Dacrytherium - Knowledge

2801: 2876: 3261:. The causes of the faunal turnover have been attributed to a shift from humid and highly tropical environments to drier and more temperate forests with open areas and more abrasive vegetation. The surviving herbivorous faunas shifted their dentitions and dietary strategies accordingly to adapt to abrasive and seasonal vegetation. The environments were still subhumid and full of subtropical evergreen forests, however. The Palaeotheriidae was the sole remaining European perissodactyl group, and frugivorous-folivorous or purely folivorous artiodactyls became the dominant group in western Europe. 807: 1001: 2814: 111: 2689: 1980: 135: 3038: 583: 2132: 2268: 2387: 2477: 2425:

other teeth like incisors. The lower premolars of the family are piercing and elongated. The upper molars are bunoselenodont in form while the lower molars have selenodont labial cuspids and bunodont lingual cuspids. The subfamily Dacrytheriinae differs from the Anoplotheriinae based on the presence of a third cusp between the metaconid and entoconid of the lower molars and having molariform premolars with crescent-shaped paraconules.

1031:. The family was endemic to western Europe and lived from the middle Eocene to the early Oligocene (~44 to 30 Ma, possible earliest record at ~48 Ma). The exact evolutionary origins and dispersals of the anoplotheriids are uncertain, but they exclusively resided within the continent when it was an archipelago that was isolated by seaway barriers from other regions such as 2361:

underside, with the neocortex projecting above it and overhanging the rhinecephalon so that only a small amount of the neocortex is visible. The posterior rhinal, although also well-marked, is not as deep as its counterpart, is rectilinear in shape of its front portion, and is raised in its rear portion towards its upper surface. The rhinencephalon has a large

3927:"Die Säugertiere des schweizerischen Eocaens. Sechster Teil: Catodontherium – Dacrytherium – Leptotherium – Anoplotherium – Diplobune – Xiphodon – Pseudamphimeryx – Amphimeryx – Dichodon – Haplomeryx – Tapirulus – Gelocus. Nachträge, Artiodactyla incertae sedis, Schlussbetrachtungen über die Artiodactylen, Nachträge zu den Perissodactylen" 2856:, despite belonging to different artiodactyl families, had similar dentitions based on their low-crowned and strongly selenodont molars. The Dacrytheriinae and Anoplotheriinae are thought to have belonged to the selenodont dentition group of endemic European Palaeogene artiodactyls, meaning that they were likely folivorous browsers. 1138:

Palaeogene. Other researchers tie them as being more closely related to ruminants than tylopods based on dental morphology. Different phylogenetic analyses have produced different results for the "derived" selenodont Eocene European artiodactyl families, making it uncertain whether they were closer to the Tylopoda or Ruminantia.

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mammalian faunas of western Europe were therefore mostly isolated from other continents including Greenland, Africa, and eastern Eurasia, allowing for endemism to occur within western Europe. The European mammals of the late Eocene (MP17 – MP20) were mostly descendants of endemic middle Eocene groups

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has various specific dental diagnoses, some of which are similar to other anoplotheriids and some others of which are unique. Its upper incisors (I-I) are triangular in shape. The canines (C) are undifferentiated, typical of the Anoplotheriidae. The P-P are elongated in size and have poorly-developed

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mammals. Anoplotheriids have selenodont or bunoselenodont premolars and molars made for folivorous/browsing diets, consistent with environment trends in the late Eocene of Europe. The canines of the Anoplotheriidae are premolariform in shape, meaning that the canines are overall undifferentiated from

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dental traits (traits thought to have originated from their most recent common ancestor). The result, Weppe mentioned, matches up with previous phylogenetic analyses on the Cainotherioidea with other endemic European Palaeogene artiodactyls that support the families as a clade. As a result, he argued

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In an article published in 2019, Romain Weppe et al. conducted a phylogenetic analysis on the Cainotherioidea within the Artiodactyla based on mandibular and dental characteristics, specifically in terms of relationships with artiodactyls of the Palaeogene. The results retrieved that the superfamily

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are "pentacuspidate", meaning that they have five cusps. In them, the parastyle cusp is connected to a prominent parastyle cusp, the labial sides of the paracone cusp and metacone cusp slightly ridged, and mesostyle cusps are loop-shaped. The lower molars each have two labial, crescent-shaped cusps

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in 1917; some palaeontologists like Jean Sudre in 1978 opted to follow the family rank while some others like Jerry J. Hooker in 1986 considered the clade to be an anoplotheriid subfamily. A 2007 source supports dacrytheriines as a subfamily based on recent phylogenetic analyses determining that

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Land-based connections to the north of the developing Atlantic Ocean were interrupted around 53 Ma, meaning that North America and Greenland were no longer well-connected to western Europe. From the early Eocene up until the Grande Coupure extinction event (56 Ma – 33.9 Ma), the western Eurasian

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In 2014, Takehisa Tsubamoto reexamined the relationship between astragalus size and estimated body mass based on extensive studies of extant terrestrial mammals, reapplying the methods to Palaeogene artiodactyls previously tested by Sudre and Martinez. The researcher used linear measurements and

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and two other outer areas that form planes inclined in opposite directions. Its condylar facet is more developed compared to the trochlear facet and slopes both outwards and forward. These traits are consistent with the anatomical structures of typical anoplotheriids, corresponding to a level of

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of the brain. Another furrow known as the suprasylvian sulcus (or suprasylvia) is slightly convex in the lower face of the brain and extends to the right up side to an upper depression. The suprasylvia then curves and connects to a short furrow located on the frontal lobe, interpreted by Colette

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that is not clearly visible in upper views. The fissure is halted on the left side and continues on the right, but it has a distinctive trace of its two portions, known as the anterior (front) rhinal and the posterior (back) rhinal. The anterior rhinal is marked deep and is strongly convex on is

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up the upper maxilla. Filhol already created the name "Plesydacrytherium elegans" as early as 1880, but it lacked any actual definition to make it valid. The genus name derived in Ancient Greek from "plēsíon" (near), "dacry(o)" (tear), and "thḗr" (beast or wild animal) meaning "near tear beast".

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regarding Palaeogene artiodactyl lineages, focusing most specifically on the endemic European families. The phylogenetic tree, according to Weppe, is the first to conduct phylogenetic affinities of all anoplotheriid genera, although not all individual species were included. He found that the

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morphologies of the molars, which were convergent with tylopods or ruminants. Some researchers considered the selenodont families Anoplotheriidae, Xiphodontidae, and Cainotheriidae to be within Tylopoda due to postcranial features that were similar to the tylopods from North America in the

2211:. The mastoid then broadens on the underside, down to the outer paroccipital process, as a sharp ridge then divides it into an upper portion and lower portion. The ridge is behind the mastoid's suture with a small process of the squamosal bone after the eardrum. The tympanohyal pit of the 2890:(or the suborder Euprimates) appeared already by the early Eocene, diversifying rapidly and developing dentitions specialized for folivory. The omnivorous forms mostly either switched to folivorous diets or went extinct by the middle Eocene (47–37 Ma) along with the archaic " 2828:

are uncertain. While palaeontologists had historically established anoplotheriids as having unusual postcranial morphologies with no modern analogues amongst artiodactyls, their behaviours are still unknown as postcranial evidence for most anoplotheriids, including

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of the complete skull having a similarly deep lateral (or outer) hollowing. The etymology of the genus name derives in Greek from "dacry(o)" (tear, teardrop in reference to lacrimation) and "thḗr" (beast or wild animal) meaning "tear beast", referencing the

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Luccisano, Vincent; Sudre, Jean; Lihoreau, Fabrice (2020). "Revision of the Eocene artiodactyls (Mammalia, Placentalia) from Aumelas and Saint-Martin-de-Londres (Montpellier limestones, Hérault, France) questions the early European artiodactyl radiation".

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ranges from MP18 to MP19 (the latter faunal unit ranging from 35 to 34 Ma). Both lineages largely coexisted with the same artiodactyl families as well as the Palaeotheriidae within western Europe, although the Cainotheriidae and the derived anoplotheriids

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is large, shallow, and limited in its back area by a pronounced process from the postglenoid process of the squamosal. The postglenoid process is narrow and pierced from behind by a large postglenoid foramen, one of the main skull passageways for veins.

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was short and compressed across its back tuberosity which leads to a sharp and thick slant with a rounded head. He also attributed an astragalus to the genus and described it as being narrow plus slender in shape similar to those of the anthracothere

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Martin, Jeremy E.; Pochat-Cottilloux, Yohan; Laurent, Yves; Perrier, Vincent; Robert, Emmanuel; Antoine, Pierre-Olivier (2022). "Anatomy and phylogeny of an exceptionally large sebecid (Crocodylomorpha) from the middle Eocene of southern France".

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was described by Depéret as having a twisted appearance vertically, which he said distinguishes it from the rectilinear-shaped astragali of ruminants. The bone is short and stocky in proportions, making its appearance very similar to that of

2609:, as originally proposed by Viret and Prudant, was supported by Jean-Noël Martinez and Jean Sudre in 1995. They reported that the astragalus was proportionally wide and stocky and that the sustentacular facet is extensive compared to the 2332:

on the surface in an arclike form, which is attached to the base of the neocerebellum but gradually moves away from it in the front area. It is above an extensive, irregular, and convex surface which, at the front area, detaches from the

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teeth. The astragali are common bones in fossil assemblages due to their reduced vulnerability to fragmentation as a result of their stocky shape and compact structure, explaining their choice for using it. The two weight estimates of

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Conducting studies focused on the phylogenetic relations within the Anoplotheriidae has proven difficult due to the general scarcity of fossil specimens of most genera. The phylogenetic relations of the Anoplotheriidae as well as the

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The neocortex is smoothened, although the texture is not necessarily identical on the left and right. A short and rectilinear furrow, distant from the sagittal sinus, runs diagonally from the front area to the back area towards the

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Robinet, Céline; Remy, Jean Albert; Laurent, Yves; Danilo, Laure; Lihoreau, Fabrice (2015). "A new genus of Lophiodontidae (Perissodactyla, Mammalia) from the early Eocene of La Borie (Southern France) and the origin of the genus

2320:. Similarly, the neocerebellum and paleocerebellum are both large, but the neocerebellum is longer than the paleocerebellum and is curvy because it tilts slightly to the right, then returns back, and finally reverses back to the 1054:

The history of dacrytheriines has been contentious as a result of disagreements as to whether they constitute a subfamily of the Anoplotheriidae or a distinct family named "Dacrytheriidae". The family name was first proposed by

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was a medium-sized artiodactyl that is defined by specific dental traits separating it from the Anoplotheriinae. Typically, its species have deep preorbital fossae that anoplotheriines lack entirely, although the depression of

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trochlea, a broad sustentacular facet joint, a digital pulley limited to the front area, and a deep cavity on the bone's external face. These traits, they determined, were typical of the Anoplotheriidae, leading them to favor

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Actes du Symposium paléontologique Georges Cuvier, Montbéliard – France, 1982: communications données à l'occasion du cent cinquantième anniversaire de la mort de Georges Cuvier, du 25 octobre au 28 octobre 1982, au Musée du

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were parallel to each other in ranges and likely represented different branches of the genus, both then going extinct without leaving any descendants. Depéret's argument was extended further by Sudre in 1978, who stated that

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is not in any angled shape, and the neocortex's furrows do not form circle arcs but instead form "longitudinal" arcs. The foramen of the lower face of the brain are arranged distant from each other and in order.

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Solé, Floréal; Fischer, Valentin; Le Verger, Kévin; Mennecart, Bastien; Speijer, Robert P.; Peigné, Stéphane; Smith, Thierry (2022). "Evolution of European carnivorous mammal assemblages through the Paleogene".

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is thin and very prominent, standing out amongst the skull. The supraoccipital (or upper part of the occipital) is not very broad but extends through the back edge of the skull until the end of the paroccipital

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Badiola, Ainara; Perales-Gogenola, Leire; Astibia, Humberto; Suberbiola, Xabier Pereda (2022). "A synthesis of Eocene equoids (Perissodactyla, Mammalia) from the Iberian Peninsula: new signs of endemism".

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Zoologie et paléontologie générales 2. série Nouvelles recherches sur les animaux vertébrés dont on trouve les ossements enfouis dans le sol et sur leur comparaison avec les espèces actuellement existantes

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has fairly complete skull material since 1876 and is best known for its large-sized lacrimal fossa in front of its eye, or "tear pit", hence the derivation of the genus name. Such a depression as seen in

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being the compressed area of the back joint and the slanting of the ridge dividing the two articular surfaces for the scaphoid and thigh. Viret and Prudant considered that the astragalus reclassified to

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Licht, Alexis; Métais, Grégoire; Coster, Pauline; İbilioğlu, Deniz; Ocakoğlu, Faruk; Westerweel, Jan; Mueller, Megan; Campbell, Clay; Mattingly, Spencer; Wood, Melissa C.; Beard, K. Christopher (2022).

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For much of the Eocene, a hothouse climate with humid, tropical environments with consistently high precipitations prevailed. Modern mammalian orders including the Perissodactyla, Artiodactyla, and

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continent was separated into three landmasses, the former two of which were isolated by seaways: western Europe (an archipelago), Balkanatolia, and eastern Eurasia (Balkanatolia was in between the

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itself was likely folivorous, but its lifestyle is unknown given the general scarcity of post-cranial evidence and the unusual variations of hypothesized behaviours in the derived anoplotheriines

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Perales-Gogenola, Leire; Badiola, Ainara; Gómez-Olivencia, Asier; Pereda-Suberbiola, Xabier (2022). "A remarkable new paleotheriid (Mammalia) in the endemic Iberian Eocene perissodactyl fauna".

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has a broad mastoid part of the temporal bone for separating the exoccipital and squamosal bones that begins as a narrow bone strip on the occiput bone's edge, equivalent in position with the

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quickly enlarge from a quarter of their lengths at their front end then gradually reach their maximum widths at about four-fifths of their lengths. To their fronts is a narrow and cut short

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is triangular in shape and elongated in terms of the snout while the back area is fusiform, meaning that it has a spindle-like shape with a wide middle area. It has a strong and high

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By MP16, a faunal turnover occurred, marking the disappearances of the lophiodonts and European hyrachyids as well as the extinctions of all European crocodylomorphs except for the

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given the anatomical changes and size increases of dentitions over time, although the researcher who proposed the lineages later expressed doubt that the validity of the latter.

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fossils were uncovered, suggest a subtropical climate that could support closed forested environments for arboreal animals and animals with folivorous and/or frugivorous diets.

4130:"A new Cainotherioidea (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from Palembert (Quercy, SW France): Phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of the dental pattern of Cainotheriidae" 519:

is different from other species. Its dental and cranial anatomies, however, were otherwise typical of the Anoplotheriidae, which led to historic confusions regarding whether

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of the lineages in the phylogenetic analysis. However, the Xiphodontidae was still found to compose part of a wider clade with the three other groups. He also proposed that

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of teeth, the cusps of the lower teeth fit easily into the depressions of the upper teeth, a trait apparently well-pronounced especially in its premolars. The occlusion of

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at their upper surfaces. The rhinal fissure on the cerebrum, located on the upper face of the brain based on the cast, sets the boundaries of a small neocortex of a large

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that the proposed superfamily Anoplotherioidea, composing of the Anoplotheriidae and Xiphodontidae as proposed by Alan W. Gentry and Hooker in 1988, is invalid due to the

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in 1891 but doubted that it actually belonged to the genus based on Lydekker's specimen illustrations, a conclusion that Stehlin considered a mistake. The second species

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that he found from the Lamandine-Haute deposits in 1876 had a lower jaw and some leg bones that potentially belonged to it. Filhol determined that its dental formula was

2378:, suprasylvia, and coronal sulcus as well as a small and oblique sulcus are said to be very similar to those of cainotherioids from their "cainotherioid plan" features. 1035:

and the rest of eastern Eurasia. The Anoplotheriidae's relations with other members of the Artiodactyla are not well-resolved, with some determining it to be either a

5631:"Cainotheriidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from Dams (Quercy, SW France): phylogenetic relationships and evolution around the Eocene–Oligocene transition (MP19–MP21)" 4419:"Cainotheriidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from Dams (Quercy, SW France): phylogenetic relationships and evolution around the Eocene–Oligocene transition (MP19–MP21)" 3899:"Die eocaene Säugethiere-Welt von Egerkingen. Gesammtdarstellung und dritter Nachtrag zu den "Eocänen Säugethieren aus dem Gebiet des schweizerischen Jura" (1862)" 2781:

giving the body mass of 7.51 kg (16.6 lb) and the astragalus yielding 13.187 kg (29.07 lb). The researchers considered that the body weight of

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Sudre, Jean (1988). "Le gisement du Bretou (Phosphorites du Quercy, Tarn-et-Garonne, France) et sa faune des vertebres de l'Eocene superieur: 7. Artiodactyles".

2500:, speculations of the number of fingers it had ranged from three fingers to four fingers in the 19th–20th centuries. While not rich in postcranial evidence like 2124:

for supporting stronger muscles. Pearson stressed that such differences do not separate the close affinities of the two genera, similar to how larger species of

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occur in several sites of France and Switzerland that date back to MP16, such as Mormont Eclépens, Le Bretou, and Robiac. The locality of Robiac indicates that

2894:". By the late Eocene (approx. 37–33 Ma), most of the ungulate form dentitions shifted from bunodont cusps to cutting ridges (i.e. lophs) for folivorous diets. 1109:

made their first appearances in western Europe by MP18, although their exact origins are unknown. The Dacrytheriinae has recently been suggested to have been a

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their products with adjusted correction factors. The recalculations resulted in somewhat lower estimates compared to the 1995 results (with the exception of

2926:, meanwhile, is known exclusively from the Swiss deposit of Egerkingen, which dates back to MP14. By MP13, the dacrytheriine coexisted with perissodactyls ( 2804:

Estimated body masses (kg) of Palaeogene artiodactyls based on recalculated trochlear widths (Li1) in comparison to estimates from Martinez and Sudre (1995)

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has a metaconid cusp that is distolingual in position to the protoconid cusp and has a weak paraconid cusp that is divided into two branches. The molars of

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and Xiphodontidae, split earlier in the tree. The phylogenetic tree published in the article and another work about the cainotherioids is outlined below:

2841:, with Jerry J. Hooker also speculating the possibility of other anoplotheriids sharing similar behaviours. Alternatively, Hooker in 1986 suggested that 2238:

is separated from the articulating condyle. The external face of the mandible is hollowed from a deep masseteric fossa, and under the condyle is a clear

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all made their first fossil record appearances by MP18. In addition, several migrant mammal groups had reached western Europe by MP17a-MP18, namely the

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parts and had a lowered shape. Many of the brain features of the genus were identified by the palaeoneurologist as being typical of anoplotheriids. The

5163:"Western European middle Eocene to early Oligocene Chiroptera: systematics, phylogeny and palaeoecology based on new material from the Quercy (France)" 3201: 1089:

dentition. The younger subfamily Anoplotheriinae made their first appearances by the late Eocene (MP15-MP16), or ~41-40 Ma, within western Europe with

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Sudre, Jean; Martinez, Jean-Noël (1995). "The astragalus of Paleogene artiodactyls: comparative morphology, variability and prediction of body mass".

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Weppe, Romain; Blondel, Cécile; Vianey-Liaud, Monique; Escarguel, Gilles; Pélissié, Thierry; Antoine, Pierre-Olivier; Orliac, Maëva Judith (2020).

3876:"Die Säugetiere des schweizerischen Eocaens. Sechster Teil: Choeropotamus – Cebochoerus – Choeromorus – Haplobunodon – Rhagatherium – Mixtotherium" 2987: 1958:, previously relocated from the "Dacrytheriidae" to the Xiphodontidae, composes part of a paraphyletic anoplotheriid clade with the dacrytheriines 1954: 1711: 1147: 5769: 3369: 3357: 2983: 2951: 2552: 2148: 2057:

lineages having independently acquired the trait. The deep preorbital fossa, well-pronounced in the genus, is not present in the anoplotheriines

4469:"Presencia de Leptotheridium (Dacrytheriidae, Artiodactyla, Mammalia) en el yacimiento eocénico de Caenes (Cuenca del Duero, Salamanca, España)" 623:. The specimen was a complete skull with a "peculiar" upper jaw and a lower jaw and all of its teeth. From the skull, he erected the genus name 5629:

Weppe, Romain; Blondel, Cécile; Vianey-Liaud, Monique; Escarguel, Gilles; Pelissie, Thierry; Antoine, Pierre-Olivier; Orliac, Maeva J. (2020).

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Friant, M. (1967). "La morphologie des molaires chez les Ruminants (Ongulés artiodactyles sélénodontes) d'Europe. Son évolution phylogénique".

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that is well-preserved on the proximal end, which they said had three parts: the middle area that is hollowed out for articulation with the

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are still close in affinity to smaller species despite their different builds or how tiger skulls are still similar to those of house cats.

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Filhol described another small species of "pachyderm" from the phosphorites of Lamandine-Haute in 1884 based on a fragment of a skull with

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of the eyes and are connected to the preorbital fossa as a sac-like extension. The deep preorbital fossa is present in all species except

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and merycoidodonts of the Palaeogene) or a close relative to the infraorder and some others believing that it may have been closer to the

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Schmidt-Kittler, Norbert; Godinot, Marc; Franzen, Jens L.; Hooker, Jeremy J. (1987). "European reference levels and correlation tables".

3431: 3207: 1560: 1543: 1519: 1284: 1185: 1168: 761: 480: 3800:

Catalogue of the fossil Mammalia in the British museum, (Natural History): Part II. Containing the Order Ungulata, Suborder Artiodactyla

2958:). Both the Amphimerycidae and Xiphodontidae made their appearances by the level MP14. The stratigraphic ranges of the early species of 1991: 122: 3445: 2278: 1680: 5111:"Mountain uplift explains differences in Palaeogene patterns of mammalian evolution and extinction between North America and Europe" 1075:

range is uncertain. The first undisputed appearance of anoplotheriids is by MP13, but their range may have extended, in the case of

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L'astragale chez quelques artiodactyles du Paléogène: morphologie comparée, morphométrie, aspect fonctionnel, intérêt systématique

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Erfurt, Jörg; Métais, Grégoire (2007). "Endemic European Paleogene Artiodactyls". In Prothero, Donald R.; Foss, Scott E. (eds.).

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by a transversely enlarged appearance, a wider end area, and a more primitive form in how less differentiated it is compared to

1146:, Anoplotheriidae, and Mixtotheriidae formed a clade that was the sister group to the Ruminantia while Tylopoda, along with the 5828: 5029:(Filhol 1877); apports à la connaissance de l'anatomie des Anoplotheriinae Bonaparte 1850". In Mazin, J.M.; Salmon, E. (eds.). 4742: 2026:, were suggested by Nelly Delmont in 1941 to have no close analogues even amongst other mammals with preorbital fossae. The 5833: 2668:

because the latter genus is smaller than the former species. The second proximal end of a radius, which they attributed to

2065:. Historically the trait, along with the fusion of the front internal cusps in the lower molar teeth, were used to justify 4661:"On the Skulls of Early Tertiary Suidae, together with an Account of the Otic Region in Some Other Primitive Artiodactyla" 523:

belonged to the Anoplotheriidae or its own family. It is also recognised as having two evolutionary paths in the forms of

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isolated from the rest of Eurasia. Contemporary species from this region were not widely dispersed due to high levels of

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of the brain has well-developed cerebral hemispheres, is separated by a deep and large depression, and has a protruding

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and behind the mastoid. The pit is positioned in an angle between the tympanic (eardrum) neck and the rear area of the

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Sudre, Jean (1982). "Interprétation de la denture et description des éléments du squelette appendiculaire de l'espèce

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Dechaseaux, Colette (1969). "Moulages endocrâniens d'artiodactyles primitifs. Essai sur l'histoire du néopallium".

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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Containing Papers of a Biological Character

4468: 3696:"Recherches sur les phosphorites du Quercy: etude des fossiles qu'on y rencontre et spécialement des mammifères" 5858: 5334:(in French). École Pratique des Hautes Études-Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre, Montpellier. pp. 769–850. 4213: 5415:

Minwer-Barakat, Raef; Badiola, Ainara; Marigó, Judit; Moyà-Solà, Salvador (2013). "First record of the genus

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and three lingual cusps for a total of five, with the postcristid and paracristid cusps extending lingually.

2313: 599: 5278:"Small artiodactyls with tapir-like teeth from the middle Eocene of the Erlian Basin, Inner Mongolia, China" 3986:"Balkanatolia: The insular mammalian biogeographic province that partly paved the way to the Grande Coupure" 893:

presented him with more fossil evidence from the French phosphorites including a well-preserved mandible of

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belonging to the family. Despite the size of the astragalus being large (specifically larger than those of

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falls within the Anoplotheriidae. It is one of two subfamilies of the Anoplotheriidae, the other being the

4511:"The Interrelationships of Higher Ruminant Families with Special Emphasis on the Members of the Cervoidea" 5328:

Aguilar, Jean-Pierre; Legendre, Serge; Michaux, Jacques (1997). "Synthèses et tableaux de corrélations".

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of Europe and Asia during the middle Eocene with possible artiodactyl and perissodactyl dispersal routes.

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mobility of the forelimb unusual for artiodactyls. They determined that one of the two radii belonged to

134: 4719: 2797:, which as a shorter astragalus proportion than most other artiodactyls), displayed in the below graph: 1142:

was closely related to the Mixtotheriidae and Anoplotheriidae. They determined that the Cainotheriidae,

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Viret, Jean; Prudant, J. (1947). "Observations sur quelques caracteres anatomiques des Dacrytheridés".

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Ruiz-Colmenares, Cuesta; Ángel, Miguel; Soler, Lluís Checa; Casanovas-Cladellas, María Lourdes (2006).

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Weppe, Romain; Blondel, Cécile; Vianey-Liaud, Monique; Pélissié, Thierry; Orliac, Maëva Judith (2020).

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because he thought that the former differed from the latter based on dental differences including the

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Rage, Jean-Claude (2012). "Amphibians and squamates in the Eocene of Europe: what do they tell us?".

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in France, including bones that he identified as belonging to new genera or species. One identified "

4879: 4759: 4103: 3875: 3815: 3735: 3718: 3673: 3570: 2432:

lingual lobes (or divisions). The P is also triangular and has a crescent-shaped lingual cusp. The P

2069:

as being a different evolutionary lineage from other anoplotheres. Otherwise, however, the skull of

985: 5823: 5048:

On the "thumb" of anoplotheriins: a 3D comparative study of the hand of Anoplotherium and Diplobune

4611:

Eocene Mammal Faunas of Mormont, Switzerland: Systematic Revision and Resolution of Dating Problems

4293:

gen. et sp. nov., a New Anoplotheriine Artiodactyl from the Middle Eocene of the Iberian Peninsula"

4028:

Badiola, Ainara; De Vicuña, Nahia Jiménez; Perales-Gogenola, Leire; Gómez-Olivencia, Asier (2023).

3898: 3832: 3817:

Handbuch der Palaeontologie. I. Abtheilung. Palaeozoologie von Karl A. Zittel. IV. Band. (Mammalia)

3781: 3758: 3637: 3617: 3544: 2656: 2546:). However, in 1947, Jean Viret and J. Prudant stated that the astragalus actually belonged not to 2484:, National Museum of Natural History, France. Dacrytheriine postcranial remains are typically rare. 5419:(Omomyidae, Primates) in the western Iberian Peninsula and its palaeobiogeographic implications". 4565:"Artiodáctilos del yacimiento de Sossís (Eoceno superior, Cuenca Prepirenaica, Península Ibérica)" 4510: 3926: 3798: 3314:, rich assemblage of lizards are known in western Europe as well from MP16-MP20, representing the 3133:

coexisted with similar mammal faunas as earlier species of the genus, such as the herpetotheriids

2420:

for a total of 44 teeth, consistent with the primitive dental formula for early-middle Palaeogene

2185:(or projection). The parietal bones are united by curvy or sinuous sutures to the supraoccipital, 5396:. STRATI 2013: First International Congress on Stratigraphy At the Cutting Edge of Stratigraphy. 2875: 2865: 2329: 2251: 5456:"A sebecosuchian in a middle Eocene karst with comments on the dorsal shield in Crocodylomorpha" 671:, creating figures for the skull of the species. He emphasized that the upper complete skull of 5853: 5800: 5724: 4613:. Vol. 120. Kommission der Schweizerischen Paläontologischen Abhandlungen. pp. 92–94. 3498:

with that of the genus, and where they disagree the ending of the species name must be changed.

3242: 984:

was also based on specific cranial plus dental differences and was named after the locality of

818: 653: 471: 5774: 4628: 2768:

amongst other Palaeogene artiodactyls in 1995 based on the dimensions of their astragali and M

5795: 5787: 3088: 2737:

were the largest species as well as the latest of their lineages, therefore composing of the

2556:

while that previously attributed to the latter was reclassified as belonging to the former.

2453: 2325: 2243: 1072: 952:

because of their close dentitions combined with the former lacking the preorbital fossa that

890: 4034:(Mammalia, Artiodactyla) in the Iberian Peninsula: an update on the Iberian anoplotheriines" 3695: 1071:

The Dacrytheriinae is the older anoplotheriid subfamily, but the actual first appearance by

723:. Based on very specific molar differences, however, he proposed the genus and species name 5688: 5645: 5567: 5532: 5358: 5289: 5220: 5174: 5083: 4939: 4788: 4433: 4304: 4178: 3997: 3675:

Monographie de la faune de mammifères fossiles du Ludien inférieur d'Euzet-les-Bains (Gard)

2293: 2216: 2198: 2041:

Jerry J. Hooker and Marc Weidmann suggested that the trait supports the possibility of the

2027: 736: 4247:

Franzen, Jens Lorenz (2003). "Mammalian faunal turnover in the Eocene of central Europe".

4104:"Mammals from the Bartonian (middle late Eocene) of the Hampshire Basin, southern England" 3736:"Sur la dècouverte de Mammifères nouveaux dans les dépôts de phosphate de chaux du Quercy" 8: 5109:

Eronen, Jussi T.; Janis, Christine M.; Chamberlain, Charles Page; Mulch, Andreas (2015).

2704:

Since 1917, palaeontologists like Depéret in 1917 noticed size differences in species of

2345: 806: 5692: 5649: 5571: 5536: 5362: 5293: 5224: 5178: 5087: 4943: 4792: 4437: 4308: 4182: 4001: 1101:. After a significant gap of anoplotheriines in MP17a-MP17b, the derived anoplotheriids 973: 5704: 5661: 5583: 5557: 5477: 5374: 5331:

Actes du Congrès Bio-chroM'97. Mémoires et Travaux de l'EPHE Institut de Montpellier 21

5236: 5192: 5135: 5110: 5007: 4951: 4847: 4811: 4776: 4720:"Paleoneurology of Artiodactyla, an Overview of the Evolution of the Artiodactyl Brain" 4449: 4328: 4320: 4194: 4147: 4059: 3856: 3598: 2227: 2018:

is located in living animals; it is also present in some extant artiodactyls including

913: 497: 314: 292: 129: 5095: 5068: 3852: 3594: 2324:

of the brain. The transverse swellings in relief are marked on the neocerebellum. The

1086: 1085:

itself made its first undisputed appearance by MP13 as an artiodactyl leaning towards

1056: 5782: 5708: 5665: 5587: 5436: 5378: 5329: 5260: 5240: 5140: 5046: 4862: 4816: 4738: 4453: 4399: 4378: 4264: 4198: 4151: 4063: 4051: 3860: 3602: 3495: 3387: 3299: 3217: 3112: 3043: 2309: 2182: 2143: 956:

has. In his revisions of the Palaeogene artiodactyls, he erected two more species of

861:" with the latter species. However, in 1892, Lydekker made reviews of the species of 771: 5594: 5496: 5481: 5196: 5011: 4379:"Bipedal browsing adaptations of the unusual Late Eocene–earliest Oligocene tylopod 4332: 4218:

Sudre et al., 1983, le plus dérivé des artiodactyles de l'Éocène inférieur d'Europe"

4010: 3985: 2317: 909:"unfounded" since the former clearly lacked any lacrimal fossa that the latter has. 557:

in subtropical-tropical environments that supported frugivorous-folivorous mammals.

454:, who recognised in his studies that it had dentition similar to the anoplotheriids 5696: 5653: 5611: 5575: 5540: 5467: 5428: 5397: 5366: 5297: 5228: 5182: 5130: 5122: 5091: 4997: 4947: 4843: 4806: 4796: 4775:

Lihoreau, Fabrice; Boisserie, Jean-Renaud; Viriot, Laurent; Brunet, Michel (2006).

4730: 4672: 4586: 4576: 4441: 4394: 4312: 4256: 4186: 4137: 4041: 4005: 3848: 3645: 3590: 3545:"Mammifères fossiles nouveaux provenant des dépôts de phosphate de chaux du Quercy" 3082: 3058: 2967: 2255: 2231: 2208: 2146:, initially thought to belong to the genus, was later reclassified as belonging to 2089: 2073:

is so similar to those of the anoplotheriines that Helga Sharpe Pearson questioned

2015: 744: 381: 5657: 5579: 5544: 5401: 5370: 5232: 4445: 4190: 2813: 5747: 5615: 5432: 4734: 4535:

Delmont, Nelly (1941). "Un Mammifère Artiodactyle de l'Eocène: le Dacrytherium".

3026:, and MP13 sites are stratigraphically the latest to have yielded remains of the 3023: 3015: 3003: 2947: 2927: 2903: 2879: 2362: 2093: 2031: 1444: 1065: 1028: 619: 431: 212: 199: 5394:

Stratigraphic Distribution of Large Flightless Birds in the Palaeogene of Europe

3780:"Mandatory changes in spelling consequent upon changes in rank or combination". 3342:, most of which were able to thrive in the warm temperatures of western Europe. 110: 5302: 5277: 4038:

The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology

4027: 3335: 3303: 3056:

fossils cooccurred with those of many other mammals such as the herpetotheriid

3027: 2931: 2899: 2753:

lineages. In 1988, however, Sudre changed his mind and determined that because

2688: 2614: 2402: 2375: 2357: 2321: 2197:

bones. The frontal bones are at first narrow but quickly widen, are pierced by

2177: 2161: 2109: 2105: 1591: 1424: 1130: 1114: 1077: 1024: 886: 443: 439: 5700: 5187: 5162: 4777:"Anthracothere dental anatomy reveals a late Miocene Chado-Libyan bioprovince" 4725:. In Dozo; Paulina-Carabajal, Ariana; Macrini, Thomas E.; Walsh, Stig (eds.). 4718:

Orliac, Maeva J.; Maugoust, Jacob; Balcarcel, Ana; Gilissen, Emmanuel (2023).

4260: 1979: 1000: 5817: 3512: 3311: 3307: 3167: 3151: 3037: 3031: 3019: 2975: 2833:, remain scarce. Modern-day hypotheses range from arborealism in the case of 2652: 2353: 2297: 2190: 2165: 1985: 1458: 1345: 1126: 756: 712: 688: 644: 554: 456: 408: 68: 4801: 4629:"Notes on the Fossil Mammalia of Europe, V – The Phylogeny of Anoplotherium" 4562: 582: 5472: 5455: 5440: 5144: 5126: 4820: 4677: 4660: 4581: 4564: 4055: 3257: 3253: 2995: 2939: 2777:

from the locality of Sainte Néboule (MP18) yielded different results, the M

2610: 2349: 2186: 2173: 2131: 1943:

Anoplotheriidae, Mixtotheriidae, and Cainotherioidea form a clade based on

1725: 1431: 1386: 1110: 1097: 1091: 1032: 1005: 823: 759:. Owen then determined that because of its dentition corresponding more to 748: 657: 632: 603: 595: 489: 451: 258: 241: 232: 5069:"The Eocene-Oligocene ungulates from Western Europe and their environment" 5002: 4985: 4356: 2415: 2412: 2077:

being considered "evolutionarily separate" from anoplotheriines in 1927.

681: 678: 612: 609: 4316: 3650: 3616:

Gervais, Paul (1876). "Mammifères appartenant à l'ordre des Bisulques.".

3351: 3135: 3118: 2999: 2891: 2370: 2267: 2247: 2194: 2014:

is also known by the presence of a preorbital fossa, a feature where the

1267: 546: 427: 186: 43: 5209: 4358:

Déclin des artiodactyles endémiques européens, autopsie d'une extinction

4324: 4288: 3571:"Description of the Lower Jaw and Teeth of an Anoplotherioid quadruped ( 719:, that the first and second premolars were nearly identical to those of 5761: 4591: 3720:

Descriptions de Quelques Mammifères Fossiles des Phosphorites du Quercy

3393: 3339: 3323: 3319: 3223: 3157: 3070: 3064: 3011: 2963: 2954:, Mixtotheriidae, and other members of Anoplotheriidae), and primates ( 2386: 2305: 2120:

with one main difference being the robust build of the larger skull of

1331: 1134: 1044: 1020: 88: 53: 4163: 4161: 2476: 1121:

stemmed, but further research is required to confirm if this is true.

747:

reviewed known species of anoplotheriids in 1885. Previously in 1857,

663:

In 1877, Filhol retained the genus name but replaced the species name

5347: 4082:

Les Artiodactyles de l'Eocéne moyen et supérieur d'Europe occidentale

4046: 4029: 3519: 3381: 3331: 3315: 3094: 3076: 2971: 2907: 2757:

reached maximum molarization, it could not have been the ancestor of

2539: 2528: 2421: 2334: 2273: 2139: 1949: 1113:

subfamily based on dental morphology from which the Anoplotheriinae,

833: 694: 640: 462: 424: 146: 93: 37: 5718: 5414: 3349:

coexisted with a wide variety of mammals, namely the herpetotheriid

423:(beast or wild animal) meaning "tear beast") is an extinct genus of 5741: 5258: 4158: 3740:

Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences

3457: 3327: 3007: 2991: 2955: 2887: 2534: 2512:

is known from some limb bones, including astragali in the cases of

2341: 1253: 1240: 1048: 989: 708: 700: 550: 166: 83: 78: 63: 58: 48: 5276:

Bai, Bin; Wang, Yuan-Qing; Theodor, Jessica M.; Meng, Jin (2023).

4492:"The Ancient Mammals of Britain. III.- The Lower Tertiary Period." 4142: 4129: 3022:). Other MP13-MP14 sites have also yielded fossils of turtles and 2824:

The palaeobiologies of anoplotheriids including the dacrytheriine

2636:

is flat to slightly convex. Because of their unique morphologies,

606:" has a dental formula, for the incisors, canines, and molars, of 5628: 4416: 2085: 2023: 1040: 1036: 874: 648: 617:, which he considered similar to other fossil mammal genera like 98: 73: 4127: 2789:

is an underestimate compared to the result from the astragalus.

4717: 4498:. Vol. 17. Knowledge Publishing Company. pp. 221–223. 3931:

Abhandlungen der Schweizerischen Paläontologischen Gesellschaft

3903:

Abhandlungen der Schweizerischen paläontologischen Gesellschaft

3880:

Abhandlungen der Schweizerischen Paläontologischen Gesellschaft

2461: 1939: 1938:

In 2022, Weppe created a phylogenetic analysis in his academic

972:

refers to a larger species of the genus. According to Stehlin,

545:

lived in western Europe during a period when the region was an

435: 176: 156: 30: 4912:

Extraits des Comptes Rendus de la Société Géologique de France

3786:. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature. p. 43. 5600: 4774: 2578: 2212: 2019: 418: 412: 4967:

Palaeontographica. Abteilung A, Paläozoologie, Stratigraphie

2761:, potentially leaving the descendant of the latter unknown. 901:. In addition, Lydekker considered his previous synonymy of 474:, the latter of which is where the genus name derives from. 5108: 3837:

from the Isle of Wight and Quercy (Read November 11, 1891)"

2328:

are lower in position than the vermis and contains a large

3982: 5497:"Lower Paleogene Crocodilians from Silveirinha, Portugal" 3841:

The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London

3583:

The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London

3345:

The MP18 locality of La Débruge of France indicates that

2918:

was by MP13 (44.9 to 43.5 Ma) in the form of the species

2764:

Martinez and Sudre followed up with weight estimates for

2568:, the main differences setting it from the astragalus of 2460:, according to Nelly Delmont, is similar to those of the 2292:, Colette Dechaseaux determined that their brains lacked 1012:

in 1876 and gave more thorough descriptions of it in 1877

16:

Extinct genus of endemic Palaeogene European artiodactyls

5517: 4108:

Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology

553:. It co-existed with a wide variety of artiodactyls and 450:

was first erected in 1876 by the French palaeontologist

5115:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

1994:. Note the lack of any preorbital fossa unlike that of 5327: 4758:

von Zittel, Karl Alfred (1925). Schlosser, Max (ed.).

4167: 2601:

being similar to the astragali of the anoplotheriines

2488:

Due to the lack of clear evidence of the phalanges of

2092:

with a wide and empty preorbital space, a lack of any

4986:"Estimating body mass from the astragalus in mammals" 1027:, which belongs to the Palaeogene artiodactyl family 2720:

only based on the smaller dimensions of its molars.

248: 3723:. Vialelle Printing Company and Co. pp. 33–34. 2648:had many characteristics with no modern analogues. 2365:in both length and height when observed laterally. 889:. However, before Lydekker wrote his 1892 article, 5275: 4123: 4121: 3579:, Cuv., from the Upper Eocene Marl, Isle of Wight" 3285:ranges stratigraphically from MP17a to MP18 while 3245:formation in England, an MP16 locality where some 2845:may have been a purely ground-dwelling folivore. 2284:Based on two brain endocasts of the genus, one of 2022:and deer. The preorbital fossae, which occupy the 865:. He contextualized that his 1855 reassignment of 446:, the older of the two anoplotheriid subfamilies. 5076:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 4412: 4410: 3969:. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 59–84. 598:described fossils from recent excavations at the 5815: 4884:Archives du Muséum national d'histoire naturelle 4867:(Thesis) (in French). University of Montpellier. 4509:Janis, Christine M.; Scott, Kethleen M. (1987). 4361:(Thesis) (in French). University of Montpellier. 4075: 4073: 3494:. The suffixes of species names should agree in 2374:Dechaseaux as the coronal sulcus. The elongated 751:described a purported anoplotheroid the size of 4905: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4781:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4761:Text-Book of Paleontology. Volume III. Mammalia 4466: 4282: 4280: 4118: 3978: 3976: 3813: 3482:Taxonomists have emended species names such as 5391: 5262:Münchner geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen A10 5018: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4764:. Macmillan and Co. Limited. pp. 179–180. 4711: 4608: 4407: 4287:Cuesta, Miguel-Ángel; Badiola, Ainara (2009). 3638:"A List of the Genera and Families of Mammals" 3269:In the late Eocene, there were two species of 2651:Viret and Prudant also observed an incomplete 928:. In 1910, Stehlin reaffirmed the validity of 775:, the specimens belonged to the newly erected 686:. The dentition, he said, was more similar to 660:that drains teardrops from the eye's surface. 5156: 5154: 4929: 4877: 4467:Ruiz-Colmenares, Miguel Ángel Cuesta (1998). 4286: 4214:"Relations et position systématique du genre 4070: 3783:International code of zoological nomenclature 3048:of MP12-MP13. The genus persisted until MP20. 2708:based on tooth sizes. Depéret explained that 2527:were first described by Depéret in 1917. The 5254: 5252: 5250: 5062: 5060: 5058: 4909: 4894: 4277: 4249:Geological Society of America Special Papers 4211: 4205: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4091: 3973: 3964: 2100:being exposed in the outer area between the 4918: 4242: 4240: 4238: 3631: 3629: 3564: 3562: 5343: 5341: 5151: 4757: 4698: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4688: 4622: 4620: 4604: 4602: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4508: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4023: 4021: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3920: 3918: 3916: 2088:, an elongated and transversely developed 1992:National Museum of Natural History, France 735:presented a depression at the area of the 123:National Museum of Natural History, France 109: 5681:Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments 5604:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 5471: 5392:Buffetaut, Eric; Angst, Delphine (2014). 5301: 5247: 5186: 5134: 5102: 5055: 5001: 4983: 4878:Boule, Marcellin; Piveteau, Jean (1935). 4810: 4800: 4676: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4609:Hooker, Jerry J.; Weidmann, Marc (2000). 4590: 4580: 4398: 4387:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 4350: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4141: 4088: 4045: 4009: 3896: 3649: 3549:Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences 2279:State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart 2038:, whose preorbital fossa is not as deep. 5672: 5265:. Pfeil Verlag, München. pp. 13–31. 5034:. Le Musée du Château. pp. 439–458. 4860: 4489: 4235: 3830: 3796: 3790: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3626: 3559: 3036: 2874: 2812: 2799: 2687: 2559:The astragalus previously attributed to 2475: 2385: 2266: 2164:that is formed by the suture of the two 2130: 2010:occurs in extant and extinct ruminants. 1978: 999: 805: 715:. He stated that it was very similar to 631:. The same year, French palaeontologist 581: 5494: 5338: 5203: 5066: 4685: 4658: 4617: 4599: 4547: 4534: 4521: 4365: 4246: 4018: 3941: 3924: 3913: 3873: 3756: 3671: 3615: 3538: 3536: 3409:), dichobunid Dichobune, choeropotamid 1051:and other close Palaeogene relatives). 442:and is the type genus of the subfamily 5816: 5453: 5160: 5044: 4833: 4643: 4496:Knowledge: A Monthly Record of Science 4376: 4339: 4101: 3807: 3733: 3716: 3693: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3635: 3542: 3478: 3476: 3474: 2624:. In contrast to the concave facet of 992:, France where the fossils came from. 434:. It occurred from the Middle to Late 5723: 5722: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5038: 5024: 4964: 4626: 4354: 4212:Sudre, Jean; Lecomte, Gérard (2000). 4079: 3814:von Zittel, Karl Alfred (1891–1893). 3717:Filhol, Henri (1884). "Pachydermes". 3682: 2848:Hooker in 1986 also pointed out that 2577:is broad and has unequal lips of the 2084:include a low-positioned roof of the 810:Skull fragment and dental remains of 590:found in 1876, as illustrated in 1877 5678: 4751: 3568: 3533: 3310:. In addition to snakes, frogs, and 2597:The morphology of the astragalus of 2316:for emphasizing a greatly developed 897:, leading him to synonymize it with 873:was based on the dental series of a 577: 5638:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 4880:"Une patte antérieure de Diplobune" 4729:. Springer Cham. pp. 507–555. 4426:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 4171:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 3658: 3471: 2914:The first undisputed appearance of 2262: 2240:pterygoid processes of the sphenoid 2201:, and laterally border the orbits. 2116:is overall similar in structure to 1983:Upper skull of the closely related 881:was one of two distinct species of 795:. In addition, he considered that " 13: 5560:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 5351:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 5310: 4952:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1995.tb01423.x 4848:10.1111/j.1463-6395.1967.tb00133.x 4297:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 3820:. R. Oldenbourg. pp. 370–374. 3622:. Arthus Bertrand. pp. 42–63. 2950:(possibly polyphyletic, however), 2946:), endemic European artiodactyls ( 2230:is high and above the edge of the 2221:tympanic part of the temporal bone 1133:have also been elusive due to the 14: 5875: 4569:Revista Española de Paleontología 3853:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1892.048.01-04.01 3757:Jentink, Fredericus Anna (1880). 3636:Palmer, Theodore Sherman (1904). 3595:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1857.013.01-02.38 2590:), they felt that it belonged to 2464:, the main difference being that 2098:mastoid part of the temporal bone 995: 656:and its function for hosting the 466:but differed from them by a deep 5051:. Swiss Geoscience Meeting 2014. 4400:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00352.x 3803:. Order of the Trustees, London. 3700:Annales des sciences géologiques 3241:. Fossil localities such as the 2870: 2859: 2808: 2440:are narrow and sharp while the P 2271:Endocranial cast of the related 2236:coronoid process of the mandible 877:. At that time, he thought that 594:In 1876, French palaeontologist 133: 41: 5849:Prehistoric Artiodactyla genera 5622: 5551: 5511: 5495:Antunes, Miguel Telles (2003). 5488: 5447: 5408: 5385: 5269: 4977: 4958: 4871: 4854: 4827: 4768: 4502: 4483: 4473:Studia Geologica Salmanticensia 4460: 4011:10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.103929 3890: 3867: 3824: 3773: 2396:Natural History Museum of Basel 2352:as well as a long and detached 2170:external occipital protuberance 940:, reclassifying its species to 849:. He supported the validity of 5167:Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 4659:Pearson, Helga Sharpe (1927). 3750: 3727: 3710: 3609: 3264: 2817:Reconstruction of the head of 2692:Estimated size comparisons of 1969: 600:phosphorite deposits of Quercy 1: 5829:Fossil taxa described in 1876 5658:10.1080/14772019.2019.1645754 5580:10.1080/02724634.2023.2189447 5545:10.1016/j.geobios.2014.11.003 5460:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 5402:10.1007/978-3-319-04364-7_190 5371:10.1080/02724634.2023.2193828 5233:10.1080/08912963.2022.2060098 5096:10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00252-2 4990:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 4446:10.1080/14772019.2019.1645754 4191:10.1080/14772019.2020.1799253 3967:The Evolution of Artiodactyls 3526: 3125:Undisputed fossil remains of 2938:), non-endemic artiodactyls ( 2837:to bipedalism in the case of 2700:based on known fossil remains 2314:primary fissure of cerebellum 5433:10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.07.002 4984:Tsubamoto, Takehisa (2014). 4861:Martinez, Jean-Noël (1991). 4735:10.1007/978-3-031-13983-3_13 4084:. University of Montpellier. 3925:Stehlin, Hans Georg (1910). 3874:Stehlin, Hans Georg (1908). 2492:as opposed to its relatives 2409:and other anoplotheriids is 2381: 2242:. On the internal face, the 2080:The modern-day diagnoses of 857:as well as the synonymy of " 731:, the palaeontologist said, 627:and established the species 7: 5834:Paleogene mammals of Europe 3505: 3233:, and other anoplotheriids 2712:was small-sized similar to 2168:. The crest joins both the 779:. Lydekker determined that 572: 478:, originally classified in 10: 5880: 5864:Taxa named by Henri Filhol 5616:10.1093/biolinnean/blac002 5454:Martin, Jeremy E. (2015). 5421:Journal of Human Evolution 5303:10.3389/feart.2023.1117911 5282:Frontiers in Earth Science 4727:Paleoneurology of Amniotes 4490:Lydekker, Richard (1894). 4134:Palaeontologia Electronica 3897:Rütimeyer, Ludwig (1891). 3831:Lydekker, Richard (1892). 3797:Lydekker, Richard (1885). 3763:Zoologischer Jahresbericht 3575:, Ow.) of the size of the 2863: 2468:lacks cutting-edge teeth. 1081:, into MP11 or even MP10. 419: 413: 5731: 5701:10.1007/s12549-012-0087-3 5188:10.1007/s13358-014-0069-3 5045:Métais, Grégoire (2014). 4515:American Museum Novitates 4383:(Artiodactyla, Mammalia)" 4377:Hooker, Jerry J. (2007). 4261:10.1130/0-8137-2369-8.455 4102:Hooker, Jerry J. (1986). 4030:"First clear evidence of 3672:Depéret, Charles (1917). 1830: 1813: 1806: 1775: 1758: 1751: 1739: 1726:Cainotherium laticurvatum 1722: 1715: 1677: 1660: 1653: 1636: 1629: 1619: 1602: 1595: 1557: 1540: 1533: 1516: 1509: 1499: 1472: 1455: 1448: 1428: 1418: 1383: 1366: 1359: 1342: 1335: 1325: 1281: 1264: 1257: 1237: 1230: 1213: 1206: 1199: 1182: 1165: 1158: 725:Plesidacrytherium elegans 484:, is the type species of 362:Dacrytherium anthracoides 320: 313: 271: 266: 247: 240: 130:Scientific classification 128: 117: 108: 23: 5067:Blondel, Cécile (2001). 4701:Annales de Paléontologie 4537:Annales de Paléontologie 3464: 2657:capitulum of the humerus 2471: 2215:arch is in front of the 1974: 1008:, who erected the genus 430:belonging to the family 5161:Maitre, Elodie (2014). 4802:10.1073/pnas.0603126103 4633:The American Naturalist 4627:Earle, Charles (1896). 3116:), and the cebochoerid 2866:Mammal Palaeogene zones 2683: 2672:, differs from that of 2480:Limb bones referred to 2330:superior petrosal sinus 2312:with a well-pronounced 2252:medial pterygoid muscle 1817:Plesiomeryx cadurcensis 1432:Mixtotherium cuspidatum 389:Dacrytherium cayluxense 29:Temporal range: Middle 5473:10.4202/app.00072.2014 5127:10.1098/rspb.2015.0136 4678:10.1098/rstb.1927.0009 4582:10.7203/sjp.21.2.20486 4355:Weppe, Romain (2022). 3734:Filhol, Henri (1880). 3694:Filhol, Henri (1877). 3569:Owen, Richard (1857). 3543:Filhol, Henri (1876). 3243:Creechbarrow Limestone 3049: 2883: 2821: 2805: 2701: 2523:Several limb bones of 2485: 2398: 2326:cerebellar hemispheres 2281: 2153: 1999: 1834:Plesiomeryx huerzeleri 1779:Caenomeryx procommunis 1370:Lophiomeryx chalaniati 1129:, Mixtotheriidae, and 1073:Mammal Palaeogene zone 1013: 986:Saint-Saturnin-lès-Apt 819:Karl Alfred von Zittel 814: 591: 5859:Paleogene Switzerland 5796:Paleobiology Database 5003:10.4202/app.2011.0067 3990:Earth-Science Reviews 3040: 2962:also overlapped with 2902:of the north and the 2878: 2864:Further information: 2816: 2803: 2691: 2479: 2389: 2270: 2244:angle of the mandible 2226:In the mandible, the 2176:at right angles. The 2134: 1982: 1520:Robiacina lavergnesis 1459:Anoplotherium latipes 1346:Parvitragulus priscus 1003: 988:in the department of 976:knew of specimens of 891:Arthur Smith Woodward 809: 799:" may be the same as 791:was a larger form of 783:actually belonged to 585: 4671:(421–430): 440–445. 4317:10.1671/039.029.0110 4080:Sudre, Jean (1978). 3651:10.3996/nafa.23.0001 3642:North American Fauna 3455:, and anthracothere 2346:cerebral hemispheres 2217:stylomastoid foramen 2199:supraorbital foramen 2028:infraorbital foramen 1606:Palembertina deplasi 1387:Archaeomeryx optatus 787:. He then said that 737:infraorbital foramen 370:Dacrytherium cayluxi 5839:Eocene Artiodactyla 5693:2012PdPe...92..445R 5650:2020JSPal..18..541W 5572:2022JVPal..42E9447P 5537:2015Geobi..48...25R 5363:2022JVPal..42E3828M 5294:2023FrEaS..1117911B 5225:2022HBio...34.1623B 5179:2014SwJP..133..141M 5088:2001PPP...168..125B 4944:1995Letha..28..197M 4793:2006PNAS..103.8763L 4438:2020JSPal..18..541W 4309:2009JVPal..29..303C 4291:Duerotherium sudrei 4183:2020JSPal..18.1631L 4002:2022ESRv..22603929L 3835:Dacrytherium ovinum 3052:In the level MP13, 2906:of the south). The 2337:of the cerebellum. 2096:structure, and the 1664:Paroxacron valdense 1475:Dacrytherium ovinum 1268:Paratoceras coatesi 950:Dichodon cuspidatum 789:Dacrytherium ovinum 743:British naturalist 647:based on the upper 588:Dacrytherium ovinum 417:(tear, teardrop) + 378:Dacrytherium ovinus 253:Dacrytherium ovinum 119:Dacrytherium ovinum 5213:Historical Biology 5121:(1809): 20150136. 3098:, choeropotamids ( 3050: 3041:Reconstruction of 2884: 2822: 2806: 2716:and differed from 2702: 2486: 2452:In regards to the 2399: 2282: 2228:mandibular condyle 2154: 2000: 1762:Caenomeryx filholi 1681:Oxacron courtoisii 1640:Paroxacron bergeri 1241:Xiphodon castrense 1217:Amphimeryx murinus 1186:Dichobune leporina 1169:Eurodexis russelli 1014: 944:. He synonymized " 914:Hans Georg Stehlin 815: 797:Xiphodon platyceps 592: 500:named the species 498:Hans Georg Stehlin 5844:Fossils of France 5811: 5810: 5783:Open Tree of Life 5725:Taxon identifiers 4787:(23): 8763–8767. 4744:978-3-031-13982-6 4177:(19): 1631–1656. 3577:Xiphodon gracilis 3496:linguistic gender 3421:, anoplotheriids 3300:Anthracotheriidae 3113:Amphirhagatherium 3044:Amphirhagatherium 2310:cerebellar vermis 2030:are close to the 1935: 1934: 1926: 1925: 1917: 1916: 1908: 1907: 1899: 1898: 1890: 1889: 1881: 1880: 1872: 1871: 1863: 1862: 1854: 1853: 1845: 1844: 1790: 1789: 1701: 1700: 1692: 1691: 1581: 1580: 1572: 1571: 1561:Robiacina quercyi 1485: 1484: 1407: 1406: 1398: 1397: 1314: 1313: 1305: 1304: 1296: 1295: 1023:of the subfamily 934:Plesidacrytherium 829:Plesidacrytherium 753:Xiphodon gracilis 578:Taxonomic history 400: 399: 393: 385: 374: 366: 358: 348: 336: 332:Plesidacrytherium 326: 307: 296: 282: 236: 5871: 5804: 5803: 5791: 5790: 5778: 5777: 5765: 5764: 5752: 5751: 5750: 5720: 5719: 5713: 5712: 5676: 5670: 5669: 5635: 5626: 5620: 5619: 5598: 5592: 5591: 5555: 5549: 5548: 5515: 5509: 5508: 5501:Palaeovertebrata 5492: 5486: 5485: 5475: 5451: 5445: 5444: 5412: 5406: 5405: 5389: 5383: 5382: 5345: 5336: 5335: 5325: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5273: 5267: 5266: 5256: 5245: 5244: 5219:(8): 1623–1631. 5207: 5201: 5200: 5190: 5158: 5149: 5148: 5138: 5106: 5100: 5099: 5082:(1–2): 125–139. 5073: 5064: 5053: 5052: 5042: 5036: 5035: 5022: 5016: 5015: 5005: 4981: 4975: 4974: 4962: 4956: 4955: 4927: 4916: 4915: 4907: 4892: 4891: 4875: 4869: 4868: 4858: 4852: 4851: 4831: 4825: 4824: 4814: 4804: 4772: 4766: 4765: 4755: 4749: 4748: 4724: 4715: 4709: 4708: 4696: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4656: 4641: 4640: 4624: 4615: 4614: 4606: 4597: 4596: 4594: 4584: 4560: 4545: 4544: 4532: 4519: 4518: 4506: 4500: 4499: 4487: 4481: 4480: 4464: 4458: 4457: 4423: 4414: 4405: 4404: 4402: 4374: 4363: 4362: 4352: 4337: 4336: 4284: 4275: 4274: 4244: 4233: 4232: 4222: 4209: 4203: 4202: 4165: 4156: 4155: 4145: 4125: 4116: 4115: 4099: 4086: 4085: 4077: 4068: 4067: 4049: 4047:10.1002/ar.25238 4025: 4016: 4015: 4013: 3980: 3971: 3970: 3962: 3939: 3938: 3922: 3911: 3910: 3894: 3888: 3887: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3828: 3822: 3821: 3811: 3805: 3804: 3794: 3788: 3787: 3777: 3771: 3770: 3754: 3748: 3747: 3731: 3725: 3724: 3714: 3708: 3707: 3691: 3680: 3679: 3669: 3656: 3655: 3653: 3633: 3624: 3623: 3613: 3607: 3606: 3589:(1–2): 254–260. 3566: 3557: 3556: 3540: 3499: 3480: 3397:, palaeotheres ( 3379:), hyaenodonts ( 3227:), amphimerycid 3202:Mouillacitherium 3195:, choeropotamid 3165:, palaeotheres ( 3141:Amphiperatherium 3083:Propalaeotherium 3059:Amphiperatherium 2968:Herpetotheriidae 2419: 2418: 2417: 2414: 2263:Endocast anatomy 2256:mandibular fossa 2232:alveolar process 2209:squamosal suture 2016:preorbital gland 1809: 1808: 1754: 1753: 1742: 1741: 1718: 1717: 1656: 1655: 1632: 1631: 1622: 1621: 1598: 1597: 1544:Robiacina minuta 1536: 1535: 1512: 1511: 1502: 1501: 1451: 1450: 1421: 1420: 1362: 1361: 1338: 1337: 1328: 1327: 1260: 1259: 1233: 1232: 1209: 1208: 1202: 1201: 1161: 1160: 1154: 1153: 1047:(which includes 1039:(which includes 974:Ludwig Rütimeyer 932:but synonymized 781:Dichobune ovinus 745:Richard Lydekker 685: 684: 683: 680: 616: 615: 614: 611: 468:preorbital fossa 422: 421: 416: 415: 391: 380: 372: 364: 356: 343: 334: 324: 305: 291: 280: 250: 231: 224: 211: 198: 138: 137: 113: 103: 40: 21: 20: 5879: 5878: 5874: 5873: 5872: 5870: 5869: 5868: 5824:Anoplotheriidae 5814: 5813: 5812: 5807: 5799: 5794: 5786: 5781: 5773: 5768: 5760: 5755: 5746: 5745: 5740: 5727: 5717: 5716: 5677: 5673: 5633: 5627: 5623: 5599: 5595: 5556: 5552: 5523:Cuvier, 1822". 5516: 5512: 5493: 5489: 5452: 5448: 5413: 5409: 5390: 5386: 5346: 5339: 5326: 5311: 5274: 5270: 5257: 5248: 5208: 5204: 5159: 5152: 5107: 5103: 5071: 5065: 5056: 5043: 5039: 5027:Diplobune minor 5023: 5019: 4982: 4978: 4973:(1–6): 129–154. 4963: 4959: 4928: 4919: 4908: 4895: 4876: 4872: 4859: 4855: 4842:(1–2): 87–101. 4832: 4828: 4773: 4769: 4756: 4752: 4745: 4722: 4716: 4712: 4697: 4686: 4657: 4644: 4625: 4618: 4607: 4600: 4561: 4548: 4533: 4522: 4507: 4503: 4488: 4484: 4465: 4461: 4421: 4415: 4408: 4375: 4366: 4353: 4340: 4285: 4278: 4271: 4245: 4236: 4220: 4210: 4206: 4166: 4159: 4126: 4119: 4100: 4089: 4078: 4071: 4026: 4019: 3981: 3974: 3963: 3942: 3923: 3914: 3895: 3891: 3872: 3868: 3829: 3825: 3812: 3808: 3795: 3791: 3779: 3778: 3774: 3755: 3751: 3732: 3728: 3715: 3711: 3692: 3683: 3670: 3659: 3634: 3627: 3614: 3610: 3573:Dichobune ovina 3567: 3560: 3541: 3534: 3529: 3508: 3503: 3502: 3481: 3472: 3467: 3449:, amphimerycid 3413:, cebochoerids 3391:), amphicyonid 3267: 3185:, cebochoerids 3080:, palaeotheres 3068:, proviverrine 3024:crocodylomorphs 3016:Hyainailourinae 3004:carnivoraformes 2980:Paroxyclaenidae 2948:Choeropotamidae 2928:Palaeotheriidae 2904:Neotethys Ocean 2880:Palaeogeography 2873: 2868: 2862: 2811: 2795:Diplobune minor 2788: 2780: 2771: 2686: 2570:Anthracotherium 2566:Anthracotherium 2474: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2411: 2410: 2384: 2363:piriform cortex 2318:paleocerebellum 2288:and another of 2265: 2112:. The skull of 2094:postorbital bar 1977: 1972: 1936: 1927: 1918: 1909: 1900: 1891: 1882: 1873: 1864: 1855: 1846: 1791: 1702: 1693: 1582: 1573: 1496:Cainotherioidea 1486: 1445:Anoplotheriidae 1408: 1399: 1315: 1306: 1297: 1285:Eotylopus reedi 1119:Cainotherioidea 1066:Anoplotheriinae 1057:Charles Depéret 1029:Anoplotheriidae 998: 867:Dichobune ovina 777:Dichobune ovina 677: 676: 665:D. anthracoides 629:D. anthracoides 620:Anthracotherium 608: 607: 586:Upper skull of 580: 575: 432:Anoplotheriidae 396: 354:Dichobune ovina 350: 349: 339: 328: 327: 262: 256: 230: 222: 209: 200:Anoplotheriidae 196: 132: 104: 102: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 51: 46: 35: 34: 33:to Late Eocene 27: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5877: 5867: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5809: 5808: 5806: 5805: 5792: 5779: 5766: 5753: 5737: 5735: 5729: 5728: 5715: 5714: 5687:(4): 445–457. 5671: 5644:(7): 541–572. 5621: 5610:(4): 734–753. 5593: 5550: 5510: 5487: 5466:(3): 673–680. 5446: 5427:(3): 313–321. 5407: 5384: 5337: 5309: 5268: 5246: 5202: 5173:(2): 141–242. 5150: 5101: 5054: 5037: 5017: 4996:(2): 259–265. 4976: 4957: 4938:(3): 197–209. 4917: 4893: 4870: 4853: 4836:Acta Zoologica 4826: 4767: 4750: 4743: 4710: 4684: 4642: 4616: 4598: 4575:(2): 123–144. 4546: 4520: 4501: 4482: 4459: 4432:(7): 541–572. 4406: 4393:(3): 609–659. 4364: 4338: 4303:(1): 303–308. 4276: 4269: 4234: 4204: 4157: 4117: 4087: 4069: 4017: 3972: 3940: 3912: 3889: 3866: 3823: 3806: 3789: 3772: 3749: 3726: 3709: 3681: 3678:. Lyon A. Rey. 3657: 3625: 3608: 3558: 3531: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3524: 3523: 3516: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3500: 3469: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3336:Helodermatidae 3304:Hyaenodontinae 3266: 3263: 3235:Catodontherium 3211:, xiphodonts ( 3181:), lophiodont 3143:, hyaenodonts 3054:D. cf. elegans 3028:Gastornithidae 2996:eulipotyphlans 2988:Theridomyoidea 2932:Lophiodontidae 2920:D. cf. elegans 2900:Paratethys Sea 2872: 2869: 2861: 2858: 2810: 2807: 2786: 2778: 2769: 2685: 2682: 2670:Catodontherium 2666:Leptotheridium 2618:and the suoid 2615:Messelobunodon 2473: 2470: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2403:dental formula 2383: 2380: 2376:lateral sulcus 2358:rhinencephalon 2322:sagittal plane 2264: 2261: 2250:for where the 2178:zygomatic arch 2166:parietal bones 2162:sagittal crest 2138:mandibles and 2110:squamosal bone 2106:occipital bone 1976: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1960:Catodontherium 1955:Leptotheridium 1933: 1932: 1929: 1928: 1924: 1923: 1920: 1919: 1915: 1914: 1911: 1910: 1906: 1905: 1902: 1901: 1897: 1896: 1893: 1892: 1888: 1887: 1884: 1883: 1879: 1878: 1875: 1874: 1870: 1869: 1866: 1865: 1861: 1860: 1857: 1856: 1852: 1851: 1848: 1847: 1843: 1842: 1839: 1838: 1829: 1826: 1825: 1822: 1821: 1812: 1807: 1805: 1797: 1796: 1793: 1792: 1788: 1787: 1784: 1783: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1767: 1766: 1757: 1752: 1750: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1734: 1731: 1730: 1721: 1716: 1714: 1712:Cainotheriinae 1708: 1707: 1704: 1703: 1699: 1698: 1695: 1694: 1690: 1689: 1686: 1685: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1669: 1668: 1659: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1645: 1644: 1635: 1630: 1628: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1614: 1611: 1610: 1601: 1596: 1594: 1592:Cainotheriidae 1588: 1587: 1584: 1583: 1579: 1578: 1575: 1574: 1570: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1556: 1553: 1552: 1549: 1548: 1539: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1528: 1525: 1524: 1515: 1510: 1508: 1500: 1498: 1492: 1491: 1488: 1487: 1483: 1482: 1479: 1478: 1471: 1468: 1467: 1464: 1463: 1454: 1449: 1447: 1441: 1440: 1437: 1436: 1427: 1425:Mixtotheriidae 1419: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1410: 1409: 1405: 1404: 1401: 1400: 1396: 1395: 1392: 1391: 1382: 1379: 1378: 1375: 1374: 1365: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1354: 1351: 1350: 1341: 1336: 1334: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1320: 1317: 1316: 1312: 1311: 1308: 1307: 1303: 1302: 1299: 1298: 1294: 1293: 1290: 1289: 1280: 1277: 1276: 1273: 1272: 1263: 1258: 1256: 1250: 1249: 1246: 1245: 1236: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1225: 1222: 1221: 1212: 1207: 1205: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1181: 1178: 1177: 1174: 1173: 1164: 1159: 1157: 1152: 1148:Amphimerycidae 1131:Cainotheriidae 1115:Mixtotheriidae 1087:bunoselenodont 1078:Catodontherium 1025:Dacrytheriinae 997: 996:Classification 994: 817:In 1891–1893, 654:lacrimal fossa 645:merycoidodonts 579: 576: 574: 571: 555:perissodactyls 472:lacrimal fossa 444:Dacrytheriinae 440:Western Europe 398: 397: 395: 394: 392:Lydekker, 1885 386: 375: 367: 359: 342: 341: 340: 338: 337: 325:Genus synonymy 323: 322: 321: 318: 317: 311: 310: 309: 308: 306:Stehlin, 1910 297: 283: 269: 268: 267:Other species 264: 263: 257: 245: 244: 238: 237: 220: 216: 215: 213:Dacrytheriinae 207: 203: 202: 194: 190: 189: 184: 180: 179: 174: 170: 169: 164: 160: 159: 154: 150: 149: 144: 140: 139: 126: 125: 115: 114: 106: 105: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 52: 47: 42: 28: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5876: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5854:Eocene France 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5802: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5758: 5754: 5749: 5743: 5739: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5721: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5675: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5632: 5625: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5597: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5554: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5514: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5491: 5483: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5450: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5411: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5388: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5344: 5342: 5333: 5332: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5304: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5272: 5264: 5263: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5206: 5198: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5157: 5155: 5146: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5105: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5070: 5063: 5061: 5059: 5050: 5049: 5041: 5033: 5028: 5021: 5013: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4980: 4972: 4968: 4961: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4913: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4874: 4866: 4865: 4857: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4830: 4822: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4771: 4763: 4762: 4754: 4746: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4721: 4714: 4706: 4702: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4679: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4623: 4621: 4612: 4605: 4603: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4542: 4538: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4517:(2893): 1–85. 4516: 4512: 4505: 4497: 4493: 4486: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4463: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4420: 4413: 4411: 4401: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4382: 4381:Anoplotherium 4373: 4371: 4369: 4360: 4359: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4292: 4283: 4281: 4272: 4270:9780813723693 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4231:(3): 415–432. 4230: 4226: 4225:Geodiversitas 4219: 4217: 4208: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4164: 4162: 4153: 4149: 4144: 4143:10.26879/1081 4139: 4136:(23(3):a54). 4135: 4131: 4124: 4122: 4114:(4): 191–478. 4113: 4109: 4105: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4083: 4076: 4074: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4033: 4032:Anoplotherium 4024: 4022: 4012: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3979: 3977: 3968: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3893: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3870: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3836: 3827: 3819: 3818: 3810: 3802: 3801: 3793: 3785: 3784: 3776: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3759:"6. Mammalia" 3753: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3730: 3722: 3721: 3713: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3677: 3676: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3652: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3632: 3630: 3621: 3620: 3612: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3578: 3574: 3565: 3563: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3539: 3537: 3532: 3522: 3521: 3517: 3515: 3514: 3513:Anoplotherium 3510: 3509: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3470: 3462: 3460: 3459: 3454: 3453: 3448: 3447: 3443:, cainothere 3442: 3438: 3435:, xiphodonts 3434: 3433: 3428: 3424: 3423:Anoplotherium 3420: 3416: 3412: 3411:Choeropotamus 3408: 3407:Palaeotherium 3404: 3400: 3396: 3395: 3390: 3389: 3384: 3383: 3378: 3377: 3372: 3371: 3370:Plesiarctomys 3366: 3365: 3360: 3359: 3358:Blainvillimys 3354: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3308:Amphicyonidae 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3292:Anoplotherium 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3262: 3260: 3259: 3255: 3250: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3231: 3226: 3225: 3220: 3219: 3214: 3210: 3209: 3205:, robiacinid 3204: 3203: 3199:, dichobunid 3198: 3197:Choeropotamus 3194: 3193: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3179: 3174: 3170: 3169: 3168:Palaeotherium 3164: 3160: 3159: 3154: 3153: 3152:Cynohyaenodon 3148: 3147: 3142: 3138: 3137: 3132: 3128: 3123: 3121: 3120: 3115: 3114: 3109: 3108: 3103: 3102: 3097: 3096: 3092:, lophiodont 3091: 3090: 3085: 3084: 3079: 3078: 3073: 3072: 3067: 3066: 3061: 3060: 3055: 3047: 3045: 3039: 3035: 3033: 3032:Palaeognathae 3029: 3025: 3021: 3020:Proviverrinae 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 3000:apatotherians 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2984:Ischyromyidae 2981: 2977: 2976:Pantolestidae 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2952:Cebochoeridae 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2912: 2911:as a result. 2909: 2905: 2901: 2895: 2893: 2889: 2881: 2877: 2871:Middle Eocene 2867: 2860:Palaeoecology 2857: 2855: 2851: 2846: 2844: 2840: 2839:Anoplotherium 2836: 2832: 2827: 2820: 2815: 2809:Palaeobiology 2802: 2798: 2796: 2790: 2784: 2776: 2767: 2762: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2699: 2695: 2690: 2681: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2658: 2654: 2649: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2638:Anoplotherium 2635: 2631: 2627: 2626:Anoplotherium 2623: 2622: 2617: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2603:Anoplotherium 2600: 2595: 2593: 2589: 2588:Choeropotamus 2585: 2580: 2576: 2571: 2567: 2562: 2561:Choeropotamus 2557: 2555: 2554: 2553:Choeropotamus 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2536: 2530: 2526: 2521: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2502:Anoplotherium 2499: 2495: 2494:Anoplotherium 2491: 2483: 2478: 2469: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2447: 2430: 2426: 2423: 2408: 2404: 2397: 2394:with molars, 2393: 2388: 2379: 2377: 2372: 2366: 2364: 2359: 2355: 2354:temporal lobe 2351: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2336: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2302: 2299: 2298:rhinal sulcus 2295: 2291: 2290:D. cf. ovinum 2287: 2280: 2276: 2275: 2269: 2260: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2246:contains two 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2156:The skull of 2151: 2150: 2149:Choeropotamus 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2127: 2123: 2122:Anoplotherium 2119: 2118:Anoplotherium 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2078: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2059:Anoplotherium 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2039: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2004: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1987: 1986:Anoplotherium 1981: 1967: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1945:synapomorphic 1941: 1931: 1930: 1922: 1921: 1913: 1912: 1904: 1903: 1895: 1894: 1886: 1885: 1877: 1876: 1868: 1867: 1859: 1858: 1850: 1849: 1841: 1840: 1837: 1836: 1835: 1828: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1820: 1819: 1818: 1811: 1810: 1804: 1803: 1799: 1798: 1795: 1794: 1786: 1785: 1782: 1781: 1780: 1773: 1772: 1769: 1768: 1765: 1764: 1763: 1756: 1755: 1749: 1748: 1744: 1743: 1737: 1736: 1733: 1732: 1729: 1728: 1727: 1720: 1719: 1713: 1710: 1709: 1706: 1705: 1697: 1696: 1688: 1687: 1684: 1683: 1682: 1675: 1674: 1671: 1670: 1667: 1666: 1665: 1658: 1657: 1651: 1650: 1647: 1646: 1643: 1642: 1641: 1634: 1633: 1627: 1624: 1623: 1617: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1609: 1608: 1607: 1600: 1599: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1577: 1576: 1568: 1567: 1564: 1563: 1562: 1555: 1554: 1551: 1550: 1547: 1546: 1545: 1538: 1537: 1531: 1530: 1527: 1526: 1523: 1522: 1521: 1514: 1513: 1507: 1504: 1503: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1490: 1489: 1481: 1480: 1477: 1476: 1470: 1469: 1466: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1460: 1453: 1452: 1446: 1443: 1442: 1439: 1438: 1435: 1434: 1433: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1416: 1415: 1412: 1411: 1403: 1402: 1394: 1393: 1390: 1389: 1388: 1381: 1380: 1377: 1376: 1373: 1372: 1371: 1364: 1363: 1357: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1349: 1348: 1347: 1340: 1339: 1333: 1330: 1329: 1323: 1322: 1319: 1318: 1310: 1309: 1301: 1300: 1292: 1291: 1288: 1287: 1286: 1279: 1278: 1275: 1274: 1271: 1270: 1269: 1262: 1261: 1255: 1252: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1244: 1243: 1242: 1235: 1234: 1228: 1227: 1224: 1223: 1220: 1219: 1218: 1211: 1210: 1204: 1203: 1197: 1196: 1193: 1192: 1189: 1188: 1187: 1180: 1179: 1176: 1175: 1172: 1171: 1170: 1163: 1162: 1156: 1155: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1139: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1127:Xiphodontidae 1122: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1103:Anoplotherium 1100: 1099: 1094: 1093: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1058: 1052: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1011: 1007: 1002: 993: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 910: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 879:D. cayluxense 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 851:D. cayluxense 848: 844: 840: 836: 835: 830: 826: 825: 820: 813: 808: 804: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 773: 768: 764: 763: 758: 757:Isle of Wight 754: 750: 746: 741: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 717:Anoplotherium 714: 710: 705: 703: 702: 697: 696: 691: 690: 689:Anoplotherium 674: 670: 666: 661: 659: 655: 650: 646: 642: 641:hipparionines 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 621: 605: 601: 597: 589: 584: 570: 568: 564: 563:Anoplotherium 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 513: 509: 507: 503: 499: 496:in 1884, and 495: 491: 487: 483: 482: 477: 473: 469: 465: 464: 459: 458: 457:Anoplotherium 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 426: 410: 409:Ancient Greek 406: 405: 390: 387: 383: 379: 376: 371: 368: 363: 360: 355: 352: 351: 347: 333: 330: 329: 319: 316: 312: 304: 303: 298: 294: 290: 289: 284: 281:Filhol, 1884 279: 278: 273: 272: 270: 265: 260: 255: 254: 246: 243: 239: 234: 229: 228: 221: 218: 217: 214: 208: 205: 204: 201: 195: 192: 191: 188: 185: 182: 181: 178: 175: 172: 171: 168: 165: 162: 161: 158: 155: 152: 151: 148: 145: 142: 141: 136: 131: 127: 124: 120: 116: 112: 107: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 50: 45: 39: 36:44.9–34 32: 26: 22: 19: 5733:Dacrytherium 5732: 5684: 5680: 5674: 5641: 5637: 5624: 5607: 5603: 5596: 5563: 5559: 5553: 5531:(1): 25–38. 5528: 5524: 5520: 5513: 5504: 5500: 5490: 5463: 5459: 5449: 5424: 5420: 5417:Microchoerus 5416: 5410: 5393: 5387: 5354: 5350: 5330: 5285: 5281: 5271: 5261: 5216: 5212: 5205: 5170: 5166: 5118: 5114: 5104: 5079: 5075: 5047: 5040: 5030: 5026: 5020: 4993: 4989: 4979: 4970: 4966: 4960: 4935: 4931: 4911: 4887: 4883: 4873: 4863: 4856: 4839: 4835: 4829: 4784: 4780: 4770: 4760: 4753: 4726: 4713: 4704: 4700: 4668: 4664: 4636: 4632: 4610: 4572: 4568: 4540: 4536: 4514: 4504: 4495: 4485: 4476: 4472: 4462: 4429: 4425: 4390: 4386: 4380: 4357: 4300: 4296: 4290: 4252: 4248: 4228: 4224: 4216:Cuisitherium 4215: 4207: 4174: 4170: 4133: 4111: 4107: 4081: 4037: 4031: 3993: 3989: 3966: 3934: 3930: 3906: 3902: 3892: 3883: 3879: 3869: 3844: 3840: 3834: 3826: 3816: 3809: 3799: 3792: 3782: 3775: 3766: 3762: 3752: 3746:: 1579–1580. 3743: 3739: 3729: 3719: 3712: 3703: 3699: 3674: 3641: 3618: 3611: 3586: 3582: 3576: 3572: 3552: 3548: 3518: 3511: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3456: 3450: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3430: 3429:, tapirulid 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3399:Plagiolophus 3398: 3392: 3386: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3362: 3356: 3350: 3347:D. saturnini 3346: 3344: 3312:salamandrids 3295: 3291: 3287:D. saturnini 3286: 3282: 3279:D. saturnini 3278: 3274: 3271:Dacrytherium 3270: 3268: 3258:Diplocynodon 3256: 3254:alligatoroid 3251: 3246: 3239:Robiatherium 3238: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3216: 3212: 3206: 3200: 3196: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3176: 3173:Plagiolophus 3172: 3166: 3162: 3156: 3150: 3144: 3140: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3124: 3117: 3111: 3107:Rhagatherium 3105: 3101:Haplobunodon 3099: 3093: 3089:Plagiolophus 3087: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3057: 3053: 3051: 3042: 2982:), rodents ( 2964:metatherians 2960:Dacrytherium 2959: 2940:Dichobunidae 2923: 2919: 2916:Dacrytherium 2915: 2913: 2896: 2885: 2854:Mixtotherium 2853: 2850:Dacrytherium 2849: 2847: 2843:Dacrytherium 2842: 2838: 2834: 2831:Dacrytherium 2830: 2826:Dacrytherium 2825: 2823: 2818: 2794: 2791: 2783:D. saturnini 2782: 2775:D. saturnini 2774: 2766:D. saturnini 2765: 2763: 2759:D. saturnini 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2743:D. saturnini 2742: 2738: 2734: 2731:D. saturnini 2730: 2725: 2722:D. saturnini 2721: 2717: 2713: 2710:D. saturnini 2709: 2706:Dacrytherium 2705: 2703: 2697: 2693: 2678:Dacrytherium 2677: 2674:Dacrytherium 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2650: 2646:Dacrytherium 2645: 2641: 2637: 2634:Dacrytherium 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621:Doliochoerus 2619: 2613: 2606: 2602: 2599:Dacrytherium 2598: 2596: 2592:Dacrytherium 2591: 2587: 2584:Dacrytherium 2583: 2575:Dacrytherium 2574: 2569: 2565: 2560: 2558: 2551: 2548:Dacrytherium 2547: 2543: 2533: 2525:Dacrytherium 2524: 2522: 2517: 2513: 2510:Dacrytherium 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2490:Dacrytherium 2489: 2487: 2481: 2466:Dacrytherium 2465: 2458:Dacrytherium 2457: 2451: 2446:Dacrytherium 2445: 2429:Dacrytherium 2428: 2427: 2407:Dacrytherium 2406: 2400: 2391: 2390:Mandible of 2367: 2350:frontal lobe 2339: 2303: 2289: 2285: 2283: 2272: 2248:facet joints 2225: 2205:Dacrytherium 2204: 2203: 2174:nuchal lines 2157: 2155: 2147: 2135: 2126:Mixtotherium 2125: 2121: 2117: 2114:Dacrytherium 2113: 2104:part of the 2082:Dacrytherium 2081: 2079: 2075:Dacrytherium 2074: 2071:Dacrytherium 2070: 2067:Dacrytherium 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2047:D. saturnini 2046: 2042: 2040: 2035: 2012:Dacrytherium 2011: 2008:Dacrytherium 2007: 2003:Dacrytherium 2002: 2001: 1996:Dacrytherium 1995: 1984: 1964:Dacrytherium 1963: 1959: 1953: 1937: 1832: 1831: 1815: 1814: 1800: 1777: 1776: 1760: 1759: 1745: 1724: 1723: 1679: 1678: 1662: 1661: 1638: 1637: 1604: 1603: 1559: 1558: 1542: 1541: 1518: 1517: 1506:Robiacinidae 1474: 1473: 1457: 1456: 1430: 1429: 1385: 1384: 1368: 1367: 1344: 1343: 1283: 1282: 1266: 1265: 1239: 1238: 1215: 1214: 1184: 1183: 1167: 1166: 1144:Robiacinidae 1140: 1123: 1111:paraphyletic 1106: 1102: 1098:Robiatherium 1096: 1092:Duerotherium 1090: 1083:Dacrytherium 1082: 1076: 1070: 1062:Dacrytherium 1061: 1053: 1033:Balkanatolia 1017:Dacrytherium 1016: 1015: 1010:Dacrytherium 1009: 1006:Henri Filhol 1004:Portrait of 982:D. saturnini 981: 978:Dacrytherium 977: 969: 966:D. saturnini 965: 961: 958:Dacrytherium 957: 954:Dacrytherium 953: 949: 946:X. platyceps 945: 941: 938:Dacrytherium 937: 933: 930:Mixtotherium 929: 926:Dacrytherium 925: 922:Mixtotherium 921: 917: 916:synonymized 911: 907:Dacrytherium 906: 903:X. platyceps 902: 898: 894: 883:Dacrytherium 882: 878: 871:Dacrytherium 870: 866: 863:Dacrytherium 862: 859:X. platyceps 858: 854: 850: 847:Dacrytherium 846: 843:A. depressum 842: 838: 832: 828: 824:Mixtotherium 822: 821:synonymized 816: 811: 800: 796: 792: 788: 785:Dacrytherium 784: 780: 776: 770: 766: 760: 752: 749:Richard Owen 742: 732: 729:Dacrytherium 728: 724: 721:Dacrytherium 720: 716: 706: 699: 693: 687: 673:Dacrytherium 672: 668: 664: 662: 658:lacrimal sac 637:Dacrytherium 636: 633:Paul Gervais 628: 625:Dacrytherium 624: 618: 596:Henri Filhol 593: 587: 566: 562: 559:Dacrytherium 558: 543:Dacrytherium 542: 541: 536: 532: 529:D. saturnini 528: 524: 521:Dacrytherium 520: 516: 512:Dacrytherium 511: 510: 506:D. saturnini 505: 501: 493: 490:Henri Filhol 486:Dacrytherium 485: 479: 475: 461: 455: 452:Henri Filhol 448:Dacrytherium 447: 428:artiodactyls 404:Dacrytherium 403: 402: 401: 388: 377: 373:Filhol, 1877 369: 365:Filhol, 1876 361: 353: 345: 344:Synonyms of 335:Filhol, 1884 331: 302:D. saturnini 301: 300: 287: 286: 276: 275: 252: 251: 242:Type species 227:Dacrytherium 226: 225: 187:Artiodactyla 118: 25:Dacrytherium 24: 18: 4592:10366/82129 4255:: 455–461. 3419:Acotherulum 3415:Cebochoerus 3403:Anchilophus 3355:, rodents ( 3352:Peratherium 3265:Late Eocene 3192:Acotherulum 3187:Cebochoerus 3178:Anchilophus 3136:Peratherium 3119:Cebochoerus 3012:hyaenodonts 2972:cimolestans 2944:Tapirulidae 2936:Hyrachyidae 2892:condylarths 2371:medial axis 2195:alisphenoid 2102:exoccipital 1970:Description 1802:Plesiomeryx 1626:Oxacroninae 968:. The name 924:instead of 918:Adrotherium 839:Adrotherium 547:archipelago 206:Subfamily: 121:mandibles, 5818:Categories 4890:: 253–258. 4707:: 195–248. 4639:: 665–668. 3996:: 103929. 3706:: 217–225. 3555:: 288–289. 3527:References 3452:Amphimeryx 3394:Cynodictis 3364:Theridomys 3340:Varanoidea 3324:Gekkonidae 3320:Lacertidae 3247:D. elegans 3230:Amphimeryx 3224:Haplomeryx 3163:Quercygale 3158:Paramiacis 3155:, miacids 3146:Paroxyaena 3131:D. elegans 3127:D. elegans 3071:Proviverra 3065:Quercygale 2924:D. priscum 2785:from the M 2755:D. elegans 2747:D. priscum 2739:D. elegans 2714:D. elegans 2698:D. elegans 2632:, that of 2611:dichobunid 2544:Sus scrofa 2514:D. elegans 2392:D. priscum 2306:cerebellum 2254:ends. The 2172:and upper 2144:astragalus 2051:D. priscum 2043:D. elegans 2036:D. elegans 1747:Caenomeryx 1332:Ruminantia 1135:selenodont 1045:Ruminantia 1021:type genus 970:D. priscum 962:D. priscum 942:D. elegans 895:D. cayluxi 812:D. elegans 793:D. cayluxi 733:P. elegans 669:D. cayluxi 533:D. priscum 525:D. elegans 517:D. elegans 502:D. priscum 494:D. elegans 425:Palaeogene 357:Owen, 1854 288:D. priscum 277:D. elegans 5748:Q15055623 5709:128651937 5666:202026238 5588:258663753 5521:Lophiodon 5379:258361595 5241:248164842 4454:202026238 4199:221468663 4152:229490410 4064:258864256 3861:219222697 3603:130007945 3520:Diplobune 3488:D. ovinus 3484:D. ovinum 3432:Tapirulus 3427:Diplobune 3382:Hyaenodon 3332:Scincidae 3316:Iguanidae 3296:Diplobune 3283:D. ovinum 3275:D. ovinum 3208:Robiacina 3183:Lophiodon 3095:Lophiodon 3077:Hallensia 3074:, equoid 3062:, miacid 2908:Holarctic 2835:Diplobune 2819:D. ovinum 2751:D. ovinum 2735:D. ovinum 2726:D. ovinum 2718:D. ovinum 2694:D. ovinum 2662:D. ovinum 2642:Diplobune 2630:Diplobune 2607:Diplobune 2540:wild boar 2529:calcaneum 2518:D. ovinum 2506:Diplobune 2498:Diplobune 2482:D. ovinum 2454:occlusion 2422:placental 2382:Dentition 2335:flocculus 2286:D. ovinum 2274:Diplobune 2158:D. ovinum 2140:calcaneus 2136:D. ovinum 2063:Diplobune 2055:D. ovinum 1950:polyphyly 1107:Diplobune 1049:tragulids 912:In 1908, 899:D. ovinum 855:D. ovinum 841:(species 834:Diplobune 801:D. ovinum 762:Dichobune 755:from the 709:premolars 695:Diplobune 635:compared 604:pachyderm 567:Diplobune 537:D. ovinum 508:in 1910. 481:Dichobune 476:D. ovinum 463:Diplobune 346:D. ovinum 153:Kingdom: 147:Eukaryota 5742:Wikidata 5482:54002673 5441:23916791 5288:: 1–20. 5197:84066785 5145:26041349 5012:54686160 4914:: 26–27. 4821:16723392 4543:: 29–50. 4479:: 69–78. 4333:55546022 4325:20491092 4056:37221992 3909:: 61–62. 3506:See also 3492:D. ovina 3458:Elomeryx 3441:Dichodon 3437:Xiphodon 3388:Pterodon 3328:Agamidae 3218:Dichodon 3213:Xiphodon 3046:weigelti 3008:Miacidae 2998:, bats, 2992:Gliridae 2956:Adapidae 2888:Primates 2664:and not 2538:and the 2535:Elomeryx 2342:cerebrum 2191:temporal 2108:and the 2024:maxillae 1254:Tylopoda 1041:camelids 990:Vaucluse 772:Dichodon 767:Xiphodon 765:than to 701:Xiphodon 573:Taxonomy 551:endemism 382:Lydekker 315:Synonyms 193:Family: 177:Mammalia 167:Chordata 163:Phylum: 157:Animalia 143:Domain: 5788:4944680 5775:1149753 5762:4835363 5689:Bibcode 5646:Bibcode 5568:Bibcode 5533:Bibcode 5525:Geobios 5507:: 1–26. 5359:Bibcode 5290:Bibcode 5221:Bibcode 5175:Bibcode 5136:4590438 5084:Bibcode 5032:Château 4940:Bibcode 4932:Lethaia 4812:1482652 4789:Bibcode 4434:Bibcode 4305:Bibcode 4179:Bibcode 3998:Bibcode 3847:: 1–4. 3446:Oxacron 3010:), and 2416:3.1.4.3 2413:3.1.4.3 2340:In the 2294:flexure 2187:frontal 2183:process 2086:cranium 1988:commune 1037:tylopod 1019:is the 948:" with 887:canines 875:cranium 845:) with 727:. 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