810:—which suppresses hunger— meaning the normal monitoring tests are not useful in dogs treated with L-Deprenyl. Independent studies showed roughly 20% of dogs to improve with L-Deprenyl compared to 80% with studies sponsored by the manufacturer. Advantages of L-Deprenyl include the lower risk of side effects and inability to cause hypoadrenocoritism. Disadvantages are the substantial cost and the comparatively longer time before improvements can be noticed compared to lysodren. Some veterinarians may use high doses of lysodren to induce hypoadrenocorticism (a deficiency of cortisone), as it is easier to treat. This is not a common method and is not used in some hospitals.
727:, sold under the brand name Lysodren, erodes the layers of the adrenal gland which produce corticosteroid hormones. Whilst the pituitary tumour will still excrete excessive hormones, the adrenal gland will no longer be capable of excess production of hormones. Mitotane was historically the only treatment used for pituitary dependent Cushing's in dogs and is relatively cheap. Disadvantages of mitotane as a treatment include the side effects and the requirement for blood test monitoring. Issues can arise when too much of the
607:
704:
178:
477:
44:
230:
674:. The cause of this is not known. When a dog has lowered serum levels of thyroid hormones and endocrine alopecia it is harder to differentiate between hypothyroidism and Cushing's. Signs of polydipsia, polyuria, and polyphagia help to differentiate as these symptoms do not occur in hypothyroidism. If Cushing's is suspected it can be confirmed via urinalysis of the creatine/cortisol ratio.
802:. High levels of dopamine production will shut down adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion. L-Deprenyl inhibits the enzymes responsible for the degradation of dopamine as well as stimulating the production of dopamine. Approximately 5% of dogs experience minor nausea, restlessness, and reduced hearing ability. The different mechanism of L-Deprenyl and that it breaks down into
410:. Abnormal dermatological findings were the most common reason for referral after physical examination in cats. 80% of cats with Cushing's develop diabetes mellitus compared to 10% of dogs. One study of cats found all 30 to have dermatological lesions, 87% to have polyuria or polydipsia, and 70% to have polyphagia. Curling of the tips of the ears may occur.
217:. Cortisol makes the body mobilise fat and sugar stores and retain sodium and water by adjusting the metabolism. This allows the body to easily access stored resources. When the body is constantly exposed to this hormone the effects it results in Cushing's syndrome. Blood levels of cortisol determine whether additional cortisol production is required via a
535:
The presentation of clinical signs occurs with great variation due to the gradual onset of
Cushing's. In cases where a tumour is the cause it may take months or years for a diagnosis to occur. A study looking at 66 records of dogs with Cushing's found the duration of clinical signs before diagnosis
686:
Prognosis varies based on the type of
Cushing's, if the tumour is benign or malignant, and treatment method. Median survival times for dogs of 662-900 days have been observed in pituitary-dependent cases treated with trilostane, and 353-475 days for adrenal-dependent cases treated with trilostane.
189:. Pituitary-dependent Cushing's is caused by an adrenocorticotropic hormone producing pituitary tumour. Adrenal-dependent Cushing's is caused by an adrenal tumour. Pituitary-dependent Cushing's accounts for 80-85% of cases. Other forms have been described but they appear to be rare.
774:
enzyme. The enzyme is responsible for the production of cortisol and the inhibition of it will inhibit cortisol production. Trilostane has been identified by multiple studies as an effective treatment for
Cushing's. Common side effects of trilostane include lethargy and anorexia.
795:, sold under the brand name anipryl, does not target cortisol production, instead it directly addresses the tumour. Research on L-Deprenyl has shown that adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion in the intermediate area of the pituitary gland is controlled by the
779:
reactions where the adrenal cortex dies have been reported, but the reasons for this reaction are not known. Most reactions can be reversed with the ceasing of treatment; however permanent reactions are possible. Permanent reactions from using trilostane are
460:, and increased renal vascular resistance. Studies have not found a difference in prevalence nor severity of systemic hypertension in dogs with pituitary-dependent versus adrenal-dependent Cushing's. No correlation has been identified with
376:
A potbelly appearance is present in 90% of dogs with
Cushing's, the cause is a hormonal redistribution of body fat and the breakdown of abdominal muscles. This breakdown of muscle protein leads to muscle weakness and lethargy.
221:. An improper feedback loop due to a tumour or as a side effect of medication can result in an overproduction of adrenocorticotropic and cortisol hormones. Animals can only handle limited periods of elevated cortisol levels.
715:
is an option for patients with good clinical signs and a high life expectancy. Inoperable pituitary tumours may be treated with radiation, this is therapeutic as can take up to 16 months for change to show.
784:, whereas permanent erosion caused by mitotane is dose-dependent. Therefore, blood testing monitoring is required. The risk of permanent or life-threatening reactions are between 2-3% based on two studies.
161:
Cushing's disease most commonly refers to pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism, the most common condition of
Cushing's syndrome, but 'Cushing's' is used to refer to all hyperadrenocorticism conditions.
1101:
Galac, S.; Kooistra, H.S.; Voorhout, G.; van den Ingh, T.S.G.A.M.; Mol, J.A.; van den Berg, G.; Meij, B.P. (2005). "Hyperadrenocorticism in a dog due to ectopic secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone".
821:
An
English study comparing dogs with hyperadrenocorticism to general hospital cases found smaller breeds, overweight dogs, dogs over the age of 9, and neutered dogs to be more likely to be diagnosed.
1373:
Bennaim, Michael; Shiel, Robert E.; Mooney, Carmel T. (2019). "Diagnosis of spontaneous hyperadrenocorticism in dogs. Part 1: Pathophysiology, aetiology, clinical and clinicopathological features".
399:
Signs of ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion that accompany the rapidly progressing physical changes are high plasma levels of adrenocorticotropic hormones and cortisol alongside
739:. In the event of a reaction, mitotane treatment is discontinued until regrowth of the adrenal gland occurs. Occasionally the erosion is permanent and the dog will require treatment for
237:
Cushing's has a wide variety of symptoms and most gradually appear with a slow onset. The reason for the wide variety is due to how cortisol affects many different systems of the body.
678:
is the most common method of treating hypothyroidism in dogs, if used to treat a dog with
Cushing's the dog will likely display polyuria and polydipsia and the condition may worsen.
547:, and a serum biochemistry panel; however the abnormalities these tests detect are not specific to Cushing's. Abnormalities that can be found in a complete blood count include:
1145:
Galac, S.; Kars, V.J.; Voorhout, G.; Mol, J.A.; Kooistra, H.S. (2008). "ACTH-independent hyperadrenocorticism due to food-dependent hypercortisolemia in a dog: A case report".
711:
Treatment of
Cushing's depends on the cause. It is possible to cure Cushing's if the tumour is small, benign, and located on the adrenal gland; however, this is not common.
625:
are used to identify any abnormality in the pituitary or adrenal gland. This helps diagnose if the patient has pituitary-dependent
Cushing's or adrenal-dependent Cushing's.
1495:
Carotenuto, Gaia; Malerba, Eleonora; Dolfini, Costanza; Brugnoli, Francesca; Giannuzzi, Pasquale; Semprini, Giovanni; Tosolini, Paolo; Fracassi, Federico (2019-02-19).
862:
Carotenuto, Gaia; Malerba, Eleonora; Dolfini, Costanza; Brugnoli, Francesca; Giannuzzi, Pasquale; Semprini, Giovanni; Tosolini, Paolo; Fracassi, Federico (2019-02-19).
452:. The prevalence of systemic hypertension in dogs with Cushing's ranges between 31%-86%; however the reasons for this are unknown but hypotheses include: increased
468:. A relationship between systolic blood pressure and urinary protein to creatinine ratio or base coritsol levels has been inconsistently identified in studies.
1408:
Scott-Moncrieff, J. Catherine (2015). "Hypothyroidism". In
Feldman, Edward C.; Nelson, Richard W.; Reusch, Claudia; Scott-Moncrieff, J. Catharine (eds.).
495:
Iatrogenic Cushing's is caused by long term use of corticosteroid-type medicine which can produce the same effects as cortisol produced by the body.
1318:"Canine hyperadrenocorticism associations with signalment, selected comorbidities and mortality within North American veterinary teaching hospitals"
484:
Pituitary-dependent Cushing's is caused by production of too much adrenocorticotropic hormone by a functioning pituitary tumour. The tumour may be
396:. A study of 66 dogs with Cushing's found 91% of dogs to have either polyuria or polydipsia, 79% to have polyphagia, and 77% to have alopecia.
1440:"Development and internal validation of a prediction tool to aid the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome in dogs attending primary-care practice"
1438:
Schofield, Imogen; Brodbelt, David C.; Niessen, Stijn J. M.; Church, David B.; Geddes, Rebecca F.; Kennedy, Noel; O'Neill, Dan G. (2020).
743:
deficiency. The risk of permanent or life-threatening reactions are between 2-5% based on two studies. Side effects of mitotane include
406:
The symptoms of Cushing's in cats is similar to that of dogs. For cats the most common reason for referral resulting in a diagnosis is
213:
Cortisol is a hormone produced in the adrenal glands. Cortisol is stored in these glands and released to help prepare the body for a
1604:"Epidemiology of hyperadrenocorticism among 210,824 dogs attending primary-care veterinary practices in the UK from 2009 to 2014"
1554:"Epidemiology of hyperadrenocorticism among 210,824 dogs attending primary-care veterinary practices in the UK from 2009 to 2014"
1008:
GarcĂa San JosĂ©, Paula; Arenas Bermejo, Carolina; Clares Moral, Irene; Cuesta Alvaro, Pedro; PĂ©rez Alenza, MarĂa Dolores (2020).
503:
Older dogs are more likely to present with Cushing's syndromes. Greater prevalence has been observed in some breeds such as the
1419:
1297:
1212:
983:
830:
1233:"Clinical Findings, Diagnostic Test Results, and Treatment Outcome in Cats with Spontaneous Hyperadrenocorticism: 30 Cases"
1602:
O'Neill, D. G.; Scudder, C.; Faire, J. M.; Church, D. B.; McGreevy, P. D.; Thomson, P. C.; Brodbelt, D. C. (2016-06-09).
1552:
O'Neill, D. G.; Scudder, C.; Faire, J. M.; Church, D. B.; McGreevy, P. D.; Thomson, P. C.; Brodbelt, D. C. (2016-06-09).
1231:
Valentin, S.Y.; Cortright, C.C.; Nelson, R.W.; Pressler, B.M.; Rosenberg, D.; Moore, G.E.; Scott-Moncrieff, J.C. (2014).
771:
1409:
1010:"Prevalence and risk factors associated with systemic hypertension in dogs with spontaneous hyperadrenocorticism"
731:
becomes eroded. Approximately 30% of dogs will experience a reaction in response to treatment with mitotane;
1069:
687:
Survival rates of 72-79% have been observed in dogs with pituitary-dependent Cushing's four years after a
1658:
836:
781:
1288:
Feldman, Edward C.; Nelson, Richard W.; Reusch, Claudia; Scott-Moncrieff, J. Catharine (2014-12-08).
449:
588:
332:
214:
461:
441:
1603:
1553:
659:
218:
169:. It may be more common but due to hamsters not being routinely treated it may go undiagnosed.
1668:
1663:
576:
445:
151:
17:
584:
540:
245:
8:
1497:"Cushing's syndrome—an epidemiological study based on a canine population of 21,281 dogs"
864:"Cushing's syndrome—an epidemiological study based on a canine population of 21,281 dogs"
512:
194:
143:
707:
X-Ray image of a calcinosis cutis in a dog with pituitary dependent hyperadrenocorticism
662:
is a potential differential diagnosis. Glucocorticoids lower the serum concentration of
1529:
1496:
1472:
1439:
1350:
1317:
1265:
1232:
1042:
1009:
896:
863:
385:
360:
190:
68:
1007:
610:
Sonographic image of the left adrenal gland in a dog with adrenal hyperadrenocorticism
185:
Cushing's syndrome is classified as either pituitary-dependent, adrenal-dependent, or
1634:
1626:
1584:
1576:
1534:
1516:
1477:
1459:
1415:
1390:
1355:
1337:
1293:
1270:
1252:
1208:
1170:
1162:
1127:
1119:
1047:
1029:
979:
901:
883:
647:
Blood tests are not always practical for hamsters due to their small size; abdominal
504:
453:
366:
355:
310:
56:
1115:
1618:
1568:
1524:
1508:
1467:
1451:
1382:
1345:
1329:
1260:
1244:
1154:
1111:
1037:
1021:
891:
875:
796:
667:
489:
407:
350:
305:
158:
for conditions caused by elevated cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone levels.
807:
671:
614:
527:. One study found bitches to be 1.4 times more likely to be diagnosed than dogs.
480:
Abdominal distension and cutaneous atrophy in a dachshund with Cushing's syndrome
327:
165:
Cats are less likely to be diagnosed than dogs. Cushing's occurs infrequently in
606:
1386:
1158:
728:
712:
688:
572:
560:
548:
198:
119:
1652:
1630:
1580:
1520:
1463:
1414:(Fourth ed.). St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier Saunders. pp. 114–115.
1341:
1256:
1166:
1123:
1033:
887:
692:
636:
340:
155:
61:
16:
This article is about the disease in animals. For the disease in humans, see
1316:
Hoffman, J. M.; Lourenço, B. N.; Promislow, D. E. L.; Creevy, K. E. (2018).
703:
1638:
1588:
1538:
1481:
1394:
1359:
1274:
1174:
1131:
1051:
905:
635:, causing shiny and thin skin, this can lead to secondary infection and is
580:
552:
524:
520:
457:
437:
400:
389:
818:
The prevalence of hyperadrenocorticism in dogs is between 0.2% and 0.28%.
803:
675:
568:
564:
556:
381:
86:
197:, those reviewing the case noted it could be the result of an abdominal
177:
1622:
1572:
1512:
1455:
1333:
1248:
1025:
879:
792:
776:
767:
732:
648:
592:
544:
476:
295:
255:
250:
186:
96:
744:
740:
663:
516:
465:
421:
345:
337:
315:
279:
139:
43:
229:
799:
756:
748:
736:
724:
632:
618:
425:
417:
414:
393:
300:
284:
147:
1287:
571:. Abnormalities that can be found via serum biochemistry include:
488:
or malignant. Adrendal-dependent Cushing's is caused by a primary
1100:
752:
691:. Dogs affected by adrenal-dependent Cushing's that underwent an
166:
150:
hormones are produced, causing toxicity. It may arise in animals
1494:
861:
1230:
629:
596:
508:
485:
202:
114:
1437:
1315:
193:
adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion has been described in a
1601:
1551:
1205:
Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult Clinical Companion
976:
Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult Clinical Companion
670:. 40-50% of dogs with Cushing's have lowered levels of these
380:
Other potential complications from Cushing's in dogs include
420:
which will slowly progress to complete hair loss except for
839:, a condition characterised by a lack of cortisol hormones.
600:
1203:
Rhodes, Karen Helton; Werner, Alexander H. (2011-01-25).
974:
Rhodes, Karen Helton; Werner, Alexander H. (2011-01-25).
622:
536:
to be between 1 and 36 months with a median of 8 months.
539:
Routine diagnostic testing for Cushing's includes: a
205:
was diagnosed with food-dependent hypercortisolemia.
1144:
950:
Ward, Charlotte (March 2024). "Cushing's Syndrome".
73:
Enlarged stomach, lethargy, diabetes mellitus (cats)
371:
Behavioural changes (if the tumour is large enough)
1372:
1292:. St. Louis, Missouri: Saunders. p. 377-451.
770:, sold under the brand name Vetoryl, inhibits the
81:Pituitary dependent, adrenal dependent, iatrogenic
37:hyperadrenocorticism, spontaneous hypercortisolism
1650:
1207:. Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 718-724.
978:. Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 551-552.
1407:
651:can be used to show adrenal gland enlargement.
1281:
695:had a median survival rate of 533-953 days.
436:Animals with Cushing's syndrome often have a
1433:
1431:
1202:
973:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1311:
1309:
1226:
1224:
1070:"Cushing's Syndrome: Classifying the Type"
969:
967:
965:
42:
1528:
1471:
1428:
1349:
1264:
1041:
895:
833:, also known as equine Cushing's disease.
654:
322:Rare clinical signs of Cushings include:
181:Cutaneous atrophy in a dog with Cushing's
1181:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
702:
605:
475:
228:
176:
1444:Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine
1306:
1237:Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine
1221:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1014:Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine
962:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
1651:
1067:
456:activity, decreased concentrations of
1545:
1063:
1061:
992:
857:
855:
853:
831:Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction
224:
1401:
1087:
949:
912:
440:such as: diabetes mellitus, chronic
772:3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
628:Cushing's may cause a breakdown of
138:, is a condition resulting from an
13:
1058:
850:
51:Dachshund with Cushing's syndrome.
14:
1680:
431:
274:Dermatological symptoms include:
260:An enlarged stomach or 'potbelly'
172:
1611:Journal of Small Animal Practice
1561:Journal of Small Animal Practice
1322:Journal of Small Animal Practice
952:The New Zealand Veterinary Nurse
101:Lysodren, trilostane, L-Deprenyl
1595:
1488:
1411:Canine and feline endocrinology
1366:
1290:Canine and Feline Endocrinology
1116:10.1016/j.domaniend.2004.11.001
1068:Brooks, Wendy (8 August 2017).
813:
498:
1138:
428:, polydipsia, and polyphagia.
208:
1:
1104:Domestic Animal Endocrinology
843:
787:
762:
698:
681:
530:
136:spontaneous hypercortisolism
7:
1153:(1). Elsevier BV: 141–143.
1110:(3). Elsevier BV: 338–348.
837:Hypoadrenocorticism in dogs
824:
719:
642:
10:
1685:
1387:10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.105342
1159:10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.04.008
413:Signs in hamsters include
240:Symptoms in dogs include:
128:Cushing's syndrome disease
29:Cushing's syndrome disease
15:
471:
450:pulmonary thromboembolism
113:
105:
95:
85:
77:
67:
55:
50:
41:
33:
28:
599:activity, and decreased
589:alanine aminotransferase
442:urinary tract infections
333:Congestive heart failure
215:fight-or-flight response
142:disorder where too much
1501:Open Veterinary Journal
868:Open Veterinary Journal
462:systolic blood pressure
289:Chronic skin infections
91:Certain breeds, bitches
1507:(1). ScopeMed: 27–32.
1375:The Veterinary Journal
1147:The Veterinary Journal
708:
655:Differential diagnosis
611:
481:
234:
233:A horse with Cushing's
219:negative feedback loop
201:tumour. In one case a
182:
109:0.2% to 0.28% of dogs.
1617:(7). Wiley: 365–373.
1567:(7). Wiley: 365–373.
706:
609:
577:hypercholesterolaemia
479:
446:systemic hypertension
424:, hyperpigmentation,
232:
180:
585:alkaline phosphatase
541:complete blood count
246:Urinary incontinence
152:as well as in humans
132:hyperadrenocorticism
513:Miniature Dachshund
195:German Shepherd dog
144:adrenocorticotropic
1659:Endocrine diseases
1623:10.1111/jsap.12523
1573:10.1111/jsap.12523
1513:10.4314/ovj.v9i1.5
1456:10.1111/jvim.15851
1334:10.1111/jsap.12904
1249:10.1111/jvim.12298
1026:10.1111/jvim.15841
880:10.4314/ovj.v9i1.5
735:may be used as an
709:
612:
482:
392:, and gallbladder
386:glomerulosclerosis
361:Testicular atrophy
235:
225:Signs and symptoms
183:
154:. Cushing's is an
18:Cushing's syndrome
1421:978-1-4557-4456-5
1299:978-1-4557-4456-5
1214:978-0-8138-1596-1
985:978-0-8138-1596-1
505:Yorkshire Terrier
454:mineralocorticoid
408:diabetes mellitus
367:muscle relaxation
356:Enlarged prostate
311:Hyperpigmentation
125:
124:
23:Medical condition
1676:
1643:
1642:
1608:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1558:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1532:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1475:
1450:(6): 2306–2318.
1435:
1426:
1425:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1353:
1313:
1304:
1303:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1268:
1228:
1219:
1218:
1200:
1179:
1178:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1098:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1065:
1056:
1055:
1045:
1020:(5): 1768–1778.
1005:
990:
989:
971:
960:
959:
947:
910:
909:
899:
859:
797:neurotransmitter
672:thyroid hormones
668:triiodothyronine
490:adrenal disorder
464:, age, sex, and
351:Polyneuropathies
306:Calcinosis cutis
130:, also known as
46:
26:
25:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1606:
1600:
1596:
1556:
1550:
1546:
1493:
1489:
1436:
1429:
1422:
1406:
1402:
1371:
1367:
1328:(11): 681–690.
1314:
1307:
1300:
1286:
1282:
1229:
1222:
1215:
1201:
1182:
1143:
1139:
1099:
1088:
1078:
1076:
1066:
1059:
1006:
993:
986:
972:
963:
948:
913:
860:
851:
846:
827:
816:
808:methamphetamine
790:
765:
722:
701:
684:
657:
645:
615:Ultrasonography
603:concentration.
595:concentration,
587:concentration,
533:
501:
474:
434:
374:
328:Thromboembolism
320:
292:Self-mutilation
272:
227:
211:
175:
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1682:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1645:
1644:
1594:
1544:
1487:
1427:
1420:
1400:
1365:
1305:
1298:
1280:
1243:(2): 481–487.
1220:
1213:
1180:
1137:
1086:
1057:
991:
984:
961:
911:
848:
847:
845:
842:
841:
840:
834:
826:
823:
815:
812:
789:
786:
764:
761:
729:adrenal cortex
721:
718:
713:Hypophysectomy
700:
697:
689:hypophysectomy
683:
680:
660:Hypothyroidism
656:
653:
644:
641:
639:of Cushing's.
573:hyperglycaemia
561:erythrocytosis
549:thrombocytosis
532:
529:
500:
497:
473:
470:
433:
432:Co-morbidities
430:
373:
372:
369:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
335:
330:
324:
319:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
290:
287:
282:
276:
271:
270:
269:Muscle wasting
267:
264:
261:
258:
253:
248:
242:
226:
223:
210:
207:
199:neuroendocrine
174:
173:Classification
171:
123:
122:
120:Harvey Cushing
117:
111:
110:
107:
103:
102:
99:
93:
92:
89:
83:
82:
79:
75:
74:
71:
65:
64:
59:
53:
52:
48:
47:
39:
38:
35:
31:
30:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1681:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
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981:
977:
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968:
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958:(109): 21–25.
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782:idiosyncratic
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693:adrenalectomy
690:
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669:
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637:pathognomonic
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631:
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514:
511:(miniature),
510:
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466:neuter status
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341:calcification
339:
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156:umbrella term
153:
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137:
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62:Endocrinology
60:
58:
54:
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40:
36:
32:
27:
19:
1669:Cat diseases
1664:Dog diseases
1614:
1610:
1597:
1564:
1560:
1547:
1504:
1500:
1490:
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1283:
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1146:
1140:
1107:
1103:
1077:. Retrieved
1073:
1017:
1013:
975:
955:
951:
874:(1): 27–32.
871:
867:
820:
817:
814:Epidemiology
791:
766:
747:, vomiting,
723:
710:
685:
658:
646:
627:
613:
583:, increased
581:hypokalaemia
553:neutrophilia
538:
534:
525:Basset Hound
521:Irish Setter
502:
499:Risk factors
494:
483:
458:nitric oxide
438:co-morbidity
435:
412:
405:
401:hypokalaemia
398:
390:pancreatitis
379:
375:
321:
273:
266:Skin disease
239:
236:
212:
184:
164:
160:
135:
131:
127:
126:
87:Risk factors
804:amphetamine
676:L-thyroxine
649:ultrasounds
569:monocytosis
565:eosinopenia
557:lymphopenia
415:nonpruritic
382:proteinuria
209:Description
115:Named after
34:Other names
1653:Categories
1381:: 105342.
844:References
793:L-Deprenyl
788:L-Deprenyl
777:Addisonian
768:Trilostane
763:Trilostane
733:prednisone
593:creatinine
545:urinalysis
296:Seborrhoea
256:Polyphagia
251:Polydipsia
187:iatrogenic
97:Medication
1631:0022-4510
1581:0022-4510
1521:2218-6050
1464:0891-6640
1342:0022-4510
1257:0891-6640
1167:1090-0233
1124:0739-7240
1034:0891-6640
888:2218-6050
745:diarrhoea
741:cortisone
699:Treatment
682:Prognosis
664:thyroxine
531:Diagnosis
422:vibrissae
365:Retarded
346:Blindness
338:Bronchial
316:Comedones
280:Haematoma
140:endocrine
106:Frequency
57:Specialty
1639:27279104
1589:27279104
1539:31086762
1482:32935905
1395:31554593
1360:30039567
1275:24433386
1175:17572120
1132:15760674
1079:15 March
1052:32614466
906:31086762
825:See also
800:dopamine
757:lethargy
749:anorexia
737:antidote
725:Mitotane
720:Mitotane
643:Hamsters
633:proteins
619:CT scans
591:levels,
426:polyuria
418:alopecia
394:mucocele
301:Pyoderma
285:Alopecia
263:Lethargy
167:hamsters
148:cortisol
69:Symptoms
1530:6500859
1473:7694798
1351:6559942
1266:4858028
1074:Vin.com
1043:7517838
897:6500859
753:adipsia
191:Ectopic
1637:
1629:
1587:
1579:
1537:
1527:
1519:
1480:
1470:
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1418:
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1255:
1211:
1173:
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1130:
1122:
1050:
1040:
1032:
982:
904:
894:
886:
755:, and
630:dermal
621:, and
597:lipase
567:, and
523:, and
509:Poodle
486:benign
472:Causes
448:, and
203:Vizsla
1607:(PDF)
1557:(PDF)
517:Boxer
78:Types
1635:PMID
1627:ISSN
1585:PMID
1577:ISSN
1535:PMID
1517:ISSN
1478:PMID
1460:ISSN
1416:ISBN
1391:PMID
1356:PMID
1338:ISSN
1294:ISBN
1271:PMID
1253:ISSN
1209:ISBN
1171:PMID
1163:ISSN
1128:PMID
1120:ISSN
1081:2024
1048:PMID
1030:ISSN
980:ISBN
902:PMID
884:ISSN
806:and
666:and
601:urea
146:and
1619:doi
1569:doi
1525:PMC
1509:doi
1468:PMC
1452:doi
1383:doi
1379:252
1346:PMC
1330:doi
1261:PMC
1245:doi
1155:doi
1151:177
1112:doi
1038:PMC
1022:doi
892:PMC
876:doi
623:MRI
134:and
1655::
1633:.
1625:.
1615:57
1613:.
1609:.
1583:.
1575:.
1565:57
1563:.
1559:.
1533:.
1523:.
1515:.
1503:.
1499:.
1476:.
1466:.
1458:.
1448:34
1446:.
1442:.
1430:^
1389:.
1377:.
1354:.
1344:.
1336:.
1326:59
1324:.
1320:.
1308:^
1269:.
1259:.
1251:.
1241:28
1239:.
1235:.
1223:^
1183:^
1169:.
1161:.
1149:.
1126:.
1118:.
1108:28
1106:.
1089:^
1072:.
1060:^
1046:.
1036:.
1028:.
1018:34
1016:.
1012:.
994:^
964:^
956:30
954:.
914:^
900:.
890:.
882:.
870:.
866:.
852:^
759:.
751:,
617:,
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543:,
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444:,
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388:,
384:,
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1621::
1591:.
1571::
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1511::
1505:9
1484:.
1454::
1424:.
1397:.
1385::
1362:.
1332::
1302:.
1277:.
1247::
1217:.
1177:.
1157::
1134:.
1114::
1083:.
1054:.
1024::
988:.
908:.
878::
872:9
20:.
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