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A threat from another animal does not always result in immediate fight or flight. There may be a period of heightened awareness, during which each animal interprets behavioral signals from the other. Signs such as paling, piloerection, immobility, sounds, and body language communicate the status and
684:, but, in order to fit the model of fight or flight, the idea of flight must be broadened to include escaping capture either in a physical or sensory way. Thus, flight can be disappearing to another location or just disappearing in place, and fight and flight are often combined in a given situation.
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relates to an individual's thoughts about control over situations and events. Perceived control should be differentiated from actual control because an individual's beliefs about their abilities may not reflect their actual abilities. Therefore, overestimation or underestimation of perceived control
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Originally understood as the "fight-or-flight" response in Cannon's research, the state of hyperarousal results in several responses beyond fighting or fleeing. This has led people to calling it the "fight, flight, freeze" response, "fight-flight-freeze-fawn" or "fight-flight-faint-or-freeze", among
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The specific components of cognitions in the fight or flight response seem to be largely negative. These negative cognitions may be characterised by: attention to negative stimuli, the perception of ambiguous situations as negative, and the recurrence of recalling negative words. There also may be
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The social information processing model proposes a variety of factors that determine behavior in the context of social situations and preexisting thoughts. The attribution of hostility, especially in ambiguous situations, seems to be one of the most important cognitive factors associated with the
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Animals respond to threats in many complex ways. Rats, for instance, try to escape when threatened but will fight when cornered. Some animals stand perfectly still so that predators will not see them. Many animals freeze or play dead when touched in the hope that the predator will lose interest.
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intentions of each animal. There may be a sort of negotiation, after which fight or flight may ensue, but which might also result in playing, mating, or nothing at all. An example of this is kittens playing: each kitten shows the signs of sympathetic arousal, but they never inflict real damage.
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and its main function is to activate the arousal responses that occur during the fight-or-flight response. The sympathetic nervous system transfers signals from the dorsal hypothalamus, which activates the heart, increases vascular resistance, and increases blood flow, especially to the muscle,
253:, physically surrounding the sympathetic origin, and works in concert with the sympathetic nervous system. It is known as the calming portion of the autonomic nervous system. While the sympathetic nervous system is activated, the parasympathetic nervous system decreases its response. Efferent
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originating from the nucleus ambiguous fire in parallel to the respiratory system, decreasing the vagal cardiac parasympathetic tone. After the fight or flight response, the parasympathetic system's main function is to activate the "rest and digest" response and return the body to
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explanation is that early animals had to react to threatening stimuli quickly and did not have time to psychologically and physically prepare themselves. The fight or flight response provided them with the mechanisms to rapidly respond to threats against survival.
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The fight or flight actions also have polarity – the individual can either fight against or flee from something that is threatening, such as a hungry lion, or fight for or fly towards something that is needed, such as the safety of the shore from a raging river.
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The physiological changes that occur during the fight or flight response are activated in order to give the body increased strength and speed in anticipation of fighting or running. Some of the specific physiological changes and their functions include:
550:(i.e. inspecting the predator, hiding, or swimming away) after which the guppies were left in a tank with the bass. After 60 hours, 40 percent of the timid guppies and 15 percent of the ordinary guppies survived while none of the bold guppies did.
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Valiente, C; Eisenberg N; Smith CL; Reiser M; Fabes RA; Losoya S; Guthrie IK; Murphy BC (December 2003). "The relations of effortful control and reactive control to children's externalising problems: A longitudinal assessment".
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heart, and brain tissues. It activates the adrenal medulla, releasing catecholamines that amplify the sympathetic response. Additionally, this component of the autonomic nervous system utilizes and activates the release of
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During the reaction, the intensity of emotion that is brought on by the stimulus will also determine the nature and intensity of the behavioral response. Individuals with higher levels of emotional reactivity (Such as an
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Brendgen, M; Vitaro F; Turgeon L; Poulin F; Wanner B (June 2004). "Is there a dark side of positive illusions? Overestimation of social competence and subsequent adjustment in aggressive and nonaggressive children".
212:. This system is the primary mechanism in control of the fight-or-flight response and its role is mediated by two different components: the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.
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Jansen, A; Nguyen, X; Karpitsky, V; Mettenleiter, M (27 October 1995). "Central
Command Neurons of the Sympathetic Nervous System: Basis of the Fight-or-Flight Response".
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169:, fainting, fleeing, or experiencing fright, has led researchers to use more neutral or accommodating terminology such as "hyperarousal" or the "acute stress response".
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Reid, Sophie C.; Salmon, Karen; Peter F. Lovibond (October 2006). "Cognitive Biases in
Childhood Anxiety, Depression, and Aggression: Are They Pervasive or Specific?".
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Weems, CF; Silverman, WK (April 2006). "An integrative model of control: implications for understanding emotion regulation and dysregulation in childhood anxiety".
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In the context of the fight or flight response, emotional regulation is used proactively to avoid threats of stress or to control the level of emotional arousal.
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The initial response and subsequent reactions are triggered in an effort to create a boost of energy. This boost of energy is activated by epinephrine binding to
525:'s activation provides for these needs. A similar example involving fight is of a cat about to be attacked by a dog. The cat shows accelerated heartbeat,
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Crick, Nicki; Dodge, Kenneth (January 1994). "A review and reformulation of social information-processing mechanisms in children's social adjustment".
2022:"The Effects of Stress Hormones on Immune Function May be Vital for the Adaptive Reconfiguration of the Immune System During Fight-or-Flight Behavior"
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Avero, Pedro; Calvo, M (1 July 1999). "Emotional reactivity to social-evaluative stress: genderdifferences in response systems concordance".
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in order to provide the body with extra speed and strength, which can result in trembling or shaking until the tension is released.
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Carthy, T; Horesh N; Apter A; Edge MD; Gross JJ (May 2010). "Emotional reactivity and cognitive regulation in anxious children".
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Bodily
Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage: An Account of Recent Researches into the Function of Emotional Excitement
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to the muscles activated by diverting blood flow from other parts of the body to make taking quick action easier.
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Increased blood pressure and heart rate enhance cardiac output in order to supply the body with more energy.
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1156:"Freeze, Flight, Fight, Fright, Faint: Adaptationist Perspectives on the Acute Stress Response Spectrum"
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were sorted into "bold", "ordinary", and "timid" groups based upon their reactions when confronted by a
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Revision of the Indo-Pacific dottyback fish subfamily
Pseudochrominae (Perciformes: Pseudochromidae)
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Complex PTSD: From
Surviving to Thriving : a Guide and Map for Recovering from Childhood Trauma
344:(norepinephrine), facilitate immediate physical reactions associated with a preparation for violent
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2246:"Microbial Colonization Activates an Immune Fight-and-Flight Response via Neuroendocrine Signaling"
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Donahue, J.J. (2020). "Fight-Flight-Freeze System". In
Zeigler-Hill, V.; Shackelford, T.K. (eds.).
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Increased blood sugar (glucose) and fats secreted by the liver to provide the body with extra fuel.
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Gross, James (1998). "Sharpening the Focus: Emotion
Regulation, Arousal, and Social Competence".
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is activated almost simultaneously, via the sympathetic nervous system, and releases the hormone
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The autonomic nervous system is a control system that acts largely unconsciously and regulates
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The pupils dilate to let in more light, allowing for better vision of the body's surroundings.
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in 1915. His theory states that animals react to threats with a general discharge of the
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Padgett, David; Glaser, R (August 2003). "How stress influences the immune response".
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Dodge, Kenneth (March 1980). "Social cognition and children's aggressive behavior".
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Cannon referred to "the necessities of fighting or flight." in the first edition of
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Increased respiration to supply the oxygen necessary to help burn the extra glucose.
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closing in for the kill, the stress response is activated as a means to escape its
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specific negative thoughts associated with emotions commonly seen in the reaction.
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1024:"Adrenaline, Cortisol, Norepinephrine: The Three Major Stress Hormones, Explained"
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848:(1915), p. 211. Some references say he first described the response in 1914 in
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into available energy, which prepares muscles throughout the body for response.
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Cistler, Josh; Bunmi O. Olatunji; Matthew T. Feldner; John P. Forsyth (2010).
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298:. The release of chemical messengers results in the production of the hormone
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published experimental research conducted by biologist Lee A. Dugatkin where
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Schmidt, A; Thews, G (1989). "Autonomic
Nervous System". In Janig, W (ed.).
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The parasympathetic nervous system originates in the sacral spinal cord and
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Kozlowska, Kasia; Walker, Peter; McLean, Loyola; Carrive, Pascal (2015).
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Kozlowska, Kasia; Walker, Peter; McLean, Loyola; Carrive, Pascal (2015).
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fight or flight response because of its implications towards aggression.
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262:. This system utilizes and activates the release of the neurotransmitter
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Other animals have alternative self-protection methods. Some species of
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swiftly to camouflage themselves. These responses are triggered by the
588: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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97:, preparing the animal for fighting or fleeing. More specifically, the
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expressing the fight (top) and flight (bottom) response simultaneously
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1970:
1943:
1641:"Emotion Regulation and the Anxiety Disorders: An Integrative Review"
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81:) is a physiological reaction that occurs in response to a perceived
2147:"Tendency to inspect predators predicts mortality risk in the guppy
1990:
1340:"Fear and the Defense Cascade: Clinical Implications and Management"
1243:"Fear and the Defense Cascade: Clinical Implications and Management"
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1215:(2 ed.). New York, NY: Springer-Verlag. pp. 333–370.
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325:. Additionally, the circulation of cortisol functions to turn
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produces a hormonal cascade that results in the secretion of
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Physiological reaction to a perceived threat or harmful event
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1512:"HOW CELLS COMMUNICATE DURING THE FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE"
1098:
Gozhenko, A; Gurkalova, I.P.; Zukow, W; Kwasnik, Z (2009).
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133:, also affect how organisms react to stress. The hormone
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in the event of an injury sustained during the response.
282:. The initial reaction is followed by activation of the
1075:"Bone, not adrenaline, drives fight or flight response"
2202:
Why We Get Sick: The New
Science of Darwinian Medicine
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A typical example of the stress response is a grazing
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other variants. The wider array of responses, such as
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This response is recognised as the first stage of the
19:"Fight or flight" redirects here. For other uses, see
2237:
2071:"What's the purpose of the fight or flight response?"
1420:
Margioris, Andrew; Tsatsanis, Christos (April 2011).
2222:
1645:
Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment
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1949:
381:function of the body speeds up in order to prevent
89:, or threat to survival. It was first described by
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1628:(13 ed.). MacMillan Publishing. p. 422.
1327:(13 ed.). MacMillan Publishing. p. 422.
1230:(13 ed.). MacMillan Publishing. p. 422.
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226:The sympathetic nervous system originates in the
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936:Bodily changes in pain, hunger, fear, and rage
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2192:
1858:Cognitive Therapy and the Emotional Disorders
1714:
1100:PATHOLOGY – Theory. Medical Student's Library
846:Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage
215:
907:. United States: W.W. Norton & Company.
2368:
1624:Myers, David G.; DeWall, C. Nathan (2021).
1623:
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1533:
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1323:Myers, David G.; DeWall, C. Nathan (2021).
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1226:Myers, David G.; DeWall, C. Nathan (2021).
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278:, which triggers a neural response in the
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648:Learn how and when to remove this message
553:
478:Social information processing (cognition)
3525:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
2144:
1602:. Weber State University. Archived from
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453:
2233:. Smithiana Monographs. pp. 1–123.
1112:
439:
418:
399:
235:by the adrenal glands in the reaction.
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2244:Singh, J; Aballay, A (April 8, 2019).
1717:Personality and Individual Differences
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3017:Psychological effects of Internet use
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2019:
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1576:Stress Management for Health Course.
1051:"Fight or Flight May Be in Our Bones"
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1909:Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology
1855:
1514:. University of Utah. Archived from
1154:Bracha, H. Stefan (September 2004).
586:adding citations to reliable sources
557:
468:can lead to anxiety and aggression.
2997:Digital media use and mental health
2096:Goldstein, David; Kopin, I (2007).
2026:Integrative and Comparative Biology
1617:
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768:Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis
125:, as well as the neurotransmitters
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2628:Automatic and controlled processes
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2013:
1921:10.1023/B:JACP.0000026144.08470.cd
1498:Washington University in St. Louis
1494:"PATHWAYS: GLYCOGEN & GLUCOSE"
1219:
851:The American Journal of Physiology
14:
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3037:Smartphones and pedestrian safety
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2098:"Evolution of concepts of stress"
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352:Function of physiological changes
321:and the subsequent production of
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2309: This article incorporates
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332:Catecholamine hormones, such as
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21:Fight or flight (disambiguation)
2965:Computer-mediated communication
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1860:. United States: Penguin Books.
1147:
1106:
1004:Walter Bradford Cannon (1915).
573:needs additional citations for
3242:Empathising–systemising theory
2545:female intrasexual competition
2482:Evolutionarily stable strategy
1873:Journal of Affective Disorders
1823:Cognitive Therapy and Research
1744:Behaviour Research and Therapy
1424:. Endotext.org. Archived from
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245:Parasympathetic nervous system
239:Parasympathetic nervous system
1:
3602:Standard social science model
2655:Cognitive tradeoff hypothesis
1729:10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00229-3
1471:10.1016/S1471-4906(03)00173-X
1123:10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_751
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472:Social information processing
286:and secretion of the hormone
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3450:Missing heritability problem
3042:Social aspects of television
2665:Evolution of nervous systems
2633:Computational theory of mind
2263:10.1016/j.devcel.2019.02.001
1979:Journal of Child Development
1422:"ACTH Action on the Adrenal"
1358:10.1097/HRP.0000000000000065
1345:Harvard Review of Psychiatry
1261:10.1097/HRP.0000000000000065
1248:Harvard Review of Psychiatry
975:10.1126/science.270.5236.644
758:Generalized anxiety disorder
7:
3696:Evolutionary biology portal
2145:Dugatkin, Lee Alan (1992).
2020:Adamo, S. A. (2014-09-01).
1578:"The Fight Flight Response"
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274:The reaction begins in the
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142:general adaptation syndrome
71:fight-flight-freeze-or-fawn
10:
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3718:Sympathetic nervous system
3657:Evolutionary psychologists
3530:Trivers–Willard hypothesis
3445:Human–animal communication
3157:Ovulatory shift hypothesis
3007:Imprinted brain hypothesis
2975:Human–computer interaction
1964:10.1037/0033-2909.115.1.74
1756:10.1016/j.brat.2009.12.013
1702:10.1207/s15327965pli0904_8
1553:W. W. Norton & Company
1401:. University of Washington
1304:. University of Washington
1102:. Radom. pp. 270–275.
682:sympathetic nervous system
597:"Fight-or-flight response"
523:sympathetic nervous system
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3548:Cultural selection theory
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3435:Evolutionary epistemology
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3349:evolutionary neuroscience
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1885:10.1016/j.jad.2006.01.009
1835:10.1007/s10608-006-9077-y
1800:10.1111/1467-6494.7106011
1657:10.1007/s10862-009-9161-1
1175:10.1017/S1092852900001954
411:Emotional self-regulation
3470:Cultural group selection
3354:Biocultural anthropology
3047:Societal impacts of cars
2980:Media naturalness theory
2670:Fight-or-flight response
2333:Fight-or-Flight Response
2315:United States Government
882:. An Azure Coyote Book.
831:
738:Domestication of the dog
492:Evolutionary perspective
184:Autonomic nervous system
178:Autonomic nervous system
137:might also play a part.
3738:Evolutionary psychology
3670:Evolutionary psychology
3634:Sociocultural evolution
3475:Dual inheritance theory
2932:Personality development
2393:Theoretical foundations
2370:Evolutionary psychology
2165:Oxford University Press
1600:"The Science of Stress"
1543:, Alan J. Fridlund and
1399:"Neuroscience For Kids"
1302:"Neuroscience For Kids"
1010:Appleton-Century-Crofts
940:Appleton-Century-Crofts
903:Cannon, Walter (1932).
804:The Relaxation Response
793:Social anxiety disorder
743:Emotional dysregulation
498:evolutionary psychology
159:
3733:Psychological theories
3592:Social constructionism
3587:Psychological nativism
3562:Biological determinism
3510:Recent human evolution
3505:Punctuated equilibrium
3328:Behavioral epigenetics
3323:evolutionary economics
3292:Variability hypothesis
3237:Emotional intelligence
2970:Engineering psychology
2660:Evolution of the brain
2311:public domain material
2173:10.1093/beheco/3.2.124
1952:Psychological Bulletin
1117:. pp. 1590–1595.
932:Walter Bradford Cannon
878:Walker, Peter (2013).
665:
554:Varieties of responses
513:. If the zebra sees a
91:Walter Bradford Cannon
3619:Multilineal evolution
3582:Nature versus nurture
3541:Theoretical positions
3389:Functional psychology
3384:Evolutionary medicine
3359:Biological psychiatry
3067:Texting while driving
3057:Lead–crime hypothesis
2917:Cognitive development
2902:Caregiver deprivation
2413:Gene selection theory
2149:(Poecilia reticulata)
1690:Psychological Inquiry
703:Acute stress reaction
663:
454:Perception of control
310:, and suppresses the
79:acute stress response
3572:Cultural determinism
3379:Evolutionary biology
3364:Cognitive psychology
3312:Academic disciplines
2960:Cognitive ergonomics
2927:Language acquisition
2907:Childhood attachment
2720:Wason selection task
2614:Behavioral modernity
2403:Cognitive revolution
2386:Evolutionary thought
2335:at Wikimedia Commons
1856:Beck, Aaron (1979).
1449:Trends in Immunology
664:Bison hunted by dogs
582:improve this article
460:Control (psychology)
440:Cognitive components
419:Emotional reactivity
400:Emotional components
383:excessive blood loss
3639:Unilineal evolution
3404:Population genetics
3189:Sexy son hypothesis
3127:Hormonal motivation
3107:Concealed ovulation
2648:Dual process theory
2519:Parental investment
2299:Sapolsky, Robert M.
2229:Gill, A.C. (2004).
2198:Williams, George C.
1055:Scientific American
967:1995Sci...270..644J
728:Coping (psychology)
445:Content specificity
3597:Social determinism
3480:Fisher's principle
3440:Great ape language
3430:Cultural evolution
3399:Philosophy of mind
3232:Division of labour
3194:Westermarck effect
3142:Mating preferences
3052:Distracted driving
2786:Literary criticism
2643:Domain specificity
2623:modularity of mind
2250:Developmental Cell
2156:Behavioral Ecology
2039:10.1093/icb/icu005
905:Wisdom of the Body
733:Defense physiology
666:
539:Behavioral Ecology
428:) may be prone to
405:Emotion regulation
302:, which increases
202:pupillary response
3705:
3704:
3683:Psychology portal
3647:
3646:
3490:Hologenome theory
3460:Unit of selection
3455:Primate cognition
3369:Cognitive science
3300:
3299:
3171:Sexual attraction
3147:Mating strategies
2912:Cinderella effect
2842:Moral foundations
2746:Visual perception
2638:Domain generality
2607:Facial expression
2555:Sexual dimorphism
2514:Natural selection
2460:Hamiltonian spite
2331:Media related to
2215:978-0-679-74674-4
1562:978-0-393-97767-7
1132:978-3-319-24610-9
914:978-0-393-00205-8
889:978-1-4928-7184-2
815:Yerkes–Dodson law
798:Tend and befriend
753:Freezing behavior
658:
657:
650:
632:
465:Perceived control
3745:
3692:
3679:
3666:
3665:
3309:
3308:
3305:Related subjects
3092:Adult attachment
2619:Cognitive module
2575:
2574:
2562:Social selection
2536:Costly signaling
2531:Sexual selection
2418:Modern synthesis
2363:
2356:
2349:
2340:
2339:
2330:
2308:
2307:
2286:
2285:
2275:
2265:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2117:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2077:on 23 March 2013
2073:. Archived from
2066:
2060:
2059:
2041:
2017:
2011:
2010:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1794:(6): 1171–1196.
1782:
1776:
1775:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1668:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1598:Olpin, Michael.
1595:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1537:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1518:on 8 August 2013
1508:
1502:
1501:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1464:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1377:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1280:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1213:Human Physiology
1208:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1160:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1030:. April 19, 2014
1020:
1014:
1013:
1001:
995:
994:
955:Science Magazine
950:
944:
943:
928:
919:
918:
900:
894:
893:
875:
855:
842:
810:Vasoconstriction
713:Anxiety disorder
653:
646:
642:
639:
633:
631:
590:
566:
558:
426:anxiety disorder
198:respiratory rate
148:responses among
45:
34:
3755:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3643:
3629:Neoevolutionism
3536:
3520:Species complex
3485:Group selection
3423:Research topics
3418:
3394:Neuropsychology
3296:
3282:Substance abuse
3204:Sex differences
3198:
3112:Coolidge effect
3073:
2985:Neuroergonomics
2950:
2941:
2865:
2767:
2701:Folk psychology
2582:
2566:
2436:
2429:
2372:
2367:
2323:
2305:
2295:
2293:Further reading
2290:
2289:
2242:
2238:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2208:. p. 213.
2194:Nesse, Randolph
2191:
2187:
2177:
2175:
2143:
2139:
2094:
2090:
2080:
2078:
2067:
2063:
2018:
2014:
1991:10.2307/1129603
1975:
1971:
1948:
1944:
1904:
1900:
1869:
1865:
1854:
1850:
1819:
1815:
1783:
1779:
1740:
1736:
1713:
1709:
1686:
1682:
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1633:
1622:
1618:
1609:
1607:
1596:
1592:
1582:
1580:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1545:Daniel Reisberg
1538:
1531:
1521:
1519:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1492:King, Michael.
1490:
1486:
1462:10.1.1.467.1386
1445:
1441:
1431:
1429:
1428:on 6 March 2013
1418:
1414:
1404:
1402:
1397:Chudler, Eric.
1395:
1391:
1336:
1332:
1321:
1317:
1307:
1305:
1300:Chudler, Eric.
1298:
1294:
1239:
1235:
1224:
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1209:
1205:
1195:
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1111:
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1092:
1083:
1081:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1059:
1057:
1047:
1043:
1033:
1031:
1028:Huffington Post
1022:
1021:
1017:
1002:
998:
951:
947:
929:
922:
915:
901:
897:
890:
876:
869:
864:
859:
858:
843:
839:
834:
829:
783:Rest and digest
763:Escape distance
723:Body reactivity
698:
654:
643:
637:
634:
591:
589:
579:
567:
556:
548:smallmouth bass
533:in all states.
507:
494:
489:
480:
474:
462:
456:
447:
442:
421:
413:
407:
402:
354:
284:pituitary gland
272:
247:
241:
224:
218:
186:
180:
175:
162:
144:that regulates
113:. The hormones
99:adrenal medulla
67:fight-or-flight
63:
62:
61:
60:
48:
47:
46:
37:
36:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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3325:
3315:
3313:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3295:
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3289:
3284:
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3269:
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3259:
3254:
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3214:
3208:
3206:
3200:
3199:
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3149:
3144:
3139:
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3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
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3099:
3094:
3089:
3083:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3012:Mind-blindness
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2956:
2954:
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2934:
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2827:
2822:
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2807:
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2795:
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2793:
2788:
2777:
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2769:
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2766:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2707:
2705:theory of mind
2698:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2616:
2611:
2610:
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2604:
2599:
2588:
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2572:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2538:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2472:Baldwin effect
2469:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2447:
2441:
2439:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2366:
2365:
2358:
2351:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2322:
2321:External links
2319:
2318:
2317:
2302:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2236:
2221:
2214:
2185:
2137:
2088:
2069:Grohol, John.
2061:
2032:(3): 419–426.
2012:
1985:(1): 162–170.
1969:
1942:
1915:(3): 305–320.
1898:
1879:(2): 113–124.
1863:
1848:
1829:(5): 531–549.
1813:
1777:
1750:(5): 384–393.
1734:
1723:(1): 155–170.
1707:
1696:(4): 287–290.
1680:
1631:
1616:
1590:
1568:
1561:
1551:(6 ed.).
1541:Henry Gleitman
1529:
1503:
1484:
1455:(8): 444–448.
1439:
1412:
1389:
1352:(4): 263–287.
1330:
1315:
1292:
1255:(4): 263–287.
1233:
1218:
1203:
1169:(9): 679–685.
1146:
1131:
1105:
1090:
1066:
1041:
1015:
996:
961:(270): 644–6.
945:
942:. p. 211.
920:
913:
895:
888:
866:
865:
863:
860:
857:
856:
836:
835:
833:
830:
828:
827:
825:Hypervigilance
822:
820:Reflex syncope
817:
812:
807:
800:
795:
790:
788:Social anxiety
785:
780:
775:
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760:
755:
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745:
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730:
725:
720:
718:Apparent death
715:
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705:
699:
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694:
656:
655:
570:
568:
561:
555:
552:
536:In July 1992,
506:
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455:
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446:
443:
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438:
420:
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390:muscle tension
386:
379:blood clotting
375:
372:
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366:
353:
350:
304:blood pressure
271:
268:
240:
237:
233:norepinephrine
217:
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210:sexual arousal
179:
176:
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107:norepinephrine
103:catecholamines
50:
49:
40:
39:
38:
29:
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15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3654:
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3627:
3625:
3624:Neo-Darwinism
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3609:Functionalism
3607:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3567:Connectionism
3565:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3557:indeterminism
3554:
3551:
3549:
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3545:
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3466:
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3462:
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3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
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3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3421:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
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3390:
3387:
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3333:
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3310:
3307:
3303:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3277:Schizophrenia
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3262:Mental health
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
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3215:
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3210:
3209:
3207:
3205:
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3181:
3177:
3174:
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3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3137:Mate guarding
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3097:Age disparity
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3027:Schizophrenia
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2986:
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2978:
2976:
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2968:
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2961:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2952:Mental health
2948:
2947:Human factors
2944:
2938:
2937:Socialization
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2897:paternal bond
2894:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2862:
2859:
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2801:
2800:
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2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2762:
2761:NaĂŻve physics
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2727:Motor control
2725:
2721:
2718:
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2713:
2712:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2685:Ophidiophobia
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2675:Arachnophobia
2673:
2672:
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2504:Kin selection
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2398:Adaptationism
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2206:Vintage Books
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2166:
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2158:
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2108:(2): 109–20.
2107:
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2023:
2016:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1965:
1961:
1958:(1): 74–101.
1957:
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1606:on 2017-11-20
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1164:
1163:CNS Spectrums
1157:
1150:
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1134:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
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1101:
1094:
1080:
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1049:Kwon, Diana.
1045:
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1007:
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988:
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599: –
598:
594:
593:Find sources:
587:
583:
577:
576:
571:This section
569:
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560:
559:
551:
549:
545:
541:
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516:
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487:Other animals
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349:
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342:noradrenaline
339:
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324:
320:
315:
313:
312:immune system
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
292:adrenal gland
289:
285:
281:
277:
267:
265:
264:acetylcholine
261:
256:
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105:, especially
104:
100:
96:
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88:
84:
83:harmful event
80:
76:
73:(also called
72:
68:
58:
54:
44:
33:
22:
3694:
3681:
3668:
3655:
3414:Sociobiology
3272:Neuroscience
3252:Intelligence
2798:Anthropology
2751:Color vision
2736:Multitasking
2715:Flynn effect
2710:Intelligence
2692:Folk biology
2669:
2435:Evolutionary
2256:(1): 89–99.
2253:
2249:
2239:
2230:
2224:
2204:. New York:
2201:
2188:
2178:September 9,
2176:. Retrieved
2160:
2154:
2148:
2140:
2105:
2101:
2091:
2079:. Retrieved
2075:the original
2064:
2029:
2025:
2015:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1857:
1851:
1826:
1822:
1816:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1693:
1689:
1683:
1651:(1): 68–82.
1648:
1644:
1634:
1625:
1619:
1608:. Retrieved
1604:the original
1593:
1581:. Retrieved
1571:
1548:
1520:. Retrieved
1516:the original
1506:
1487:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1430:. Retrieved
1426:the original
1415:
1403:. Retrieved
1392:
1349:
1343:
1333:
1324:
1318:
1306:. Retrieved
1295:
1252:
1246:
1236:
1227:
1221:
1212:
1206:
1194:. Retrieved
1166:
1162:
1149:
1114:
1108:
1099:
1093:
1082:. Retrieved
1078:
1069:
1058:. Retrieved
1054:
1044:
1032:. Retrieved
1027:
1018:
1005:
999:
958:
954:
948:
938:. New York:
935:
904:
898:
879:
849:
845:
840:
802:
773:Panic attack
690:
686:
678:change color
674:cold-blooded
671:
667:
644:
638:October 2016
635:
625:
618:
611:
604:
592:
580:Please help
575:verification
572:
537:
535:
527:piloerection
508:
495:
481:
463:
448:
422:
414:
355:
331:
316:
280:hypothalamus
273:
255:vagal fibers
248:
225:
187:
163:
139:
119:testosterone
78:
75:hyperarousal
74:
70:
66:
64:
3553:Determinism
3465:Coevolution
3409:Primatology
3247:Gender role
3152:Orientation
3032:Screen time
2889:Affectional
2871:Development
2550:Mate choice
2477:By-products
2445:Adaptations
2408:Cognitivism
2167:: 125–127.
1788:Personality
531:homeostasis
338:epinephrine
327:fatty acids
319:liver cells
308:blood sugar
296:epinephrine
260:homeostasis
228:spinal cord
150:vertebrates
135:osteocalcin
111:epinephrine
3723:Aggression
3712:Categories
3500:Population
3495:Lamarckism
3341:behavioral
3319:Behavioral
3267:Narcissism
3212:Aggression
3002:Hypophobia
2992:Depression
2879:Attachment
2861:Universals
2825:Psychology
2803:Biological
2791:Musicology
2781:Aesthetics
2680:Basophobia
2487:Exaptation
2465:Reciprocal
1626:Psychology
1610:2013-04-25
1549:Psychology
1325:Psychology
1228:Psychology
1084:2020-06-22
1060:2020-06-22
862:References
608:newspapers
476:See also:
458:See also:
434:aggression
409:See also:
388:Increased
363:blood flow
361:Increased
334:adrenaline
243:See also:
220:See also:
190:heart rate
182:See also:
173:Physiology
152:and other
3345:cognitive
3337:Affective
3222:Cognition
3176:Sexuality
3162:Pair bond
2922:Education
2579:Cognition
2497:Inclusive
2437:processes
2425:Criticism
2048:1540-7063
1457:CiteSeerX
1366:1067-3229
1269:1067-3229
1141:240856695
1034:16 August
206:urination
194:digestion
154:organisms
131:serotonin
3614:Memetics
3374:Ethology
3332:genetics
3167:Physical
3132:Jealousy
3087:Activity
2893:maternal
2849:Religion
2837:Morality
2815:Language
2696:taxonomy
2509:Mismatch
2455:Cheating
2450:Altruism
2282:30827896
2200:(1994).
2132:25072963
2124:17514579
2081:18 April
2056:24691569
1937:11239252
1929:15228179
1893:16487599
1843:28911747
1808:14633062
1772:14382059
1764:20089246
1675:20622981
1583:19 April
1547:(2004).
1522:18 April
1479:12909458
1432:18 April
1405:19 April
1384:26062169
1308:19 April
1287:26062169
1183:15337864
1079:phys.org
991:38807605
934:(1915).
696:See also
676:animals
519:predator
505:Examples
348:action.
346:muscular
300:cortisol
276:amygdala
270:Reaction
167:freezing
127:dopamine
123:cortisol
115:estrogen
3515:Species
3287:Suicide
3122:Fantasy
3102:Arousal
2884:Bonding
2773:Culture
2597:Display
2584:Emotion
2492:Fitness
2381:History
2273:6456415
2007:7363732
1999:1129603
1666:2901125
1375:4495877
1278:4495877
1191:8430710
983:7570024
963:Bibcode
708:Anxiety
622:scholar
544:guppies
430:anxiety
323:glucose
251:medulla
77:or the
69:or the
3693:
3680:
3667:
3257:Memory
3217:Autism
3184:female
3117:Desire
2854:Origin
2830:Speech
2820:Origin
2592:Affect
2280:
2270:
2212:
2130:
2122:
2102:Stress
2054:
2046:
2005:
1997:
1935:
1927:
1891:
1841:
1806:
1770:
1762:
1673:
1663:
1559:
1477:
1459:
1382:
1372:
1364:
1285:
1275:
1267:
1196:31 May
1189:
1181:
1139:
1129:
989:
981:
911:
886:
778:Phobia
624:
617:
610:
603:
595:
290:. The
208:, and
146:stress
121:, and
87:attack
55:and a
3227:Crime
2810:Crime
2741:Sleep
2731:skill
2571:Areas
2163:(2).
2128:S2CID
1995:JSTOR
1933:S2CID
1839:S2CID
1768:S2CID
1187:S2CID
1159:(PDF)
1137:S2CID
987:S2CID
832:Notes
629:JSTOR
615:books
511:zebra
340:) or
3728:Fear
3180:male
2541:Male
2278:PMID
2210:ISBN
2180:2020
2120:PMID
2083:2013
2052:PMID
2044:ISSN
2003:PMID
1925:PMID
1889:PMID
1804:PMID
1760:PMID
1671:PMID
1585:2013
1557:ISBN
1524:2013
1475:PMID
1434:2013
1407:2013
1380:PMID
1362:ISSN
1310:2013
1283:PMID
1265:ISSN
1198:2021
1179:PMID
1127:ISBN
1036:2014
979:PMID
959:5236
909:ISBN
884:ISBN
748:Fear
601:news
515:lion
432:and
377:The
288:ACTH
160:Name
129:and
109:and
65:The
3079:Sex
2756:Eye
2268:PMC
2258:doi
2169:doi
2110:doi
2034:doi
1987:doi
1960:doi
1956:115
1917:doi
1881:doi
1831:doi
1796:doi
1752:doi
1725:doi
1698:doi
1661:PMC
1653:doi
1467:doi
1370:PMC
1354:doi
1273:PMC
1257:doi
1171:doi
1119:doi
971:doi
584:by
496:An
57:cat
53:dog
3714::
2276:.
2266:.
2254:49
2252:.
2248:.
2196:;
2159:.
2153:.
2126:.
2118:.
2106:10
2104:.
2100:.
2050:.
2042:.
2030:54
2028:.
2024:.
2001:.
1993:.
1983:51
1981:.
1954:.
1931:.
1923:.
1913:32
1911:.
1887:.
1877:91
1875:.
1837:.
1827:30
1825:.
1802:.
1792:71
1790:.
1766:.
1758:.
1748:48
1746:.
1721:27
1719:.
1692:.
1669:.
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1649:32
1647:.
1643:.
1555:.
1532:^
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1465:.
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1350:23
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