Camera obscura to precisely capture the gallery which he then used to create the final painting.

237:, artists would manually trace what they saw, or use the optical image as a basis for solving the problems of 7291: 7223: 6976: 6498: 5010: 4911: 3862: 1337:

daguerreotype process possible and these were the first photographic portraits to be produced. In 1841, the

413:, who had already managed to make a record of an image from a camera obscura using the process he invented: 7850: 7719: 7714: 6013: 5840:

A Treatise on the Daguerreotype: The Whole Art Made Easy, and All the Recent Improvements Revealed ...

4843: 1562: 1183: 303:

to metallic silver became feasible. The daguerreotype is one of these processes, but was not the first, as

5820:

Case Histories: The Packaging and Presentation of the Photographic Portrait in Victorian Britain 1840–1875

2874: 1974: 1729:

was taken in 1841, but no longer survives. The oldest surviving Australian daguerreotype is a portrait of

1542: 1308: 949: 736:

Daguerre did not patent and profit from his invention in the usual way. Instead, it was arranged that the

7724: 7001: 6503: 5447: 1013: 5516: 4387:

Die Frühzeit der Fotografie in Deutschland 1839 - 1869. Die Männer der ersten Stunden und ihre Verfahren

7845: 7830: 7455: 7143: 7046: 6339: 6108: 2555: 2227: 2219: 757:

Although Daguerre's early work survived when his studio caught fire on 8 March 1839, while the painter

659: 284: 5384: 4147:"Paris et ses environs: reproduits par le daguerreotype / sous la direction de M. Ch. Philipon (1840)" 2910: 665: 233:

era, artists and inventors had searched for a mechanical method of capturing visual scenes. Using the

7422: 7372: 7332: 7185: 7071: 7021: 6713: 6657: 6513: 6265: 6190: 2015: 1501: 1495: 1428: 1351: 1342: 4862: 2646: 2608:"Identification of the image called 'La Table Servie' as a physautotype made by Niepce in 1832–1833" 2180: 852: 7623: 7218: 6946: 6738: 2825: 2766: 1840: 5277: 3189:

Catchers of the Light: The Forgotten Lives of the Men and Women Who First Photographed the Heavens

2386: 2074: 1505:

Device to hold heads still during the long exposure time required to make a daguerreotype portrait

786:

A broad-leaved tree in bright sunshine will provide conditions that fulfill the requirements of a

648: 467:

Still life with plaster casts, made by Daguerre in 1837, the earliest reliably dated daguerreotype

164: 7588: 7392: 7296: 7160: 7011: 6843: 6748: 6391: 6309: 6275: 6117: 5963: 5203: 5177: 5147: 4748: 4722: 4684: 4654: 3463: 3117: 2715:

A State Pension for L. J. M. Daguerre for the secret of his daguerreotype technique R. Derek WOOD

1950: 1651: 1574: 1558: 1354:. It was scientifically designed and optimized for its purpose. With a working aperture of about 1254: 1200: 1125: 1107:

The plate was then carried to the camera in a light-tight plate holder. Withdrawing a protective

927: 331: 246: 238: 2282: 2103:

This well-known image, now badly effaced by an attempt to clean it, is in the collection of the

1687: 1521:

because mercury vapor from a pool of heated mercury is used to develop the plate; but using the

1299:

Portrait of a Daguerreotypist Displaying Daguerreotypes and Cases pictured in an airtight frame.

609: 571:

suggesting the use of iodized silver plates as a means of obtaining light images in the camera.

7799: 7643: 7618: 7427: 7412: 7347: 7327: 7233: 7155: 6986: 6905: 6900: 6875: 6803: 6793: 6743: 6733: 6667: 6630: 6558: 6533: 5751: 4048: 2667: 2657: 2521: 2312: 2306: 2029: 1965: 1683: 1413: 1404: 1329: 207: 188: 5628: 4315: 4265: 4078: 3610: 3438: 2127: 7704: 7499: 7407: 7402: 7387: 7377: 7352: 7337: 7198: 7131: 7101: 7061: 6971: 6961: 6798: 6677: 6640: 6563: 6007: 5715:"post-modern daguerreotypes" in "The Imagined Life of things", her solo show at Astra Design. 5121: 5041: 4328: 4200: 3187: 2899: 2848: 2750: 2607: 2481: 2441: 435: 410: 335: 7256: 5651: 5542: 4120: 3146: 2809: 2739: 2703: 7788: 7397: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7342: 6996: 6915: 6885: 6838: 6783: 6773: 6698: 6523: 6470: 6183: 5439: 4972:

The Camera and the Press: American Visual and Print Culture in the Age of the Daguerreotype

4782: 3076: 2921: 2798: 2254: 2123: 1980: 1918:, the first correctly exposed photograph of a solar eclipse using the daguerreotype process 1606: 1437: 1333: 1083:

fumes (from iodine crystals at room temperature) were used, producing a surface coating of

974: 871: 288: 6113: 4164: 3905: 3753: 3690: 1365:‘View of the Predikherenlei and Predikherenbrug’ depicts the first photographic record of 588:) and a chemist, put his laboratory at Daguerre's disposal. According to Austrian chemist 578:

March 1832 show that the use of iodized silver plates was due to Daguerre and not Niépce.

8: 7494: 7467: 7437: 7091: 7006: 6910: 6788: 6768: 6758: 6753: 6723: 6615: 6528: 6356: 6351: 5225: 2195: 2145: 1772: 1765: 1707: 1703: 1566: 1510: 1257:

in front of the lens to obtain a right-reading result, in practice this was rarely done.

851:

suggested replacing the small hole with a larger hole and an old man's spectacle lens (a

635: 581: 250: 31: 6072:

The Daguerreotype. Photographic Processes. Series Chapter 2 of 12. George Eastman Museum

4629:"A Preponderance of Evidence: The 1852 Omaha Indian Delegation Daguerreotypes Recovered" 3547: 2787: 2751:

Court of Queen's Bench before Lord Chief Justice Denman. June 25, 1842. BERRY v. CLAUDET

2632: 280: 7638: 7301: 7251: 7076: 6931: 6890: 6870: 6808: 6763: 6728: 6703: 6260: 6225: 5915: 5497: 5341: 5252:"A Durable Memento: Portraits by Augustus Washington, African American Daguerreotypist" 3972: 3954: 3652: 3160: 2728: 2191: 2054: 1715: 1711: 1667: 1320: 1178: 1155: 1052: 709: 5603: 3879: 2668:

Les manuscrits de Niépce (Code secret établi entre Nicéphore Niépce et Daguerre (1829)

1295: 1161:

Gilding, also called gold toning, was an addition to Daguerre's process introduced by

463: 7608: 7544: 7531: 7462: 7126: 7051: 7041: 7031: 7016: 6880: 6848: 6708: 6543: 6314: 6147: 6051: 6029: 5941: 5922: 5899: 5867: 5852: 5823: 5786: 5764: 5736: 5501: 5489: 5419: 5364: 5345: 5333: 5127: 4990: 4334: 4271: 4206: 4126: 4009: 3958: 3803: 3444: 3278: 3193: 2684: 2487: 2460: 2422: 2366: 2341: 2316: 2231: 1895: 1801: 1757: 1699: 1514: 1400: 1379: 1195: 1129: 808:

Camera obscura, from a manuscript of military designs. 17th century, possibly Italian

783:(Latin for "dark chamber") in its simplest form is a naturally occurring phenomenon. 737: 601: 200: 158: 5576: 5359:

Davies, Allan; State Library of New South Wales (2000). "Photography in Australia".

4821: 3359: 3258: 2131: 1968:

a shoemaker at age 100, born in 1745, possibly the earliest-born person photographed

1786: 1632: 1207:

There were two main methods of finishing daguerreotypes for protection and display:

855:

for correcting long-sightedness), which produced a much brighter and sharper image.

675: 531: 474:

Daguerre wrote to Isidore Niepce on 2 January 1839 about his discussion with Arago:

316: 7663: 7613: 7571: 7556: 7539: 7509: 7504: 7148: 7106: 7056: 6818: 6778: 6718: 6573: 6043: 6021: 5995: 5809: 5778: 5698: 5694: 5481: 5325: 4707:"The Daguerreotype in England: Some Primary Material Relating to Beard's Lawsuits." 4196: 3944: 2421:(2 ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education. pp. 964–967. 2414: 2064: 1805: 1794: 1675: 1655: 1217: 1162: 1142: 1137: 589: 555: 312: 276: 60: 7759: 6169: 6137: 5883: 4516: 2268: 1546:

Advertisement for a traveling daguerreotype photographer, with location left blank

686: 7668: 7576: 7193: 6941: 6823: 6518: 6465: 6460: 6428: 6413: 6371: 6154: 6087: 5068: 4171: 3032: 2683:. Translated by Epstean, Edward (4th ed.). Dover Publications. p. 215. 2664: 2454: 2259: 2183: 2115: 2000: 1880: 1737: 1691: 1570: 1522: 892: 848: 536: 327: 300: 187:

to a mirror finish; treated it with fumes that made its surface light-sensitive;

169: 135: 6161: 5889:. National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution. National Portrait Gallery. 4885: 1899: 1748: 1158:; Daguerre's initial method was to use a hot saturated solution of common salt. 440: 421: 291:

in 1774)—meant that silver photographic processes that rely on the reduction of

245:, and deciding color values. A camera obscura optically reduces a real scene in 206:

The image is on a mirror-like silver surface and will appear either positive or

181: 7445: 7271: 7213: 6981: 6662: 6568: 6553: 6548: 6443: 6250: 6240: 6230: 5761:

The Origins of American Photography: From Daguerreotype to Dry-plate, 1839–1885

5685:

Romer, Grant B. (1977). "The daguerreotype in America and England after 1860".

4855: 3771: 2273: 2069: 1861: 1823: 1491: 1270: 1021: 896: 826: 791: 787: 779: 772: 595: 350: 323: 296: 234: 192: 150: 47: 6099: 6071: 5255: 4373:

The Discoverer of the Use of Bromine in Photography: a Few Facts and an Appeal

3531: 3022: 2714: 1346: 1128:

to visibility by several minutes of exposure to the fumes given off by heated

891:

of silver are functional. In 19th century practice, the usual stock material,

761:

was visiting from the US, fewer than 25 of them are known to be around today.

584:, who was president of the National Society for the Encouragement of Science ( 505:

The Treasury wrote to Miles Berry on 3 April to inform him of their decision:

7814: 7598: 7566: 7551: 7516: 7121: 7086: 6672: 6645: 6625: 6593: 6538: 5999: 5962:. University of Rochester, Rochester, New York: rochester.edu. Archived from 5493: 5485: 5337: 4451:

5th number of the Verh. d. n. ö. Gew. Verein, Vienna 1842, p. 72. Quoted by (

2049: 2034: 1793:

The first known photograph of a solar eclipse was taken on July 28, 1851, by

1730: 1589: 1241: 1166: 1092: 1084: 311:

experiments were with silver nitrate as were Schultze's stencils of letters.

292: 7036: 3949: 3932: 3572: 7764: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7603: 7489: 7484: 7138: 6858: 6828: 6610: 6605: 6588: 6433: 6255: 6245: 6235: 5938:

The Spirit of Fact: The Daguerreotypes of Southworth & Hawes, 1843–1862

5037:"Occupational Portrait of Three Railroad Workers Standing on Crank Handcar" 4786: 2308:

The Silver Canvas: Daguerreotype Masterpieces from the J. Paul Getty Museum

2187: 2079: 1935: 1679: 1671: 1620: 1610: 1338: 1323:

from the Chevalier lens would have increased its working aperture to about

1237: 1224: 1112: 1048: 859: 758: 746: 449: 358: 357:

as early as the 1790s, but according to an 1802 account of his work by Sir

196: 5983: 3479: 1498:

in the frame, to calm them and keep them still so as to prevent blurring.

1390:

fumes alone. A breakthrough came with the discovery that when exposure to

1261:

evidence that the specimen is a copy of a typical wrong-reading original.

7769: 7633: 7628: 7561: 7474: 7311: 7286: 7116: 7111: 7096: 6951: 6833: 6813: 6682: 6583: 6475: 6438: 6408: 6361: 6329: 6324: 6285: 6206: 6127: 1831: 1695: 1554: 1373:. It dates back to October 1839, when optician François Braga arrived in 1277: 1060: 560: 414: 343: 257: 230: 173: 143: 5936:

Sobieszek, Robert A.; Appel-Heyne, Odette M.; Moore, Charles R. (1976).

3426:

Michael Zhang: "Tree leaves as 'Pinhole cameras' during a solar eclipse"

1561:

of Switzerland, became prominent daguerreotypists. In Britain, however,

1194:. In the US and UK, a gilt brass mat called a preserver in the US and a 1033: 322:

Previous discoveries of photosensitive methods and substances—including

7281: 7261: 7175: 7165: 7026: 6991: 6966: 6895: 6635: 6620: 6600: 6482: 6418: 6334: 6280: 6082: 4910:. National Museum of American History. 17 December 2012. Archived from 4182:

The story of the development of the Petzval Portrait lens is given in (

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The image in a daguerreotype is often described as being formed by the

1312: 1266: 1191: 1108: 941: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 652: 380: 349:

The first reliably documented attempt to capture the image formed in a

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The Early American Daguerreotype: Cross-Currents in Art and Technology

3829: 3346:

The Early American Daguerreotype: Cross-Currents in Art and Technology

1447:

The directions for the use of the Voigtländer camera read as follows:

1240:, jewel caskets and other ornate silver or gold boxes, the handles of 1037:

Graphic representation of the steps involved in making a daguerreotype

708:

Daguerre was present but complained of a sore throat. Later that year

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The Daguerreotype: an Archive of Source Texts, Graphics, and Ephemera

5733:

The Birth of Photography: The Story of the Formative Years, 1800–1900

4882:

The Daguerreotype: An Archive of Source Texts, Graphics, and Ephemera

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International Contemporary Daguerreotypes community (non-profit org)

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Mirror Image: The Influence of the Daguerreotype on American Society

5763:. Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art. Kansas City: Hall Family Foundation. 5036: 3273:

Heathcote, Pauline F. (1991). Coope, Rosalys; Corbett, Jane (eds.).

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and plates for daguerreotype called "Grand Photographe" produced by

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The Literary Gazette, and Journal of Belles Lettres, Arts, Sciences

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The Daguerreotype: Nineteenth-Century Technology and Modern Science

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Obscene Profits: The Entrepreneurs of Pornography in the Cyber Age

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L.J.M. Daguerre: The History of the Diorama and the Daguerreotype

2084: 1391: 1370: 1088: 1076: 875: 741: 683:("History of the discovery improperly named the daguerreotype"). 600:

A paragraph tacked onto the end of a review of one of Daguerre's

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Daguerreotype collection at the Canadian Centre for Architecture

5013:. National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution. 3677:

On a cloudy day, the exposure was given as three or four minutes

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Several types of antique photographs, most often ambrotypes and

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created the first known Japanese photograph, a portrait of his

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Notable U.S. daguerreotypists of the mid-19th century included

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Daguerre, a skilled professional artist, was familiar with the

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The Social Construction of the American Daguerreotype Portrait

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Davis, Keith F.; Aspinwall, Jane Lee; Wilson, Marc F. (2007).

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or Talbotype process, invented in 1840 and introduced in 1841.

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In the early 17th century, the Italian physician and chemist

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http://archivesniepce.com/index.php/L-Archive/les-manuscrits

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Conservators were able to determine that a daguerreotype of

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First mention in print (1835) and public announcement (1839)

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had experimented with paper silver chloride negatives while

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The Scenic Daguerreotype: Romanticism and Early Photography

4573:"The lady vanishes: Victorian photography's hidden mothers" 4149:. wulibraries.typepad.com. 16 December 2009. Archived from 4066:

the Great Exhibition Council Medal has been awarded to him.

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Niépce physautotype (glass original accidentally destroyed

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Nordisk tidskrift för fotografi (1920, p. 119) quoted in (

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Histoire de la decouverte improprement nommé daguerréotype

2222:(2003) . Peter Roach; James Hartmann; Jane Setter (eds.). 681:

Histoire de la découverte improprement nommé daguerréotype

263:

The discovery and commercial availability of the halogens—

5935: 4165:"1848 Daguerreotypes Bring Middle America's Past to Life" 3436: 3302:"Early Photographic Processes: Daguerreotype, 1839–1850s" 712:

announced his silver chloride "sensitive paper" process.

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in 1822—contributed to development of the daguerreotype.

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To make the image, a daguerreotypist polished a sheet of

72: 6122: 3973:"Daguerreotypes: Europe's Earliest Photographic Records" 3051:"L'histoire méconnue du premier portrait photographique" 2288:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

2130:, a framed set of three plates presented by Daguerre to 1721:

This method spread to other parts of the world as well:

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from which a purchase of this description could be made

498:

from which a purchase of this description could be made

5543:"This Is the First-Ever Photo of a Total Solar Eclipse" 3585:"This May Be the Oldest Known Photo of a Living Animal" 3397:"The Developing Portrait: Painting Towards Photography" 2413: 1412:

of 12 December 1840) and in Vienna: Krachowila and the

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The daguerreotype image is formed on a highly polished

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painting of a landslide that occurred in "La Vallée de

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process. The improved process was eventually named the

3653:"Amusing Incidents in the Life of a Daguerrean Artist" 2186:, mounted with its concave surface forward, and had a 1830:, Patrick Bailly-Maître-Grand, Alyssa C. Salomon, and 1087:, but it was soon found that a subsequent exposure to 30:"Daguerrotype" redirects here. For the 2016 film, see 5954: 5864:

Photographic Cases Victorian Design Sources 1840–1870

5662:(5). Springfield: Crowell Publishing Company: 36–37. 1740:, a Frenchman, produced a booklet of Daguerreotypes, 1458:

account of the deep shadows direct sunlight creates.

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Fleischman, John; Kunzig, Robert (1 February 2002).

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A predominantly US oriented database & galleries

5957:"Digital Analysis and Restoration of Daguerreotypes" 5758: 4401:

The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction

3728:"The Myth, Reality, and History of Mercury Toxicity" 1133:

of release of those chemicals into the environment.

539:

who had purchased a licence directly from Daguerre.

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Photographic processes dating from the 19th century

5981: 3776:(5 ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. 3770:Berg, JM; Tymoczko, JL; Stryer, L. (2002). "17.3". 3103:

Lettres d'Italie, 1836-1837; adressées à sa famille

1902:

in 1857, the earliest surviving Japanese photograph

1847: 1328:as landscapes, buildings, monuments, statuary, and 1173: 330:in the 13th century, a silver and chalk mixture by 69: 5984:"Cleaning of daguerreotypes with an excimer laser" 5914: 5882: 5777: 3769: 3115: 2409: 2407: 2304: 870:as an aid for establishing correct proportion and 740:would acquire the rights in exchange for lifetime 690:The earliest reliably dated photograph of people, 586:Société d'encouragement pour l'industrie nationale 5982:Turovets, I.; Maggen, Michael; Lewis, A. (1998). 4270:(3rd ed.). Dover Publications. p. 122. 3933:"Notes on an Early Daguerreotype of Walt Whitman" 1025:A daguerreotype photograph of the Nobel House in 814:appear, upside down, on the wall facing the hole. 492:Inform party that Parliament has placed no funds 176:-elect in 1846, attributed to Nicholas H. Shepard 7812: 6152: 4974:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 3–. 4631:. Indiana University Bloomington. Archived from 4320: 4118: 3804:"A Tour of E. Anthony's Daguerreian Manufactory" 3277:. Nottingham Subscription Library. p. 102. 2605: 2442:Hippolyte Bayard 1801–1887 Art History Unstuffed 2281: 1999:Blacksmith Forging a Horseshoe, c. 1859–1860 by 1424:A number of innovative camera designs appeared: 1419: 319:to wait before making his paper process public. 5921:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. 2404: 1091:fumes greatly increased the sensitivity of the 4814:"The Arrival of the Daguerreotype in New York" 4564: 3100: 2822:"John Hannavy – Scottish Daguerreotype patent" 2363:The 100 Most Influential Inventors of All Time 2360: 2338:Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography 1116:made light-tight and removed from the camera. 275:a few years earlier (iodine was discovered by 6191: 5361:Celebrating 100 years of the Mitchell Library 4842:. 28 February 1839. p. 2. Archived from 4416:"Re-creation of Beard's Mirror Camera (1840)" 3478:Wilgus, Jack; Wilgus, Beverly (August 2004). 3440:The Turin Shroud: How Da Vinci Fooled History 3185: 3074: 2335: 1781:Astronomical applications in the 19th century 1290: 6114:Cincinnati Waterfront Panorama Daguerreotype 5836: 5309: 4327:Barger, M. Susan; White, William B. (2000). 3861:. Antwerp Photography Museum. Archived from 3477: 3296: 3294: 3116:Darcy-Roquencourt., Jacques (5 April 2002). 2763:"Scottish patent taken out by Richard Beard" 2417:; Cateforis, David; Addiss, Stephen (2005). 2305:Lowry, Bates; Barrett Lowry, Isabel (2000). 704:(translation: eight o'clock in the morning). 663: 7743:Conservation and restoration of photographs 5254:. National Portrait Gallery. Archived from 5069:"J. P. Ball, African American Photographer" 4615: 4602: 4517:Photographic studio according to Netto 1842 4326: 4089:(689). London: 877–878. 11 September 1841. 3978:. daguerrebase.org. 2014. pp. 25, 54. 3621:(689). London: 877–878. 11 September 1841. 111: 84: 7480:Comparison of digital and film photography 6198: 6184: 6163:The Daguerreotypes of Southworth and Hawes 5854:The American Handbook of the Daguerreotype 5752:"The Daguerreian Age in France: 1839–1855" 5569:"A Thumbnail History of the Daguerreotype" 4775:"Early photography: Making Daguerreotypes" 4712:, October 1979, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 305–09. 4125:. University of Chicago Press. p. 6. 4079:"Photographic Miniature. To the Editor of 4049:"Portraits of Charles Dickens (1812–1870)" 3611:"Photographic Miniature. To the Editor of 2911:Niépce, Daguerre, Photomuseum physautotype 2864:John Johnson, photographer by David Simkin 2633:Daguerre and the Invention of Photography 2515: 2513: 2452: 2365:. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 77. 1247: 7700:Photographs considered the most important 5846:. Lexington, New York: Holman & Gray. 5514: 5468:Smith, Shawn Michelle (1 November 2017). 4949: 4195: 3948: 3906:"Pictures & Sound: Gallery of Images" 3872: 3387: 3385: 3291: 3272: 3010:Lowry, Bates & Lowry, Isabel Barrett 2937:"Daguerre's research of the latent image" 1063:to burn off any residual organic matter. 1001:Learn how and when to remove this message 443:in 1839, with a lens by Charles Chevalier 5912: 5850: 5837:Hill, Levi L.; McCartey, W. Jr. (1850). 5474:Nka: Journal of Contemporary African Art 5123:Mathew Brady: Photographer of Our Nation 4570: 4384: 3545: 3504: 3077:"Compléments sur le portrait de Mr Huet" 2846: 2840: 2473: 1877:Arthur Wellesley, the Duke of Wellington 1603:Early photography: making daguerreotypes 1541: 1500: 1360: 1294: 1284:. Today, they can be digitally scanned. 1177: 1032: 1020: 1012: 820: 803: 685: 634: 462: 439:Daguerreotype camera built by La Maison 434: 374: 370: 163: 41: 6102:The Nanotechnology of the Daguerreotype 6050:. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. 6028:. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. 5893: 5880: 5817: 5802:"Valuable Improvement in Daguerréotype" 5799: 5711: 5413: 5303: 5107: 5094: 4414:Smith, Roger Wesley (5 November 2012). 4263: 4003: 3650: 2979: 2977: 2704:Niépce and the Invention of Photography 2519: 2510: 2387:"History of photography: Daguerreotype" 2109:inventory of works by or about Daguerre 1182:Daguerreotype mounted on a box, in the 379:19th century printed reproduction of a 287:in 1826 independently, and chlorine by 14: 7813: 5749: 5649: 5566: 5540: 5119: 5003: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4093:from the original on 23 September 2015 3985:from the original on 12 September 2014 3930: 3667:from the original on 23 September 2015 3625:from the original on 23 September 2015 3532:Making a camera obscura in your room. 3382: 3357: 2544: 2329: 2014:Six daguerreotypes show a panorama of 1812: 749:acting on Daguerre's behalf filed for 509:(To) Miles Berry Esq 66 Chancery Lane 50:in 1844 by Jean-Baptiste Sabatier-Blot 6179: 5861: 5857:(5 ed.). New York: S.D Humphrey. 5800:Goddard, John F. (12 December 1840). 5684: 5589: 5467: 5377: 5315: 4767: 4661:from the original on 12 December 2009 4552:from the original on 16 November 2013 4422:from the original on 14 December 2014 4413: 4055:from the original on 26 December 2014 3912:from the original on 29 November 2014 3886:from the original on 11 November 2013 3836:from the original on 30 November 2012 3657:The Photographic and Fine Art Journal 3513:from the original on 29 November 2010 3505:Steadman, Philip (17 February 2012). 3370:from the original on 22 December 2011 3212: 2614:from the original on 13 November 2016 2218: 522:(entry in margin) Application Refused 6148:Original Giroux Daguerréotype Camera 6042: 6020: 5154:from the original on 24 October 2009 5049:from the original on 13 October 2013 5029: 4984: 4875: 4793:from the original on 23 January 2014 4583:from the original on 18 January 2018 4528: 4504: 4491: 4452: 4251: 4183: 4030:"Isenburg collection sold to Canada" 3810:from the original on 2 November 2014 3734:from the original on 6 February 2015 3554:from the original on 30 October 2014 3437:Lynn Picknett; Clive Prince (2007). 3407:from the original on 19 October 2014 3246: 3192:. ArtDeCiel Publishing. p. 28. 3128:from the original on 13 October 2018 2984: 2974: 2968: 2678: 2647:Daguerre and Niépce's numerical code 2587:from the original on 16 October 2014 2552:"The First Photograph – Heliography" 2532:from the original on 20 October 2014 2486:. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 21–. 2479: 2459:. Taylor & Francis. p. 17. 2298: 2152:(noon) to King Ludwig I of Bavaria ( 1075:, the silver surface was exposed to 939:adding citations to reliable sources 910: 881: 7695:Museums devoted to one photographer 5730: 5541:Farber, Madeline (11 August 2017). 5515:Weitering, Hanneke (28 July 2017). 5226:"Biographies: Albert S. Southworth" 4958: 4926: 4571:Bathurst, Bella (2 December 2013). 4227:From Petzval's Sum to Abbe's Number 3707:from the original on 4 January 2014 3443:. Simon and Schuster. p. 182. 3312:from the original on 6 October 2014 3109: 3048: 2128:1884 catalogue of one French museum 2120:Intérieur d'un cabinet de curiosité 2060:Joseph-Philibert Girault de Prangey 1797:, using the daguerreotype process. 1760:. The photograph was designated an 1648:National Museum of American History 1577:produced daguerreotypes in the UK. 142:) was the first publicly available 24: 7836:Alternative photographic processes 7242:Timeline of photography technology 6165:The American Museum of Photography 6155:"Photography, Old & New Again" 5724: 5639:(42). Tennant and Ward: 202. 1903. 5590:Davis, Mrs. D.T. (November 1896). 5418:. Tuttle Publishing. p. 137. 5232:from the original on 15 March 2009 5075:from the original on 7 August 2008 4969: 4466:"Voigtlander daguerreotype camera" 4369:The British Journal of Photography 4202:A History of the Photographic Lens 4046: 3725: 3688: 3391: 3331:Johnathan Carter 2002 Bulletin of 1932:Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling 519:3rd April 1840 (signed) A. Gordon 25: 7867: 7826:Audiovisual introductions in 1839 6170:Website of Bry-Sur-Marne's Museum 6065: 5666:from the original on 3 March 2012 5395:from the original on 5 March 2016 4008:. Osprey Publishing. p. 90. 3486:from the original on 7 March 2017 3227:from the original on 4 April 2015 3118:"Boulevard du Temple de Daguerre" 3035:quotes the (anonymous) review in 2105:Société française de photographie 1795:Johann Julius Friedrich Berkowski 1382:, while the two others are lost. 1071:In darkness or by the light of a 801:which means "the artificial eye") 764: 172:, a daguerreotype of him as U.S. 168:The first authenticated image of 7793: 7783: 7782: 6095:Daguerre's Daguerreotype Manual. 5881:Pfister, Harold Francis (1978). 5785:. New York: Dover Publications. 5750:Daniel, Malcolm (October 2004). 5705: 5678: 5643: 5621: 5583: 5560: 5534: 5508: 5461: 5432: 5407: 5363:. Focus Publishing. p. 76. 5352: 5296: 5284:from the original on 27 May 2010 5270: 5244: 5218: 5192: 5166: 5140: 5113: 5100: 5087: 5061: 5017:from the original on 3 July 2012 4989:. Psychology Press. p. 42. 4978: 4900: 4869: 4861: 4836:"Chemical and Optical Discovery" 4828: 4811: 4805: 4755:from the original on 28 May 2010 4741: 4729:from the original on 7 June 2011 4715: 4699: 4673: 4647: 4621: 4608: 4595: 4534: 4521: 4510: 4497: 4484: 4458: 4445: 4441:Voigtländer Daguerreotype Camera 4434: 4418:. britishphotohistory.ning.com. 4407: 4403:. J. Limbird. 1843. p. 119. 4393: 4378: 4361: 4347: 4309: 3507:"Vermeer and the Camera Obscura" 3358:Daniel, Malcolm (October 2004). 3039:(Knowledge editors' translation) 3024:Hubert, ou l'honneur de Daguerre 2999:Media, Culture and Communication 2997:Daguerre's Diorama. NYU Dept of 2007: 1992: 1973: 1958: 1943: 1923: 1907: 1888: 1869: 1854: 1848:Gallery of sample daguerreotypes 1744:which probably appeared in 1844. 1597: 1588: 1537: 1174:Casing and other display options 1066: 915: 495:at the disposal of the Treasury 199:on it visible by fuming it with 59: 7794: 6205: 4470:Science Museum Group Collection 4295: 4284: 4257: 4244: 4233: 4219: 4189: 4176: 4157: 4139: 4112: 4071: 4040: 4022: 4006:Victorian Photographers at Work 3997: 3965: 3924: 3898: 3848: 3822: 3796: 3780:from the original on 9 May 2018 3763: 3746: 3719: 3700:. The Daguerreian Society: 35. 3691:"The Cutting Edge of Yesterday" 3682: 3644: 3603: 3577: 3566: 3548:"The Making of a Daguerreotype" 3539: 3525: 3498: 3471: 3457: 3430: 3419: 3351: 3338: 3324: 3266: 3252: 3239: 3206: 3179: 3165: 3154: 3140: 3094: 3068: 3042: 3016: 3004: 2990: 2961: 2929: 2915: 2904: 2893: 2882: 2868: 2857: 2814: 2803: 2792: 2781: 2755: 2744: 2733: 2708: 2697: 2672: 2651: 2640: 2626: 2599: 2573: 2520:Harmant, Pierre G. (May 1960). 2456:History of analytical chemistry 2172: 2159: 2138: 2097: 926:needs additional citations for 693:View of the Boulevard du Temple 6138:Library of Congress Collection 5699:10.1080/03087298.1977.10442912 5592:"The Daguerreotype in America" 4954:. The MIT Press. pp. 16–. 4950:Gillespie, Sarah Kate (2016). 4655:"André Adolphe-Eugène Disdéri" 4371:15 December 1863 Jabez Hughes 4205:. Academic Press. p. 35. 3215:"The Munich Daguerre-Triptych" 2924:Daguerreotype research archive 2446: 2435: 2379: 2354: 2291:(5th ed.). HarperCollins. 2260:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 2244: 2224:English Pronouncing Dictionary 2212: 1916:solar eclipse of July 28, 1851 1473: 1119: 818:In another notebook, he wrote: 13: 1: 7292:Painted photography backdrops 7224:Golden triangle (composition) 6499:35 mm equivalent focal length 6026:America and the Daguerreotype 4818:Midley History of Photography 4103:In a letter to the editor of 4051:. photohistory-sussex.co.uk. 3937:Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 3635:In a letter to the editor of 3546:Isenburg, Matthew R. (2001). 3049:Ihl, Oliver (13 March 2018). 2205: 1984: 1496:mothers were sometimes hidden 1420:Unusual daguerreotype cameras 1204:usually served that purpose. 391: 384: 5896:The Art of the Daguerreotype 5866:. Schiffer Publishing, Ltd. 5851:Humphrey, Samuel D. (1858). 5822:. Antique Collector's Club. 5781:; Gernsheim, Alison (1968). 5011:"Morse Daguerreotype Camera" 4908:"Morse Daguerreotype Camera" 4267:The Daguerreotype in America 4034:BritishPhotoHistory.Ning.com 3075:Darcy-Roquencourt, Jacques. 2361:Curley, Robert, ed. (2010). 2311:. Getty Publishers. p. 2118:(item 1) gives it the title 1551:André-Adolphe-Eugène Disdéri 1184:National Archives of Estonia 1041: 426:action solaire sur les corps 214:around the edges is normal. 7: 7002:Intentional camera movement 5735:. London: Ash & Grant. 5650:Cannon, Poppy (June 1929). 5567:Nelson, Kenneth E. (1996). 5448:Agency for Cultural Affairs 5202:. The Getty. Archived from 5176:. The Getty. Archived from 5120:Murray, Stuart A P (2014). 4985:Lane, Frederick S. (2001). 4683:. The Getty. Archived from 4385:Cornwall, James E. (1979). 4333:. JHU Press. pp. 34–. 4264:Newhall, Beaumont (1976) . 3698:The Daguerreian Annual 1990 3651:Burgess, N.G. (June 1855). 3480:"What is a camera obscura?" 3101:Viollet-le-Duc, G. (1971). 3026:Paul-Louis Roubert p. 41–49 2853:. New York: S. D. Humphrey. 2810:Midley addenda R Derek Wood 2788:text of daguerrotype patent 2729:Isidore Niépce and Daguerre 2679:Eder, Josef Maria (1978) . 2453:Szabadváry, Ferenc (1992). 2336:Hannavy, John, ed. (2013). 2023: 1802:collodion wet plate process 1762:Important Cultural Property 1725:The first daguerreotype in 1102: 10: 7872: 7690:Most expensive photographs 7047:Multi-exposure HDR capture 5913:Rudisill, Richard (1971). 3931:Bethel, Denise B. (1992). 3830:"The Mirror with a Memory" 3466:History of Camera Obscuras 3464:Kirriemuir Camera Obscura 2340:. Routledge. p. 365. 2228:Cambridge University Press 1341:was introduced. Professor 1332:arrangements. Attempts at 1291:Reduction of exposure time 1238:watch fobs and watch cases 906: 770: 674:on Monday, 19 August 1839 660:French Academy of Sciences 658:At a joint meeting of the 501:(indecipherable signature) 428:); 34 – a camera obscura ( 224: 29: 7778: 7735: 7682: 7587: 7530: 7436: 7320: 7232: 7184: 6924: 6691: 6491: 6213: 6133:Daguerreotype Plate Sizes 5602:(1): 4–16. Archived from 5126:. Routledge. p. 27. 4749:"Thomas Richard Williams" 4119:Janet E. Buerger (1989). 2877:National Portrait Gallery 2274:Dictionary.com Unabridged 2144:Though it shows the busy 2016:San Francisco, California 1879:, aged 74 or 75, made by 1633:The Gallery of the Louvre 1596: 1587: 1582: 1429:Carl August von Steinheil 1343:Andreas von Ettingshausen 1149: 835:Musée des Arts et Métiers 664: 7856:19th-century photography 7624:Digital image processing 6012:: CS1 maint: location ( 6000:10.1179/sic.1998.43.2.89 5894:Richter, Stefan (1989). 5486:10.1215/10757163-4271608 5228:. George Eastman House. 5148:"Thomas Martin Easterly" 3105:. L. Laget. p. 165. 2610:. Université Paris-Sud. 2090: 1841:Astolat Dollhouse Castle 1658:A flourishing market in 1079:fumes. Originally, only 726:the birth of photography 608:on 27 September 1835, a 432:); 73 – sulphuric acid. 7297:Photography and the law 6157:. discovermagazine.com. 6104:University of Rochester 6077:The Daguerreian Society 5988:Studies in Conservation 5940:. Boston: D.R. Godine. 5573:The Daguerreian Society 5414:Bennett, Terry (2013). 4616:Barger & White 2000 4603:Barger & White 2000 3950:10.13008/2153-3695.1327 3161:maison nicephore niépce 3122:www.niepce-daguerre.com 2635:Maison Nicéphore Niépce 2522:"Anno Lucis 1839 (1/3)" 2391:Encyclopedia Britannica 1652:Smithsonian Institution 1575:Thomas Richard Williams 1559:Johann Baptist Isenring 1369:and in all probability 1248:Unusual characteristics 666:Académie des Beaux-Arts 332:Johann Heinrich Schulze 249:to a flat rendition in 247:three-dimensional space 7841:Monochrome photography 7644:Gelatin silver process 6668:Science of photography 6653:Photographic processes 6631:Perspective distortion 5818:Hannavy, John (2005). 5687:History of Photography 4876:Ewer, Gary W. (2011). 4840:The Pittsburgh Gazette 4710:History of Photography 4472:. Science Museum Group 4316:John Frederick Goddard 4163:Wired Magazine (2010) 4004:Hannavy, John (1997). 3806:. daguerre.org. 1996. 3220:. sylviaballhause.de. 3186:Stefan Hughes (2012). 2900:Miles Berry vs Claudet 2681:History of Photography 2606:Jean-Louis Marignier. 2030:History of photography 1684:Thomas Martin Easterly 1547: 1506: 1460: 1454: 1405:John Frederick Goddard 1383: 1300: 1211:ornamented with inset 1186: 1038: 1030: 1018: 845: 838: 816: 809: 718:History of Photography 705: 644: 641:Natural History Museum 623: 524: 503: 481: 468: 444: 398: 368: 315:had been persuaded by 177: 139: 51: 7102:Schlieren photography 6641:Photographic printing 6564:Exposure compensation 5862:Kenny, Adele (2001). 5579:on 27 September 2011. 5470:"Augustus Washington" 5416:Early Japanese Images 5278:"Ezra Greenleaf Weld" 5042:World Digital Library 4122:French Daguerreotypes 3344:Sarah Kate Gillespie 3148:French Daguerreotypes 2583:. luminous-lint.com. 2107:. That institution's 2075:Noël Paymal Lerebours 1953:, made in Paris 1848. 1545: 1504: 1455: 1449: 1364: 1339:Petzval Portrait Lens 1298: 1181: 1124:The latent image was 1095:coating. Exposure to 1036: 1024: 1016: 847:In the 16th century, 840: 824: 811: 807: 689: 638: 618: 507: 490: 476: 466: 438: 378: 371:Development in France 363: 167: 45: 6886:Straight photography 6524:Chromatic aberration 5652:"An Old Art Revived" 4888:on 15 September 2014 4783:J. Paul Getty Museum 4254:, pp. 265, 293) 4240:The Orthoscopic Lens 4153:on 21 February 2014. 3868:on 7 September 2012. 3262:Metropolitain Museum 3037:Journal des artistes 2799:Daguerreotype patent 2480:Watt, Susan (2003). 2124:Alphonse de Cailleux 1771:In the early 1850s, 1688:François Fleischbein 1607:J. Paul Getty Museum 1438:reflecting telescope 1334:portrait photography 935:improve this article 702:huit heures du matin 606:Journal des artistes 279:in 1811, bromine by 27:Photographic process 7851:19th century in art 7753:photographic plates 7438:Digital photography 6616:Hyperfocal distance 6529:Circle of confusion 5731:Coe, Brian (1976). 5633:The Photo Miniature 5306:, pp. 92, 102) 5071:. cincymuseum.org. 4186:, pp. 291–313) 3880:"The Daguerreotype" 3689:Nelson, Kenneth E. 3534:National Geographic 3482:. brightbytes.com. 3249:, pp. 200–205) 3213:Ballhause, Sylvia. 3081:niepce-daguerre.com 2154:The Munich Triptych 2146:Boulevard du Temple 1813:Late and modern use 1773:Augustus Washington 1766:government of Japan 1708:Ezra Greenleaf Weld 1704:Augustus Washington 1269:on credit cards or 799:oculus artificialis 604:spectacles in the 582:Jean-Baptiste Dumas 7257:Autochrome Lumière 7252:Analog photography 7077:Pigeon photography 6866:Social documentary 6345:discontinued films 5898:. London: Viking. 4846:on 7 February 2015 4548:. musee-orsay.fr. 4197:Kingslake, Rudolph 4170:2017-02-08 at the 3726:Barron, Andrew R. 3031:2015-02-14 at the 2949:on 14 January 2017 2828:on 6 December 2016 2769:on 6 December 2016 2663:2017-07-01 at the 2263:. Merriam-Webster. 2184:achromatic doublet 2114:2015-04-02 at the 2055:Hugh Lee Pattinson 1951:José de San Martín 1716:Frederick Douglass 1712:John Adams Whipple 1668:James Presley Ball 1650:, a branch of the 1623:, inventor of the 1548: 1507: 1427:By December 1839, 1384: 1301: 1187: 1156:sodium thiosulfate 1039: 1031: 1019: 839: 810: 710:William Fox Talbot 706: 672:Institut de Françe 645: 469: 445: 399: 178: 52: 7846:Mercury (element) 7831:French inventions 7808: 7807: 7609:Collodion process 7545:Chromogenic print 7532:Color photography 7042:Multiple exposure 7017:Lo-fi photography 6544:Color temperature 5779:Gernsheim, Helmut 5770:978-0-300-12286-2 5629:"Copying Methods" 5606:on 10 August 2011 5425:978-1-4629-1137-0 5391:. Luminous-Lint. 5385:"Adolphe Duperly" 5370:978-1-875359-66-0 5200:"John Plumbe, Jr" 5174:"Jeremiah Gurney" 5133:978-1-317-46502-7 4970:Dinius, Marcy J. 4878:"Texts from 1839" 4824:on 23 April 2021. 4723:"Antoine Claudet" 4635:on 8 January 2014 4389:(in German). VWI. 4340:978-0-8018-6458-2 4291:Paul Beck Goddard 4212:978-0-12-408640-1 4132:978-0-226-07985-1 3882:. princeton.edu. 3832:. phototree.com. 3591:. 23 October 2019 3450:978-0-7432-9217-7 3199:978-1-62050-961-6 3012:The Silver Canvas 2558:on 6 October 2009 2493:978-0-7614-1464-3 2415:Stokstad, Marilyn 2372:978-1-61530-003-7 2347:978-1-135-87326-4 1938:in February 1848. 1896:Shimazu Nariakira 1758:Shimazu Nariakira 1731:Dr. William Bland 1700:Albert Southworth 1616: 1615: 1401:Paul Beck Goddard 1380:Ghent City Museum 1011: 1010: 1003: 985: 882:Plate manufacture 831:Charles Chevalier 738:French government 383:believed to be a 159:collodion process 46:Daguerreotype of 16:(Redirected from 7863: 7797: 7796: 7786: 7785: 7664:Print permanence 7614:Cross processing 7572:CMYK color model 7557:Color management 7510:Foveon X3 sensor 7505:Three-CCD camera 7149:Miniature faking 7107:Sabattier effect 6719:Astrophotography 6574:Zebra patterning 6200: 6193: 6186: 6177: 6176: 6158: 6105: 6093: 6061: 6039: 6017: 6011: 6003: 5978: 5976: 5974: 5968: 5961: 5951: 5932: 5920: 5909: 5890: 5888: 5877: 5858: 5847: 5845: 5833: 5814: 5806: 5796: 5774: 5755: 5754:. metmuseum.org. 5746: 5718: 5717: 5709: 5703: 5702: 5682: 5676: 5675: 5673: 5671: 5647: 5641: 5640: 5625: 5619: 5618: 5613: 5611: 5587: 5581: 5580: 5575:. Archived from 5564: 5558: 5557: 5555: 5553: 5538: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5512: 5506: 5505: 5465: 5459: 5458: 5456: 5454: 5436: 5430: 5429: 5411: 5405: 5404: 5402: 5400: 5381: 5375: 5374: 5356: 5350: 5349: 5318:Critical Inquiry 5313: 5307: 5300: 5294: 5293: 5291: 5289: 5274: 5268: 5267: 5265: 5263: 5248: 5242: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5222: 5216: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5196: 5190: 5189: 5187: 5185: 5170: 5164: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5144: 5138: 5137: 5117: 5111: 5104: 5098: 5091: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5065: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5033: 5027: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5007: 5001: 5000: 4982: 4976: 4975: 4967: 4956: 4955: 4947: 4924: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4904: 4898: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4884:. Archived from 4873: 4867: 4866: 4865: 4859: 4853: 4851: 4832: 4826: 4825: 4820:. Archived from 4812:Wood, R. Derek. 4809: 4803: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4771: 4765: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4745: 4739: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4719: 4713: 4705:Wood, R. Derek. 4703: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4677: 4671: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4651: 4645: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4625: 4619: 4612: 4606: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4568: 4562: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4538: 4532: 4525: 4519: 4514: 4508: 4501: 4495: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4462: 4456: 4449: 4443: 4438: 4432: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4411: 4405: 4404: 4397: 4391: 4390: 4382: 4376: 4365: 4359: 4357:12 December 1840 4355:Literary Gazette 4351: 4345: 4344: 4324: 4318: 4313: 4307: 4299: 4293: 4288: 4282: 4281: 4261: 4255: 4248: 4242: 4237: 4231: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4193: 4187: 4180: 4174: 4161: 4155: 4154: 4143: 4137: 4136: 4116: 4110: 4109: 4100: 4098: 4075: 4069: 4068: 4062: 4060: 4044: 4038: 4037: 4026: 4020: 4019: 4001: 3995: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3984: 3977: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3952: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3902: 3896: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3867: 3860: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3800: 3794: 3793: 3787: 3785: 3767: 3761: 3754:Mercury Toxicity 3750: 3744: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3723: 3717: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3706: 3695: 3686: 3680: 3679: 3674: 3672: 3648: 3642: 3641: 3632: 3630: 3607: 3601: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3581: 3575: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3550:. daguerre.org. 3543: 3537: 3529: 3523: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3502: 3496: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3475: 3469: 3461: 3455: 3454: 3434: 3428: 3423: 3417: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3389: 3380: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3355: 3349: 3342: 3336: 3333:Société Jersaise 3328: 3322: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3306:edinphoto.org.uk 3298: 3289: 3288: 3270: 3264: 3256: 3250: 3243: 3237: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3226: 3219: 3210: 3204: 3203: 3183: 3177: 3169: 3163: 3158: 3152: 3150:Janet E. Buerger 3144: 3138: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3113: 3107: 3106: 3098: 3092: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3072: 3066: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3055:The Conversation 3046: 3040: 3020: 3014: 3008: 3002: 2994: 2988: 2981: 2972: 2965: 2959: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2948: 2942:. Archived from 2941: 2933: 2927: 2919: 2913: 2908: 2902: 2897: 2891: 2886: 2880: 2875:Antoine Claudet 2872: 2866: 2861: 2855: 2854: 2844: 2838: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2824:. Archived from 2818: 2812: 2807: 2801: 2796: 2790: 2785: 2779: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2765:. Archived from 2759: 2753: 2748: 2742: 2737: 2731: 2726: 2717: 2712: 2706: 2701: 2695: 2694: 2676: 2670: 2655: 2649: 2644: 2638: 2630: 2624: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2603: 2597: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2577: 2571: 2570: 2565: 2563: 2554:. Archived from 2548: 2542: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2517: 2508: 2507: 2502: 2500: 2477: 2471: 2470: 2450: 2444: 2439: 2433: 2432: 2411: 2402: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2383: 2377: 2376: 2358: 2352: 2351: 2333: 2327: 2326: 2302: 2296: 2292: 2278: 2264: 2248: 2242: 2241: 2216: 2199: 2196:lens aberrations 2176: 2170: 2163: 2157: 2142: 2136: 2101: 2065:Daniel Davis Jr. 2011: 1996: 1986: 1977: 1962: 1947: 1927: 1911: 1892: 1873: 1858: 1806:transit of Venus 1676:Abraham Bogardus 1656:Washington, D.C. 1601: 1600: 1592: 1580: 1579: 1569:. Among others, 1410:Literary Gazette 1255:reflective prism 1163:Hippolyte Fizeau 1143:visible spectrum 1006: 999: 995: 992: 986: 984: 943: 919: 911: 827:camerae obscurae 669: 668: 590:Josef Maria Eder 556:Georges Bontemps 411:Nicéphore Niépce 396: 393: 389: 386: 313:Hippolyte Bayard 133: 132: 131: 130: 123: 120: 119: 114: 113: 110: 105: 104: 101: 98: 95: 92: 87: 86: 83: 78: 77: 74: 71: 68: 65: 21: 7871: 7870: 7866: 7865: 7864: 7862: 7861: 7860: 7811: 7810: 7809: 7804: 7774: 7731: 7678: 7669:Push processing 7590: 7583: 7577:RGB color model 7526: 7432: 7316: 7228: 7194:Diagonal method 7180: 6920: 6824:Photojournalism 6687: 6519:Black-and-white 6487: 6466:Slide projector 6461:Movie projector 6340:available films 6209: 6204: 6100: 6091: 6068: 6058: 6036: 6005: 6004: 5972: 5970: 5969:on 24 June 2011 5966: 5959: 5948: 5929: 5906: 5874: 5843: 5830: 5813:(1247). London. 5804: 5793: 5771: 5743: 5727: 5725:Further reading 5722: 5721: 5710: 5706: 5683: 5679: 5669: 5667: 5648: 5644: 5627: 5626: 5622: 5609: 5607: 5588: 5584: 5565: 5561: 5551: 5549: 5539: 5535: 5525: 5523: 5513: 5509: 5466: 5462: 5452: 5450: 5446:(in Japanese). 5440:"国宝・重要文化財（美術品）" 5438: 5437: 5433: 5426: 5412: 5408: 5398: 5396: 5383: 5382: 5378: 5371: 5357: 5353: 5314: 5310: 5301: 5297: 5287: 5285: 5276: 5275: 5271: 5261: 5259: 5258:on 3 March 2008 5250: 5249: 5245: 5235: 5233: 5224: 5223: 5219: 5209: 5207: 5206:on 18 July 2010 5198: 5197: 5193: 5183: 5181: 5172: 5171: 5167: 5157: 5155: 5146: 5145: 5141: 5134: 5118: 5114: 5105: 5101: 5092: 5088: 5078: 5076: 5067: 5066: 5062: 5052: 5050: 5035: 5034: 5030: 5020: 5018: 5009: 5008: 5004: 4997: 4983: 4979: 4968: 4959: 4948: 4927: 4917: 4915: 4906: 4905: 4901: 4891: 4889: 4874: 4870: 4860: 4849: 4847: 4834: 4833: 4829: 4810: 4806: 4796: 4794: 4779:khanacademy.org 4773: 4772: 4768: 4758: 4756: 4747: 4746: 4742: 4732: 4730: 4721: 4720: 4716: 4704: 4700: 4690: 4688: 4679: 4678: 4674: 4664: 4662: 4653: 4652: 4648: 4638: 4636: 4627: 4626: 4622: 4613: 4609: 4600: 4596: 4586: 4584: 4569: 4565: 4555: 4553: 4544:A Game of Chess 4540: 4539: 4535: 4526: 4522: 4515: 4511: 4502: 4498: 4489: 4485: 4475: 4473: 4464: 4463: 4459: 4450: 4446: 4439: 4435: 4425: 4423: 4412: 4408: 4399: 4398: 4394: 4383: 4379: 4366: 4362: 4352: 4348: 4341: 4325: 4321: 4314: 4310: 4303:Historic Camera 4300: 4296: 4289: 4285: 4278: 4262: 4258: 4249: 4245: 4238: 4234: 4224: 4220: 4213: 4194: 4190: 4181: 4177: 4172:Wayback Machine 4162: 4158: 4145: 4144: 4140: 4133: 4117: 4113: 4096: 4094: 4077: 4076: 4072: 4058: 4056: 4047:Simkin, David. 4045: 4041: 4028: 4027: 4023: 4016: 4002: 3998: 3988: 3986: 3982: 3975: 3971: 3970: 3966: 3929: 3925: 3915: 3913: 3904: 3903: 3899: 3889: 3887: 3878: 3877: 3873: 3865: 3858: 3856:"Daguerreotype" 3854: 3853: 3849: 3839: 3837: 3828: 3827: 3823: 3813: 3811: 3802: 3801: 3797: 3791:daguerreotypes. 3783: 3781: 3768: 3764: 3751: 3747: 3737: 3735: 3724: 3720: 3710: 3708: 3704: 3693: 3687: 3683: 3670: 3668: 3649: 3645: 3628: 3626: 3609: 3608: 3604: 3594: 3592: 3583: 3582: 3578: 3571: 3567: 3557: 3555: 3544: 3540: 3530: 3526: 3516: 3514: 3503: 3499: 3489: 3487: 3476: 3472: 3462: 3458: 3451: 3435: 3431: 3424: 3420: 3410: 3408: 3390: 3383: 3373: 3371: 3356: 3352: 3343: 3339: 3329: 3325: 3315: 3313: 3300: 3299: 3292: 3285: 3271: 3267: 3257: 3253: 3244: 3240: 3230: 3228: 3224: 3217: 3211: 3207: 3200: 3184: 3180: 3172:Isidore Niépce 3170: 3166: 3159: 3155: 3145: 3141: 3131: 3129: 3114: 3110: 3099: 3095: 3085: 3083: 3073: 3069: 3059: 3057: 3047: 3043: 3033:Wayback Machine 3021: 3017: 3009: 3005: 2995: 2991: 2982: 2975: 2966: 2962: 2952: 2950: 2946: 2939: 2935: 2934: 2930: 2920: 2916: 2909: 2905: 2898: 2894: 2889:Antoine Claudet 2887: 2883: 2873: 2869: 2862: 2858: 2845: 2841: 2831: 2829: 2820: 2819: 2815: 2808: 2804: 2797: 2793: 2786: 2782: 2772: 2770: 2761: 2760: 2756: 2749: 2745: 2738: 2734: 2727: 2720: 2713: 2709: 2702: 2698: 2691: 2677: 2673: 2665:Wayback Machine 2656: 2652: 2645: 2641: 2631: 2627: 2617: 2615: 2604: 2600: 2590: 2588: 2579: 2578: 2574: 2561: 2559: 2550: 2549: 2545: 2535: 2533: 2518: 2511: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2478: 2474: 2467: 2451: 2447: 2440: 2436: 2429: 2412: 2405: 2395: 2393: 2385: 2384: 2380: 2373: 2359: 2355: 2348: 2334: 2330: 2323: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2283:"daguerreotype" 2269:"daguerreotype" 2267: 2255:"daguerreotype" 2253: 2249: 2245: 2238: 2217: 2213: 2208: 2203: 2202: 2177: 2173: 2164: 2160: 2143: 2139: 2116:Wayback Machine 2102: 2098: 2093: 2026: 2019: 2012: 2003: 2001:Summer A. Smith 1997: 1988: 1981:Frédéric Chopin 1978: 1969: 1963: 1954: 1948: 1939: 1928: 1919: 1912: 1903: 1893: 1884: 1881:Antoine Claudet 1874: 1865: 1859: 1850: 1844:daguerreotype. 1815: 1783: 1738:Adolphe Duperly 1692:Jeremiah Gurney 1598: 1583:External videos 1571:Antoine Claudet 1557:of France, and 1540: 1513:, or alloy, of 1476: 1422: 1352:Archduke Ludwig 1293: 1271:Lippmann plates 1250: 1213:mother of pearl 1176: 1152: 1122: 1105: 1069: 1053:jeweler's rouge 1044: 1007: 996: 990: 987: 950:"Daguerreotype" 944: 942: 932: 920: 909: 893:Sheffield plate 884: 849:Daniele Barbaro 775: 769: 598: 537:Antoine Claudet 394: 387: 373: 355:Thomas Wedgwood 328:Albertus Magnus 301:silver chloride 227: 170:Abraham Lincoln 126: 125: 116: 107: 89: 80: 62: 58: 38: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7869: 7859: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7806: 7805: 7803: 7802: 7791: 7779: 7776: 7775: 7773: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7756: 7755: 7750: 7739: 7737: 7733: 7732: 7730: 7729: 7728: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7686: 7684: 7680: 7679: 7677: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7595: 7593: 7585: 7584: 7582: 7581: 7580: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7554: 7549: 7548: 7547: 7536: 7534: 7528: 7527: 7525: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7513: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7471: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7459: 7458: 7446:Digital camera 7442: 7440: 7434: 7433: 7431: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7324: 7322: 7318: 7317: 7315: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7272:Camera obscura 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7238: 7236: 7230: 7229: 7227: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7214:Rule of thirds 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7190: 7188: 7182: 7181: 7179: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7152: 7151: 7141: 7136: 7135: 7134: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6982:Harris shutter 6979: 6977:Hand-colouring 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6928: 6926: 6922: 6921: 6919: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6862: 6861: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6695: 6693: 6689: 6688: 6686: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6663:Red-eye effect 6660: 6655: 6650: 6649: 6648: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6597: 6596: 6591: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6569:Exposure value 6566: 6561: 6556: 6554:Depth of focus 6551: 6549:Depth of field 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6495: 6493: 6489: 6488: 6486: 6485: 6480: 6479: 6478: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6447: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6406: 6405: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6354: 6349: 6348: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6312: 6307: 6306: 6305: 6300: 6290: 6289: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6217: 6215: 6211: 6210: 6203: 6202: 6195: 6188: 6180: 6174: 6173: 6167: 6159: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6111: 6097: 6085: 6080: 6074: 6067: 6066:External links 6064: 6063: 6062: 6056: 6040: 6034: 6018: 5979: 5952: 5946: 5933: 5927: 5910: 5904: 5891: 5878: 5872: 5859: 5848: 5834: 5828: 5815: 5797: 5791: 5775: 5769: 5756: 5747: 5741: 5726: 5723: 5720: 5719: 5704: 5677: 5642: 5620: 5582: 5559: 5533: 5507: 5460: 5431: 5424: 5406: 5376: 5369: 5351: 5330:10.1086/682995 5308: 5295: 5269: 5243: 5217: 5191: 5180:on 7 June 2011 5165: 5139: 5132: 5112: 5099: 5086: 5060: 5028: 5002: 4995: 4977: 4957: 4925: 4914:on 3 July 2012 4899: 4868: 4856:Newspapers.com 4827: 4804: 4766: 4740: 4714: 4698: 4687:on 27 May 2010 4672: 4646: 4620: 4607: 4594: 4563: 4533: 4520: 4509: 4507:, p. 256) 4496: 4494:, p. 255) 4483: 4457: 4455:, p. 225) 4444: 4433: 4406: 4392: 4377: 4360: 4346: 4339: 4319: 4308: 4294: 4283: 4276: 4256: 4243: 4232: 4218: 4211: 4188: 4175: 4156: 4138: 4131: 4111: 4070: 4039: 4036:. 7 July 2012. 4021: 4014: 3996: 3964: 3943:(3): 148–153. 3923: 3897: 3871: 3847: 3821: 3795: 3762: 3745: 3718: 3681: 3643: 3602: 3576: 3565: 3538: 3524: 3497: 3470: 3456: 3449: 3429: 3418: 3381: 3350: 3337: 3323: 3290: 3283: 3265: 3251: 3238: 3205: 3198: 3178: 3164: 3153: 3139: 3108: 3093: 3067: 3041: 3015: 3003: 2989: 2987:, p. 224) 2973: 2971:, p. 223) 2960: 2928: 2922:Gary W. Ewer. 2914: 2903: 2892: 2881: 2867: 2856: 2839: 2813: 2802: 2791: 2780: 2754: 2743: 2732: 2718: 2707: 2696: 2689: 2671: 2650: 2639: 2625: 2598: 2572: 2543: 2509: 2492: 2472: 2465: 2445: 2434: 2427: 2403: 2378: 2371: 2353: 2346: 2328: 2321: 2297: 2294: 2293: 2279: 2277:(Online). n.d. 2265: 2250: 2243: 2236: 2210: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2200: 2171: 2158: 2137: 2132:François Arago 2095: 2094: 2092: 2089: 2088: 2087: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2070:Lippmann plate 2067: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2047: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2025: 2022: 2021: 2020: 2013: 2006: 2004: 1998: 1991: 1989: 1979: 1972: 1970: 1964: 1957: 1955: 1949: 1942: 1940: 1929: 1922: 1920: 1913: 1906: 1904: 1894: 1887: 1885: 1875: 1868: 1866: 1862:Andrew Jackson 1860: 1853: 1849: 1846: 1824:Jerry Spagnoli 1814: 1811: 1787:François Arago 1782: 1779: 1778: 1777: 1769: 1745: 1734: 1733:taken in 1845. 1614: 1613: 1594: 1593: 1585: 1584: 1539: 1536: 1492:tableau vivant 1475: 1472: 1421: 1418: 1292: 1289: 1249: 1246: 1242:walking sticks 1175: 1172: 1151: 1148: 1121: 1118: 1104: 1101: 1068: 1065: 1043: 1040: 1009: 1008: 923: 921: 914: 908: 905: 883: 880: 868:camera obscura 792:camera obscura 788:pinhole camera 780:camera obscura 773:Camera obscura 771:Main article: 768: 766:Camera obscura 763: 676:François Arago 649:Viollet-le-Duc 647:The father of 597: 594: 532:François Arago 372: 369: 351:camera obscura 324:silver nitrate 317:François Arago 297:silver bromide 251:two dimensions 235:camera obscura 226: 223: 151:Louis Daguerre 48:Louis Daguerre 26: 18:Daguerrotypist 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7868: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7818: 7816: 7801: 7792: 7790: 7781: 7780: 7777: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7745: 7744: 7741: 7740: 7738: 7734: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7707: 7706: 7705:Photographers 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7687: 7685: 7681: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7599:Bleach bypass 7597: 7596: 7594: 7592: 7586: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7567:primary color 7565: 7563: 7560: 7559: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7552:Reversal film 7550: 7546: 7543: 7542: 7541: 7538: 7537: 7535: 7533: 7529: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7517:Image sharing 7515: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7492: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7457: 7454: 7453: 7452: 7449: 7448: 7447: 7444: 7443: 7441: 7439: 7435: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7418:United States 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7325: 7323: 7319: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7277:Daguerreotype 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7239: 7237: 7235: 7231: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7191: 7189: 7187: 7183: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7150: 7147: 7146: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7133: 7130: 7129: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7122:Stopping down 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7087:Rephotography 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7022:Long-exposure 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6929: 6927: 6923: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6860: 6857: 6856: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6714:Architectural 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6696: 6694: 6690: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6673:Shutter speed 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6647: 6644: 6643: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6626:Metering mode 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6586: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6539:Color balance 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6504:Angle of view 6502: 6500: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6490: 6484: 6481: 6477: 6474: 6473: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6451:Manufacturers 6449: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6411: 6410: 6407: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6359: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6317: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6295: 6294: 6291: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6223: 6222: 6219: 6218: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6201: 6196: 6194: 6189: 6187: 6182: 6181: 6178: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6118:rochester.edu 6115: 6112: 6110: 6106: 6103: 6098: 6096: 6090: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6069: 6059: 6057:0-87745-511-2 6053: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6035:0-87745-334-9 6031: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6009: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5980: 5965: 5958: 5953: 5949: 5947:0-87923-179-3 5943: 5939: 5934: 5930: 5928:0-8263-0198-3 5924: 5919: 5918: 5911: 5907: 5905:0-670-82688-X 5901: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5886: 5879: 5875: 5873:0-7643-1267-7 5869: 5865: 5860: 5856: 5855: 5849: 5842: 5841: 5835: 5831: 5829:1-85149-481-2 5825: 5821: 5816: 5812: 5811: 5803: 5798: 5794: 5792:0-486-22290-X 5788: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5766: 5762: 5757: 5753: 5748: 5744: 5742:0-904069-06-0 5738: 5734: 5729: 5728: 5716: 5708: 5700: 5696: 5693:(3): 201–12. 5692: 5688: 5681: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5646: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5624: 5617: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5586: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5563: 5548: 5544: 5537: 5522: 5518: 5511: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5464: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5435: 5427: 5421: 5417: 5410: 5394: 5390: 5389:Luminous Lint 5386: 5380: 5372: 5366: 5362: 5355: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5312: 5305: 5299: 5283: 5280:. The Getty. 5279: 5273: 5257: 5253: 5247: 5231: 5227: 5221: 5205: 5201: 5195: 5179: 5175: 5169: 5153: 5150:. The Getty. 5149: 5143: 5135: 5129: 5125: 5124: 5116: 5110:, p. 77) 5109: 5103: 5097:, p. 31) 5096: 5090: 5074: 5070: 5064: 5048: 5045:. 1850–1860. 5044: 5043: 5038: 5032: 5016: 5012: 5006: 4998: 4996:0-415-93103-7 4992: 4988: 4981: 4973: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4953: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4913: 4909: 4903: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4872: 4864: 4857: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4831: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4808: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4770: 4754: 4751:. The Getty. 4750: 4744: 4728: 4725:. The Getty. 4724: 4718: 4711: 4708: 4702: 4686: 4682: 4681:"Jules Itier" 4676: 4660: 4657:. The Getty. 4656: 4650: 4634: 4630: 4624: 4618:, p. 42) 4617: 4611: 4604: 4598: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4567: 4551: 4547: 4546:(Circa 1850)" 4545: 4537: 4530: 4524: 4518: 4513: 4506: 4500: 4493: 4487: 4471: 4467: 4461: 4454: 4448: 4442: 4437: 4421: 4417: 4410: 4402: 4396: 4388: 4381: 4375: 4374: 4370: 4364: 4358: 4356: 4350: 4342: 4336: 4332: 4331: 4323: 4317: 4312: 4306: 4305:Richard Beard 4304: 4298: 4292: 4287: 4279: 4277:0-486-23322-7 4273: 4269: 4268: 4260: 4253: 4247: 4241: 4236: 4230: 4228: 4222: 4214: 4208: 4204: 4203: 4198: 4192: 4185: 4179: 4173: 4169: 4166: 4160: 4152: 4148: 4142: 4134: 4128: 4124: 4123: 4115: 4108: 4106: 4105:The Spectator 4092: 4088: 4087:The Spectator 4084: 4082: 4081:The Spectator 4074: 4067: 4054: 4050: 4043: 4035: 4031: 4025: 4017: 4015:0-7478-0358-7 4011: 4007: 4000: 3981: 3974: 3968: 3960: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3927: 3911: 3907: 3901: 3885: 3881: 3875: 3864: 3857: 3851: 3835: 3831: 3825: 3809: 3805: 3799: 3792: 3779: 3775: 3774: 3766: 3760: 3756: 3755: 3749: 3733: 3729: 3722: 3703: 3699: 3692: 3685: 3678: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3647: 3640: 3638: 3637:The Spectator 3624: 3620: 3619:The Spectator 3616: 3614: 3613:The Spectator 3606: 3590: 3589:petapixel.com 3586: 3580: 3574: 3569: 3553: 3549: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3528: 3512: 3508: 3501: 3485: 3481: 3474: 3468: 3467: 3460: 3452: 3446: 3442: 3441: 3433: 3427: 3422: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3388: 3386: 3369: 3365: 3364:metmuseum.org 3361: 3354: 3347: 3341: 3335: 3334: 3327: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3297: 3295: 3286: 3284:0-9517499-0-0 3280: 3276: 3269: 3263: 3261: 3255: 3248: 3242: 3223: 3216: 3209: 3201: 3195: 3191: 3190: 3182: 3176: 3175: 3168: 3162: 3157: 3151: 3149: 3143: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3112: 3104: 3097: 3082: 3078: 3071: 3056: 3052: 3045: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3027: 3025: 3019: 3013: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2993: 2986: 2980: 2978: 2970: 2964: 2945: 2938: 2932: 2926: 2925: 2918: 2912: 2907: 2901: 2896: 2890: 2885: 2879: 2878: 2871: 2865: 2860: 2852: 2851: 2843: 2827: 2823: 2817: 2811: 2806: 2800: 2795: 2789: 2784: 2768: 2764: 2758: 2752: 2747: 2741: 2736: 2730: 2725: 2723: 2716: 2711: 2705: 2700: 2692: 2690:0-486-23586-6 2686: 2682: 2675: 2669: 2666: 2662: 2659: 2654: 2648: 2643: 2637: 2636: 2629: 2613: 2609: 2602: 2586: 2582: 2576: 2569: 2557: 2553: 2547: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2516: 2514: 2506: 2495: 2489: 2485: 2484: 2476: 2468: 2466:2-88124-569-2 2462: 2458: 2457: 2449: 2443: 2438: 2430: 2428:0-13-145527-3 2424: 2420: 2416: 2410: 2408: 2392: 2388: 2382: 2374: 2368: 2364: 2357: 2349: 2343: 2339: 2332: 2324: 2322:0-89236-536-6 2318: 2314: 2310: 2309: 2301: 2290: 2289: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2275: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2261: 2256: 2252: 2251: 2247: 2239: 2237:3-12-539683-2 2233: 2229: 2226:. Cambridge: 2225: 2221: 2220:Jones, Daniel 2215: 2211: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2182: 2175: 2168: 2162: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2141: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2110: 2106: 2100: 2096: 2086: 2083: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2066: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2050:Daguerreobase 2048: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2035:Albumen print 2033: 2031: 2028: 2027: 2017: 2010: 2005: 2002: 1995: 1990: 1982: 1976: 1971: 1967: 1961: 1956: 1952: 1946: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1926: 1921: 1917: 1910: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1891: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1872: 1867: 1863: 1857: 1852: 1851: 1845: 1842: 1836: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1819: 1810: 1807: 1803: 1800:Although the 1798: 1796: 1791: 1788: 1774: 1770: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1756: 1755: 1750: 1746: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1723: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1664: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1634: 1628: 1626: 1622: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1595: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1563:Richard Beard 1560: 1556: 1552: 1544: 1538:Proliferation 1535: 1531: 1527: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1503: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1453: 1448: 1445: 1441: 1439: 1433: 1430: 1425: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1406: 1402: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1381: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1363: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1335: 1331: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1305: 1297: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1262: 1258: 1256: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1233: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1219: 1214: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1202: 1197: 1193: 1185: 1180: 1171: 1168: 1167:gold chloride 1164: 1159: 1157: 1147: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1131: 1127: 1117: 1114: 1110: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1093:silver halide 1090: 1086: 1085:silver iodide 1082: 1078: 1074: 1067:Sensitization 1064: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1035: 1028: 1023: 1015: 1005: 1002: 994: 983: 980: 976: 973: 969: 966: 962: 959: 955: 952: – 951: 947: 946:Find sources: 940: 936: 930: 929: 924:This section 922: 918: 913: 912: 904: 900: 898: 894: 889: 879: 877: 873: 869: 864: 861: 856: 854: 853:biconvex lens 850: 844: 836: 832: 828: 823: 819: 815: 806: 802: 800: 795: 793: 789: 784: 782: 781: 774: 767: 762: 760: 755: 752: 748: 743: 739: 734: 730: 727: 722: 719: 713: 711: 703: 699: 696:was taken by 695: 694: 688: 684: 682: 677: 673: 667: 661: 656: 654: 650: 642: 637: 633: 630: 629: 628:The Athenaeum 622: 617: 615: 611: 607: 603: 593: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 572: 568: 564: 562: 557: 551: 548: 544: 540: 538: 533: 528: 523: 520: 517: 513: 510: 506: 502: 499: 496: 493: 489: 485: 480: 475: 472: 465: 461: 457: 453: 451: 442: 437: 433: 431: 427: 423: 418: 416: 412: 408: 404: 382: 377: 367: 362: 360: 356: 352: 347: 345: 341: 337: 336:Joseph Niépce 334:in 1724, and 333: 329: 325: 320: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 293:silver iodide 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 261: 259: 254: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 222: 220: 215: 213: 209: 204: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 183: 182:silver-plated 175: 171: 166: 162: 160: 156: 152: 147: 145: 141: 140:daguerréotype 137: 129: 122: 56: 55:Daguerreotype 49: 44: 40: 36: 34: 19: 7765:Polaroid art 7659:K-14 process 7654:Instant film 7649:Gum printing 7604:C-41 process 7589:Photographic 7490:Image sensor 7485:Film scanner 7276: 7139:Sun printing 7072:Print toning 6859:space selfie 6829:Pictorialism 6759:Ethnographic 6739:Conservation 6611:Guide number 6606:Focal length 6162: 6101: 6094: 6047: 6025: 6008:cite journal 5991: 5987: 5971:. 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6214:Equipment 5596:McClure's 5521:Space.com 5502:194815673 5494:1075-7163 5399:7 January 5346:163260555 5338:0093-1896 4529:Eder 1978 4505:Eder 1978 4492:Eder 1978 4453:Eder 1978 4426:6 October 4252:Eder 1978 4184:Eder 1978 3959:161216025 3784:30 August 3759:eMedicine 3711:4 January 3316:3 October 3247:Eder 1978 2985:Eder 1978 2969:Eder 1978 2528:: 24–31. 2192:diaphragm 2040:Ambrotype 2018:, in 1853 1828:Adam Fuss 1785:In 1839, 1747:In 1857, 1727:Australia 1625:telegraph 1523:Becquerel 1321:diaphragm 1315:" (about 1282:engraving 1267:holograms 1196:pinchbeck 1138:Becquerel 1126:developed 1073:safelight 1057:lampblack 1042:Polishing 1029:from 1842 155:ambrotype 7789:Category 7495:CMOS APS 7393:Slovenia 7321:Regional 7267:Calotype 7204:Headroom 7082:Redscale 6997:Infrared 6942:Brenizer 6916:Wildlife 6839:Portrait 6784:Forensic 6774:Fine-art 6709:Aircraft 6699:Abstract 6579:F-number 6559:Exposure 6534:Clipping 6509:Aperture 6377:hot shoe 6298:enlarger 6293:Darkroom 6046:(1995). 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