2064:
2078:
184:
1020:
134:
20:
170:
and an ascending motion, especially when they are deepening. A cut-off low can persist from a few days to more than a week. It may be absorbed into the general circulation while another forms in the same place a few days later. The evolution and movement of a cold low, like any
150:. High cold drops, between 1,000 and 10,000 m, are regions of low stability, while low cold drops are regions of relatively stable air. Composed of very cold air of polar origin, it typically has a horizontal extent of 300 to 1000 km and is 5,000 to 10,000 meters above
141:
The diameter of a cut-off low can vary from a few hundred to a thousand kilometers. The air there is homogeneous and without a front line separating it from the surrounding masses, while having a decisive influence on the weather. It then most often leads to an
199:. A cut-off low has a slow movement, typically over a confined region, where it produces heavy rainfall, and can result in severe flooding. For example, a cut-off low was responsible for the
1575:
328:
de la Torre, Laura; Gimeno, Luis; Nieto, Raquel; Ribera, Pedro; Gallego, David; GarcĂa-Herrera, Ricardo; GarcĂa, JosĂ© AgustĂn; Nuñez, Marcelino; Redaño, Angel; Lorente, JerĂłnimo (2005).
1570:
223:
that originate from the east. In eastern
Australia, a cut-off low can bring accumulating and widespread snowfall at low-level areas and as well as elevated regions in the
113:
Whilst cut-off lows can form at any time of the year, they are more common in autumn, winter and spring in much of the areas affected, particularly in
Australia and the
274:
429:
369:"From the concept of "Kaltlufttropfen" (cold air pool) to the cut-off low. The case of September 1971 in Spain as an example of their role in heavy rainfalls"
1530:
1379:
846:
725:
1509:
904:
961:
853:
106:. Because they are separated from the main westerly flow, cut-off lows can move slowly and erratically. In certain arrangements, known as a
1793:
121:
is brought towards more southern regions (or northern, in the southern hemisphere) by the jet stream moving between 5 and 9 km
718:
542:
162:
A cut-off low has a slow movement, typically over a confined region, where it produces heavy rainfall. They are volatile,
1766:
1759:
1692:
1646:
1854:
1800:
460:
2104:
954:
1186:
1088:
1814:
1773:
711:
1807:
2119:
438:
417:
405:
1712:
1591:
1165:
1049:
947:
592:
1918:
1900:
1502:
919:
987:
783:
662:
329:
94:
in the upper-air flow pinches off and separates into a closed circulation. It is defined by concentric
262:
1682:
1625:
212:
2068:
1400:
1193:
1144:
522:
195:
Cut off lows typically create unsettled weather and, in the warm season, they may produce a lot of
103:
51:
286:
2114:
1982:
1687:
1137:
1102:
1095:
1008:
1923:
1877:
527:
517:
453:
220:
62:, and moves independently of that current." Cut-off lows form in mid-latitudes (usually in the
368:
300:"Case Study: Blocking Highs and Closed Lows | Learning Weather at Penn State Meteorology"
1868:
1393:
1214:
1179:
1042:
763:
734:
512:
316:
102:. Because they are a feature of the mid- to upper-troposphere, they may not be visible on a
1992:
1738:
1414:
1130:
1109:
380:
341:
200:
143:
91:
312:
8:
1669:
1630:
1565:
1344:
1267:
1158:
1151:
1116:
1056:
1035:
1001:
618:
582:
216:
114:
107:
67:
55:
384:
345:
1731:
971:
748:
623:
587:
502:
492:
1987:
1747:
1351:
1123:
1063:
768:
638:
597:
507:
477:
446:
2082:
1707:
1295:
388:
349:
167:
1407:
1302:
1281:
1239:
994:
832:
633:
147:
1484:
1960:
1365:
1323:
1316:
1309:
1260:
1246:
1232:
1207:
1200:
871:
468:
392:
2109:
2098:
1885:
1839:
1535:
1330:
1288:
1274:
1081:
909:
878:
628:
572:
243:
172:
99:
79:
1972:
1890:
1849:
1470:
1463:
1449:
1442:
1428:
1386:
1372:
1358:
1337:
899:
839:
773:
432:
By Sarah McPhee and
Daniella White from The Daily Telegraph. June 10, 2021
196:
95:
330:"Climatological Features of Cutoff Low Systems in the Northern Hemisphere"
299:
110:
or a blocking pattern, they can remain in place for long periods of time.
19:
2030:
1950:
1697:
1560:
1477:
1456:
1435:
1421:
1253:
1172:
577:
552:
473:
83:
2035:
2025:
2004:
1965:
1677:
1596:
613:
567:
532:
353:
224:
183:
163:
87:
63:
59:
31:
23:
1999:
1955:
1935:
1651:
1540:
778:
694:
689:
681:
537:
231:
151:
2020:
1913:
1908:
1019:
914:
790:
188:
122:
118:
430:
Sydney shivers through coldest day since 1984 as snow blankets NSW
1977:
1753:
758:
652:
469:
418:
Cut-Off Low pressure systems - Meteorological
Physical Background
406:
Cut-Off Low pressure systems - Meteorological
Physical Background
137:
A cut-off low situated over Italy and the tip of northern Libya.
211:
In southeastern
Australia, cut-off lows can be associated with
27:
275:
Buzz word: 'Cut-off low' to bring rain to DMV most of the week
753:
497:
327:
58:
which has become completely displaced (cut off) from basic
230:
In Spain, cut-off lows are often referred to by the name "
30:, an example of a cut-off low from the main core of the
133:
86:
is "cut off"" from the primary westerly winds of the
366:
2096:
367:Llasat, M.-C.; MartĂn, F.; Barrera, A. (2007).
1510:List of atmospheric pressure records in Europe
187:Effects of a cut-off low of September 1997 in
66:or between 20° and 45°) and can remain nearly
955:
719:
454:
166:systems that meander to the west with strong
962:
948:
733:
726:
712:
461:
447:
1794:South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone
182:
132:
18:
969:
2097:
82:where wind in the upper levels of the
943:
707:
442:
680:
543:Tropical cyclones and climate change
146:circulation and the formation of an
1767:Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone
1760:North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone
1693:Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone
1576:East Asian-northwest Pacific storms
373:Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics
206:
13:
1855:Upper tropospheric cyclonic vortex
1801:Australian region tropical cyclone
321:
128:
14:
2131:
2076:
2062:
1018:
46:), sometimes referred to as the
1815:South Atlantic tropical cyclone
1774:Black Sea tropical-like cyclone
423:
1808:South Pacific tropical cyclone
1571:Continental North Asian storms
411:
399:
360:
306:
292:
280:
268:
256:
1:
249:
2069:Tropical cyclones portal
1110:Great Sheffield Gale of 1962
1050:Moray Firth fishing disaster
593:Ridiculously Resilient Ridge
73:
7:
1919:Mesoscale convective vortex
1901:Mesoscale convective system
1503:List of European windstorms
920:Pacific Northwest windstorm
237:
175:, is therefore uncertain.
157:
10:
2136:
213:Australian east coast lows
201:July 2021 floods in Europe
178:
2056:
2013:
1943:
1934:
1899:
1876:
1867:
1832:
1783:
1721:
1706:
1683:Australian east coast Low
1668:
1639:
1626:Australian east coast low
1618:
1609:
1584:
1553:
1523:
1494:
1224:
1166:1992 New Year's Day Storm
1073:
1027:
1016:
979:
939:
932:
892:
863:
824:
817:
808:
799:
741:
703:
671:
660:
651:
606:
560:
551:
485:
393:10.1007/s00703-006-0220-9
90:. They are formed when a
54:as "a closed upper-level
16:Meteorological phenomenon
2105:Meteorological phenomena
1194:Boxing Day Storm of 1998
1187:Christmas Eve storm 1997
523:Annular tropical cyclone
104:surface weather analysis
52:National Weather Service
1983:Multiple-vortex tornado
1422:Friederike (David) 2018
1415:Eleanor (Burglind) 2018
1138:December 1981 windstorm
1096:North Sea flood of 1953
1009:Christmas Flood of 1717
1924:Line echo wave pattern
1878:Mesoscale ocean eddies
1647:Southern Ocean cyclone
735:Extratropical cyclones
528:Bar (tropical cyclone)
518:Central dense overcast
265:The Earth Observatory
221:extratropical cyclones
192:
138:
35:
1296:Friedhelm/Bawbag 2011
1159:Burns' Day storm 1990
1043:Night of the Big Wind
764:Post-tropical cyclone
513:Rapid intensification
317:Bureau of Meteorology
186:
136:
22:
2120:Atmospheric dynamics
2083:Tornadoes portal
1993:Anticyclonic tornado
1961:Low-topped supercell
1739:Cape Verde hurricane
1131:Gale of January 1976
263:Kona Low over Hawaii
217:subtropical cyclones
144:atmospheric blocking
50:, is defined by the
1785:Southern Hemisphere
1723:Northern Hemisphere
1611:Southern Hemisphere
1566:Western Disturbance
1380:Thomas (Doris) 2017
1152:Great storm of 1987
1117:1968 Scotland storm
1057:Tay Bridge disaster
1036:Great Storm of 1824
1002:Great Storm of 1703
972:European windstorms
801:Northern Hemisphere
619:South Atlantic High
607:Southern Hemisphere
583:North American High
561:Northern Hemisphere
385:2007MAP....96...43L
346:2005JCli...18.3085N
115:Mediterranean Basin
78:A cut-off low is a
1732:Atlantic hurricane
1688:Lake Huron cyclone
749:Anticyclonic storm
624:South Pacific High
588:North Pacific High
503:High-pressure area
493:Anticyclonic storm
354:10.1175/JCLI3386.1
334:Journal of Climate
193:
139:
36:
2092:
2091:
2052:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2043:
1988:Satellite tornado
1863:
1862:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1748:Pacific hurricane
1664:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1605:
1604:
1549:
1548:
1519:
1518:
1064:Eyemouth disaster
980:14th-18th century
928:
927:
888:
887:
769:Low-pressure area
647:
646:
639:Subtropical ridge
598:Subtropical ridge
508:Low-pressure area
478:Centers of action
340:(16): 3085–3103.
289:by Weather Online
117:, when a mass of
2127:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2067:
2066:
2065:
1941:
1940:
1874:
1873:
1817:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1786:
1776:
1769:
1762:
1750:
1741:
1734:
1724:
1719:
1718:
1631:Black nor'easter
1616:
1615:
1612:
1531:Black Sea storms
1512:
1505:
1487:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1445:
1438:
1431:
1424:
1417:
1410:
1403:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1375:
1368:
1361:
1354:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1326:
1319:
1312:
1305:
1298:
1291:
1284:
1277:
1270:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1242:
1235:
1217:
1210:
1203:
1196:
1189:
1182:
1175:
1173:Braer Storm 1993
1168:
1161:
1154:
1147:
1140:
1133:
1126:
1119:
1112:
1105:
1098:
1091:
1084:
1066:
1059:
1052:
1045:
1038:
1022:
1011:
1004:
997:
990:
974:
964:
957:
950:
941:
940:
937:
936:
881:
874:
856:
849:
842:
835:
822:
821:
815:
814:
811:
806:
805:
802:
728:
721:
714:
705:
704:
678:
677:
674:
669:
668:
665:
658:
657:
614:South Polar High
568:North Polar High
558:
557:
463:
456:
449:
440:
439:
433:
427:
421:
415:
409:
403:
397:
396:
364:
358:
357:
325:
319:
310:
304:
303:
296:
290:
284:
278:
272:
266:
260:
207:Regional impacts
173:weather blockage
60:westerly current
48:weatherman's woe
2135:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2077:
2075:
2063:
2061:
2040:
2009:
1930:
1895:
1859:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1784:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1758:
1746:
1737:
1730:
1722:
1710:
1702:
1656:
1635:
1610:
1601:
1580:
1545:
1515:
1508:
1501:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1469:
1462:
1455:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1427:
1420:
1413:
1406:
1399:
1392:
1385:
1378:
1371:
1364:
1357:
1350:
1343:
1336:
1329:
1322:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1294:
1287:
1280:
1273:
1266:
1259:
1252:
1245:
1238:
1231:
1220:
1213:
1206:
1199:
1192:
1185:
1178:
1171:
1164:
1157:
1150:
1143:
1136:
1129:
1122:
1115:
1108:
1101:
1094:
1087:
1080:
1069:
1062:
1055:
1048:
1041:
1034:
1023:
1014:
1007:
1000:
995:Burchardi flood
993:
988:Grote Mandrenke
986:
975:
970:
968:
924:
884:
877:
870:
859:
852:
847:Great basin low
845:
838:
833:Alberta clipper
831:
809:
800:
795:
737:
732:
699:
695:South Polar low
690:North Polar low
672:
661:
643:
634:Australian High
602:
547:
481:
467:
437:
436:
428:
424:
416:
412:
404:
400:
365:
361:
326:
322:
311:
307:
298:
297:
293:
285:
281:
273:
269:
261:
257:
252:
240:
209:
181:
160:
148:upper level low
131:
129:Characteristics
100:core of the low
76:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2133:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2115:Weather events
2112:
2107:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2072:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1975:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1947:
1945:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1916:
1911:
1905:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1882:
1880:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1811:
1804:
1797:
1789:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1770:
1763:
1756:
1751:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1727:
1725:
1716:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1674:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1622:
1620:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1506:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1460:
1453:
1446:
1439:
1432:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1355:
1352:Christina 2014
1348:
1341:
1334:
1327:
1320:
1313:
1306:
1299:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1236:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1211:
1204:
1197:
1190:
1183:
1176:
1169:
1162:
1155:
1148:
1141:
1134:
1127:
1124:Quimburga 1972
1120:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1092:
1085:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1060:
1053:
1046:
1039:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1012:
1005:
998:
991:
983:
981:
977:
976:
967:
966:
959:
952:
944:
934:
930:
929:
926:
925:
923:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
896:
894:
890:
889:
886:
885:
883:
882:
875:
872:Panhandle hook
867:
865:
861:
860:
858:
857:
850:
843:
836:
828:
826:
819:
812:
803:
797:
796:
794:
793:
788:
787:
786:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
745:
743:
739:
738:
731:
730:
723:
716:
708:
701:
700:
698:
697:
692:
686:
684:
675:
666:
663:Synoptic scale
655:
649:
648:
645:
644:
642:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
610:
608:
604:
603:
601:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
564:
562:
555:
549:
548:
546:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
489:
487:
483:
482:
476:of the world (
466:
465:
458:
451:
443:
435:
434:
422:
410:
398:
379:(1–2): 43–60.
359:
320:
305:
291:
279:
267:
254:
253:
251:
248:
247:
246:
239:
236:
208:
205:
180:
177:
159:
156:
130:
127:
75:
72:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2132:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2085:
2084:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1886:Catalina eddy
1884:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1840:Cold-core low
1838:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1782:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1720:
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1714:
1709:
1705:
1699:
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1679:
1676:
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1653:
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1608:
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1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1536:Icelandic Low
1534:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1511:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1493:
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1479:
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1465:
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1398:
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1391:
1388:
1384:
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1377:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1307:
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1300:
1297:
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1279:
1276:
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1262:
1258:
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1230:
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1227:
1223:
1216:
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1198:
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1191:
1188:
1184:
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1177:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1010:
1006:
1003:
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989:
985:
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973:
965:
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953:
951:
946:
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931:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
897:
895:
891:
880:
879:November gale
876:
873:
869:
868:
866:
862:
855:
851:
848:
844:
841:
837:
834:
830:
829:
827:
823:
820:
816:
813:
810:North America
807:
804:
798:
792:
789:
785:
782:
781:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
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750:
747:
746:
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740:
736:
729:
724:
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717:
715:
710:
709:
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702:
696:
693:
691:
688:
687:
685:
683:
679:
676:
673:Surface-based
670:
667:
664:
659:
656:
654:
650:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
629:Kalahari High
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
611:
609:
605:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
573:Siberian High
571:
569:
566:
565:
563:
559:
556:
554:
550:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
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516:
514:
511:
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471:
464:
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414:
407:
402:
394:
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386:
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370:
363:
355:
351:
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331:
324:
318:
314:
309:
301:
295:
288:
283:
276:
271:
264:
259:
255:
245:
244:Cold-core low
242:
241:
235:
233:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
204:
202:
198:
197:thunderstorms
190:
185:
176:
174:
169:
165:
155:
153:
149:
145:
135:
126:
124:
120:
116:
111:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
80:cold-core low
71:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
33:
29:
25:
21:
2074:
2060:
1973:Funnel cloud
1891:Haida Eddies
1850:Polar vortex
1844:
1408:Herwart 2017
1401:Ophelia 2017
1324:St Jude 2013
1303:Joachim 2011
1282:Xynthia 2010
1240:Jeanett 2002
1225:21st century
1145:Charley 1986
1082:Ulysses 1903
1074:20th century
1028:19th century
905:Hatteras low
900:Aleutian Low
840:Colorado low
774:Weather bomb
474:anticyclones
425:
413:
401:
376:
372:
362:
337:
333:
323:
313:Cut-off Lows
308:
294:
282:
270:
258:
229:
215:, which are
210:
194:
161:
140:
112:
77:
47:
43:
39:
37:
2031:Steam devil
1951:Mesocyclone
1845:Cut-off low
1833:Upper level
1670:Subtropical
1640:Other areas
1585:Other areas
1561:Asiatic Low
1485:Ciarán 2023
1471:Larisa 2023
1464:Eunice 2022
1450:Aurore 2021
1443:Dennis 2020
1429:Adrian 2018
1394:Xavier 2017
1366:Niklas 2015
1317:Andrea 2012
1310:Dagmar 2011
1261:Kyrill 2007
1247:Gudrun 2005
1233:Oratia 2000
1215:Martin 1999
1208:Lothar 1999
1201:Anatol 1999
1103:Debbie 1961
1089:Iberia 1941
854:Bighorn Low
825:Lee Cyclone
818:Continental
578:Azores High
553:Anticyclone
287:Cut-off low
168:convergence
98:around the
84:troposphere
40:cut-off low
2099:Categories
2036:Fire whirl
2026:Dust devil
2005:Waterspout
1966:Wall cloud
1678:Kona storm
1597:Kona storm
1478:Babet 2023
1457:Malik 2022
1436:Ciara 2020
1331:Xaver 2013
1289:Berit 2011
1275:Klaus 2009
910:Nor'easter
533:Superstorm
250:References
225:subtropics
164:baroclinic
88:jet stream
70:for days.
68:stationary
64:subtropics
44:cutoff low
32:jet stream
2000:Landspout
1956:Supercell
1936:Whirlwind
1869:Mesoscale
1652:Sudestada
1619:Australia
1541:Genoa low
1387:Zeus 2017
1373:Egon 2017
1359:Tini 2014
1345:Anne 2014
1338:Dirk 2013
1268:Emma 2008
1180:Lili 1996
779:Sting jet
538:Hypercane
420:EUMeTrain
408:EUMeTrain
232:cold drop
152:sea level
119:polar air
96:isotherms
74:Formation
2021:Gustnado
1914:Mesohigh
1909:Wake Low
1708:Tropical
1495:See also
1254:Per 2007
915:Gulf low
791:Rainband
742:Concepts
486:Concepts
470:Cyclones
238:See also
189:Alicante
158:Movement
123:altitude
24:Kona Low
1978:Tornado
1754:Typhoon
1713:Outline
1698:Thermal
893:Oceanic
759:Cyclone
653:Cyclone
381:Bibcode
342:Bibcode
315:by the
277:WUSA-TV
179:Effects
1592:Arctic
933:Europe
92:trough
28:Hawaii
2014:Minor
1944:Major
1524:Other
864:Other
754:Storm
682:Polar
498:Storm
108:block
26:over
2110:Cold
1554:Asia
784:List
472:and
42:(or
389:doi
350:doi
234:".
219:or
56:low
2101::
387:.
377:96
375:.
371:.
348:.
338:18
336:.
332:.
227:.
203:.
154:.
125:.
38:A
1715:)
1711:(
963:e
956:t
949:v
727:e
720:t
713:v
480:)
462:e
455:t
448:v
395:.
391::
383::
356:.
352::
344::
302:.
191:.
34:.
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