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territory. He took away their property, scattered their possessions, the he ruined completely, their corpses remaining on a dark place, decaying. Their faces became hostile, they do not parade along the wide street, you do not see happiness anymore, is unpleasant, they decided. As to
Nabonidus, his protective deity became hostile to him. And he, the former favorite of the gods is now seized by misfortunes. Against the will of the gods he performed an unholy action, he thought out something worthless: he had made the image of a deity which nobody had ever seen in this country, he introduced it into the temple, he placed it on a pedestal; he called it by the name of Moon. It is adorned with a necklace of lapis lazuli, crowned with a tiara, its appearance is that of the eclipsed moon, the gesture of its hand is like that of the god Lugal-, its head of hair reaches to the pedestal, and in front of it are placed the Storm Dragon and the Wild Bull. When he worshipped it, its appearance became like that of a demon crowned with a tiara, his face turned hostile . His form not even Eamummu could have formed, not even the learned Adapa knows his name. Nabonidus said: 'I shall build a temple for him, I shall construct his holy seat, I shall form its first brick for him, I shall establish firmly its foundation, I shall make a replica even of the temple Ekur. I shall call its name Ehulhul for all days to come. When I will have fully executed what I have planned, I shall lead him by the hand and establish him on his seat. Yet till I have achieved this, till I have obtained what is my desire, I shall omit all festivals, I shall order even the New Year's festival to cease!' And he formed its first brick, did lay out the outlines, he spread out the foundation, made high its summit, by means of wall decoration made of gypsum and bitumen he made its facing brilliant, as in the temple Esagila he made a ferocious wild bull stand on guard in front of it. After he had obtained what he desired, a work of utter deceit, had built this abomination, a work of unholiness -when the third year was about to begin- he entrusted the army to his oldest son, his first born, the troops in the country he ordered under his command. He let everything go, entrusted the kingship to him, and, himself, he started out for a long journey. The military forces of Akkad marching with him, he turned to Temâ deep in the west. He started out the expedition on a path leading to a distant region. When he arrived there, he killed in battle the prince of Temâ, slaughtered the flocks of those who dwell in the city as well as in the countryside. And he, himself, took residence in Temâ, the forces of Akkad were also stationed there. He made the town beautiful, built there a palace like the palace in Babylon. He also built walls for the fortification of the town and he surrounded the town with sentinels. The inhabitants became troubled. The brick form and the brick basket he imposed upon them. Through the hard work they he killed the inhabitants, women and youngsters included. Their prosperity he brought to an end. All the barley that he found therein His tired army the hazanu-official of Cyrus...
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a product of
Lebanon, I set above it. Doors of cedar wood, whose scent is pleasing, I affixed at its gates. With gold and silver glaze I coated its wall and made it shine like the sun. I set up in its chapel a 'wild bull' of shining silver alloy, fiercely attacking my foes. At the Gate of Sunrise I set up two 'long haired heroes' coated with silver, destroyers of enemies, one to the left, one to the right. I led Sin, Ningal, Nusku, and Sadarnunna -my lords- in procession from Babylon, my royal city, and in joy and gladness I caused them to dwell in its midst, a dwelling of enjoyment. I performed in their presence a pure sacrifice of glorification, presented my gifts, and filled Ehulhul with the finest products, and I made the city of Harran, in its totality, as brilliant as moonlight.
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other side of the
Euphrates, to the Lower Sea , the kings, princes, governors and my numerous troops which Sin, Šamaš and Ištar -my lords- had entrusted to me. And in a propitious month, on an auspicious day, which Šamaš and Adad revealed to me by means of divination, by the wisdom of Ea and Asalluhi, with the craft of the exorcist, according to the art of Kulla, the lord of foundations and brickwork, upon beads of silver and gold, choice gems, logs of resinous woods, aromatic herbs and cuts of cedar wood, in joy and gladness, on the foundation deposit of Aššurbanipal, king of Assyria, who had found the foundation of Šalmaneser , the son of Aššurnasirpal , I cleared its foundations and laid its brickwork.
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netherworld constantly praise the temple of Sin, the father, their creator. As for me, Nabonidus king of
Babylon, who completed that temple, may Sin, the king of the gods of heaven and the netherworld, joyfully cast his favorable look upon me and every month, in rising and setting, make my ominous signs favorable. May he lengthen my days, extend my years, make my reign firm, conquer my enemies, annihilate those hostile to me, destroy my foes. May Ningal, the mother of the great gods, speak favorably before Sin, her beloved, on my behalf. May Šamaš and Ištar, his shining offspring, recommend me favorably to Sin, the father, their creator. May Nusku, the august vizier, hear my prayer and intercede for me.
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399:, and on the foundation deposit of Šagarakti-Šuriaš, son of Kudur Enlil, I cleared its foundations and laid its brickwork. I built that temple anew and completed its work. Anunitu, the lady of warfare, who fulfills the command of Enlil her father, who annihilates the enemy, who destroys the evil one, who precedes the gods, I caused her to establish her residence. The regular offerings and the other offerings I increased over what they were and I established for her.
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son of Sargon, not a finger's breadth too wide or too narrow, I laid its brick work. Five thousand massive beams of cedar wood I set up for its roofing. Lofty doors of cedar wood, thresholds and pivots I affixed at its gates. Ebabbar, together with E-kun-ankuga , its ziggurat, I built anew and completed its work. I led Šamaš, my lord, in procession and, in joy and gladness, I caused him to dwell in the midst of his favorite dwelling.
454:... the praise of the Lord of Lords and the names of the countries which Cyrus has not conquered he wrote upon this stele, while Cyrus is the king of the world whose triumphs are true and whose yoke the kings of all the countries are pulling. Nabonidus has written upon his stone tablets: 'I have made him bow to my feet, I personally have conquered his countries, his possessions I took to my residence.'
163:"As for me, Nabonidus, king of Babylon, save me from sinning against your great godhead and grant me as a present a life long of days, and as for Belshazzar, the eldest son -my offspring- instill reverence for your great godhead in his heart and may he not commit any cultic mistake, may he be sated with a life of plenitude."
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For
Anunitu -the lady of warfare, who carries the bow and the quiver, who fulfills the command of Enlil her father, who annihilates the enemy, who destroys the evil one, who precedes the gods, who, at sunrise and sunset, causes my ominous signs to be favorable- I excavated, surveyed and inspected the
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While I led Šamaš out of its midst and caused him to dwell in another sanctuary, I removed the debris of that temple, looked for its old foundation deposit, dug to a depth of eighteen cubits into the ground and then Šamaš, the great lord, revealed to me the original foundations of
Ebabbar, the temple
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I mixed its mortar with beer, wine, oil and honey and anointed its excavation ramps with it. More than the kings -my fathers- had done, I strengthened its building and perfected its work. That temple from its foundation to its parapet I built anew and I completed its work. Beams of lofty cedar trees,
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At the beginning of the third year , they aroused him, Cyrus, the king of Anšan, his second in rank. He scattered the vast Median hordes with his small army. He captured
Astyages, the king of the Medes, and took him to his country as captive. Such was the word of the great lord Marduk and of Sin, the
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In the beginning of my everlasting reign they sent me a dream. Marduk, the great lord, and Sin, the luminary of heaven and the netherworld, stood together. Marduk spoke with me: 'Nabonidus, king of
Babylon, carry bricks on your riding horse, rebuild Ehulhul and cause Sin, the great lord, to establish
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Ehulhul, the temple of Sin in Harran, where since days of yore Sin, the great lord, had established his favorite residence - his great heart became angry against that city and temple and he aroused the Mede, destroyed the temple and turned it into ruin - in my legitimate reign Bel and the great lord,
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It was he who once stood up in the assembly to praise himself, saying: 'I am wise, I know, I have seen what is hidden. Even if I do not know how to write with the stylus, yet I have seen secret things. The god Ilte'ri has made me see a vision, he has shown me everything. I am aware of a wisdom which
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For Šamaš, the judge of heaven and the netherworld, concerning
Ebabbar , his temple which is in Sippar, which Nebuchadnezzar, a former king had rebuilt and whose old foundation deposit he had looked for but not found -yet he rebuilt that temple and after forty-five years the walls of that temple had
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And Zeriya, the šatammu who used to crouch as his secretary in front of him, and Rimut, the bookkeeper who used to have his court position near to him, do confirm the royal dictum, stand by his words, they even bare their heads to pronounce under oath: 'Now only we understand this situation, after
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Whoever you are whom Sin and Šamaš will call to kingship, and in whose reign that temple will fall into disrepair and who build it anew, may he find the inscription written in my name and not alter it. May he anoint it with oil, perform a sacrifice, place it with the inscription written in his own
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In the month Tašrîtu, in a propitious month, on an auspicious day, which Šamaš and Adad had revealed to me by means of divination, upon beds of silver and gold, choice gems, logs of resinous woods, aromatic herbs, and cuts of cedar wood, in joy and gladness, on the foundation deposit of Naram-Sin,
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For rebuilding
Ehulhul, the temple of Sin, my lords, who marches at my side, which is in Harran, which Aššurbanipal, king of Assyria, son of Esarhaddon, a prince who preceded me, had rebuilt, I mustered my numerous troops, from the country of Gaza on the border of Egypt, near the Upper Sea on the
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When he saw the usar-symbol of Esagila, he makes an gesture. He assembled the priestly scholars, he expounded to them as follows: 'Is not this the sign of ownership indicating for whom the temple was built? If it belongs really to Bêl, it would have been marked with the spade. Therefore the Moon
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The images of the gods of Babylon, male and female, he returned to their cellas, the gods who had abandoned their chapels he returned to their mansions. Their wrath he appeased, their mind he put at rest, those whose power was at a low he brought back to life because their food is served to them
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for the inhabitants of Babylon, Cyrus declared the state of peace. His troops he kept away from Ekur. Big cattle he slaughtered with the ax, he slaughtered many aslu-sheep, incense he put on the censer, the regular offerings for the Lord of Lords he ordered increased, he constantly prayed to the
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law and order are not promulgated by him, he made perish the common people through want, the nobles he killed in war, for the trader he blocked the road. For the farmer he made rare the , there is no , the harvester does not sing the alalu-song any more, he does not fence in any more the arable
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pleases you and built your august chapel, and upon my good deeds, and every day at sunrise and sunset, in the heavens and on the earth, make my omens favorable, accept my supplications and receive my prayers. With the scepter and the legitimate staff which placed in my hands may I rule forever.
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O Šamaš, great lord of heaven and the netherworld, light of the gods -your fathers- offspring of Sin and Ningal, when you enter Ebabbar your beloved temple, when you take up residence in your eternal dais, look joyfully upon me, Nabonidus, king of Babylon, the prince your caretaker, the one who
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O Sin, king of the gods of heaven and the netherworld, without whom no city or country can be founded, nor be restored, when you enter Ehulhul, the dwelling of your plenitude, may good recommendations for that city and that temple be set on your lips. May the gods who dwell in heaven and the
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I, Nabonidus, the great king, the strong king, the king of the universe, the king of Babylon, the king of the four corners, the caretaker of Esagila and Ezida, for whom Sin and Ningal in his mother's womb decreed a royal fate as his destiny, the son of Nabû-balâssi-iqbi, the wise prince, the
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Yet he continues to mix up the rites, he confuses the hepatoscopic oracles. To the most important ritual observances, he orders an end; as to the sacred representations in Esagila -representations which Eamumma himself had fashioned- he looks at the representations and utters blasphemies.
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To repair the city of Babylon he conceived the idea and he himself took up hoe, spade and water basket and began to complete the wall of Babylon. The original plan of Nebuchadnezzar the inhabitants executed with a willing heart. He built the fortifications on the Imgur-Enlil-wall.
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name and return it to its original place. May Šamaš and Anunitu hear his supplication, receive his utterance, march at his side, annihilate his enemy and daily speak good recommendations on his behalf to Sin, the father, their creator.
251:: a lengthy titulary, a story about an angry god who has abandoned his shrine, who is reconciled with his people, orders a king to restore the temple, and a king who piously increases the daily offerings. Prayers are also included.
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in Ur. Nabonidus describes how he repaired the structure. It is probably the king's last building inscription and may be dated to ca. 540 BC. The text is interesting because it offers a full syncretism of Sin, Marduk, and Nabu.
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luminary of heaven and the netherworld, whose command is not revoked. I feared their august command, I became troubled, I was worried and my face showed signs of anxiety. I was not neglectful, nor remiss, nor careless.
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As for you, O Anunitu, great lady, when you joyfully enter that temple, look joyfully upon my good deeds and every month, at sunrise and sunset, petition Sin, your father, your begetter, for favors on my behalf.
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The inscription written in the name of Aššurbanipal, king of Assyria, I found and did not alter. I anointed it with oil, performed a sacrifice, placed it with my own inscription, and returned it to its place.
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To the inhabitants of Babylon a joyful heart is now given. They are like prisoners when the prisons are opened. Liberty is restored to those who were surrounded by oppression. All rejoice to look upon him as
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The inscription in the name of Naram-Sin, son of Sargon, I found and did not alter. I anointed it with oil, made offerings, placed it with my own inscription and returned it to its original place.
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Nabonidus' deeds Cyrus effaced and everything Nabonidus constructed, all the sanctuaries of his royal rule Cyrus has eradicated, the ashes of the burned buildings the wind carried away.
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Goodspeed, George Stephen (1902). Chapter 2, The Excavations in Babylonia and Assyria. A History of the Babylonians and Assyrians. New York. Charles Scribner's Sons. Paragraph 20.
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224:), where he discovered the temple of the sun. There he also found a clay cylinder of Nabonidus. This cylinder, excavated in the royal palace, is now in the
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Nabonidus' picture he effaced, in all the sanctuaries the inscriptions of that name are erased. Whatever Nabonidus had created, Cyrus fed to the flames!
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Reverently, I spoke to the Enlil of the gods, Marduk: 'That temple which you ordered me to build, the Mede surrounds it and his might is excessive.'
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The Nabonidus Cylinder from Sippar contains echoes from earlier foundation texts, and develops the same themes as later ones, like the better-known
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The Nabonidus Cylinder from Sippar is a long text in which Nabonidus describes how he repaired three temples: the sanctuary of the moon god
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Review of Paul-Alain Beaulieu, The Reign of Nabonidus, King of Babylon 556-539 B.C., in Biblical Archaeologist 55/4 (Dec. 1992): 234-35.
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Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (1995). International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: A-D Grand Rapids, Michigan. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.
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But Marduk spoke with me: 'The Mede whom you mentioned, he, his country and the kings who march at his side will be no more.'
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The Nabonidus cylinder from Sippar, mentioning the expedition of Cyrus against Astyages, the finding of the cylinder of
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old foundations of Eulmaš, her temple which is in Sippar-Anunitu, which for eight hundred years, since the time of
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Goodspeed, George Stephen (1902). A History of the Babylonians and Assyrians. New York. Charles Scribner's Sons.
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announcing his reading of the Nabonidus cylinders which connected Muqeyer or "Um Qeer" with Ur of the Chaldees
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100:(556-539 BC). These inscriptions were made on clay cylinders. They include the Nabonidus Cylinder from
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sagged- I became troubled, I became fearful, I was worried and my face showed signs of anxiety.
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for the love of my kingship, became reconciled with that city and temple and showed compassion.
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In the month of Nisannu, the eleventh day, till the god was present on his seat
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greatly surpasses even that of the series of insights which Adapa has composed!'
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Nabonidus cylinders from Ur are also noteworthy because they mention a son named
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which is his favorite dwelling, by disclosing the foundation deposit of
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gods, prostrated on his face. To act righteously is dear to his heart.
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Cylinder of Nabonidus from the temple of Shamash at Larsa, Mesopotamia.
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Cylinder of Nabonidus from the temple of God Sin at UR, Mesopotamia. .
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https://www.livius.org/sources/content/nabonidus-cylinder-from-ur/
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himself has marked already his own temple with the usar-symbol!'
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The Nabonidus Cylinder of Sippar on display in the British Museum
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The Nabonidus Cylinders from Ur contain the foundation text of a
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The translation of the Nabonidus Cylinder of Sippar was made by
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called E-lugal-galga-sisa, which belonged to the temple of
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Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament
419:(ME 38299). It was probably written during the reign of
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105:
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The translation of the Nabonidus Cylinder was made by
265:"The Reign of Nabonidus, King of Babylon 556-539 B.C."
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found four cuneiform cylinders in the foundation of a
442:, 1950 Princeton. Some minor changes have been made.
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The Reign of Nabonidus, King of Babylon 556-539 B.C.
702:Google preview available, accessed April 4, 2011.
983:Amun in the form of a ram protecting King Taharqa
244:, who is mentioned as an instrument of the gods.
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360:Nabonidus cylinder from Sippar: extract about
765:
704:Archeology section is exceptionally thorough.
410:
2085:Middle Eastern objects in the British Museum
918:Colossal quartzite statue of Amenhotep III
772:
758:
511:List of artifacts significant to the Bible
2080:Ancient Near and Middle East clay objects
1613:Kition Necropolis Phoenician inscriptions
634:"Nabonidus Cylinder from Sippar - Livius"
523:
1101:Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art
1051:Dhaneswar Khera Buddha image inscription
355:
188:
171:
1455:Sarcophagus of Seianti Hanunia Tlesnasa
124:, the sanctuary of the warrior goddess
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2009:Royal Commission on the British Museum
581:"Welcome | Yale University Press"
427:called this the "Panegyric of Cyrus".
1935:A History of the World in 100 Objects
753:
676:"Verse Account of Nabonidus - Livius"
415:The following is a text known as the
1914:Conservation and Scientific Research
531:"The Nabonidus Cylinder from Sippar"
104:, and the Nabonidus Cylinders from
13:
779:
686:
470:the king has explained about it!'
255:Translation of the Sippar cylinder
14:
2111:
1924:Portable Antiquities and Treasure
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653:Identification of Darius the Mede
276:Cylinder of Nabodinus from Sippar
47:22.86 cm high and 9.2 cm diameter
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1971:Films shot at the British Museum
1608:Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III
1323:Herculean Sarcophagus of Genzano
1011:Aphsad inscription of Ādityasena
296:
282:
270:worshiper of the great gods, I:
24:
2065:1881 archaeological discoveries
2060:1854 archaeological discoveries
668:
1885:The Tale of the Flopsy Bunnies
923:Colossal head of Amenhotep III
731:Nabonidus Cylinder from Sippar
721:Nabonidus Cylinder from Sippar
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626:
607:
596:
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561:
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111:
1:
1435:Priene dedicatory inscription
616:Cuneiform inscriptions, Vol 5
516:
323:his residence in its midst.'
167:
1623:Complaint tablet to Ea-nāṣir
1598:Tell al-'Ubaid Copper Lintel
1066:Jade terrapin from Allahabad
933:Gebelein predynastic mummies
928:El-Amra clay model of cattle
430:The translation was made by
7:
2055:6th-century BC inscriptions
1638:Babylonian Map of the World
1193:Barber Cup and Crawford Cup
1122:The Great Wave off Kanagawa
1106:Seated Buddha from Gandhara
1026:Amitābha Buddha from Hancui
499:
10:
2116:
968:Rhind Mathematical Papyrus
737:Nabonidus Cylinder from Ur
657:Ready Scribe Press, 2010.
417:Verse account of Nabonidus
411:Verse account of Nabonidus
395:, king of Babylon, son of
216:made an important find at
155:, who is mentioned in the
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1948:
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1674:Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal
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1450:Sant'Angelo Muxaro Patera
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996:
901:
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813:
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603:British Museum Collection
220:in Babylonia (now called
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59:
51:
43:
35:
23:
18:
1981:Repatriation controversy
1658:Flood tablet (Gilgamesh)
1440:Priene edict inscription
1273:Choiseul-Gouffier Apollo
1041:Mogao Christian painting
622:. 1905. p. Item 64.
179:'s March 1854 letter to
1966:Dingwall Beloe Lectures
1668:Library of Ashurbanipal
1056:Hephthalite silver bowl
1021:Ambika Statue from Dhar
570:Accessed April 4, 2011.
212:In 1881, Assyriologist
159:. The cylinders state:
1919:Libraries and Archives
1720:Phoenician metal bowls
1648:Cylinders of Nabonidus
1111:Stamp seal (BM 119999)
497:
449:
368:
194:
186:
165:
90:cuneiform inscriptions
86:Cylinders of Nabonidus
19:Cylinders of Nabonidus
2075:Akkadian inscriptions
2070:Neo-Babylonian Empire
1695:Babylonian Chronicles
1553:Assyrian lion weights
1530:Xanten Horse-Phalerae
1465:Stony Stratford Hoard
1383:Papyri of Oxyrhynchus
1283:Dionysus Sardanapalus
1228:Bronze head of Hypnos
864:Double-headed serpent
692:Paul-Alain Beaulieu,
452:
444:
359:
192:
175:
161:
1878:The Disasters of War
1800:Sutton Hoo purse-lid
1750:Holy Thorn Reliquary
1096:Mathura lion capital
854:Bronze Head from Ife
132:, and the temple of
1961:British Museum Acts
1871:The Ancient of Days
1770:Mildenhall Treasure
1548:Ain Sakhri figurine
1479:Townley collection
1420:Petelia Gold Tablet
1348:Macmillan aryballos
1268:Chatuzange Treasure
1213:Boscoreale Treasure
913:Battlefield Palette
893:Yaxchilan Lintel 24
556:Paul-Alain Beaulieu
506:Nabonidus Chronicle
434:and is copied from
425:William F. Albright
261:Paul-Alain Beaulieu
232:. A copy is in the
1843:Dürer's Rhinoceros
1822:Lampsacus Treasure
1817:Vindolanda Tablets
1710:Antiochus cylinder
1700:Ur Box inscription
1445:San Sosti Axe-Head
1368:Minoan Bull-leaper
1308:Farnese Diadumenos
1298:Esquiline Treasure
1243:Campo Iemini Venus
1203:Beaurains Treasure
1188:Asclepius of Milos
1128:Vishnu Nicolo Seal
1071:Kakiemon elephants
1006:Admonitions Scroll
859:Codex Kingsborough
805:Round Reading Room
742:2015-06-10 at the
436:James B. Pritchard
369:
195:
187:
108:, four in number.
2042:
2041:
1944:
1943:
1806:Swimming Reindeer
1795:Sutton Hoo helmet
1628:Tablet of Shamash
1520:Vaison Diadumenos
1470:Strangford Apollo
1278:Demeter of Knidos
1258:Chaourse Treasure
1248:Carthage Treasure
1173:Arcisate Treasure
1061:Huixian Bronze Hu
1016:Amaravati Marbles
978:Sphinx of Taharqo
881:Kayung totem pole
875:Throne of Weapons
82:
81:
2107:
2032:
2031:
1909:Coins and Medals
1785:Seax of Beagnoth
1633:Statue of Idrimi
1588:Ram in a Thicket
1460:Satala Aphrodite
1410:Paramythia Hoard
1253:Caubiac Treasure
1163:Apollo of Cyrene
1158:Aineta aryballos
948:MacGregor plaque
820:
819:
774:
767:
760:
751:
750:
680:
679:
672:
666:
648:
642:
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611:
605:
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591:
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577:
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559:
549:
543:
542:
537:. Archived from
527:
432:A. Leo Oppenheim
393:Šagarakti-Šuriaš
300:
286:
60:Present location
28:
16:
15:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2020:
1940:
1897:
1833:
1826:
1731:
1724:
1705:Kurkh Monoliths
1690:Lachish reliefs
1663:Jar of Xerxes I
1643:Rassam cylinder
1534:
1515:Uerdingen Hoard
1373:Nereid Monument
1313:Guilford Puteal
1303:Euphorbos plate
1263:Chatsworth Head
1223:Braganza Brooch
1168:Archangel ivory
1153:Aegina Treasure
1144:
1137:
1081:Kanishka casket
1036:Buddhapad Hoard
992:
943:Hunters Palette
904:
897:
869:Hoa Hakananai'a
825:
824:Africa, Oceania
815:
809:
783:
778:
744:Wayback Machine
717:
689:
687:Further reading
684:
683:
674:
673:
669:
650:George R. Law,
649:
645:
632:
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588:
579:
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421:Cyrus the Great
413:
316:
315:
314:
313:
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301:
292:
291:
290:
287:
278:
277:
257:
242:Cyrus the Great
226:Pergamon Museum
170:
114:
31:
12:
11:
5:
2113:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1931:
1929:Rondanini Faun
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1892:Triumphal Arch
1888:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1864:Isabella Brant
1860:
1853:
1846:
1838:
1836:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1780:Royal Gold Cup
1777:
1775:Ringlemere Cup
1772:
1767:
1762:
1760:Lewis chessmen
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1736:
1734:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1715:Nimrud ivories
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1653:Cyrus Cylinder
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1583:Standard of Ur
1580:
1575:
1573:Blau Monuments
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1544:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1477:
1475:Tomb of Payava
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1353:Mâcon Treasure
1350:
1345:
1340:
1338:Lion of Knidos
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1238:Bursa Treasure
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1218:Boy with Thorn
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1149:
1147:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1118:
1116:Statue of Tara
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1031:Bimaran casket
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1002:
1000:
994:
993:
991:
990:
988:Younger Memnon
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
958:Papyrus of Ani
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
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895:
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846:
841:
836:
830:
828:
817:
811:
810:
808:
807:
802:
800:King's Library
797:
791:
789:
785:
784:
781:British Museum
777:
776:
769:
762:
754:
748:
747:
746:, translation.
734:
733:, translation.
728:
725:British Museum
716:
715:External links
713:
712:
711:
706:
697:
688:
685:
682:
681:
667:
643:
638:www.livius.org
625:
606:
595:
586:
572:
560:
544:
541:on 2007-02-07.
535:www.livius.org
521:
520:
518:
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412:
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302:
295:
294:
293:
288:
281:
280:
279:
275:
274:
273:
272:
256:
253:
249:Cyrus Cylinder
234:British Museum
214:Hormuzd Rassam
169:
166:
157:Book of Daniel
113:
110:
80:
79:
78:1882,0714.1025
76:
72:
71:
64:British Museum
61:
57:
56:
53:
49:
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33:
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20:
9:
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1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1745:Franks Casket
1743:
1741:
1740:Boxwood altar
1738:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
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1686:
1683:
1681:
1680:Oxus Treasure
1678:
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1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
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1651:
1649:
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1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1618:Burney Relief
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1603:White Obelisk
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1558:Balawat Gates
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
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1513:
1509:
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1499:
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1473:
1471:
1468:
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1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1430:Portland Vase
1428:
1426:
1425:Piranesi Vase
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1415:Pericles bust
1413:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
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1364:
1361:
1359:
1358:Mainz Gladius
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
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1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
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1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1293:Elgin Marbles
1291:
1289:
1288:Elgin Amphora
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
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1259:
1256:
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1234:
1231:
1229:
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1216:
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1211:
1209:
1206:
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1201:
1199:
1198:Bassae Frieze
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1178:Armento Rider
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
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1164:
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1159:
1156:
1154:
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1150:
1148:
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1140:
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1123:
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1114:
1112:
1109:
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1099:
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1079:
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1072:
1069:
1067:
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1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
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1044:
1042:
1039:
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1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1001:
999:
995:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
973:Rosetta Stone
971:
969:
966:
964:
963:Prudhoe Lions
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
910:
908:
906:
903:Ancient Egypt
900:
894:
891:
889:
888:
884:
882:
879:
877:
876:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
849:Briggs Enigma
847:
845:
844:Benin Bronzes
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
831:
829:
827:
821:
818:
812:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
792:
790:
786:
782:
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768:
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756:
755:
752:
745:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
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722:
719:
718:
710:
707:
705:
701:
698:
695:
691:
690:
677:
671:
664:
660:
656:
654:
647:
639:
635:
629:
618:
617:
610:
604:
599:
590:
582:
576:
569:
564:
557:
553:
548:
540:
536:
532:
526:
522:
512:
509:
507:
504:
503:
496:
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478:
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471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
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443:
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437:
433:
428:
426:
422:
418:
408:
404:
400:
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394:
388:
384:
381:
377:
375:
367:
363:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
327:
324:
320:
310:
306:
299:
285:
271:
267:
266:
263:, author of,
262:
252:
250:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
210:
208:
204:
200:
191:
184:
183:
182:The Athenaeum
178:
174:
164:
160:
158:
154:
149:
146:
142:
137:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
109:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
77:
73:
69:
65:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
27:
22:
17:
1976:Private Case
1956:Blythe House
1933:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1812:Hedwig glass
1804:
1685:Taylor Prism
1672:
1647:
1378:Oscan Tablet
1343:Lycurgus Cup
1333:Jennings Dog
1208:Blacas Cameo
1183:Arundel Head
1120:
1076:Kang Hou gui
887:Tree of Life
885:
873:
826:and Americas
693:
670:
652:
646:
637:
628:
615:
609:
598:
589:
575:
563:
547:
539:the original
534:
525:
493:
490:
487:
483:
479:
475:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
453:
450:
445:
429:
416:
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401:
389:
385:
382:
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343:
339:
335:
331:
328:
325:
321:
317:
268:
264:
258:
246:
221:
211:
196:
180:
162:
150:
138:
115:
85:
83:
75:Registration
1755:Hoxne Hoard
1593:Lyres of Ur
1568:Uruk Trough
1563:Blacas ewer
1540:Middle East
1233:Burgon vase
1133:Wardak Vase
1046:David Vases
953:Min Palette
938:Hornedjitef
839:Aubin Codex
816:and objects
814:Departments
795:Great Court
485:regularly.
397:Kudur-Enlil
199:J.G. Taylor
136:in Sippar.
112:Description
2049:Categories
1832:Prints and
1790:Sutton Hoo
1765:Lindow Man
1732:and Europe
1730:Prehistory
1578:Palmer Cup
1525:Warren Cup
1493:Discobolus
1363:Meroë Head
1318:Harpy Tomb
1086:Klang Bell
663:0982763107
517:References
168:Excavation
153:Belshazzar
88:refers to
55:555-540 BC
39:Fired clay
2090:Nabonidus
1994:Directors
1328:Isis Tomb
1091:Kulu Vase
905:and Sudan
834:Akan Drum
374:Naram-Sin
362:Naram-Sin
307:, son of
305:Naram-Sin
222:Abu Habba
197:In 1854,
177:Rawlinson
98:Babylonia
94:Nabonidus
70:, England
2034:Category
2014:Trustees
1986:Secretum
1850:Epifania
1834:Drawings
1488:Caryatid
1483:Antinous
1145:and Rome
788:Building
740:Archived
500:See also
203:ziggurat
141:ziggurat
92:of king
36:Material
2004:Keepers
1999:Friends
1498:Hadrian
723:at the
126:Anunitu
52:Created
2095:Sippar
1990:Staff
1857:I Modi
1143:Greece
696:(1989)
665:p. 209
661:
366:Sargon
309:Sargon
238:London
230:Berlin
218:Sippar
130:Sippar
122:Harran
102:Sippar
68:London
1949:Other
1902:Other
1508:Venus
620:(PDF)
134:Šamaš
1503:Vase
998:Asia
659:ISBN
495:king
364:and
84:The
44:Size
1403:103
1398:102
438:'s
236:in
228:in
205:at
145:Sin
128:in
120:in
118:Sin
96:of
2100:Ur
2051::
1393:85
1388:84
636:.
533:.
423:.
207:Ur
106:Ur
66:,
773:e
766:t
759:v
727:.
678:.
655:.
640:.
583:.
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