313:
1988:
149:
470:
1972:. Unambiguous fossils of cycads are known from the Early-Middle Permian onwards. Cycads were generally uncommon during the Permian. The two living cycad families are thought to have split from each other sometime between the Jurassic and Carboniferous. Cycads are thought to have reached their apex of diversity during the Mesozoic. Although the Mesozoic is sometimes called the "Age of Cycads," some other groups of extinct seed plants with similar foliage, such as
1941:
616:
5181:
126:
1954:
445:
of cycads. This neurotoxin may enter a human food chain as the cycad seeds may be eaten directly as a source of flour by humans or by wild or feral animals such as bats, and humans may eat these animals. It is hypothesized that this is a source of some
382:, that is, individual plants of a species are either male or female. Cycads vary in size from having trunks only a few centimeters to several meters tall. They typically grow slowly and have long lifespans. Because of their superficial resemblance to
2165:
in
Australia. Thus, the distribution pattern of cycad species with latitude appears to be an artifact of the geographical isolation of the remaining cycad genera and their species, and perhaps because they are partly
2747:
Stull, Gregory W.; Qu, Xiao-Jian; Parins-Fukuchi, Caroline; Yang, Ying-Ying; Yang, Jun-Bo; Yang, Zhi-Yun; Hu, Yi; Ma, Hong; Soltis, Pamela S.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Li, De-Zhu (19 July 2021).
1984:
are from the
Paleogene of East Asia. Fossils assignable to Zamiaceae are known from the Cretaceous, with fossils assignable to living genera of the family known from the Cenozoic.
500:
form, with new foliage emerging from the top and center of the crown. The trunk may be buried, so the leaves appear to be emerging from the ground, so the plant appears to be a
515:), with a central leaf stalk from which parallel "ribs" emerge from each side of the stalk, perpendicular to it. The leaves are typically either compound (the leaf stalk has
602:
arranged and small, while the scars of palms are a circle that wraps around the whole stem. The stems of cycads are also in general rougher and shorter than those of palms.
3577:
4892:
594:
before they unfold and take their place in the rosette, while the leaves of palms are just small versions of the mature frond. Another difference is in the
4880:
461:
Cycads all over the world are in decline, with four species on the brink of extinction and seven species having fewer than 100 plants left in the wild.
4886:
1775:
1727:
2805:
Nagalingum, N. S.; Marshall, C. R.; Quental, T. B.; Rai, H. S.; Little, D. P.; Mathews, S. (2011). "Recent synchronous radiation of a living fossil".
3831:
3225:
Spiekermann, Rafael; Jasper, André; Siegloch, Anelise Marta; Guerra-Sommer, Margot; Uhl, Dieter (June 2021). "Not a lycopsid but a cycad-like plant:
2621:
1842:
5996:
4696:
1767:
1719:
1691:
1655:
555:, which means the leaflets each have their own subleaflets, growing in the same form on the leaflet as the leaflets grow on the stalk of the leaf (
3710:
Site with thousands of large, high quality photos of cycads and associated flora. Includes information on habitat and cultivation. (Site is dead.)
7096:
6758:
4898:
1883:
1875:
1646:
5028:
3861:
1783:
1751:
1675:
1638:
732:). These cycads have changed little since the Jurassic in comparison to some other plant divisions. Five additional families belonging to the
7122:
6926:
6784:
6575:
1968:
1907:
1899:
1858:
1815:
1735:
590:
and so flower and bear fruit. The mature foliage looks very similar between both groups, but the young emerging leaves of a cycad resemble a
3738:
582:
Beyond those superficial resemblances, there are a number of differences between cycads and palms. For one, both male and female cycads are
4708:
2990:
Xu, Yuanyuan; Popa, Mihai
Emilian; Zhang, Tingshan; Lu, Ning; Zeng, Jianli; Zhang, Xiaoqing; Li, Liqin; Wang, Yongdong (1 September 2021).
1799:
1711:
3714:
2861:"Origin and diversification of living cycads: a cautionary tale on the impact of the branching process prior in Bayesian molecular dating"
2201:
3804:
3511:"Not that young: combining plastid phylogenomic, plate tectonic and fossil evidence indicates a Palaeogene diversification of Cycadaceae"
1866:
1791:
1759:
1703:
1630:
4824:
2134:
1683:
7234:
1824:
1667:
7070:
6732:
6536:
3567:
Orchard, A.E. & McCarthy, P.M. (eds.) (1998). Flora of
Australia 48: 1-766. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
1915:
3325:"Reconciling fossils with phylogenies reveals the origin and macroevolutionary processes explaining the global cycad biodiversity"
7109:
6913:
6771:
6562:
5702:
496:. Leaves grow directly from the trunk, and typically fall when older, leaving a crown of leaves at the top. The leaves grow in a
450:
in humans. Another defence mechanism against herbivores is the accumulation of toxins in seeds and vegetative tissues; through
3680:
7229:
3663:
2664:
2204:
to leach its poison under water overnight before ground into a paste, wrapped under bark and cooked on open fire until done.
6918:
7114:
6776:
6567:
1966:
The oldest probable cycad foliage is known from the latest
Carboniferous-Early Permian of South Korea and China, such as
598:. Both plants leave some scars on the stem below the rosette where there used to be leaves, but the scars of a cycad are
3854:
3726:
3616:
2631:
699:
6931:
3178:
Axsmith, Brian J.; Serbet, Rudolph; Krings, Michael; Taylor, Thomas N.; Taylor, Edith L.; Mamay, Sergius H. (2003).
680:
7191:
6965:
6859:
3904:
2001:
455:
6580:
652:
458:) from a microbial organism, most likely a fungus, which gives them the ability to produce an insecticidal toxin.
7127:
6789:
3899:
5222:
3068:
Vajda, Vivi; Pucetaite, Milda; McLoughlin, Stephen; Engdahl, Anders; Heimdal, Jimmy; Uvdal, Per (August 2017).
2425:"Dietary exposure to an environmental toxin triggers neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid deposits in the brain"
2248:
637:
571:
are often mistaken for each other. They also can occur in similar climates. However, they belong to different
231:
3983:
3973:
3956:
3847:
659:
3444:"Eobowenia gen. nov. from the Early Cretaceous of Patagonia: indication for an early divergence of Bowenia?"
504:. The leaves are generally large in proportion to the trunk size, and sometimes even larger than the trunk.
2014:
parts of the world, with a few in temperate regions such as in
Australia. The greatest diversity occurs in
3821:
2951:
Hermsen, Elizabeth J.; Taylor, Edith L.; Taylor, Thomas N. (January 2009). "Morphology and ecology of the
2749:"Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms"
2601:
2524:
7021:
6900:
6667:
5695:
3826:
1927:, Carboniferous to Cretaceous, worldwide (polyphyletic leaf form genus, also includes bennettitales and
3070:"Molecular signatures of fossil leaves provide unexpected new evidence for extinct plant relationships"
3039:"A new species of Leptocycas (Zamiaceae) from the Upper Triassic sediments of Liaoning Province, China"
3038:
666:
406:, which have enclosed seeds with more complex fertilization arrangements. Cycads have very specialized
2991:
148:
7224:
7196:
7137:
6970:
6864:
6799:
5839:
5344:
3179:
2859:
Condamine, Fabien L.; Nagalingum, Nathalie S.; Marshall, Charles R.; Morlon, Hélène (17 April 2015).
745:
than to other living gymnosperms. Both are thought to have diverged from each other during the early
390:, they are sometimes mistaken for them, but they are not closely related to either group. Cycads are
17:
3701:
3323:
Coiro, Mario; Allio, Rémi; Mazet, Nathan; Seyfullah, Leyla J.; Condamine, Fabien L. (11 June 2023).
1980:, that are not closely related, may have been more abundant. The oldest records of the modern genus
5372:
5349:
3839:
2031:
451:
2992:"Re-appraisal of Anthrophyopsis (Gymnospermae): New material from China and global fossil records"
648:
5924:
3988:
3742:
626:
2129:
Species diversity of the extant cycads peaks at 17˚ 15"N and 28˚ 12"S, with a minor peak at the
7150:
6825:
6593:
6476:
5688:
5647:
5444:
2926:
633:
6603:
3812:
3718:
3586:(Report). Department of Natural Resources, Environment, The Arts and Sport, Northern Territory
7183:
7160:
7145:
7012:
6944:
6820:
6588:
6514:
6152:
5802:
5642:
3951:
3653:
2656:
1987:
1959:
1879:, Late Carboniferous to Early Permian, Kansas, Texas & New Mexico (leaf with sporophylls)
312:
6812:
6763:
5189:
7101:
6693:
5817:
5664:
5525:
5466:
5317:
5275:
5184:
4930:
3455:
3281:
3238:
3144:
3081:
3003:
2964:
2872:
2814:
2228:
1660:
576:
447:
214:
8:
6724:
6658:
5570:
5450:
5270:
4349:
4332:
4242:
4090:
2376:"The emerging science of BMAA: do cyanobacteria contribute to neurodegenerative disease?"
2142:
1945:
5680:
3459:
3416:
3383:
3359:
3324:
3285:
3242:
3229:
gen. nov. et sp. nov. from the Irati
Formation, Kungurian of the Paraná Basin, Brazil".
3148:
3085:
3007:
2968:
2876:
2818:
6846:
6719:
6147:
5829:
5575:
5490:
5215:
4625:
4376:
4359:
4201:
4085:
4080:
3968:
3946:
3934:
3909:
3784:
3545:
3510:
3486:
3443:
3305:
3254:
3113:
2908:
2895:
2860:
2838:
2784:
2721:
2684:
2577:
2550:
2500:
2473:
2449:
2424:
2400:
2375:
2348:
1837:, Middle Permian to Late Cretaceous, worldwide (leaf form genus) (possibly not a cycad)
535:
274:
143:
3132:
1846:, Early to Late Cretaceous, United States & Russia (stems, likely associated with
7044:
6939:
6807:
6680:
5939:
5471:
5339:
5297:
5258:
5091:
4992:
4980:
4803:
4517:
4337:
4268:
4258:
4188:
3978:
3941:
3929:
3919:
3659:
3612:
3550:
3532:
3491:
3473:
3421:
3403:
3364:
3346:
3309:
3297:
3258:
3207:
3199:
3160:
3156:
3105:
3097:
3054:
3019:
2900:
2842:
2830:
2788:
2776:
2768:
2748:
2726:
2708:
2660:
2649:
2627:
2582:
2505:
2454:
2405:
2356:
2343:
2326:
1977:
1833:
541:
492:
can branch their trunks. The apex of the stem is protected by modified leaves called
433:
living in the roots (the "coralloid" roots). These photosynthetic bacteria produce a
426:
3069:
2912:
2303:
2118:. Some are able to grow in full sun, some in full shade, and some in both. Some are
7049:
6851:
6215:
6094:
5986:
5929:
5869:
5864:
5792:
5777:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5587:
5334:
5307:
5004:
4998:
4962:
4645:
4507:
4392:
4293:
3893:
3540:
3522:
3481:
3463:
3411:
3395:
3354:
3336:
3289:
3250:
3246:
3191:
3152:
3117:
3089:
3050:
3015:
3011:
2976:
2972:
2890:
2880:
2822:
2760:
2716:
2700:
2572:
2562:
2495:
2485:
2444:
2436:
2395:
2387:
2338:
2270:Énumération des genres de plantes cultivées au Muséum d'histoire naturelle de Paris
2138:
2115:
713:
673:
599:
547:
516:
501:
497:
325:
7026:
6905:
6672:
7219:
6685:
6388:
6293:
6255:
6210:
6142:
5899:
5859:
5844:
5737:
5624:
5515:
5495:
5437:
5422:
5302:
5285:
5263:
5096:
5079:
4986:
4512:
4495:
4278:
4237:
4105:
4095:
4075:
3606:
2224:
2119:
2075:
2019:
1949: : plant with single frond in the Daintree rainforest, north-east Queensland
591:
487:
524:
6997:
6891:
6499:
6448:
6393:
6383:
6225:
6039:
5991:
5904:
5879:
5874:
5854:
5849:
5752:
5742:
5312:
5016:
4956:
4830:
4797:
4755:
4668:
4596:
4591:
4539:
4009:
3924:
3871:
3509:
Liu, Jian; Lindstrom, Anders J; Marler, Thomas E; Gong, Xun (28 January 2022).
3399:
3133:"Nilssoniocladus in the Cretaceous Arctic: new species and biological insights"
2764:
2490:
2184:
2107:
2055:
367:
363:
173:
3468:
3293:
3272:
Gomankov, A. V. (June 2022). "Cycads in the
Permian of thе Subangara Region".
3093:
2885:
7213:
6643:
6172:
6157:
6119:
6044:
5980:
5966:
5914:
5909:
5823:
5812:
5807:
5787:
5782:
5757:
5557:
5520:
5510:
5208:
5106:
4950:
4913:
4870:
4783:
4759:
4576:
4298:
4273:
4155:
4100:
3536:
3477:
3407:
3350:
3301:
3203:
3164:
3101:
3023:
2772:
2712:
2015:
1973:
1553:
1218:
844:
746:
729:
575:
and as such are not closely related. The similar structure is the product of
430:
395:
134:
83:
48:
3180:"The Enigmatic Paleozoic plants Spermopteris and Phasmatocycas reconsidered"
3037:
Zhang, Jian-Wei; Yao, Jian-Xin; Chen, Jia-Rui; Li, Cheng-Sen (25 May 2010).
2826:
1811:, Jurassic to Early Cretaceous, Antarctica & Argentina (leaf form genus)
7173:
6957:
6838:
6616:
6368:
6363:
6338:
6313:
6303:
6230:
6099:
5973:
5934:
5919:
5894:
5889:
5834:
5767:
5592:
5484:
5412:
5329:
5167:
5022:
5010:
4750:
4581:
4571:
4371:
4323:
4196:
3730:
3554:
3495:
3425:
3368:
3211:
3195:
3109:
2904:
2834:
2780:
2730:
2586:
2567:
2509:
2458:
2440:
2409:
2360:
2215:
and is an important symbol of traditional culture. It serves as a powerful
1923:
1891:
1807:
739:
Based on genetic studies, cycads are thought to be more closely related to
733:
567:
Due to superficial similarities in foliage and plant structure, cycads and
419:
7036:
3527:
1795:, Late Jurassic to early Cretaceous, Russia & Alaska (leaf form genus)
469:
7083:
7006:
6745:
6652:
6549:
6508:
6423:
6398:
6343:
6318:
6240:
6235:
6200:
6190:
5884:
5797:
5432:
5240:
5231:
4974:
4968:
4763:
4744:
4702:
4652:
4459:
4402:
4343:
4288:
4221:
4171:
4141:
4123:
4115:
3632:
2704:
2391:
2197:
2099:
2007:
1928:
1577:
1545:
1292:
1201:
995:
874:
520:
478:
403:
399:
391:
58:
3747:
One of the largest collections of cycads in the world in
Florida, U.S.A.
1911:, Late Triassic to Early Jurassic, Virginia and Mexico (leaf form genus)
6456:
6418:
6348:
6328:
6323:
6308:
6278:
6250:
6205:
6195:
6167:
6162:
6104:
6079:
5772:
5747:
5632:
5612:
5550:
5537:
5387:
5174:
5101:
5069:
5055:
5038:
4586:
4263:
4052:
4043:
2352:
2167:
2095:
2071:
2059:
2043:
1715:
Middle
Jurassic to Early Cretaceous, Europe and India (leaf form genus)
1601:
1537:
1464:
1359:
1177:
1092:
1025:
928:
721:
595:
587:
583:
434:
407:
355:
260:
199:
186:
103:
68:
7088:
6554:
3341:
3224:
2153:
in the New World, whereas the peak near the southern tropic is due to
1940:
1803:
Late Triassic, North Carolina & China (known from the whole plant)
7057:
6750:
6706:
6523:
6373:
6353:
6245:
6124:
6059:
6049:
6034:
6029:
6010:
5762:
5637:
5563:
5500:
5456:
5377:
4839:
4735:
4601:
4485:
4283:
4063:
4032:
2236:
2123:
2067:
2039:
2035:
1851:
1585:
1491:
1309:
1129:
725:
717:
568:
552:
512:
493:
415:
383:
379:
371:
265:
108:
6470:
3869:
1699:), Triassic to Jurassic, Europe & Central Asia (leaf form genus)
615:
7168:
7075:
6991:
6952:
6885:
6833:
6737:
6637:
6611:
6541:
6493:
6428:
6408:
6403:
6378:
6358:
6333:
6298:
6288:
6283:
6114:
6089:
6069:
5729:
5654:
5582:
5478:
5324:
5292:
5280:
5111:
4544:
4527:
3963:
2171:
2027:
2011:
980:
859:
821:
359:
125:
98:
93:
78:
73:
63:
52:
7062:
6711:
6528:
3604:
2551:"Does Plant Size Influence Leaf Elements in an Arborescent Cycad?"
473:
Cycads have a rosette of pinnate leaves around a cylindrical trunk
6433:
6413:
6109:
6084:
6074:
6064:
6020:
5957:
5669:
5417:
5402:
5397:
5064:
4767:
4566:
4023:
3702:"Palm Trees, Small Palms, Cycads, Bromeliads and tropical plants"
3655:
Midawarr | Harvest: The Art of Mulkun Wirrpanda and John Wolseley
2858:
2208:
2130:
2091:
2083:
1569:
1261:
556:
529:
508:
375:
113:
88:
6273:
6265:
6134:
5659:
5505:
5461:
5407:
5392:
5382:
5367:
3067:
2193:
2145:. However, the peak near the northern tropic is largely due to
2087:
2079:
2023:
1743:
957:
798:
741:
572:
482:
411:
31:
4458:
3384:"Disparity of cycad leaves dispels the living fossil metaphor"
2683:
Wu, Chung-Shien; Chaw, Shu-Miaw; Huang, Ya-Yi (January 2013).
1895:, Late Permian to Late Cretaceous, worldwide (leaf form genus)
6698:
6182:
6054:
5427:
5359:
5253:
5248:
4463:
4161:
3875:
2216:
2063:
2051:
2047:
1953:
1593:
1513:
1474:
1342:
1144:
1099:
160:
3836:
Magazine article on cycad collectorship and cycad smuggling.
3751:
2804:
6220:
5712:
4835:
4554:
3767:
2103:
1870:, Middle Jurassic to Late Jurassic, Europe and Central Asia
442:
438:
387:
334:
4163:
2304:"Propagation and Growth of Cycads—A Conservation Strategy"
5710:
3705:
3177:
2746:
2474:"The Cycas genome and the early evolution of seed plants"
2423:
Cox PA, Davis DA, Mash DC, Metcalf JS, Banack SA (2015).
2111:
1441:
Classification of the Cycadophyta to the rank of family.
340:
3658:. National Museum of Australia Press. 2017. p. 48.
3322:
2327:"Tansley Review No. 116. Cyanobacterium-Plant Symbioses"
1707:
Late Jurassic, Colorado & Utah (fruiting structures)
1650:
Middle Triassic, Antarctica (known from the whole plant)
5200:
3578:
National Recovery Plan for the MacDonnell Ranges Cycad
398:
seeds are open to the air to be directly fertilized by
3877:
3785:"Part I. The range of organisms that can fix nitrogen"
3508:
2308:
Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society
1659:
Late Triassic, worldwide (leaf form genus, possibly a
3382:
Coiro, Mario; Seyfullah, Leyla Jean (14 March 2024).
346:
337:
331:
1787:, Latest Cretaceous/earliest Paleocene, India (seed)
343:
3131:Spicer, Robert A.; Herman, Alexey B. (1 May 1996).
2950:
2548:
2422:
2324:
1642:
Triassic to Cretaceous, worldwide (leaf form genus)
640:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
328:
4685:
2648:
2283:Bessey, C.E. (1907). "A synopsis of plant phyla".
4634:
4358:
2854:
2852:
2800:
2798:
2200:as a source of food. They are harvested on their
1991:Petrified cycad fossil, New York Botanical Garden
527:) so as to appear compound. The Australian genus
7211:
5997:Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms
4187:
3754:. Palm and Cycad Societies of Australia (PACSOA)
1755:Triassic-Cretaceous, worldwide (leaf form genus)
1634:Late Jurassic, Russian Far East (leaf fragments)
736:became extinct by the end of the Paleozoic Era.
4866:
3608:Tropical Rainforests: Past, Present, and Future
3605:Bermingham, E.; Dick, C.W.; Moritz, C. (2005).
3442:Coiro, Mario; Pott, Christian (December 2017).
2102:conditions, and some in both. Some can grow in
2006:The living cycads are found across much of the
1747:Mesozoic-Paleogene, Worldwide (leaf form genus)
4816:
4465:
3819:
3811:. Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney. Archived from
3717:. Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney. Archived from
3381:
3036:
2849:
2795:
2314:: 137–139 – via Florida Online Journals.
2261:
2231:plant, another symbol of Vanuatu culture, the
1739:Early to Late Permian, China (leaf form genus)
1625:The following extinct cycad genera are known:
5696:
5216:
4007:
3855:
3437:
3435:
2989:
2742:
2740:
2471:
3782:
3130:
2549:Marler, T. E.; Krishnapillai, M. V. (2018).
2416:
2373:
2251:, formerly in the U.S. state of South Dakota
1679:Early Permian, Texas (leaf with sporophylls)
519:emerging from it as "ribs"), or have edges (
3678:
3561:
2682:
1828:, Early Cretaceous, Russia (leaf fragments)
586:and bear cones (strobili), while palms are
5703:
5689:
5223:
5209:
5180:
3862:
3848:
3432:
2737:
2685:"Chloroplast phylogenomics indicates that
2678:
2676:
2276:
2267:
454:, cycads have acquired a family of genes (
414:. Both male and female cycads bear cones (
124:
4734:
4483:
3544:
3526:
3485:
3467:
3441:
3415:
3358:
3340:
2894:
2884:
2720:
2619:
2576:
2566:
2499:
2489:
2448:
2399:
2342:
1453:Persoon ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820
700:Learn how and when to remove this message
485:. However, some types of cycads, such as
27:Division of naked seeded dioecious plants
3271:
2177:
1986:
1952:
1939:
1687:Late Triassic, Arizona (leaf form genus)
468:
311:
5728:
3641:The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2673:
2655:. New York: Crown Publishers. pp.
2367:
2325:Rai AN, Soderback E, Bergman B (2000).
562:
358:that typically have a stout and woody (
14:
7212:
5956:
2599:
2301:
2282:
533:and some Asian species of Cycas, like
6475:
6474:
5684:
5204:
4457:
3843:
3231:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
3137:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
2996:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
2957:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
2646:
2522:
2157:again, and also to the diverse genus
1779:Late Jurassic, India (petrified wood)
7138:5860b93a-a009-40cb-b626-0b2b872b9f44
6800:f2b85f9e-6f44-478f-bd1f-0667289fd6f8
3043:Journal of Systematics and Evolution
2620:Lariushin, Boris (19 January 2013).
2239:, an indigenous political movement.
2227:and coat of arms. Together with the
2161:in southern and central Africa, and
2137:towards the equator but towards the
1919:, Early Cretaceous, Argentina (leaf)
638:adding citations to reliable sources
609:
3770:. The Cycad Society of South Africa
3739:"Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden"
2525:"Meet Durban's famous cycad family"
24:
3316:
2429:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
716:of cycads all belong to the order
25:
7246:
3834:from the original on 4 June 2022.
3820:Lauren Kessler (28 August 2005).
3694:
2380:Environmental Health Perspectives
2086:occur. Some can survive in harsh
1887:, Late Cretaceous, Germany (leaf)
1819:, Late Triassic, Argentina (stem)
1731:Early Cretaceous, Brazil (pollen)
7235:Extant Permian first appearances
5179:
3055:10.1111/j.1759-6831.2010.00079.x
2603:CITES and Cycads: A User's Guide
2344:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00720.x
2002:List of cycad species by country
1935:
1620:
614:
410:, usually a specific species of
324:
147:
138:with old and new male strobili.
56:
3672:
3646:
3625:
3611:. University of Chicago Press.
3598:
3570:
3502:
3375:
3265:
3218:
3171:
3124:
3061:
3030:
2983:
2944:
2919:
2640:
2613:
2593:
2472:Liu, Yang; et al. (2022).
2110:, some in oxygen-poor, swampy,
1995:
1763:Triassic, Pennsylvania (trunks)
625:needs additional citations for
511:(in the form of bird feathers,
247:Pers. ex Bercht. & J. Presl
5190:Current definitions of Plantae
3251:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2021.104415
3074:Nature Ecology & Evolution
3016:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2021.104475
2977:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2008.07.005
2542:
2516:
2465:
2318:
2295:
2249:Fossil Cycad National Monument
2135:latitudinal diversity gradient
464:
394:(naked-seeded), meaning their
13:
1:
3727:"Gymnosperm Database: Cycads"
2609:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
2255:
1771:Late Jurassic, India (rachis)
481:trunk which usually does not
425:Cycads have been reported to
7230:Cisuralian first appearances
3679:Dan McGarry (9 April 2018).
3157:10.1016/0034-6667(95)00111-5
2693:Genome Biology and Evolution
2523:Davis, Judi (27 June 2018).
429:in association with various
7:
3827:The New York Times Magazine
2242:
2133:. There is therefore not a
605:
10:
7251:
3400:10.1038/s42003-024-06024-9
3184:American Journal of Botany
2765:10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4
2491:10.1038/s41477-022-01129-7
1999:
1862:, Middle Jurassic, England
29:
6981:
6875:
6627:
6483:
6446:
6264:
6181:
6133:
6018:
6009:
5952:
5724:
5720:
5715:phyla/divisions by domain
5623:
5536:
5358:
5238:
5162:
5078:
5037:
4926:
4911:
4862:
4853:
4812:
4792:
4781:
4730:
4721:
4681:
4666:
4662:
4622:
4618:
4553:
4526:
4494:
4479:
4475:
4453:
4401:
4385:
4367:
4321:
4317:
4251:
4230:
4218:
4214:
4183:
4154:
4132:
4114:
4062:
4042:
4022:
4018:
4003:
3887:
3469:10.1186/s12862-017-0943-x
3294:10.1134/S0031030122030066
3094:10.1038/s41559-017-0224-5
2886:10.1186/s12862-015-0347-8
2022:. They are also found in
1671:Triassic-Jurassic, Europe
1356:
1339:
1332:
1306:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1258:
1251:
1215:
1198:
1191:
1174:
1167:
1159:
1141:
1133:
1123:
1096:
1086:
1078:
1029:
993:
978:
971:
954:
939:
932:
922:
872:
857:
842:
835:
819:
812:
795:
780:
773:
757:
754:
280:
273:
257:
252:
144:Scientific classification
142:
132:
123:
41:
5648:Queensland macadamia nut
5230:
3822:"The Cult of the Cycads"
3448:BMC Evolutionary Biology
2865:BMC Evolutionary Biology
2211:, the cycad is known as
1957:Leaves and strobilus of
1903:, Late Triassic, Ukraine
452:horizontal gene transfer
378:leaves. The species are
5925:Thermodesulfobacteriota
3800:Cycad nitrogen fixation
3580:Macrozamia macdonnellii
3274:Paleontological Journal
2827:10.1126/science.1209926
2600:Rutherford, Catherine.
2268:Brongniart, A. (1843).
2235:also gives its name to
551:, have leaves that are
418:), somewhat similar to
370:of large, hard, stiff,
5445:Johnstone River almond
3388:Communications Biology
3196:10.3732/ajb.90.11.1585
2568:10.3390/biology7040051
2441:10.1098/rspb.2015.2397
2302:Dehgan, Bijan (1983).
2223:leaves appears on the
1992:
1963:
1950:
474:
317:
316:Cycads in South Africa
7146:Paleobiology Database
6821:Paleobiology Database
6589:Paleobiology Database
6153:Neocallimastigomycota
5373:Australian cashew nut
3783:David Dalton (1997).
2647:Tudge, Colin (2006).
2374:Holtcamp, W. (2012).
2192:) are coveted by the
2178:Cultural significance
1990:
1960:Encephalartos sclavoi
1956:
1943:
1723:Late Jurassic, Russia
1529:Tribe Encephalarteae
1523:subfamily Zamioideae
557:self-similar geometry
472:
448:neurological diseases
441:that is found in the
402:, as contrasted with
315:
5818:Coprothermobacterota
5185:List of plant orders
5065:Pinopsida (conifers)
5051:Cycadopsida (cycads)
5043:(living gymnosperms)
4540:Leiosporocerotopsida
4259:Nephroselmidophyceae
3745:on 23 February 2015.
2689:is sister to cycads"
2392:10.1289/ehp.120-a110
2219:sign, and a pair of
2114:-like soils rich in
2082:, where at least 65
1661:pteridospermatophyte
1499:subfamily Diooideae
1457:Suborder Cycadineae
634:improve this article
577:convergent evolution
563:Confusion with palms
30:For the insect, see
5451:Irvingia gabonensis
4893:Archaeopteridopsida
4626:Polysporangiophytes
4350:Klebsormidiophyceae
4333:Mesostigmatophyceae
4279:Chlorodendrophyceae
4243:Pyramimonadophyceae
4197:Prasinodermophyceae
4091:Compsopogonophyceae
3635:Macrozamia communis
3528:10.1093/aob/mcab118
3460:2017BMCEE..17...97C
3286:2022PalJ...56..317G
3243:2021RPaPa.28904415S
3149:1996RPaPa..92..229S
3086:2017NatEE...1.1093V
3008:2021RPaPa.29204475X
2969:2009RPaPa.153..108H
2877:2015BMCEE..15...65C
2819:2011Sci...334..796N
2331:The New Phytologist
2285:Nebraska Univ. Stud
2170:rather than simply
2143:Tropic of Capricorn
1946:Bowenia spectabilis
1484:Suborder Zamiineae
1031:(flowering plants)
758:Internal phylogeny
755:External phylogeny
6148:Blastocladiomycota
5608:Single-leaf pinyon
5084:(flowering plants)
5005:Lyginopteridopsida
4798:Eophyllophytopsida
4751:Zosterophyllopsida
4689:Paratracheophytes*
4467:sensu strictissimo
4377:Coleochaetophyceae
4360:Phragmoplastophyta
4202:Palmophyllophyceae
4124:Glaucocystophyceae
4086:Stylonematophyceae
4081:Porphyridiophyceae
3870:Classification of
3733:on 10 August 2010.
3685:Vanuatu Daily Post
3681:"A Princely Title"
3227:Iratinia australis
2705:10.1093/gbe/evt001
2529:South Coast Herald
2435:(1823): 20152397.
1993:
1964:
1951:
1445:Class Cycadopsida
536:Cycas multipinnata
475:
318:
7207:
7206:
6940:Open Tree of Life
6808:Open Tree of Life
6477:Taxon identifiers
6468:
6467:
6464:
6463:
6442:
6441:
6005:
6004:
5948:
5947:
5940:Verrucomicrobiota
5678:
5677:
5576:Monkey-puzzle nut
5438:Shellbark hickory
5423:Mockernut hickory
5383:Borneo tallow nut
5198:
5197:
5158:
5157:
5154:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5146:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5138:
5137:
5134:
5133:
5130:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5122:
5121:
5092:Basal angiosperms
4993:Gigantopteridales
4942:seed plant groups
4940:and other extinct
4907:
4906:
4881:Noeggerathiopsida
4849:
4848:
4804:Trimerophytopsida
4777:
4776:
4717:
4716:
4673:(vascular plants)
4638:Protracheophytes*
4614:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4577:Andreaeobryopsida
4518:Jungermanniopsida
4449:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4338:Chlorokybophyceae
4313:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4269:Chloropicophyceae
4210:
4209:
4189:Prasinodermophyta
4150:
4149:
3789:Nitrogen Fixation
3721:on 29 March 2021.
3715:"The Cycad Pages"
3665:978-1-921953-31-6
3342:10.1111/nph.19010
3190:(11): 1585–1595.
2813:(6057): 796–799.
2666:978-1-4000-5036-9
2623:Cycadaceae Family
2098:), others in wet
1564:
1532:
1526:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1487:
1469:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1425:
1424:
1416:
1415:
1407:
1406:
1398:
1397:
1389:
1388:
1380:
1379:
1371:
1370:
1321:
1320:
1239:
1238:
1230:
1229:
1111:
1110:
1068:
1067:
1049:
1048:
1040:
1039:
1015:
1014:
1006:
1005:
912:
911:
903:
902:
894:
893:
885:
884:
710:
709:
702:
684:
542:Cycas micholitzii
523:) so deeply cut (
310:
309:
304:
298:
292:
286:
253:Extant groupings
248:
234:
218:
16:(Redirected from
7242:
7225:Dioecious plants
7200:
7199:
7187:
7186:
7177:
7176:
7164:
7163:
7154:
7153:
7141:
7140:
7131:
7130:
7118:
7117:
7105:
7104:
7092:
7091:
7079:
7078:
7066:
7065:
7053:
7052:
7040:
7039:
7030:
7029:
7017:
7016:
7015:
7002:
7001:
7000:
6974:
6973:
6961:
6960:
6948:
6947:
6935:
6934:
6922:
6921:
6909:
6908:
6896:
6895:
6894:
6868:
6867:
6855:
6854:
6842:
6841:
6829:
6828:
6816:
6815:
6803:
6802:
6793:
6792:
6780:
6779:
6767:
6766:
6754:
6753:
6741:
6740:
6728:
6727:
6715:
6714:
6702:
6701:
6689:
6688:
6676:
6675:
6663:
6662:
6661:
6648:
6647:
6646:
6620:
6619:
6607:
6606:
6597:
6596:
6584:
6583:
6571:
6570:
6558:
6557:
6545:
6544:
6532:
6531:
6519:
6518:
6517:
6504:
6503:
6502:
6472:
6471:
6216:Anthocerotophyta
6095:Hemimastigophora
6016:
6015:
5987:Nitrososphaerota
5954:
5953:
5930:Thermomicrobiota
5870:Kiritimatiellota
5865:Ignavibacteriota
5830:Deferribacterota
5793:Campylobacterota
5778:Bdellovibrionota
5726:
5725:
5722:
5721:
5705:
5698:
5691:
5682:
5681:
5433:Shagbark hickory
5335:Malabar chestnut
5225:
5218:
5211:
5202:
5201:
5183:
5182:
5097:Core angiosperms
5085:
5044:
5039:Acrogymnospermae
5017:Peltaspermopsida
4999:Glossopteridales
4981:Corystospermales
4963:Callistophytales
4943:
4935:
4929:
4924:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4887:Aneurophytopsida
4869:
4864:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4856:
4814:
4813:
4790:
4789:
4786:
4745:Barinophytopsida
4732:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4724:
4688:
4683:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4664:
4663:
4646:Horneophytopsida
4637:
4632:
4631:
4628:
4620:
4619:
4560:
4545:Anthocerotopsida
4533:
4528:Anthocerotophyta
4508:Haplomitriopsida
4501:
4492:
4491:
4488:
4481:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4469:
4455:
4454:
4408:
4399:
4398:
4393:Zygnematophyceae
4383:
4382:
4365:
4364:
4356:
4355:
4326:
4319:
4318:
4294:Trebouxiophyceae
4264:Picocystophyceae
4228:
4227:
4224:
4216:
4215:
4185:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4177:
4167:
4069:
4020:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4012:
4005:
4004:
3916:
3896:
3881:
3864:
3857:
3850:
3841:
3840:
3835:
3816:
3815:on 17 July 2020.
3805:"Cycad toxicity"
3799:
3797:
3795:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3746:
3741:. Archived from
3734:
3729:. Archived from
3722:
3709:
3704:. Archived from
3689:
3688:
3676:
3670:
3669:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3585:
3574:
3568:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3548:
3530:
3515:Annals of Botany
3506:
3500:
3499:
3489:
3471:
3439:
3430:
3429:
3419:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3362:
3344:
3335:(4): 1616–1635.
3320:
3314:
3313:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3080:(8): 1093–1099.
3065:
3059:
3058:
3034:
3028:
3027:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2963:(1–2): 108–123.
2948:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2898:
2888:
2856:
2847:
2846:
2802:
2793:
2792:
2759:(8): 1015–1025.
2744:
2735:
2734:
2724:
2680:
2671:
2670:
2654:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2580:
2570:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2503:
2493:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2452:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2403:
2386:(3): a110–a116.
2371:
2365:
2364:
2346:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2265:
2139:Tropic of Cancer
2116:organic material
1776:Fascisvarioxylon
1728:Cavamonocolpites
1562:
1530:
1524:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1485:
1467:
1458:
1452:
1451:Order Cycadales
1446:
1335:
1334:
1285:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1254:
1253:
1194:
1193:
1170:
1169:
1162:
1161:
1136:
1135:
1126:
1125:
1089:
1088:
1081:
1080:
1073:
1072:
1064:
1058:
1057:Traditional view
974:
973:
935:
934:
925:
924:
918:
917:
838:
837:
815:
814:
776:
775:
769:
768:
764:
763:
752:
751:
705:
698:
694:
691:
685:
683:
642:
618:
610:
548:Cycas debaoensis
353:
352:
349:
348:
345:
342:
339:
336:
333:
330:
302:
296:
290:
284:
283:Cycadofilicales
246:
230:
213:
152:
151:
128:
118:
55:
45:Temporal range:
39:
38:
21:
7250:
7249:
7245:
7244:
7243:
7241:
7240:
7239:
7210:
7209:
7208:
7203:
7195:
7190:
7182:
7180:
7172:
7167:
7159:
7157:
7149:
7144:
7136:
7134:
7126:
7121:
7113:
7108:
7100:
7095:
7087:
7082:
7074:
7069:
7061:
7056:
7048:
7043:
7035:
7033:
7025:
7020:
7011:
7010:
7005:
6996:
6995:
6990:
6977:
6969:
6964:
6956:
6951:
6943:
6938:
6930:
6925:
6917:
6912:
6904:
6899:
6890:
6889:
6884:
6871:
6863:
6858:
6850:
6845:
6837:
6832:
6824:
6819:
6811:
6806:
6798:
6796:
6788:
6783:
6775:
6770:
6762:
6757:
6749:
6744:
6736:
6731:
6723:
6718:
6710:
6705:
6697:
6692:
6684:
6679:
6671:
6666:
6657:
6656:
6651:
6642:
6641:
6636:
6623:
6615:
6610:
6602:
6600:
6592:
6587:
6579:
6574:
6566:
6561:
6553:
6548:
6540:
6535:
6527:
6522:
6513:
6512:
6507:
6498:
6497:
6492:
6479:
6469:
6460:
6438:
6389:Gnathostomulida
6294:Xenacoelomorpha
6260:
6256:Flowering plant
6211:Marchantiophyta
6177:
6143:Chytridiomycota
6129:
6001:
5944:
5900:Planctomycetota
5860:Gemmatimonadota
5845:Elusimicrobiota
5738:Acidobacteriota
5716:
5709:
5679:
5674:
5619:
5593:Colorado pinyon
5532:
5354:
5234:
5229:
5199:
5194:
5118:
5083:
5082:
5074:
5042:
5041:
5033:
4987:Czekanowskiales
4941:
4939:
4937:
4936:
4933:
4927:
4917:
4916:
4912:
4903:
4867:
4854:
4845:
4817:Moniliformopses
4808:
4782:
4773:
4723:Eutracheophytes
4722:
4713:
4686:
4672:
4671:
4667:
4658:
4635:
4623:
4606:
4597:Polytrichopsida
4592:Tetraphidopsida
4558:
4557:
4549:
4531:
4530:
4522:
4513:Marchantiopsida
4499:
4498:
4496:Marchantiophyta
4484:
4471:
4417:
4406:
4405:
4397:
4381:
4354:
4322:
4305:
4247:
4238:Mamiellophyceae
4219:
4206:
4175:
4169:
4159:
4158:
4146:
4128:
4110:
4106:Florideophyceae
4096:Rhodellophyceae
4076:Cyanidiophyceae
4067:
4066:
4058:
4038:
4008:
3999:
3998:
3914:
3892:
3883:
3868:
3809:The Cycad Pages
3803:
3793:
3791:
3773:
3771:
3766:
3757:
3755:
3750:
3737:
3725:
3713:
3708:on 20 May 2014.
3700:
3697:
3692:
3677:
3673:
3666:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3619:
3603:
3599:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3566:
3562:
3507:
3503:
3440:
3433:
3380:
3376:
3329:New Phytologist
3321:
3317:
3270:
3266:
3223:
3219:
3176:
3172:
3129:
3125:
3066:
3062:
3035:
3031:
2988:
2984:
2949:
2945:
2935:
2933:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2857:
2850:
2803:
2796:
2745:
2738:
2681:
2674:
2667:
2645:
2641:
2634:
2618:
2614:
2606:
2598:
2594:
2547:
2543:
2533:
2531:
2521:
2517:
2470:
2466:
2421:
2417:
2372:
2368:
2323:
2319:
2300:
2296:
2281:
2277:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2245:
2196:in Australia's
2180:
2090:or semi-desert
2030:, southeastern
2020:Central America
2004:
1998:
1938:
1843:Nilssoniocladus
1623:
1447:Brongniart 1843
1435:
1426:
1417:
1408:
1399:
1390:
1381:
1372:
1322:
1240:
1231:
1165:Encephalarteae
1112:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1041:
1016:
1007:
913:
904:
895:
886:
712:The two extant
706:
695:
689:
686:
643:
641:
631:
619:
608:
592:fiddlehead fern
565:
507:The leaves are
488:Cycas zeylanica
467:
327:
323:
245:
229:
212:
146:
119:
117:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
47:
46:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7248:
7238:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7205:
7204:
7202:
7201:
7188:
7178:
7165:
7155:
7142:
7132:
7119:
7106:
7093:
7080:
7067:
7054:
7041:
7031:
7018:
7003:
6987:
6985:
6979:
6978:
6976:
6975:
6962:
6949:
6936:
6923:
6910:
6897:
6881:
6879:
6873:
6872:
6870:
6869:
6856:
6852:wfo-9000000149
6843:
6830:
6817:
6804:
6794:
6781:
6768:
6755:
6742:
6729:
6716:
6703:
6690:
6677:
6664:
6649:
6633:
6631:
6625:
6624:
6622:
6621:
6608:
6598:
6585:
6572:
6559:
6546:
6533:
6520:
6505:
6489:
6487:
6481:
6480:
6466:
6465:
6462:
6461:
6454:
6452:
6449:Incertae sedis
6444:
6443:
6440:
6439:
6437:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6394:Micrognathozoa
6391:
6386:
6384:Acanthocephala
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6270:
6268:
6262:
6261:
6259:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6226:Lycopodiophyta
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6187:
6185:
6179:
6178:
6176:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6139:
6137:
6131:
6130:
6128:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6040:Ancyromonadida
6037:
6032:
6026:
6024:
6013:
6007:
6006:
6003:
6002:
6000:
5999:
5994:
5992:Thermoproteota
5989:
5984:
5977:
5970:
5962:
5960:
5950:
5949:
5946:
5945:
5943:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5905:Pseudomonadota
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5880:Mycoplasmatota
5877:
5875:Lentisphaerota
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5855:Fusobacteriota
5852:
5850:Fibrobacterota
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5753:Armatimonadota
5750:
5745:
5743:Actinomycetota
5740:
5734:
5732:
5718:
5717:
5708:
5707:
5700:
5693:
5685:
5676:
5675:
5673:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5651:
5650:
5645:
5635:
5629:
5627:
5621:
5620:
5618:
5617:
5616:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5603:Mexican pinyon
5600:
5595:
5590:
5580:
5579:
5578:
5573:
5560:
5555:
5554:
5553:
5542:
5540:
5534:
5533:
5531:
5530:
5529:
5528:
5523:
5521:English walnut
5518:
5513:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5481:
5476:
5475:
5474:
5469:
5467:Planted karuka
5459:
5454:
5447:
5442:
5441:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5364:
5362:
5356:
5355:
5353:
5352:
5347:
5345:Red bopple nut
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5321:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5308:European hazel
5305:
5300:
5298:American hazel
5290:
5289:
5288:
5286:Sweet chestnut
5278:
5273:
5268:
5267:
5266:
5264:European beech
5261:
5259:American beech
5251:
5245:
5243:
5241:botanical nuts
5236:
5235:
5228:
5227:
5220:
5213:
5205:
5196:
5195:
5193:
5192:
5187:
5177:
5171:
5163:
5160:
5159:
5156:
5155:
5152:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5140:
5139:
5136:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5128:
5127:
5124:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5117:
5116:
5115:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5094:
5088:
5086:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5053:
5047:
5045:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5031:
5025:
5023:Pentoxylopsida
5019:
5013:
5007:
5001:
4995:
4989:
4983:
4977:
4971:
4965:
4959:
4957:Calamopityales
4953:
4946:
4944:
4921:
4914:Spermatophytes
4909:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4901:
4895:
4889:
4883:
4876:
4874:
4871:Progymnosperms
4857:
4851:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4843:
4836:Polypodiopsida
4833:
4831:Cladoxylopsida
4827:
4820:
4818:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4806:
4800:
4793:
4787:
4784:Euphyllophytes
4779:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4771:
4756:Lycopodiopsida
4753:
4747:
4740:
4738:
4725:
4719:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4705:
4699:
4697:Cooksoniopsida
4692:
4690:
4676:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4648:
4641:
4639:
4629:
4616:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4587:Oedipodiopsida
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4563:
4561:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4547:
4542:
4536:
4534:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4504:
4502:
4489:
4473:
4472:
4451:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4411:
4409:
4396:
4395:
4389:
4387:
4380:
4379:
4374:
4368:
4362:
4353:
4352:
4347:
4340:
4335:
4329:
4327:
4315:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4240:
4234:
4232:
4231:Prasinophytina
4225:
4212:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4199:
4193:
4191:
4178:
4152:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4138:
4136:
4134:incertae sedis
4130:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4120:
4118:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4072:
4070:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4048:
4046:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4028:
4026:
4013:
4010:Archaeplastida
4001:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3992:
3989:Mesomycetozoea
3986:
3981:
3971:
3961:
3960:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3925:Diaphoretickes
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3889:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3872:Archaeplastida
3867:
3866:
3859:
3852:
3844:
3838:
3837:
3817:
3801:
3780:
3764:
3748:
3735:
3723:
3711:
3696:
3695:External links
3693:
3691:
3690:
3671:
3664:
3645:
3624:
3617:
3597:
3569:
3560:
3521:(2): 217–230.
3501:
3431:
3374:
3315:
3280:(3): 317–326.
3264:
3217:
3170:
3143:(3): 229–243.
3123:
3060:
3049:(4): 286–301.
3029:
2982:
2943:
2931:paleobiodb.org
2918:
2848:
2794:
2736:
2699:(1): 243–254.
2672:
2665:
2657:70–72, 139–148
2639:
2632:
2612:
2592:
2541:
2515:
2484:(4): 389–401.
2464:
2415:
2366:
2337:(3): 449–481.
2317:
2294:
2275:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2244:
2241:
2185:Cycas orientis
2179:
2176:
2056:Southeast Asia
1997:
1994:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1920:
1912:
1904:
1896:
1888:
1880:
1871:
1863:
1855:
1838:
1829:
1820:
1812:
1804:
1796:
1788:
1780:
1772:
1768:Cycadinorachis
1764:
1756:
1748:
1740:
1732:
1724:
1716:
1708:
1700:
1688:
1680:
1672:
1664:
1656:Anthrophyopsis
1651:
1643:
1635:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1597:
1589:
1581:
1573:
1561:Tribe Zamieae
1559:
1558:
1557:
1549:
1541:
1525:Stevenson 1992
1521:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1505:Tribe Diooeae
1495:Horaninow 1834
1486:Stevenson 1992
1482:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1459:Stevenson 1992
1437:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1173:
1168:
1166:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1140:
1134:
1132:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1095:
1087:
1085:
1079:
1077:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1059:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1003:
1000:
999:
992:
989:
988:
985:
984:
977:
972:
970:
967:
966:
963:
962:
953:
950:
949:
946:
945:
938:
933:
931:
923:
921:
916:
914:
910:
909:
906:
905:
901:
900:
897:
896:
892:
891:
888:
887:
883:
882:
879:
878:
871:
868:
867:
864:
863:
856:
853:
852:
849:
848:
841:
836:
834:
830:
829:
826:
825:
818:
813:
811:
808:
807:
804:
803:
794:
791:
790:
787:
786:
779:
774:
772:
767:
760:
759:
756:
720:, and are the
708:
707:
622:
620:
613:
607:
604:
564:
561:
477:Cycads have a
466:
463:
374:and (usually)
308:
307:
306:
305:
299:
293:
287:
278:
277:
271:
270:
269:
268:
263:
255:
254:
250:
249:
240:
236:
235:
224:
220:
219:
207:
203:
202:
197:
190:
189:
187:Spermatophytes
184:
177:
176:
171:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
140:
139:
130:
129:
121:
120:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
44:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7247:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7217:
7215:
7198:
7193:
7189:
7185:
7179:
7175:
7170:
7166:
7162:
7156:
7152:
7147:
7143:
7139:
7133:
7129:
7124:
7120:
7116:
7111:
7107:
7103:
7098:
7094:
7090:
7085:
7081:
7077:
7072:
7068:
7064:
7059:
7055:
7051:
7046:
7042:
7038:
7032:
7028:
7023:
7019:
7014:
7008:
7004:
6999:
6993:
6989:
6988:
6986:
6984:
6980:
6972:
6967:
6963:
6959:
6954:
6950:
6946:
6941:
6937:
6933:
6928:
6924:
6920:
6915:
6911:
6907:
6902:
6898:
6893:
6887:
6883:
6882:
6880:
6878:
6874:
6866:
6861:
6857:
6853:
6848:
6844:
6840:
6835:
6831:
6827:
6822:
6818:
6814:
6809:
6805:
6801:
6795:
6791:
6786:
6782:
6778:
6773:
6769:
6765:
6760:
6756:
6752:
6747:
6743:
6739:
6734:
6730:
6726:
6721:
6717:
6713:
6708:
6704:
6700:
6695:
6691:
6687:
6682:
6678:
6674:
6669:
6665:
6660:
6654:
6650:
6645:
6639:
6635:
6634:
6632:
6630:
6626:
6618:
6613:
6609:
6605:
6599:
6595:
6590:
6586:
6582:
6577:
6573:
6569:
6564:
6560:
6556:
6551:
6547:
6543:
6538:
6534:
6530:
6525:
6521:
6516:
6510:
6506:
6501:
6495:
6491:
6490:
6488:
6486:
6482:
6478:
6473:
6459:
6458:
6453:
6451:
6450:
6445:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6271:
6269:
6267:
6263:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6188:
6186:
6184:
6180:
6174:
6173:Basidiomycota
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6158:Glomeromycota
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6140:
6138:
6136:
6132:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6120:Stramenopiles
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6045:Apusomonadida
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6008:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5982:
5981:Nanoarchaeota
5978:
5975:
5971:
5968:
5967:Euryarchaeota
5964:
5963:
5961:
5959:
5955:
5951:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5915:Spirochaetota
5913:
5911:
5910:Rhodothermota
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5840:Dictyoglomota
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5825:
5824:Cyanobacteria
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5813:Chrysiogenota
5811:
5809:
5808:Chloroflexota
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5788:Calditrichota
5786:
5784:
5783:Caldisericota
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5758:Atribacterota
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5735:
5733:
5731:
5727:
5723:
5719:
5714:
5706:
5701:
5699:
5694:
5692:
5687:
5686:
5683:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5643:Macadamia nut
5641:
5640:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5630:
5628:
5626:
5622:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5588:Chilgoza pine
5586:
5585:
5584:
5581:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5568:
5566:
5565:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5552:
5551:Burrawang nut
5549:
5548:
5547:
5544:
5543:
5541:
5539:
5535:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5508:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5486:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5464:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5452:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5420:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5398:Chilean hazel
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5365:
5363:
5361:
5357:
5351:
5350:Yellow walnut
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5295:
5294:
5291:
5287:
5284:
5283:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5256:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5242:
5237:
5233:
5226:
5221:
5219:
5214:
5212:
5207:
5206:
5203:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5178:
5176:
5172:
5169:
5165:
5164:
5161:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5099:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5089:
5087:
5081:
5077:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5059:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5048:
5046:
5040:
5036:
5030:
5026:
5024:
5020:
5018:
5014:
5012:
5008:
5006:
5002:
5000:
4996:
4994:
4990:
4988:
4984:
4982:
4978:
4976:
4972:
4970:
4966:
4964:
4960:
4958:
4954:
4952:
4951:Bennettitales
4948:
4947:
4945:
4932:
4931:Pteridosperms
4925:
4922:
4918:(seed plants)
4915:
4910:
4900:
4899:Protopityales
4896:
4894:
4890:
4888:
4884:
4882:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4865:
4861:
4858:
4852:
4841:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4828:
4826:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4805:
4801:
4799:
4795:
4794:
4791:
4788:
4785:
4780:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4748:
4746:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4726:
4720:
4710:
4706:
4704:
4700:
4698:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4684:
4680:
4677:
4670:
4669:Tracheophytes
4665:
4661:
4655:
4654:
4649:
4647:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4633:
4630:
4627:
4621:
4617:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4582:Andreaeopsida
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4556:
4552:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4529:
4525:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4497:
4493:
4490:
4487:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4468:
4461:
4456:
4452:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4407:(land plants)
4404:
4400:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4384:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4320:
4316:
4300:
4299:Chlorophyceae
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4274:Pedinophyceae
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4252:Chlorophytina
4250:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4229:
4226:
4223:
4217:
4213:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4179:
4173:
4168:
4166:
4157:
4156:Viridiplantae
4153:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4113:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4101:Bangiophyceae
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4065:
4061:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4041:
4035:
4034:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4014:
4011:
4006:
4002:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3962:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3952:Stramenopiles
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3915:(major groups
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3880:
3873:
3865:
3860:
3858:
3853:
3851:
3846:
3845:
3842:
3833:
3829:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3790:
3786:
3781:
3769:
3765:
3753:
3749:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3698:
3686:
3682:
3675:
3667:
3661:
3657:
3656:
3649:
3642:
3638:
3636:
3628:
3620:
3618:9780226044682
3614:
3610:
3609:
3601:
3582:
3581:
3573:
3564:
3556:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3505:
3497:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3438:
3436:
3427:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3378:
3370:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3319:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3268:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3221:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3174:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3127:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3064:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3033:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2986:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2953:Antarcticycas
2947:
2932:
2928:
2922:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2855:
2853:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2801:
2799:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2753:Nature Plants
2750:
2743:
2741:
2732:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2688:
2687:Ginkgo biloba
2679:
2677:
2668:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2652:
2643:
2635:
2633:9781300654537
2629:
2625:
2624:
2616:
2605:
2604:
2596:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2545:
2530:
2526:
2519:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2478:Nature Plants
2475:
2468:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2419:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2370:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2321:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2298:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2271:
2264:
2260:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2225:national flag
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2159:Encephalartos
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2078:and tropical
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2032:United States
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2003:
1989:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1974:Bennettitales
1971:
1970:
1962:
1961:
1955:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1936:Fossil record
1930:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1884:Pleiotrichium
1881:
1878:
1877:
1876:Phasmatocycas
1872:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1647:Antarcticycas
1644:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1621:Fossil genera
1604:
1603:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1554:Encephalartos
1550:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1430:
1429:
1421:
1420:
1412:
1411:
1403:
1402:
1394:
1393:
1385:
1384:
1376:
1375:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1337:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1326:
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845:Bennettitales
840:
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748:
747:Carboniferous
744:
743:
737:
735:
731:
730:Stangeriaceae
727:
723:
719:
715:
704:
701:
693:
690:November 2018
682:
679:
675:
672:
668:
665:
661:
658:
654:
651: –
650:
646:
645:Find sources:
639:
635:
629:
628:
623:This article
621:
617:
612:
611:
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597:
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531:
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510:
505:
503:
502:basal rosette
499:
495:
491:
489:
484:
480:
471:
462:
459:
457:
453:
449:
444:
440:
436:
432:
431:cyanobacteria
428:
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421:
420:conifer cones
417:
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295:Stangeriales
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175:
174:Tracheophytes
172:
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155:
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141:
137:
136:
135:Cycas rumphii
131:
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65:
60:
54:
50:
49:Early Permian
40:
37:
33:
19:
6982:
6876:
6628:
6484:
6455:
6447:
6369:Orthonectida
6364:Gastrotricha
6339:Nematomorpha
6314:Chaetognatha
6304:Hemichordate
6231:Pteridophyta
6100:Malawimonada
5974:Korarchaeota
5935:Thermotogota
5920:Synergistota
5895:Nitrospirota
5890:Nitrospinota
5835:Deinococcota
5768:Bacteroidota
5655:Paradise nut
5562:
5545:
5511:Black walnut
5485:Panda oleosa
5483:
5449:
5303:Beaked hazel
5168:paraphyletic
5080:Angiospermae
5057:
5056:Ginkgoales (
5050:
5029:Petriellales
5011:Medullosales
4938:(seed ferns)
4651:
4572:Sphagnopsida
4567:Takakiopsida
4500:(liverworts)
4466:
4460:Embryophytes
4414:(see below↓)
4372:Charophyceae
4342:
4324:Streptophyta
4176:land plants)
4164:
4133:
4051:
4044:Rhodelphidia
4031:
3974:Opisthokonta
3878:
3825:
3813:the original
3808:
3792:. Retrieved
3788:
3772:. Retrieved
3756:. Retrieved
3743:the original
3731:the original
3719:the original
3706:the original
3684:
3674:
3654:
3648:
3640:
3634:
3627:
3607:
3600:
3588:. Retrieved
3579:
3572:
3563:
3518:
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3504:
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3447:
3391:
3387:
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3328:
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3063:
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3042:
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2999:
2995:
2985:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2934:. Retrieved
2930:
2921:
2868:
2864:
2810:
2806:
2756:
2752:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2650:
2642:
2626:. Lulu.com.
2622:
2615:
2602:
2595:
2558:
2554:
2544:
2534:11 September
2532:. Retrieved
2528:
2518:
2481:
2477:
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2432:
2428:
2418:
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2220:
2212:
2206:
2189:
2183:
2182:Nuts of the
2181:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2149:in Asia and
2146:
2128:
2005:
1996:Distribution
1981:
1978:Nilssoniales
1967:
1965:
1958:
1944:
1929:marattialean
1924:Taeniopteris
1922:
1914:
1906:
1898:
1892:Pseudoctenis
1890:
1882:
1874:
1865:
1857:
1847:
1841:
1832:
1823:
1814:
1808:Mesosingeria
1806:
1798:
1790:
1784:Gymnovulites
1782:
1774:
1766:
1758:
1752:Ctenozamites
1750:
1742:
1734:
1726:
1718:
1710:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1682:
1676:Archaeocycas
1674:
1666:
1654:
1645:
1639:Androstrobus
1637:
1629:
1624:
1600:
1592:
1584:
1576:
1568:
1552:
1544:
1536:
1512:
1473:
1468:Persoon 1807
1440:
1358:
1357:
1341:
1340:
1308:
1307:
1291:
1290:
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1259:
1217:
1216:
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1175:
1143:
1142:
1098:
1097:
1030:
994:
979:
956:
955:
941:
940:
873:
858:
843:
833:Anthophytes
820:
797:
796:
782:
781:
740:
738:
734:Medullosales
711:
696:
687:
677:
670:
663:
656:
644:
632:Please help
627:verification
624:
581:
566:
546:
540:
534:
528:
506:
486:
476:
460:
427:fix nitrogen
424:
396:unfertilized
320:
319:
303:Burnett 1835
242:
226:
209:
200:Gymnospermae
193:
180:
167:
133:
36:
7161:cycadopsida
7084:iNaturalist
7013:Cycadopsida
7007:Wikispecies
6983:Cycadopsida
6746:iNaturalist
6653:Wikispecies
6550:iNaturalist
6515:Cycadophyta
6509:Wikispecies
6485:Cycadophyta
6424:Brachiopoda
6399:Cycliophora
6344:Onychophora
6319:Kinorhyncha
6241:Ginkgophyta
6236:Cycadophyta
6201:Chlorophyta
6191:Glaucophyta
5885:Myxococcota
5803:Chlorobiota
5798:Chlamydiota
5665:Peanut tree
5625:Angiosperms
5598:Korean pine
5538:Gymnosperms
5472:Wild karuka
5318:Asian hazel
4975:Cordaitales
4969:Caytoniales
4855:Lignophytes
4838:(ferns and
4764:spikemosses
4703:Rhyniopsida
4653:Aglaophyton
4532:(hornworts)
4403:Embryophyta
4386:Anydrophyta
4344:Spirotaenia
4289:Ulvophyceae
4222:Chlorophyta
4172:green algae
4142:Algospongia
4116:Glaucophyta
4068:(red algae)
3752:"Main Page"
2198:Arnhem Land
2106:or even on
2100:rain forest
2008:subtropical
1969:Crossozamia
1908:Stangerites
1900:Sarmatiella
1859:Palaeozamia
1850:, possibly
1816:Michelilloa
1736:Crossozamia
1578:Ceratozamia
1563:Miquel 1861
1546:Lepidozamia
1531:Miquel 1861
1293:Ceratozamia
1202:Lepidozamia
1157:Zamioideae
1084:Cycadineae
1063:Modern view
1026:Angiosperms
996:Gnetophytes
929:Gymnosperms
875:Angiosperms
728:(including
588:angiosperms
584:gymnosperms
479:cylindrical
465:Description
408:pollinators
404:angiosperms
400:pollination
392:gymnosperms
356:seed plants
297:Doweld 2001
291:Doweld 2001
285:Němejc 1950
227:Cycadopsida
210:Cycadophyta
7214:Categories
6457:Parakaryon
6419:Entoprocta
6354:Arthropoda
6349:Tardigrada
6329:Priapulida
6324:Loricifera
6309:Echinoderm
6279:Ctenophora
6251:Gnetophyta
6206:Charophyta
6196:Rhodophyta
6168:Ascomycota
6163:Zygomycota
6105:Metamonada
6080:Euglenozoa
6065:Ciliophora
5773:Balneolota
5748:Aquificota
5633:Brazil nut
5613:Stone pine
5558:Ginkgo nut
5388:Breadfruit
5102:Magnoliids
5070:Gnetopsida
4840:horsetails
4768:quillworts
4760:clubmosses
4736:Lycophytes
4709:Renaliales
4486:Bryophytes
4064:Rhodophyta
4053:Rhodelphis
3394:(1): 328.
3237:: 104415.
3002:: 104475.
2291:: 275–373.
2256:References
2202:dry season
2168:xerophytic
2163:Macrozamia
2124:halophytes
2122:tolerant (
2096:xerophytic
2072:Madagascar
2060:Bangladesh
2044:Micronesia
2000:See also:
1800:Leptocycas
1712:Bucklandia
1602:Microcycas
1538:Macrozamia
1501:Pilg. 1926
1465:Cycadaceae
1360:Microcycas
1178:Macrozamia
1139:Diooideae
1121:Zamiineae
1093:Cycadaceae
722:Cycadaceae
660:newspapers
494:cataphylls
435:neurotoxin
261:Cycadaceae
217:1907: 321.
206:Division:
6877:Cycadidae
6725:Cycadales
6659:Cycadales
6629:Cycadales
6374:Dicyemida
6246:Pinophyta
6125:Telonemia
6060:Cryptista
6050:Breviatea
6035:Amoebozoa
6030:Alveolata
6011:Eukaryote
5763:Bacillota
5638:Macadamia
5571:Bunya nut
5564:Araucaria
5516:Butternut
5501:Pistachio
5491:Pekea nut
5413:Gabon nut
5378:Betel nut
5330:Kurrajong
5276:Candlenut
5239:True, or
4602:Bryopsida
4555:Bryophyta
4284:UTC clade
4033:Picomonas
3969:Amoebozoa
3947:Alveolata
3935:Cryptista
3910:Eukaryota
3768:"Welcome"
3537:0305-7364
3478:1471-2148
3454:(1): 97.
3408:2399-3642
3351:0028-646X
3310:249627815
3302:0031-0301
3259:233860955
3204:0002-9122
3165:0034-6667
3102:2397-334X
3024:0034-6667
2843:206535984
2789:236141481
2773:2055-0278
2713:1759-6653
2561:(4): 51.
2237:Nagriamel
2229:nanggaria
2068:Sri Lanka
2040:Melanesia
2036:Australia
1867:Paracycas
1852:deciduous
1848:Nilssonia
1834:Nilssonia
1792:Heilungia
1760:Cycadenia
1704:Behuninia
1697:Sphaereda
1631:Amuriella
1586:Stangeria
1492:Zamiaceae
1310:Stangeria
1130:Zamiaceae
726:Zamiaceae
718:Cycadales
600:helically
553:bipinnate
380:dioecious
372:evergreen
301:Zamiales
266:Zamiaceae
243:Cycadales
157:Kingdom:
42:Cycadales
18:Cycadales
7174:43000117
7169:Tropicos
7034:BioLib:
6998:Q5605610
6992:Wikidata
6958:50324774
6953:Tropicos
6892:Q5197912
6886:Wikidata
6839:50324775
6834:Tropicos
6638:Wikidata
6617:43000007
6612:Tropicos
6601:SEINet:
6500:Q1089795
6494:Wikidata
6434:Annelida
6429:Mollusca
6409:Phoronid
6404:Nemertea
6379:Rotifera
6359:Flatworm
6334:Nematoda
6299:Chordate
6289:Cnidaria
6284:Placozoa
6115:Rhizaria
6090:Haptista
6070:Cercozoa
5730:Bacteria
5583:Pine nut
5526:Heartnut
5496:Pili nut
5479:Mongongo
5457:Jack nut
5340:Palm nut
5325:Kola nut
5293:Hazelnut
5281:Chestnut
5271:Breadnut
5112:Eudicots
5107:Monocots
4825:Ibykales
4559:(mosses)
4464:Plantae
4162:Plantae
3964:Amorphea
3942:Rhizaria
3930:Hacrobia
3920:Excavata
3905:Bacteria
3876:Plantae
3832:Archived
3555:34520529
3496:28388891
3426:38485767
3417:10940627
3369:37302411
3360:10953041
3212:21653333
3110:29046567
2955:plant".
2936:16 March
2913:14815027
2905:25884423
2835:22021670
2781:34282286
2731:23315384
2651:The Tree
2587:30551676
2510:35437001
2459:26791617
2410:22382274
2361:33862930
2243:See also
2172:tropical
2141:and the
2092:climates
2076:southern
2028:Antilles
2012:tropical
1684:Aricycas
1507:Schuster
1249:Zamieae
981:Conifers
860:Gnetales
822:Conifers
714:families
606:Taxonomy
517:leaflets
416:strobili
360:ligneous
289:Dioales
275:Synonyms
53:Holocene
7184:9480766
6945:7579470
6932:1445963
6644:Q157114
6414:Bryozoa
6110:Provora
6085:Jakobea
6075:Discoba
6021:Protist
5958:Archaea
5711:Extant
5670:Soybean
5418:Hickory
5403:Coconut
5313:Filbert
5175:extinct
4024:Picozoa
3979:Animals
3900:Archaea
3794:18 June
3774:18 June
3758:18 June
3590:16 July
3546:8796677
3487:5383990
3456:Bibcode
3282:Bibcode
3239:Bibcode
3145:Bibcode
3118:3604369
3082:Bibcode
3004:Bibcode
2965:Bibcode
2896:4449600
2873:Bibcode
2815:Bibcode
2807:Science
2722:3595029
2578:6315973
2555:Biology
2501:9023351
2450:4795023
2401:3295368
2353:2588831
2209:Vanuatu
2131:equator
2084:species
1825:Nikania
1668:Apoldia
1570:Bowenia
1490:Family
1463:Family
1262:Bowenia
1076:Cycads
674:scholar
649:"Cycad"
530:Bowenia
525:incised
521:margins
509:pinnate
498:rosette
437:called
376:pinnate
366:with a
239:Order:
232:Brongn.
223:Class:
161:Plantae
51:–
7220:Cycads
7197:886441
7181:uBio:
7135:NZOR:
7089:136336
7037:450738
7027:215528
6971:886442
6919:954913
6906:225054
6865:886443
6813:614464
6797:NZOR:
6673:215527
6555:325921
6274:Sponge
6266:Animal
5660:Peanut
5506:Walnut
5462:Karuka
5408:Durian
5393:Cashew
5368:Almond
5360:Drupes
5170:groups
5058:Ginkgo
4766:&
4624:
4220:
3957:Plants
3894:Domain
3662:
3615:
3553:
3543:
3535:
3494:
3484:
3476:
3424:
3414:
3406:
3367:
3357:
3349:
3308:
3300:
3257:
3210:
3202:
3163:
3116:
3108:
3100:
3022:
2927:"PBDB"
2911:
2903:
2893:
2871:. 65.
2841:
2833:
2787:
2779:
2771:
2729:
2719:
2711:
2663:
2630:
2585:
2575:
2508:
2498:
2457:
2447:
2408:
2398:
2359:
2351:
2233:namele
2221:namele
2213:namele
2194:Yolngu
2190:nyathu
2088:desert
2080:Africa
2074:, and
2026:, the
2024:Mexico
1931:ferns)
1916:Sueria
1744:Ctenis
1720:Bureja
1692:Beania
1599:Genus
1591:Genus
1583:Genus
1575:Genus
1567:Genus
1551:Genus
1543:Genus
1535:Genus
1511:Genus
1472:Genus
958:Ginkgo
942:Cycads
799:Ginkgo
783:Cycads
742:Ginkgo
676:
669:
662:
655:
647:
513:pinnae
483:branch
412:beetle
321:Cycads
215:Bessey
32:Cicada
7192:WoRMS
7158:PPE:
7151:54800
7115:18015
7097:IRMNG
7063:1CYCC
7050:622DH
6966:WoRMS
6860:WoRMS
6826:55349
6777:18016
6764:10996
6759:IRMNG
6751:64620
6720:FoAO2
6712:1CYCO
6604:16368
6594:56134
6581:58020
6568:18014
6529:1CYCP
6183:Plant
6135:Fungi
6055:CRuMs
5567:spp.
5546:Cycad
5428:Pecan
5254:Beech
5249:Acorn
4174:&
3984:Fungi
3584:(PDF)
3306:S2CID
3255:S2CID
3114:S2CID
2909:S2CID
2839:S2CID
2785:S2CID
2607:(PDF)
2349:JSTOR
2217:taboo
2155:Cycas
2151:Zamia
2147:Cycas
2064:India
2052:China
2048:Japan
2016:South
1982:Cycas
1594:Zamia
1514:Dioon
1475:Cycas
1343:Zamia
1145:Dioon
1100:Cycas
681:JSTOR
667:books
573:phyla
569:palms
443:seeds
388:ferns
384:palms
368:crown
364:trunk
194:Clade
181:Clade
168:Clade
7128:3296
7123:NCBI
7110:ITIS
7102:1383
7071:GBIF
7058:EPPO
7022:APNI
6927:NCBI
6914:ITIS
6901:APNI
6790:3297
6785:NCBI
6772:ITIS
6733:GBIF
6707:EPPO
6699:4237
6668:APNI
6576:NCBI
6563:ITIS
6537:GBIF
6524:EPPO
6221:Moss
5713:life
5232:Nuts
5173:† =
4165:s.s.
3879:s.l.
3796:2023
3776:2023
3760:2023
3660:ISBN
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