323:. In such cases, the policymakers should peg the home currency to a standard basket, which is a basket consisting of fixed physical units of currencies. Given the same set of currencies, the standard basket method should give the same value of the home currency as the harmonic average method. In practice, some minor currencies that are not traded in the market may have to be excluded from the standard basket and the weights of remaining currencies that are
22:
384:. This can be used in Forex trading, which is based on the opposition of one currency against another. Thus, a big jump of either currency can create unpleasant circumstances for the trader. If a Forex investor chooses to trade the United States dollar against many other currencies, they should use the U.S. dollar index. Traders can compose their own baskets with different weights and apply them to any trading strategy.
846:
367:
To ensure currency’s security, authorities may further vary the margins around the parity value unpredictably to dissuade foreign dealers from estimating the basket composition based on the currency’s exchange rate movements against other currencies. They may also adjust basket’s value or composition
260:
Once the objective is defined, the choice of currencies and their weights in the basket can be made on the basis of the relative importance the authorities attach to an exchange rate stability against various currencies. The greater the vis-Ă -vis stability required, the greater the relative weight of
347:
In theory, to adhere strictly to a basket peg rule under given conditions, the authorities must continuously calculate and quote the exchange rate against the intervention currency and must always be ready to sell or buy whatever amount of the intervention currency is necessary to support that rate.
283:
Choice of currency weights does not itself determine the value of home currency as the same set of weights can result in different values depending on a method used to weigh changes in the component currencies. Choice of the averaging method is made based on currency characteristics that are deemed
115:
their currencies to one of the major currencies (e.g. U.S. Dollar, Pound
Sterling). This led to a greater fluctuation against other major currencies and soon, some of the countries elected to manage the currency movements using more currencies, important for the given country, i.e. started to use
351:
Less frequent exchange rate quotations (e.g. once a day) require at least a minimal margin around parity as the official exchange rate, quoted in intervals, may differ from the constantly changing theoretical rate. This deviation makes the basket-pegged currencies more vulnerable to
343:
to maintain. These issues arise from the fact that the exchange rate of the home currency constantly changes in terms of the currency that is used to intervene in the market to maintain the value of the basket, but the rate is still dictated by a specific exchange rate rule.
193:
costly. At the same time, peg to a single major currency would lead to an undesired float against other currencies corresponding to the float of the currency to which the country’s currency would be pegged.
130:
to a currency composite declined and in 2019, there were only eight of them. Three tracked the special drawing rights (SDR) as the sole currency basket or as a component of a broader reference basket (
268:, which are based on the country’s payments and trade with their partners and indirect effects of other countries in the same markets. Others set the relative weights based purely on
272:
shares, which, however, might not be the optimal solution, and some elect to use ready-made baskets (e.g. SDR) – especially if its shares contain the country's trade partners.
261:
a currency in the basket should be and selecting a basket with only a small number of currencies is generally preferred as the subsequent basket operation becomes easier.
123:
led to greater use of the currency baskets and by 1985, according to IMF data, 63 countries had tried the currency basket policy and 43 of them were using it at the time.
368:
to offset a loss of competitiveness or to accommodate a change in a structure of the country’s trade. Excessive use of the interventions may, however, lead to a loss of
221:
flow. In other words, the basket-peg regime makes the country less dependent on risky foreign capital, while not affecting long-term foreign investments such as
672:
International
Monetary Fund. External Relations Dept., . (1986). "Pegging to a currency basket: The why and how of pegging under floating exchange rates". In
364:
them more often. To prevent the speculations, most countries with tailor-made baskets have decided not to publicly disclose the composition of their baskets.
146:
tracked the euro and the U.S. dollar basket, and the remaining four countries did not disclose the composition of their reference currency baskets (
723:
178:
and thus more vulnerable to external disturbances. These countries tend to have smaller volumes of foreign exchange transactions, relatively
335:
Several issues, which do not occur in the operation of a single currency peg, arise with the currency basket peg. They include how often to
275:
The authorities should regularly review the relative currency weights in the basket and adjust them based on current economic situation.
699:
538:
309:
921:
887:
911:
448:
916:
42:
586:
264:
Three approaches towards determining the ideal relative weights are used. Some countries rely on their own
288:
method should be used when authorities’ policy objective is maintaining predetermined currency weights. A
802:
190:
65:
197:
The use of currency baskets generally leads to a more stable international trade competition, mitigates
403:
315:
One issue of the basket peg is that because the home currency fluctuates against the currency used for
171:
112:
498:
226:
316:
41:
with different weightings. A currency basket is commonly used by investors to minimize the risk of
880:
418:
305:
293:
76:
408:
206:
61:
49:
524:
348:
This is impossible to achieve in reality, thus a strict basket peg policy is not practicable.
674:
324:
214:
111:
After major world currencies began to float in 1973, small countries in reaction decided to
413:
398:
381:
222:
617:
8:
861:
473:
372:
and credibility which are key for proper functioning of the basket peg valuation system.
369:
254:
218:
120:
34:
873:
776:
561:
339:
the exchange rate, whether or not to disclose the basket composition and how wide of a
320:
304:
is best for maintaining the real effective exchange rate with its bias towards nominal
246:
238:
53:
906:
822:
818:
768:
705:
695:
534:
530:
285:
265:
210:
198:
72:
814:
758:
423:
289:
202:
186:
319:
in the economy, the provision of forward facilities may become a problem for many
361:
336:
301:
297:
269:
92:
57:
857:
763:
746:
250:
242:
88:
709:
900:
826:
772:
340:
175:
127:
100:
79:
traders. There are six currencies forming the index: five major currencies –
45:
and also governments when setting the market value of a country's currency.
689:
477:
84:
353:
182:
96:
780:
562:"Factsheet — Review of the Special Drawing Right (SDR) Currency Basket"
357:
38:
241:. This objective can be defined as a relative price variable like the
126:
In the following decades, the number of countries that anchored their
853:
691:
ANNUAL REPORT ON EXCHANGE ARRANGEMENTS AND EXCHANGE RESTRICTIONS 2019
179:
155:
747:"Optimal Currency Basket Pegs for Developing and Emerging Economies"
745:
Daniels, Joseph P.; Toumanoff, Peter G.; von der Ruhr, Marc (2001).
237:
The choice of a basket should be based on a policy objective of the
393:
308:. More information about averaging methods with a specific example
131:
803:"A basket peg policy: Operational issues for developing countries"
21:
159:
143:
724:
Costs, Benefits, and
Constraints of the Basket Currency Regime.
151:
170:
Baskets of currencies are ideal for small countries with less
845:
722:
Ogawa, Eiji & Ito, Takatoshi & Sasaki, Yuri. (2021).
678:. USA: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND. Retrieved April 12, 2021.
139:
135:
744:
687:
428:
147:
80:
60:
before being replaced by the euro. Another example is the
209:. Basket pegs might also reduce an inflow of foreign
380:
The currency basket is generally used to avoid high
327:with the excluded currencies should be increased.
217:and to a sudden reversal in the direction of the
898:
375:
174:production, which are well integrated with the
119:In following years, greater diversification in
296:(anti-inflation) bias and thus is optimal for
253:variable such as the balance of trade and the
213:which is likely to be subject to a short-term
881:
330:
888:
874:
106:
762:
675:Finance & Development, September 1986
20:
48:An example of a currency basket is the
899:
800:
796:
794:
792:
790:
740:
738:
736:
734:
732:
668:
666:
664:
662:
660:
658:
840:
688:INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (2020).
656:
654:
652:
650:
648:
646:
644:
642:
640:
638:
611:
609:
607:
587:"What is the IMF's currency basket?"
522:
801:Takagi, Shinji (February 1, 1988).
278:
165:
13:
787:
729:
14:
933:
635:
615:
604:
844:
356:as foreign exchange dealers may
232:
751:Journal of Economic Integration
716:
681:
579:
554:
516:
491:
466:
441:
1:
434:
25:A literal basket of currency.
860:. You can help Knowledge by
819:10.1016/0305-750X(88)90141-6
618:"Currency Basket Definition"
376:Currency basket in investing
191:free floating exchange rates
71:A well-known measure is the
7:
922:Economics and finance stubs
387:
66:International Monetary Fund
10:
938:
839:
764:10.11130/jei.2001.16.1.128
404:Fixed exchange rate system
726:Retrieved April 12, 2021.
526:Law of the European Union
331:Operation of a basket peg
694:. : INTL MONETARY FUND.
912:Foreign exchange market
523:Kent, Penelope (2008).
419:Foreign exchange market
107:History and current use
856:-related article is a
409:Floating exchange rate
292:method has a built-in
62:special drawing rights
50:European Currency Unit
26:
503:TheFreeDictionary.com
325:positively correlated
185:, and less developed
56:member states as the
52:that was used by the
43:currency fluctuations
24:
917:Securities (finance)
591:World Economic Forum
414:Managed float regime
399:Exchange rate regime
341:currency band margin
321:developing countries
382:currency volatility
370:monetary discipline
255:balance of payments
205:and stabilizes its
121:international trade
75:, which is used by
16:Financial portfolio
302:arithmetic average
266:econometric models
247:real exchange rate
227:direct investments
215:exchange rate risk
211:short-term capital
116:currency baskets.
54:European Community
27:
869:
868:
807:World Development
701:978-1-4983-2457-1
616:Ganti, Akhilesh.
540:978-1-4058-3526-8
531:Pearson Education
499:"Currency basket"
474:"Currency Basket"
449:"currency basket"
286:geometric average
189:, which can make
187:financial markets
73:U.S. dollar index
929:
890:
883:
876:
848:
841:
831:
830:
798:
785:
784:
766:
742:
727:
720:
714:
713:
685:
679:
670:
633:
632:
630:
628:
613:
602:
601:
599:
597:
583:
577:
576:
574:
572:
558:
552:
551:
549:
547:
520:
514:
513:
511:
509:
495:
489:
488:
486:
484:
470:
464:
463:
461:
459:
453:Oxford Reference
445:
424:Basket (finance)
290:harmonic average
279:Basket valuation
166:Use and benefits
937:
936:
932:
931:
930:
928:
927:
926:
897:
896:
895:
894:
837:
835:
834:
799:
788:
743:
730:
721:
717:
702:
686:
682:
671:
636:
626:
624:
614:
605:
595:
593:
585:
584:
580:
570:
568:
560:
559:
555:
545:
543:
541:
533:. p. 258.
521:
517:
507:
505:
497:
496:
492:
482:
480:
472:
471:
467:
457:
455:
447:
446:
442:
437:
390:
378:
333:
298:price stability
281:
270:bilateral trade
235:
201:to a country's
168:
109:
93:Canadian dollar
58:unit of account
31:currency basket
17:
12:
11:
5:
935:
925:
924:
919:
914:
909:
893:
892:
885:
878:
870:
867:
866:
849:
833:
832:
813:(2): 271–279.
786:
757:(1): 128–145.
728:
715:
700:
680:
634:
603:
578:
553:
539:
515:
490:
465:
439:
438:
436:
433:
432:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
389:
386:
377:
374:
332:
329:
280:
277:
243:terms of trade
234:
231:
176:global economy
167:
164:
108:
105:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
934:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
904:
902:
891:
886:
884:
879:
877:
872:
871:
865:
863:
859:
855:
850:
847:
843:
842:
838:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
797:
795:
793:
791:
782:
778:
774:
770:
765:
760:
756:
752:
748:
741:
739:
737:
735:
733:
725:
719:
711:
707:
703:
697:
693:
692:
684:
677:
676:
669:
667:
665:
663:
661:
659:
657:
655:
653:
651:
649:
647:
645:
643:
641:
639:
623:
619:
612:
610:
608:
592:
588:
582:
567:
563:
557:
546:September 19,
542:
536:
532:
528:
527:
519:
504:
500:
494:
483:September 18,
479:
475:
469:
454:
450:
444:
440:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
391:
385:
383:
373:
371:
365:
363:
359:
355:
349:
345:
342:
338:
328:
326:
322:
318:
317:interventions
313:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
284:desirable. A
276:
273:
271:
267:
262:
258:
256:
252:
251:macroeconomic
248:
244:
240:
233:Basket choice
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
203:trade balance
200:
195:
192:
188:
184:
181:
177:
173:
163:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
128:exchange rate
124:
122:
117:
114:
104:
102:
101:Swedish krona
98:
94:
90:
89:British pound
86:
82:
78:
74:
69:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
46:
44:
40:
36:
32:
23:
19:
862:expanding it
851:
836:
810:
806:
754:
750:
718:
690:
683:
673:
625:. Retrieved
622:Investopedia
621:
594:. Retrieved
590:
581:
569:. Retrieved
565:
556:
544:. Retrieved
525:
518:
506:. Retrieved
502:
493:
481:. Retrieved
478:Investopedia
468:
456:. Retrieved
452:
443:
379:
366:
350:
346:
334:
314:
306:depreciation
294:appreciation
282:
274:
263:
259:
236:
196:
169:
125:
118:
110:
85:Japanese yen
70:
47:
37:of selected
30:
28:
18:
354:speculation
239:authorities
183:trade flows
172:diversified
97:Swiss franc
901:Categories
710:1201656772
435:References
358:short-sell
249:, or as a
99:– and the
39:currencies
854:economics
827:0305-750X
773:1225-651X
362:short-buy
223:portfolio
180:inelastic
156:Singapore
35:portfolio
907:Currency
781:23000552
394:Currency
388:See also
245:and the
132:Botswana
627:May 21,
596:May 21,
571:May 21,
566:imf.org
508:May 21,
458:May 21,
219:capital
160:Vietnam
144:Morocco
64:of the
825:
779:
771:
708:
698:
537:
199:shocks
152:Kuwait
95:, and
852:This
777:JSTOR
337:quote
300:. An
140:Syria
136:Libya
77:Forex
33:is a
858:stub
823:ISSN
769:ISSN
706:OCLC
696:ISBN
629:2020
598:2020
573:2020
548:2010
535:ISBN
510:2020
485:2010
460:2020
429:WOCU
310:here
225:and
148:Fiji
81:Euro
815:doi
759:doi
360:or
207:GDP
162:).
142:).
113:peg
903::
821:.
811:16
809:.
805:.
789:^
775:.
767:.
755:16
753:.
749:.
731:^
704:.
637:^
620:.
606:^
589:.
564:.
529:.
501:.
476:.
451:.
312:.
257:.
229:.
158:,
154:,
150:,
138:,
134:,
103:.
91:,
87:,
83:,
68:.
29:A
889:e
882:t
875:v
864:.
829:.
817::
783:.
761::
712:.
631:.
600:.
575:.
550:.
512:.
487:.
462:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
