200:
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1850:
1810:
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3581:
1927:, drugs, inks and sexual assault evidence. In clinical and pharmaceutical sector, DART is utilized for body fluid analysis such as blood, plasma, urine etc. and study traditional medicines. Also DART can detect composition in medicine in a tablet form as per there is no need for sample preparation such as crushing or extracting.
1842:
contamination and protect the high-vacuum region. Charged species (ions) are guided to the second orifice through an intermediate cylindrical electrode ("ring lens"), but neutral molecules travel in a straight pathway and are thus blocked from entering the ion guide. The neutral contamination is then removed by the pump.
88:(DESI) ion source, the initial DART publication did not appear until shortly after the DESI publication, and both ion sources were publicly introduced in back-to-back presentations by R. G. Cooks and R. B. Cody at the January 2005 ASMS Sanibel Conference. DESI and DART are considered as pioneer techniques in the field of
1841:
atmospheric pressure interface used for DART, ions are directed to the ion guide through (outer) Ń and (inner) ŃŃ skimmer orifices by applying a slight potential difference between them: orifice Ń : 20 V and orifice ŃŃ : 5 V. The alignment of the two orifices is staggered to trap neutral
1845:
The DART source can be operated in surface desorption mode or transmission mode. In the ordinary surface desorption mode, the sample is positioned in a way, which enables the reactive DART reagent ion stream to flow on to the surface while allowing the flow of desorbed analyte ions into interface.
83:
DART resulted from conversations between
Laramee and Cody about the development of an atmospheric pressure ion source to replace the radioactive sources in handheld chemical weapons detectors.DART was developed in late 2002 to early 2003 by Cody and Laramee as a new atmospheric pressure ionization
134:
region. The DART gas can be heated from room temperature (RT) to 550 °C to facilitate desorption of analyte molecules. Heating is optional but may be necessary depending on the surface or chemical being analyzed. The heated stream of gaseous metastable species passes through a porous exit
1902:
Use of DART compared to traditional methods minimizes sample amount, sample preparation, eliminates extraction steps, decreases limit of detection and analysis time. Also it provides a broad range sensitivity, simultaneous determination of multi-drug analytes and sufficient mass accuracy for
1886:
In positive ion mode, DART produces predominantly protonated molecules and in negative-ion mode deprotonated molecules . Both negative and positive modes of DART provides relatively simple mass spectra. Depending on the type of analyte, other species may be formed, such as multiple charged
66:
can occur for species desorbed directly from surfaces such as bank notes, tablets, bodily fluids (blood, saliva and urine), polymers, glass, plant leaves, fruits & vegetables, clothing, and living organisms. DART is applied for rapid analysis of a wide variety of samples at
1911:
to 1200. DART-MS is capable of semi-quantitative and quantitative analysis. To accelerate sample release from the surface, the DART gas stream is usually heated to temperature in the range 100-500 °C and this operation can be employed for temperature-dependent analysis.
1846:
Therefore, this mode requires that the gas stream grazes the sample surface and does not block gas flow to the mass spectrometer sampling orifice. In contrast, transmission mode DART (tm-DART) uses a custom-made sample holder and introduces the sample at a fixed geometry.
195:
DART can be used for the analysis of solid, liquid or gaseous samples. Liquids are typically analyzed by dipping an object (such as a glass rod) into the liquid sample and then presenting it to the DART ion source. Vapors are introduced directly into the DART gas stream.
1795:
The negative ion sensitivity of DART gases varies with the efficiency in forming electrons by
Penning ionization, which means that the negative ion sensitivity increases with the internal energy of the metastable species, for example nitrogená¸neoná¸helium.
1906:
The DART ion source is a kind of gas-phase ionization, and it requires some sort of volatility of the analyte to support thermally assisted desorption of analyte ions. This limits the size range of the molecules that can be analyzed by DART i.e.
74:
With the aid of DART, exact mass measurements can be done rapidly with high-resolution mass spectrometers. DART mass spectrometry has been used in pharmaceutical applications, forensic studies, quality control, and environmental studies.
216:
of nitrogen, atmospheric water and other gaseous species. Although some compounds can be ionized directly by
Penning ionization, the most common positive-ion formation mechanism for DART involves ionization of atmospheric water.
139:
from the gas stream to prevent ion/electron recombination and ion loss. If the exit electrode is biased to a negative potential, electrons can be generated directly from the electrode material by surface
Penning ionization. An
2744:
Maleknia, Simin; Vail, Teresa; Cody, Robert; Sparkman, David; Bell, Tina; Adams, Mark (2009). "Temperature-dependent release of volatile organic compounds of eucalypts by direct analysis in real time (DART) mass spectrometry".
1829:
condition. Therefore, ions entering the mass spectrometer, first go through a source - to - analyzer interface (vacuum interface), which was designed in order to bridge the atmospheric pressure region to the mass spectrometer
1938:
of vegetable oils and many other food safety analysis. In the manufacturing industry, to determine the deposition and release of a fragrance on surfaces such as fabric and hair and dyes in textiles, DART is often utilized.
776:
649:
92:, since they operate in the open laboratory environment and do not require sample pretreatment. In contrast to the liquid spray used by DESI, the ionizing gas from the DART ion source contains a dry stream containing
421:
533:
316:
1585:
1145:
1232:
1717:
1054:
900:
426:
Although the exact ion formation mechanism is not clear, water can be ionized directly by
Penning ionization. Another proposal is that water is ionized by the same mechanism that has been proposed for
1496:
1296:
1645:
135:
electrode that is biased to a positive or negative potential in the range 0 to 530V. When biased to a positive potential, the exit electrode acts to remove electrons and negative ions formed by
190:
1790:
126:
contains and short-lived energetic species including electrons, ions, and excimers. Ion/electron recombination leads to the formation of long-lived excited-state neutral atoms or molecules (
1395:
71:
and in the open laboratory environment. It does not need a specific sample preparation, so it can be used for the analysis of solid, liquid and gaseous samples in their native state.
2099:
Ifa, Demian R.; Wu, Chunping; Ouyang, Zheng; Cooks, R. Graham (2010-03-22). "Desorption electrospray ionization and other ambient ionization methods: current progress and preview".
2890:
Chernetsova, Elena S.; Morlock, Gertrud E. (2011-09-01). "Determination of drugs and drug-like compounds in different samples with direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry".
1410:
In negative-ion mode, the potential of the exit grid electrode can be set to negative potentials. Penning electrons undergo electron capture with atmospheric oxygen to produce O
2693:
Badu-Tawiah, Abraham K.; Eberlin, Livia S.; Ouyang, Zheng; Cooks, R. Graham (2013-04-01). "Chemical
Aspects of the Extractive Methods of Ambient Ionization Mass Spectrometry".
2599:
Li, Li-Ping; Feng, Bao-Sheng; Yang, Jian-Wang; Chang, Cui-Lan; Bai, Yu; Liu, Hu-Wei (2013-05-07). "Applications of ambient mass spectrometry in high-throughput screening".
1920:
DART is being applied in many fields, including the fragrance industry, pharmaceutical industry, foods and spices, forensic science and health, materials analysis, etc.
51:
molecules. The ions generated from atmospheric or dopant molecules undergo ion-molecule reactions with the sample molecules to produce analyte ions. Analytes with low
2839:
Pavlovich, Matthew J.; Musselman, Brian; Hall, Adam B. (March 2018). "Direct analysis in real time-Mass spectrometry (DART-MS) in forensic and security applications".
3011:
Hajslova, Jana; Cajka, Tomas; Vaclavik, Lukas (2011). "Challenging applications offered by direct analysis in real time (DART) in food-quality and safety analysis".
3313:
2497:
Weston, Daniel J. (2010-03-22). "Ambient ionization mass spectrometry: current understanding of mechanistic theory; analytical performance and application areas".
2388:
Harris, Glenn A.; Nyadong, Leonard; Fernandez, Facundo M. (2008-09-09). "Recent developments in ambient ionization techniques for analytical mass spectrometry".
2446:; Lalli, Priscila M.; Benassi, Mario; Cunha, Ildenize B. S.; Eberlin, Marcos N. (2010-09-01). "Ambient mass spectrometry: bringing MS into the "real world"".
2788:
Mäkinen, Marko; Nousiainen, Marjaana; Sillanpää, Mika (2011-09-01). "Ion spectrometric detection technologies for ultra-traces of explosives: A review".
2294:
Smoluch, Marek; Mielczarek, Przemyslaw; Silberring, Jerzy (2016-01-01). "Plasma-based ambient ionization mass spectrometry in bioanalytical sciences".
3081:
Chernetsova, Elena S.; Morlock, Gertrud E. (2011). "Ambient desorption ionization mass spectrometry (DART, DESI) and its bioanalytical applications".
2345:
Cody, Robert B. (2008-12-30). "Observation of
Molecular Ions and Analysis of Nonpolar Compounds with the Direct Analysis in Real Time Ion Source".
3496:
3491:
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1970:
670:
541:
322:
436:
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Fernandez, Facundo M.; Green, Michael D.; Newton, Paul N. (2008). "Prevalence and
Detection of Counterfeit Pharmaceuticals: A Mini Review".
223:
3348:
3298:
2064:
R.B. Cody; J.A. LaramĂŠe; H.D. Durst (2005). "Versatile New Ion Source for the
Analysis of Materials in Open Air under Ambient Conditions".
1942:
DART is used in environmental analysis. For example, analysis of organic UV filters in water, contaminants in soil, petroleum products and
1401:
Metastable argon atoms do not have enough internal energy to ionize water, so DART ionization with argon gas requires the use of a dopant.
3486:
3308:
3159:
2252:
Javanshad, R.; Venter, A. R. (2017-08-31). "Ambient ionization mass spectrometry: real-time, proximal sample processing and ionization".
1866:(TLC) plates have been analyzed by positioning them directly in the DART gas stream. Gas chromatography has been carried out by coupling
1504:
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1153:
3514:
3404:
2193:
Huang, Min-Zong; Yuan, Cheng-Hui; Cheng, Sy-Chyi; Cho, Yi-Tzu; Shiea, Jentaie (2010-06-01). "Ambient
Ionization Mass Spectrometry".
1653:
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1960:
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428:
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3549:
3038:
Chernetsova, Elena S; Morlock, G E; Revelsky, Igor A (2011). "DART mass spectrometry and its applications in chemical analysis".
3539:
3303:
2548:
Cody, Robert B.; Dane, A. John (2016-04-07). "Dopant-assisted direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry with argon gas".
1424:
1240:
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1946:
etc. DART also plays an important role in biological studies. It enables studying chemical profiles of plants and organisms.
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3233:
1965:
1817:
being analyzed is held in the sample chamber between the DART ion source (right) and the spectrometer inlet (cone on left).
3466:
1870:
columns directly into the DART gas stream through a heated interface. Eluate from a high-pressure liquid chromatograph (
2650:
Huang, Min-Zong; Cheng, Sy-Chi; Cho, Yi-Tzu; Shiea, Jentaie (2011). "Ambient ionization mass spectrometry: A tutorial".
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1975:
150:
85:
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process, and a US patent application was filed in April 2003. Although the development of DART actually predated the
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In food industry, DART assures the quality and authenticity assessment of food. It is also used in the analysis of
3333:
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17:
1304:
3624:
3534:
3519:
1891:. DART is categorized as a soft ionization technique. Fragmentation can be rarely observed for some molecules.
1825:
pressure during Penning and chemical ionization. The mass spectrometry analysis, however, takes place at high
3524:
3471:
905:
The stream of protonated water clusters acts as a secondary ionizing species and generates analytes ions by
55:
may be ionized directly. The DART ionization process can produce positive or negative ions depending on the
3554:
3445:
3430:
3573:
3200:
3145:
1874:) can be also introduced to the reaction zone of the DART source and analyze. DART can be coupled with
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1980:
141:
3343:
2968:
Maragos, C.M.; Busman, M. (2010). "Rapid and advanced tools for mycotoxin analysis: a review".
1924:
3278:
2013:
Gross, JĂźrgen H. (2014-01-01). "Direct analysis in real timeâa critical review on DART-MS".
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Ionized water can undergo further ion-molecule reactions to form protonated water clusters (
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species from gases such as helium, argon, or nitrogen that ionize atmospheric molecules or
1878:(CE) and the eluate of CE is guided to the mass spectrometer through the DART ion source.
8:
3619:
3425:
3394:
3268:
3238:
3128:
James A. Laramee and Robert B. Cody âMethod for Atmospheric Pressure Analyte Ionizationâ
2214:
2151:
906:
199:
122:
in the range of +1 to +5 kV is applied to generate a glow discharge. The glow discharge
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will produce radical anions. Several reactions are possible, depending on the analyte.
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Once the metastable carrier gas atoms (M*) released from the source, they initiate
131:
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3119:
Robert B. Cody and James A. Laramee, âMethod for atmospheric pressure ionizationâ
1934:
in beverages, semi-quantitative analysis of caffeine, monitoring heat accelerated
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cap at the terminal end of the ion source protects the operator from harm.
2161:
1809:
771:{\displaystyle {\ce {{H2O^{+\bullet }}+{H2O}->{H3O+}+{OH^{\bullet }}}}}
644:{\displaystyle {\ce {{N4^{+\bullet }}+{H2O}->{2N2}+{H2O}^{+\bullet }}}}
3440:
3379:
3358:
2156:. New Developments in Mass Spectrometry. The Royal Society of Chemistry.
1849:
910:
416:{\displaystyle {\ce {{M^{\ast }}+{H2O}->{M}+{H2O}^{+\bullet }+e^{-}}}}
528:{\displaystyle {\ce {{N2^{+\bullet }}+{2N2}->{N4^{+\bullet }}+{N2}}}}
3215:
2620:
2265:
311:{\displaystyle {\ce {{M^{\ast }}+{N2}->{M}+{N2}^{+\bullet }+e^{-}}}}
115:
63:
40:
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2315:
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2409:
2120:
1931:
56:
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1580:{\displaystyle {\ce {{O2}^{-\bullet }+{S}->{S}^{-\bullet }+O2}}}
1140:{\displaystyle {\ce {{N4}^{+\bullet }+S->{2N2}+S^{+\bullet }}}}
1943:
1227:{\displaystyle {\ce {{O2}^{+\bullet }+S->{O2}+S^{+\bullet }}}}
2442:
Alberici, Rosana M.; Simas, Rosineide C.; Sanvido, Gustavo B.;
2063:
1888:
1831:
1826:
1712:{\displaystyle {\ce {{SX}+{e}^{-}->{S}^{-}+{X}^{\bullet }}}}
918:
48:
1923:
In forensic science, DART is used for analysis of explosives,
1049:{\displaystyle {\ce {{S}+{}^{+}->{}^{+}+{\mathit {n}}H2O}}}
2692:
895:{\displaystyle {\ce {{H3O^{+}}+{\mathit {n}}H2O->{}^{+}}}}
2293:
1871:
1838:
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3184:
2441:
1573:
1521:
1491:{\displaystyle {\ce {{O2}+{e}^{-}->{O2}^{-\bullet }}}}
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1440:
1372:
1325:
1291:{\displaystyle {\ce {{NO^{+}}+S->{NO}+S^{+\bullet }}}}
1203:
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issued September 27, 2005. (Priority date: April 2003).
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1640:{\displaystyle {\ce {{S}+{e}^{-}->{S}^{-\bullet }}}}
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2387:
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DART can be combined with many separation techniques.
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185:{\displaystyle {\ce {{M}+energy->{M^{\ast }}}}}
184:
109:
2192:
1785:{\displaystyle {\ce {{SH}-> {}^{-}+ {H}^{+}}}}
3611:
2098:
1834:. It also minimizes spectrometer contamination.
2943:Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research
2598:
2251:
1971:Desorption atmospheric pressure photoionization
1804:
3153:
2967:
43:that produces electronically or vibronically
1853:Schematic diagram of DART-transmission mode
1390:{\displaystyle {\ce {{^{+}}+S->{}^{+}}}}
3160:
3146:
2970:Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A
2747:Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry
2550:Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry
2150:Domin, Marek; Cody, Robert, eds. (2014).
2149:
1405:
1105:
909:mechanisms at atmospheric pressure. Here
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468:
207:
99:
2547:
1961:Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization
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1808:
429:atmospheric pressure chemical ionization
198:
14:
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2715:10.1146/annurev-physchem-040412-110026
2496:
2448:Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
2015:Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
203:Schematic diagram of a DART ion source
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2195:Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry
2012:
1024:
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104:
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2215:10.1146/annurev.anchem.111808.073702
2153:Ambient Ionization Mass Spectrometry
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1966:Atmospheric pressure photoionization
3592:
3013:TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry
2695:Annual Review of Physical Chemistry
1858:Coupling with separation techniques
24:
2432:
1976:Desorption electrospray ionization
1799:
86:desorption electrospray ionization
25:
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1993:
3591:
3579:
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3060:10.1070/rc2011v080n03abeh004194
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2737:
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110:Formation of metastable species
59:applied to the exit electrode.
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13:
1:
1986:
917:, direct charge transfer and
1898:DART source red ink spectrum
1805:Source to analyzer interface
33:direct analysis in real time
7:
3431:Microchannel plate detector
1949:
1903:formulation determination.
1821:Analyte ions are formed at
10:
3641:
3134:issued September 26, 2006.
3113:
3025:10.1016/j.trac.2010.11.001
114:As the gas (M) enters the
78:
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3505:
3454:
3418:
3367:
3214:
3175:
3095:10.1007/s12566-010-0019-5
2982:10.1080/19440040903515934
2892:Mass Spectrometry Reviews
2841:Mass Spectrometry Reviews
2790:Mass Spectrometry Reviews
2672:10.1016/j.aca.2011.06.017
2460:10.1007/s00216-010-3808-3
2296:Mass Spectrometry Reviews
2027:10.1007/s00216-013-7316-0
1876:capillary electrophoresis
1864:Thin-layer chromatography
921:ion formation may occur.
3446:LangmuirâTaylor detector
3040:Russian Chemical Reviews
1981:Electric glow discharge
3390:Quadrupole mass filter
2652:Analytica Chimica Acta
1899:
1854:
1818:
1786:
1713:
1641:
1581:
1492:
1406:Negative ion formation
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1292:
1228:
1141:
1050:
896:
772:
645:
529:
417:
312:
208:Positive ion formation
204:
186:
100:Principle of operation
3625:Measuring instruments
3131:U.S. patent 7,112,785
3122:U.S. patent 6,949,741
3083:Bioanalytical Reviews
2162:10.1039/9781782628026
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2347:Analytical Chemistry
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224:
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130:species, M*) in the
69:atmospheric pressure
3426:Electron multiplier
3395:Quadrupole ion trap
3052:2011RuCRv..80..235C
2904:2011MSRv...30..875C
2853:2018MSRv...37..171P
2802:2011MSRv...30..940M
2759:2009RCMS...23.2241M
2707:2013ARPC...64..481B
2664:2011AcAC..702....1H
2613:2013Ana...138.3097L
2562:2016RCMS...30.1181C
2511:2010Ana...135..661W
2402:2008Ana...133.1297H
2308:2016MSRv...35...22S
2207:2010ARAC....3...43H
2113:2010Ana...135..669I
1575:
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907:chemical ionization
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459:
385:
355:
283:
256:
2621:10.1039/c3an00119a
2266:10.1039/c7ay00948h
2254:Analytical Methods
1956:Ambient ionization
1900:
1868:gas chromatography
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308:
271:
244:
214:Penning ionization
205:
182:
137:Penning ionization
120:electric potential
105:Ionization process
90:ambient ionization
3607:
3606:
3169:Mass spectrometry
2955:10.1021/ie0703787
2912:10.1002/mas.20304
2861:10.1002/mas.21509
2810:10.1002/mas.20308
2753:(15): 2241â2246.
2556:(10): 1181â1189.
2359:10.1021/ac8022108
2316:10.1002/mas.21460
2260:(34): 4896â4907.
2078:10.1021/ac050162j
1773:
1754:
1746:
1733:
1700:
1685:
1670:
1661:
1625:
1610:
1601:
1566:
1549:
1540:
1514:
1467:
1451:
1433:
1365:
1357:
1344:
1318:
1277:
1269:
1262:
1249:
1213:
1196:
1188:
1163:
1126:
1109:
1097:
1072:
1044:
1032:
1026:
1007:
1000:
976:
969:
957:
951:
935:
879:
872:
860:
854:
839:
827:
821:
806:
793:
759:
744:
731:
722:
710:
692:
679:
629:
617:
598:
585:
573:
550:
513:
490:
472:
445:
405:
388:
376:
366:
358:
346:
331:
300:
274:
264:
247:
232:
173:
165:
158:
132:flowing afterglow
53:ionization energy
29:mass spectrometry
16:(Redirected from
3632:
3595:
3594:
3583:
3582:
3571:
3570:
3162:
3155:
3148:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3124:
3107:
3106:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2767:10.1002/rcm.4133
2741:
2735:
2734:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2607:(11): 3097â103.
2596:
2590:
2589:
2570:10.1002/rcm.7552
2545:
2539:
2538:
2519:10.1039/b925579f
2494:
2488:
2487:
2444:RomĂŁo, Wanderson
2439:
2430:
2429:
2410:10.1039/b806810k
2396:(10): 1297â301.
2385:
2379:
2378:
2353:(3): 1101â1107.
2342:
2336:
2335:
2291:
2278:
2277:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2121:10.1039/b925257f
2096:
2090:
2089:
2072:(8): 2297â2302.
2061:
2055:
2054:
2010:
1837:In the original
1791:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1744:
1734:
1731:
1718:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1668:
1662:
1659:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1626:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1608:
1602:
1599:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1564:
1559:
1558:
1550:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1533:
1532:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1512:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1465:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1449:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1431:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1370:
1363:
1358:
1355:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1323:
1316:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1275:
1270:
1267:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1247:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1211:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1194:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1161:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1107:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1070:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1011:
1005:
1001:
998:
987:
986:
981:
980:
974:
970:
967:
965:
962:
955:
953:
952:
936:
933:
901:
899:
898:
893:
891:
890:
889:
884:
883:
877:
873:
870:
868:
865:
858:
856:
855:
837:
835:
832:
825:
823:
822:
813:
812:
811:
804:
801:
798:
791:
777:
775:
774:
769:
767:
766:
765:
764:
757:
751:
750:
749:
742:
739:
736:
729:
723:
720:
718:
715:
708:
702:
701:
700:
690:
687:
684:
677:
663:
662:
661:
650:
648:
647:
642:
640:
639:
638:
630:
627:
625:
622:
615:
608:
606:
603:
596:
586:
583:
581:
578:
571:
565:
563:
555:
548:
534:
532:
531:
526:
524:
523:
521:
518:
511:
505:
503:
495:
488:
482:
480:
477:
470:
460:
458:
450:
443:
422:
420:
419:
414:
412:
411:
410:
403:
398:
397:
389:
386:
384:
381:
374:
367:
364:
359:
356:
354:
351:
344:
338:
337:
336:
329:
317:
315:
314:
309:
307:
306:
305:
298:
293:
292:
284:
282:
279:
272:
265:
262:
257:
255:
252:
245:
239:
238:
237:
230:
191:
189:
188:
183:
181:
180:
179:
178:
171:
163:
159:
156:
21:
3640:
3639:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3603:
3559:
3501:
3450:
3414:
3363:
3210:
3171:
3166:
3129:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3110:
3079:
3075:
3036:
3032:
3009:
3005:
2966:
2962:
2939:
2935:
2888:
2884:
2837:
2833:
2786:
2782:
2742:
2738:
2691:
2687:
2648:
2644:
2597:
2593:
2546:
2542:
2495:
2491:
2440:
2433:
2386:
2382:
2343:
2339:
2292:
2281:
2250:
2246:
2191:
2187:
2172:
2148:
2144:
2097:
2093:
2062:
2058:
2011:
1994:
1989:
1952:
1918:
1884:
1860:
1807:
1802:
1800:Instrumentation
1775:
1770:
1769:
1760:
1747:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1702:
1697:
1696:
1687:
1682:
1681:
1672:
1667:
1666:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1627:
1622:
1621:
1612:
1607:
1606:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1572:
1567:
1551:
1546:
1545:
1537:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1462:
1453:
1448:
1447:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1380:
1371:
1366:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1332:
1324:
1319:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1278:
1274:
1266:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1214:
1210:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1127:
1123:
1115:
1110:
1101:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1038:
1033:
1023:
1022:
1013:
997:
993:
992:
991:
982:
963:
958:
948:
947:
946:
942:
941:
940:
932:
931:
929:
926:
925:
885:
866:
861:
851:
850:
849:
845:
844:
843:
833:
828:
818:
817:
807:
803:
799:
794:
789:
788:
786:
783:
782:
760:
756:
755:
745:
741:
737:
732:
727:
716:
711:
706:
693:
689:
685:
680:
675:
674:
672:
669:
668:
660:
658:
657:
656:
655:
631:
623:
618:
613:
612:
604:
599:
590:
579:
574:
569:
556:
551:
546:
545:
543:
540:
539:
519:
514:
509:
496:
491:
486:
478:
473:
464:
451:
446:
441:
440:
438:
435:
434:
406:
402:
390:
382:
377:
372:
371:
363:
352:
347:
342:
332:
328:
327:
326:
324:
321:
320:
301:
297:
285:
280:
275:
270:
269:
261:
253:
248:
243:
233:
229:
228:
227:
225:
222:
221:
210:
174:
170:
169:
155:
154:
152:
149:
148:
112:
107:
102:
81:
23:
22:
18:DART ion source
15:
12:
11:
5:
3638:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3589:
3577:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3511:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3458:
3456:
3455:MS combination
3452:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3385:Time-of-flight
3382:
3377:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3220:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3182:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3165:
3164:
3157:
3150:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3126:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3073:
3046:(3): 235â255.
3030:
3019:(2): 204â218.
3003:
2976:(5): 688â700.
2960:
2949:(3): 585â590.
2933:
2898:(5): 875â883.
2882:
2847:(2): 171â187.
2831:
2796:(5): 940â973.
2780:
2736:
2701:(1): 481â505.
2685:
2642:
2591:
2540:
2489:
2454:(1): 265â294.
2431:
2380:
2337:
2279:
2244:
2185:
2170:
2142:
2091:
2056:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1951:
1948:
1925:warfare agents
1917:
1914:
1883:
1880:
1859:
1856:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1793:
1792:
1778:
1768:
1763:
1757:
1750:
1743:
1737:
1720:
1719:
1705:
1695:
1690:
1680:
1675:
1665:
1648:
1647:
1633:
1630:
1620:
1615:
1605:
1588:
1587:
1570:
1562:
1557:
1554:
1544:
1536:
1531:
1528:
1518:
1499:
1498:
1484:
1481:
1471:
1461:
1456:
1446:
1437:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1383:
1377:
1369:
1361:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1330:
1322:
1314:
1299:
1298:
1284:
1281:
1273:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1235:
1234:
1220:
1217:
1209:
1200:
1191:
1185:
1180:
1177:
1167:
1148:
1147:
1133:
1130:
1122:
1113:
1104:
1100:
1094:
1089:
1086:
1076:
1057:
1056:
1036:
1021:
1016:
1010:
1004:
996:
990:
985:
979:
973:
961:
945:
939:
903:
902:
888:
882:
876:
864:
848:
842:
831:
816:
810:
797:
779:
778:
763:
754:
748:
735:
726:
714:
705:
699:
696:
683:
659:
652:
651:
637:
634:
621:
611:
602:
593:
589:
577:
568:
562:
559:
554:
536:
535:
517:
508:
502:
499:
494:
485:
476:
467:
463:
457:
454:
449:
424:
423:
409:
401:
396:
393:
380:
370:
362:
350:
341:
335:
318:
304:
296:
291:
288:
278:
268:
260:
251:
242:
236:
209:
206:
193:
192:
177:
168:
162:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
80:
77:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3637:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3600:
3599:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3566:
3565:
3562:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3507:Fragmentation
3504:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3436:Daly detector
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3368:Mass analyzer
3366:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3196:Mass spectrum
3194:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3170:
3163:
3158:
3156:
3151:
3149:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3118:
3117:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3077:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3034:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3007:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2964:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2937:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2886:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2835:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2784:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2740:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2689:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2646:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2595:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2544:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2493:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2438:
2436:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2384:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2341:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2189:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2171:9781849739269
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2146:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2107:(4): 669â81.
2106:
2102:
2095:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2060:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1992:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1947:
1945:
1940:
1937:
1936:decomposition
1933:
1928:
1926:
1921:
1913:
1910:
1904:
1896:
1892:
1890:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1835:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1816:
1811:
1797:
1776:
1766:
1761:
1748:
1722:
1721:
1703:
1693:
1688:
1673:
1663:
1650:
1649:
1631:
1628:
1613:
1603:
1590:
1589:
1568:
1560:
1555:
1552:
1534:
1529:
1526:
1516:
1501:
1500:
1482:
1479:
1469:
1454:
1444:
1435:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1400:
1398:
1381:
1367:
1359:
1339:
1333:
1320:
1301:
1300:
1282:
1279:
1271:
1257:
1251:
1237:
1236:
1218:
1215:
1207:
1198:
1183:
1178:
1175:
1165:
1150:
1149:
1131:
1128:
1120:
1111:
1102:
1092:
1087:
1084:
1074:
1059:
1058:
1034:
1019:
1014:
1002:
983:
971:
959:
937:
924:
923:
922:
920:
916:
915:deprotonation
912:
908:
886:
874:
862:
829:
814:
808:
795:
781:
780:
761:
752:
746:
733:
712:
703:
697:
694:
681:
667:
666:
665:
635:
632:
619:
609:
600:
591:
575:
566:
560:
557:
552:
538:
537:
515:
506:
500:
497:
492:
474:
465:
461:
455:
452:
447:
433:
432:
431:
430:
407:
399:
394:
391:
378:
368:
348:
339:
333:
319:
302:
294:
289:
286:
276:
266:
249:
240:
234:
220:
219:
218:
215:
201:
197:
175:
160:
147:
146:
145:
143:
138:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
97:
95:
94:excited state
91:
87:
76:
72:
70:
65:
60:
58:
54:
50:
46:
45:excited-state
42:
38:
34:
30:
19:
3596:
3584:
3572:
3400:Penning trap
3248:
3189:
3185:
3086:
3082:
3076:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3016:
3012:
3006:
2973:
2969:
2963:
2946:
2942:
2936:
2895:
2891:
2885:
2844:
2840:
2834:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2750:
2746:
2739:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2505:(4): 661â8.
2502:
2498:
2492:
2451:
2447:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2302:(1): 22â34.
2299:
2295:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2201:(1): 43â65.
2198:
2194:
2188:
2152:
2145:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2021:(1): 63â80.
2018:
2014:
1941:
1929:
1922:
1919:
1916:Applications
1908:
1905:
1901:
1885:
1882:Mass spectra
1861:
1844:
1836:
1820:
1794:
1409:
904:
653:
425:
211:
194:
113:
82:
73:
61:
36:
32:
26:
3598:WikiProject
3441:Faraday cup
3380:Wien filter
3201:MS software
2658:(1): 1â15.
2601:The Analyst
2499:The Analyst
2390:The Analyst
2101:The Analyst
911:protonation
3620:Ion source
3614:Categories
3216:Ion source
3089:(1): 1â9.
2066:Anal. Chem
1987:References
1932:mycotoxins
128:metastable
116:ion source
64:ionization
41:ion source
3477:Hybrid MS
2920:1098-2787
2869:1098-2787
2818:1098-2787
2723:0066-426X
2629:1364-5528
2578:0951-4198
2527:1364-5528
2468:1618-2642
2418:1364-5528
2367:0003-2700
2324:1098-2787
2274:1759-9679
2223:1936-1327
2180:2045-7553
2129:1364-5528
2035:1618-2642
1762:−
1749:−
1736:⟶
1704:∙
1689:−
1679:⟶
1674:−
1632:∙
1629:−
1619:⟶
1614:−
1556:∙
1553:−
1543:⟶
1530:∙
1527:−
1483:∙
1480:−
1460:⟶
1455:−
1346:⟶
1283:∙
1264:⟶
1219:∙
1190:⟶
1179:∙
1132:∙
1099:⟶
1088:∙
989:⟶
841:⟶
762:∙
725:⟶
698:∙
636:∙
588:⟶
561:∙
501:∙
484:⟶
456:∙
408:−
395:∙
361:⟶
334:∗
303:−
290:∙
259:⟶
235:∗
176:∗
167:⟶
142:insulator
96:species.
57:potential
3574:Category
3419:Detector
3410:Orbitrap
3206:Acronyms
3103:96382472
3068:95220965
2998:26568215
2990:20155533
2928:24737631
2877:27271453
2826:21294149
2775:19551840
2731:23331308
2680:21819855
2637:23549078
2586:28328019
2535:20309440
2484:41444270
2476:20521143
2426:18810277
2375:19115958
2332:25988731
2239:32568838
2231:20636033
2137:20309441
2086:15828760
2043:24036523
1950:See also
1944:aerosols
39:) is an
3586:Commons
3314:MALDESI
3114:Patents
3048:Bibcode
2900:Bibcode
2849:Bibcode
2798:Bibcode
2755:Bibcode
2703:Bibcode
2660:Bibcode
2609:Bibcode
2558:Bibcode
2507:Bibcode
2398:Bibcode
2304:Bibcode
2203:Bibcode
2109:Bibcode
2051:9565130
1889:adducts
1823:ambient
1815:capsule
1414:. The O
79:History
3492:IMS/MS
3405:FT-ICR
3375:Sector
3101:
3066:
2996:
2988:
2926:
2918:
2875:
2867:
2824:
2816:
2773:
2729:
2721:
2678:
2635:
2627:
2584:
2576:
2533:
2525:
2482:
2474:
2466:
2424:
2416:
2373:
2365:
2330:
2322:
2272:
2237:
2229:
2221:
2178:
2168:
2135:
2127:
2084:
2049:
2041:
2033:
1909:m/z 50
1832:vacuum
1827:vacuum
919:adduct
164:energy
124:plasma
49:dopant
3545:IRMPD
3497:CE-MS
3487:LC/MS
3482:GC/MS
3462:MS/MS
3349:SELDI
3309:MALDI
3304:LAESI
3244:DAPPI
3099:S2CID
3064:S2CID
2994:S2CID
2480:S2CID
2235:S2CID
2047:S2CID
118:, an
62:This
3550:NETD
3515:BIRD
3334:SIMS
3329:SESI
3264:EESI
3259:DIOS
3254:DESI
3249:DART
3234:APPI
3229:APLI
3224:APCI
3180:Mass
2986:PMID
2924:PMID
2916:ISSN
2873:PMID
2865:ISSN
2822:PMID
2814:ISSN
2771:PMID
2727:PMID
2719:ISSN
2676:PMID
2633:PMID
2625:ISSN
2582:PMID
2574:ISSN
2531:PMID
2523:ISSN
2472:PMID
2464:ISSN
2422:PMID
2414:ISSN
2371:PMID
2363:ISSN
2328:PMID
2320:ISSN
2270:ISSN
2227:PMID
2219:ISSN
2176:ISSN
2166:ISBN
2133:PMID
2125:ISSN
2082:PMID
2039:PMID
2031:ISSN
1872:HPLC
1839:JEOL
37:DART
3555:SID
3540:HCD
3535:ETD
3530:EDD
3525:ECD
3520:CID
3472:AMS
3467:QqQ
3344:SSI
3324:PTR
3319:MIP
3299:ICP
3279:FAB
3274:ESI
3091:doi
3056:doi
3021:doi
2978:doi
2951:doi
2908:doi
2857:doi
2806:doi
2763:doi
2711:doi
2668:doi
2656:702
2617:doi
2605:138
2566:doi
2515:doi
2503:135
2456:doi
2452:398
2406:doi
2394:133
2355:doi
2312:doi
2262:doi
2211:doi
2158:doi
2117:doi
2105:135
2074:doi
2023:doi
2019:406
664:).
27:In
3616::
3359:TS
3354:TI
3339:SS
3294:IA
3289:GD
3284:FD
3269:EI
3239:CI
3097:.
3085:.
3062:.
3054:.
3044:80
3042:.
3017:30
3015:.
2992:.
2984:.
2974:27
2972:.
2947:47
2945:.
2922:.
2914:.
2906:.
2896:30
2894:.
2871:.
2863:.
2855:.
2845:37
2843:.
2820:.
2812:.
2804:.
2794:30
2792:.
2769:.
2761:.
2751:23
2749:.
2725:.
2717:.
2709:.
2699:64
2697:.
2674:.
2666:.
2654:.
2631:.
2623:.
2615:.
2603:.
2580:.
2572:.
2564:.
2554:30
2552:.
2529:.
2521:.
2513:.
2501:.
2478:.
2470:.
2462:.
2450:.
2434:^
2420:.
2412:.
2404:.
2392:.
2369:.
2361:.
2351:81
2349:.
2326:.
2318:.
2310:.
2300:35
2298:.
2282:^
2268:.
2256:.
2233:.
2225:.
2217:.
2209:.
2197:.
2174:.
2164:.
2131:.
2123:.
2115:.
2103:.
2080:.
2070:77
2068:.
2045:.
2037:.
2029:.
2017:.
1995:^
1813:A
1732:SH
1660:SX
1364:NH
1317:NH
1268:NO
1248:NO
913:,
758:OH
31:,
3190:z
3188:/
3186:m
3161:e
3154:t
3147:v
3105:.
3093::
3087:3
3070:.
3058::
3050::
3027:.
3023::
3000:.
2980::
2957:.
2953::
2930:.
2910::
2902::
2879:.
2859::
2851::
2828:.
2808::
2800::
2777:.
2765::
2757::
2733:.
2713::
2705::
2682:.
2670::
2662::
2639:.
2619::
2611::
2588:.
2568::
2560::
2537:.
2517::
2509::
2486:.
2458::
2428:.
2408::
2400::
2377:.
2357::
2334:.
2314::
2306::
2276:.
2264::
2258:9
2241:.
2213::
2205::
2199:3
2182:.
2160::
2139:.
2119::
2111::
2088:.
2076::
2053:.
2025::
1777:+
1772:H
1767:+
1756:]
1753:H
1745:S
1742:[
1699:X
1694:+
1684:S
1669:e
1664:+
1624:S
1609:e
1604:+
1600:S
1569:2
1565:O
1561:+
1548:S
1539:S
1535:+
1517:2
1513:O
1470:2
1466:O
1450:e
1445:+
1436:2
1432:O
1416:2
1412:2
1382:+
1376:]
1368:4
1360:+
1356:S
1352:[
1343:S
1340:+
1334:+
1329:]
1321:4
1313:[
1280:+
1276:S
1272:+
1261:S
1258:+
1252:+
1216:+
1212:S
1208:+
1199:2
1195:O
1187:S
1184:+
1176:+
1166:2
1162:O
1129:+
1125:S
1121:+
1112:2
1108:N
1103:2
1096:S
1093:+
1085:+
1075:4
1071:N
1043:O
1035:2
1031:H
1025:n
1020:+
1015:+
1009:]
1006:H
1003:+
999:S
995:[
984:+
978:]
975:H
972:+
968:O
960:2
956:H
950:n
944:[
938:+
934:S
887:+
881:]
878:H
875:+
871:O
863:2
859:H
853:n
847:[
838:O
830:2
826:H
820:n
815:+
809:+
805:O
796:3
792:H
753:+
747:+
743:O
734:3
730:H
721:O
713:2
709:H
704:+
695:+
691:O
682:2
678:H
633:+
628:O
620:2
616:H
610:+
601:2
597:N
592:2
584:O
576:2
572:H
567:+
558:+
553:4
549:N
516:2
512:N
507:+
498:+
493:4
489:N
475:2
471:N
466:2
462:+
453:+
448:2
444:N
404:e
400:+
392:+
387:O
379:2
375:H
369:+
365:M
357:O
349:2
345:H
340:+
330:M
299:e
295:+
287:+
277:2
273:N
267:+
263:M
250:2
246:N
241:+
231:M
172:M
161:+
157:M
35:(
20:)
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