1422:(1994), Estonia (1992), Georgia (1992), Hungary (1982), Kazakhstan (1992), Kiribati (1986), Kosovo (2009), Kyrgyz Republic (1992), Latvia (1992), Lithuania (1992), Macedonia (1992), Marshall Islands (1992), Micronesia (1993), Moldova (1992), Mongolia (1991), Montenegro (2007), Mozambique (1984), Namibia (1990), Palau (1997), Poland (1986), Russia (1992), San Marino (1992), Serbia (1992), St. Kitts and Nevis (1984), Tajikistan (1993), Timor-Leste (2002), Tonga (1985), Turkmenistan (1992), Tuvalu (2010–as Tuvalu joined after the 2009 special allocation, it may not have received XDRs), Ukraine (1992), Uzbekistan (1992), and Yemen (1990).
221:. The name was chosen as a compromise between parties who wanted an international currency and those who wanted a credit facility. Member countries receiving XDR allocations were required by the reconstitution provision of the XDR articles to hold a prescribed number of XDRs. If a state used any of its allotment, it was expected to rebuild its XDR holdings. As the reconstitution provisions were abrogated in 1981, the XDR now functions less like credit than previously. Countries are still expected to maintain their XDR holdings at a certain level, but penalties for holding fewer than the allocated amount are now less onerous.
1053:
636:
576:
660:
600:
1077:
941:
805:
528:
1029:
905:
757:
588:
504:
480:
612:
360:
70% of the votes among the IMF members. The changes take effect at the end of the five-year period (one to two months after the board review). One business day before taking effect, the newly defined weights are converted to currency amounts based on an average of the exchange rate over the past three months, such that the value of the XDR in U.S. dollars remains the same before and after the change. The currency amounts then remain fixed throughout the five-year period.
684:
1041:
917:
672:
769:
516:
304:, the third round of XDR allocations occurred in the years 2009 and 2011. The IMF recognized the financial crisis as the cause for distributing the large majority of these third-round allotments, but some allocations were couched as distributing XDRs to countries that had never received any and others as a re-balancing of IMF quotas, which determine how many XDRs a country is allotted, to better represent the economic strength of
648:
781:
540:
552:
1065:
929:
793:
624:
564:
316:, drew media attention, and the IMF showed some support for China's stance. It produced a paper exploring ways the substance and function of the XDR could be increased. China has also suggested the creation of a substitution account to allow exchange of U.S. dollars into XDRs. When substitution was proposed before, in 1978, the United States appeared reluctant to allow such a mechanism to become operational.
1153:
All IMF member countries are represented in the XDR Department, but this is not a one country, one vote system; voting power is determined by a member country's IMF quota. For example, the United States has 16.7% of the vote as of March 2, 2011. This means the United States has a de facto veto on all new XDR allocations, it is currently the only country that does.
264:
licensed to do so by the IMF. Basic functions of foreign exchange reserves, such as market intervention and liquidity provision, as well as some less prosaic ones, such as maintaining export competitiveness via favorable exchange rates, cannot be accomplished directly using XDRs. This fact has led the IMF to label the XDR as an "imperfect reserve asset".
1138:, the relative value of each currency varies continuously, as does the value of the XDR. The IMF sets the value of the XDR in terms of U.S. dollars every day. The latest U.S. dollar valuation of the XDR is published on the IMF website. For example, on January 31, 2021, the value was US$ 1.44080, and on June 22, 2021, the value was US$ 1.426480.
1157:
Extraordinary circumstances have, likewise, led to the other XDR allocation events. For example, during the global financial crisis of 2009, XDR 182.6 billion was allocated to "provide liquidity to the global economic system and supplement member countries’ official reserves". The 2011 allocations were to low-income member countries.
288:. At this time, the United States had a conservative monetary policy and did not want to increase the total amount of U.S. dollars in existence. If the United States had continued down this path, the dollar would have become a less attractive foreign exchange reserve asset: it would not have had the necessary
1233:
to purchase XDRs from those with weak reserves. The maximum obligation any country has under this mechanism is currently equal to twice the amount of its XDR allocation. As of 2023, XDRs may only be exchanged for euros, Japanese yen, UK pounds, US dollars or
Chinese Yuan. The IMF says exchanging XDRs
164:
SDRs are allocated by the IMF to countries, and cannot be held or used by private parties. The number of SDRs in existence was around XDR 21.4 billion in August 2009. During the global financial crisis of 2009, an additional XDR 182.6 billion was allocated to "provide liquidity to
1245:
The IMF calculates a weekly interest rate, which is based on "a weighted average of representative interest rates on short-term debt in the money markets of the XDR basket currencies". No interest is payable on the XDRs allocated to a country by the IMF. However, interest is payable by an IMF member
359:
An XDR basket definition remains valid for five years. Approximately one to two months before the end of this time period, the IMF Executive Board will re-evaluate the XDR basket; the currencies included as well as their weights can then change. Changing the XDR's value definition requires at least
311:
During this time China, a country with large holdings of U.S. dollar foreign exchange reserves, voiced its displeasure at the current international monetary system, and promoted measures that would allow the XDR to "fully satisfy the member countries' demand for a reserve currency." These comments,
280:
The XDR comes to prominence when the U.S. dollar is weak or otherwise unsuitable to be a foreign exchange reserve asset. This usually manifests itself as an allocation of XDRs to IMF member countries. Distrust of the U.S. dollar is not the only stated reason allocations have been made, however. One
1449:
This allocation was made under the 2008 Quota and Voice
Reforms to 54 countries with "dynamic economies" that were under-represented in the previous quota system. Date of allocation may vary from country to country, as allocation will occur "for those members that have consented to their increases
1156:
Allocations are not made on a regular basis and have only occurred on rare occasions. The first round took place because of a situation that was soon reversed, the possibility of an insufficient amount of U.S. dollars because of U.S. reluctance to run the deficit necessary to supply future demand.
1152:
XDRs are allocated to member countries by the IMF. A country's IMF quota, the maximum amount of financial resources that it is obligated to contribute to the fund, determines its allotment of XDRs. Any new allocations must be voted on in the XDR Department of the IMF and pass with an 85% majority.
355:
To determine the composition of the XDR, the IMF takes into account several currencies important to the world's trading and financial systems. A currency's importance is currently measured by two factors: the amount of exports sold in that currency, and whether that currency is considered "freely
263:
One reason XDRs may not see much use as foreign exchange reserve assets is that they must be exchanged into a currency before use. This is due in part to the fact private parties do not hold XDRs: they are only used and held by IMF member countries, the IMF itself, and a select few organizations
1254:
The XDR is used in international transactions, including export quotas in the IMF members and the number of official reserve assets which were in their own currencies. It is traded on the main foreign exchange market, including foreign exchange trading volume, whether there are forward exchange
363:
The IMF reserves the right to perform a re-evaluation after less than five years if it decides that the current basket no longer reflects "the relative importance of currencies in the world’s trading and financial systems"; it also reserves the right to postpone re-evaluations. If either occurs
341:
On August 23, 2021, the IMF allocated $ 650 billion worth of XDRs to all 190 members of the IMF in proportion to member quotas in response to COVID-19 related balance of payments concerns. This allocation of XDRs represents roughly 2/3rds of all XDRs currently in circulation, and was by far the
1421:
Countries that joined the IMF post-1981 include: Albania (1991), Angola (1989), Antigua and
Barbuda (1982), Armenia (1992), Azerbaijan (1992), Belarus (1992), Belize (1982), Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992), Brunei Darussalam (1995), Bulgaria (1990), Croatia (1992), Czech Republic (1993), Eritrea
292:
to serve this function. Soon after XDR allocations began, the United States reversed its former policy and provided sufficient liquidity. In the process a potential role for the XDR was removed. During this first round of allocations, 9.3 billion XDRs were distributed to IMF member countries.
180:
reviewed by IMF every five years. The weights assigned to the currencies in the XDR basket are adjusted to take into account their current prominence in terms of international trade and national foreign exchange reserves. As of August 2023, the XDR basket consists of the following five
435:
met the export requirement but failed to meet the "freely usable" requirement and thus was not included in the XDR basket taking effect on
January 1, 2011. In November 2015, the IMF announced that the renminbi now met the "freely usable" requirement and would be included in the next basket
332:
surpluses. In 2009, an XDR allocation was made to countries that had joined the IMF after the 1979–1981 round of allocations was complete (and so had never been allocated any). First proposed in 1997, many of the beneficiaries of this 2009 allocation were developing countries.
1225:
An IMF member country that requires actual foreign currency may sell its XDRs to another member country in exchange for the currency. To sell a part or all its XDRs, the country must find a willing party to buy them. The IMF acts as an intermediary in this voluntary exchange.
267:
Another reason they may see little use is that the number of XDRs in existence is relatively few. As of
January 2011, XDRs represented less than 4% of global foreign exchange reserve assets. To function well a foreign exchange reserve asset must have sufficient
436:
definition, changing its size back to five currencies. The effective date of the re-evaluation was postponed to
October 1, 2016, in order to "allow users sufficient lead time to adjust". In 2016, the renminbi was added to the basket with a 10.9% weighting.
296:
The XDR resurfaced in 1978 when many countries were wary of taking on more foreign exchange reserve assets denominated in U.S. dollars. This suspicion of the dollar precipitated an allocation of 12 billion XDRs over a period of four years.
224:
The name may actually derive from an early proposal for IMF "reserve drawing rights". The word "reserve" was later replaced with "special" because the idea that the IMF was creating a foreign exchange reserve asset was contentious.
272:, but XDRs, because of their small number, may be perceived to be an illiquid asset. The IMF says, "expanding the volume of official XDRs is a prerequisite for them to play a more meaningful role as a substitute reserve asset."
396:
between 1971 and 1973, the XDR initially remained at 1 US dollar (even as its value relative to gold dropped to 1/38 troy ounce in 1972 and 1/42.22 troy ounce in 1973). On July 1, 1974, the XDR instead became defined by a
1246:
country that has exchanged (sold) some or all of the XDRs it was allocated, and interest is paid to a member country that holds more XDRs than it was allocated (i.e., the country that bought XDRs from another member).
3516:
439:
In March 2021, the IMF announced that the next re-evaluation, normally scheduled for
October 1, 2021, would be postponed to August 1, 2022, in order to prevent the basket's definition from changing during the
149:. They represent a claim to currency held by IMF member countries for which they may be exchanged. SDRs were created in 1969 to supplement a shortfall of preferred foreign exchange reserve assets, namely
1677:
3143:
165:
the global economic system and supplement member countries' official reserves". By
October 2014, the number of SDRs in existence was XDR 204 billion. Due to economic stress caused by the
1676:
Kevin P. Gallagher, José Antonio Ocampo, and Ulrich Volz. (26 March 2021). "IMF Special
Drawing Rights: A key tool for attacking a COVID-19 financial fallout in developing countries".
169:
some economists and several finance ministers of poorer countries have called for a new allocation of $ 4T to support member economies as they seek ways to recover. In March 2021 the
1267:. The IMF says using the XDR in this way "help cope with exchange rate volatility." As of 2001, organizations that use the XDR as a unit of account, besides the IMF itself, include:
1440:
A special allocation of XDRs became effective August 10, 2009 and was issued on
September 9, 2009, to countries that joined the IMF after 1981 and so had never been allocated any.
2045:
3262:
1704:
1300:
3520:
1343:
3390:
3144:"Review of The Method of Valuation of The SDR—Proposed Extension of The Valuation Of The SDR Basket and Modification of The Date Of Effect of A New Basket"
2971:
1784:
1237:
It is not, however, the IMF that pays out foreign currency in exchange for XDRs: the claim to currency that XDRs represent is not a claim on the IMF.
3569:
3241:
1913:
1370:. As of 2000, the number of countries that did so was four. This is a substantial decrease from 1983, when 14 countries had XDR pegs. As of 2010,
1664:
1304:
3046:
2020:
173:
and others proposed an allocation of $ 500B for this purpose. In response, XDR 456.5 billion (about US$ 650B) was allocated on August 23, 2021.
3502:
1594:
364:(causing the old definition to be valid for less or more than five years), the new definition will still be valid for a full five years.
241:
of fixed exchange rates. After the collapse of that system in the early 1970s, the XDR has taken on a less important role. Acting as the
2053:
3476:
1296:
3615:"IMF Executive Board Concludes 2009 Article IV Consultation with the Syrian Arab Republic Public Information Notice (PIN) No. 10/42"
3327:
Quota and Voting Shares Before and After Implementation of Reforms Agreed in 2008 and 2010 (In percentage shares of total IMF quota)
3775:
2082:
1319:. In addition, charges, liabilities, and fees prescribed by some international treaties are denominated in XDRs. In 2003, the
3127:
2898:
2876:
356:
usable" (determined by its use as a foreign exchange reserve asset and how widely it is used in international transactions).
329:
252:, who hold the greatest number of XDRs, are unlikely to use them for any purpose. The only actual users of XDRs may be those
3679:
3597:
2832:
2810:
2744:
2700:
2656:
2634:
2612:
2590:
2487:
2443:
1690:
1639:
1475:
3785:
2334:
2290:
428:
was introduced in January 1999, it replaced the German mark and French franc and the basket consisted of four currencies.
1320:
1284:
1147:
3579:
3397:
1923:
1794:
1342:
In some international treaties and agreements, XDRs are used to value penalties, charges or prices. For example, the
1366:
their currencies to the XDR. One possible benefit to nations with XDR pegs is that they may be perceived to be more
3780:
3730:
3711:
404:
On January 1, 1981, the five-year schedule was introduced and the XDR basket was reduced to five currencies: the
301:
3760:
3011:
3032:
1402:
1292:
328:
for use by them as cost-free alternatives to building foreign exchange reserves through borrowing or running
3544:
CONVENTION FOR THE UNIFICATION OF CERTAIN RULES FOR INTERNATIONAL CARRIAGE BY AIR (AKA Montreal Convention)
2920:
2070:
1288:
138:
78:
3050:
2378:"Croatia, Republic of: Financial Position in the Fund as of May 31, 2011". International Monetary Fund.
2029:
90:
3014:. University of British Columbia, Sauder School of Business. Archived from the original on 2016-04-14
1230:
234:
1308:
1272:
1229:
The IMF also has the authority under the designation mechanism to ask member countries with strong
134:
1885:
1663:
Staff. (11 April 2020). "Special delivery: Should the IMF dole out more special drawing rights?".
1367:
3373:
3325:
3220:
233:
Special drawing rights were created by the IMF in 1969 and were intended to be an asset held in
3290:
1598:
1280:
1268:
3665:
2396:
1832:
3725:
150:
3289:
QUARTERLY REPORT ON IMF FINANCES For the Quarter Ended January 31, 2021. (31 January 2021).
2811:"Timor-Leste, The Democratic Republic of: Financial Position in the Fund as of May 31, 2011"
3751:
XDR Interest Rate, Rate of Remuneration, Rate of Charge and Burden Sharing Adjustments 2009
2591:"Macedonia, former Yugoslav Republic of: Financial Position in the Fund as of May 31, 2011"
2104:
High-Level Panel on Financing for Development — Recommendations & Technical Report
1033:
909:
761:
508:
484:
405:
393:
373:
238:
182:
95:
3542:
8:
3242:"IMF Launches New SDR Basket Including Chinese Renminbi, Determines New Currency Amounts"
3093:
3071:
2947:
1347:
3745:
3740:
3644:
3614:
3367:
3276:
3199:
2129:
1997:
3181:
2854:
2788:
2766:
2722:
2678:
2568:
2546:
2465:
2356:
2312:
2268:
2246:
2224:
2173:
2151:
1397:
1276:
688:
325:
253:
3755:
3643:
3503:"World Bank Successfully Prices Oversubscribed Landmark SDR Denominated Bond in China"
3425:
3351:
3303:
2520:
2421:
2198:
1975:
1960:
1943:
1871:
3575:
3484:
3123:
3026:
2383:
1919:
1819:
1790:
640:
441:
249:
166:
3453:
3173:
1569:
1392:
305:
289:
269:
3263:"Press Release – IMF Determines New Currency Amounts for the SDR Valuation Basket"
1705:"Press Release – IMF Determines New Currency Amounts for the SDR Valuation Basket"
1334:
Some bonds are also denominated in XDR, like the IBRD 2016 XDR denominated bonds.
3686:
3601:
3594:
3072:"IMF's Executive Board Completes Review of SDR Basket, Includes Chinese Renminbi"
1359:
1264:
676:
580:
398:
242:
177:
142:
49:
1363:
1081:
1076:
945:
940:
809:
804:
628:
532:
527:
313:
257:
198:
111:
16:
Supplementary foreign exchange reserve assets defined and maintained by the IMF
2833:"Turkmenistan, Republic of: Financial Position in the Fund as of May 31, 2011"
1350:
and other treaties also use XDRs in this way, capping damages at XDR 128,821.
3769:
3750:
3488:
1810:
Fred Bergsten (December 10, 2007). "How to solve the problem of the dollar".
1597:. SIX Interbank Clearing Ltd, the ISO 4217 Maintenance Agency. Archived from
1135:
1028:
904:
773:
756:
652:
604:
592:
520:
503:
479:
417:
409:
377:
3200:"IMF Incorporates the euro into the XDR Valuation and Interest Rate Baskets"
2877:"Uzbekistan, Republic of: Financial Position in the Fund as of May 31, 2011"
2745:"San Marino, Republic of: Financial Position in the Fund as of May 31, 2011"
2657:"Montenegro, Republic of: Financial Position in the Fund as of May 31, 2011"
2488:"Kazakhstan, Republic of: Financial Position in the Fund as of May 31, 2011"
1786:
The International Monetary Fund 1966–1971: The System Under Stress, Volume 2
1375:
1311:. It is not only international organizations that use the XDR in this way.
1069:
933:
797:
785:
664:
611:
568:
556:
544:
421:
413:
194:
190:
107:
103:
2102:
281:
of its first roles was to alleviate an expected shortfall of U.S. dollars
2613:"Moldova, Republic of: Financial Position in the Fund as of May 31, 2011"
2058:
1316:
616:
587:
389:
170:
3519:. International Maritime Organization. November 19, 1976. Archived from
2422:"Regional Resident Representative Office for Central and Eastern Europe"
157:
currency code for special drawing rights is XDR and the numeric code is
3185:
2899:"Yemen, Republic of: Financial Position in the Fund as of May 31, 2011"
1324:
381:
2335:"Brunei Darussalam: Financial Position in the Fund as of May 31, 2011"
635:
3685:. The Peterson Institute for International Economics. Archived from
3177:
3115:
1328:
1057:
432:
210:
154:
127:
25:
3517:"Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims (LLMC)"
3164:
Pozo, Susan (May 1984). "Composition and Variability of the SDR".
248:
The IMF itself calls the current role of the XDR "insignificant".
3667:
Financial Organization and Operations of the IMF: Pamphlet No. 45
3571:
Annual report: 2000 : making the global economy work for all
1915:
Annual report: 2000 : making the global economy work for all
1346:
caps personal liability for damages to ships at XDR 330,000. The
768:
683:
599:
515:
3746:
SDRs per Currency unit and Currency units per XDR last five days
3094:"IMF Executive Board Completes the 2015 Review of SDR Valuation"
1358:
According to the IMF, "the SDR may not be any country’s optimal
3646:
Enhancing International Monetary Stability: A Role for the SDR?
3202:(Press release). International Monetary Fund. December 31, 1998
1387:
1040:
916:
780:
671:
647:
575:
539:
3221:"IMF Determines New Currency Amounts for SDR Valuation Basket"
2948:"IMF Determines New Currency Weights for XDR Valuation Basket"
2110:. United Nations. June 26, 2001. pp. 27, 58–59. A/55/1000
3673:(6th ed.). International Monetary Fund. January 7, 2011.
2635:"Mongolia: Financial Position in the Fund as of May 31, 2011"
1371:
1312:
1064:
1052:
928:
792:
623:
563:
551:
176:
The value of a SDR is based on a basket of key international
2701:"Namibia: Financial Position in the Fund as of May 31, 2011"
2444:"Eritrea: Financial Position in the Fund as of May 31, 2011"
2291:"Belize: Financial Position in the Fund as of May 31, 2011"
1045:
921:
659:
460:
425:
385:
186:
99:
3047:"OECD Reference Metadata Report: Main Economic Indicators"
2313:"Resident Representative Office in Bosnia and Herzegovina"
1301:
International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes
3652:. International Monetary Fund. January 7, 2011. p. 1
2083:"China questions the dollar's role as a reserve currency"
1344:
Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims
1431:
Relative compositions expressed in per cent are rounded.
3120:
The New China Playbook: Beyond Socialism and Capitalism
2521:"Resident Representative Office in the Pacific Islands"
3664:
3437:
2723:"Resident Representative Office in Russian Federation"
1767:
245:
for the IMF has been its primary purpose since 1972.
2130:"IMF Executive Board Agrees XDR Allocation Proposal"
1998:"The IMF's 2008 Quota and Voice Reforms Take Effect"
1908:
1906:
2569:"Resident Representative Office in Kyrgyz Republic"
2028:
1589:
1587:
1263:Some international organizations use the XDR as a
431:In November 2010, the IMF determined that China's
312:made by a chairman of the People's Bank of China,
3574:. International Monetary Fund. 2000. p. 75.
3426:"Enhancing International Monetary Stability" 2011
3352:"Enhancing International Monetary Stability" 2011
2942:
2940:
2132:. International Monetary Fund. September 20, 1997
1976:"Enhancing International Monetary Stability" 2011
1961:"Enhancing International Monetary Stability" 2011
1944:"Enhancing International Monetary Stability" 2011
1918:. International Monetary Fund. 2000. p. 74.
1903:
1872:"Enhancing International Monetary Stability" 2011
3767:
3741:Today's US dollar value of the XDR from the IMF
2018:
1584:
1305:International Fund for Agricultural Development
1148:International Monetary Fund § Voting power
372:At the time of the XDR's creation in 1969, the
3595:Syria switches currency peg from dollar to XDR
3234:
2972:"Review of the Method of Valuation of the SDR"
2966:
2964:
2937:
2789:"Resident Representative Office in Tajikistan"
2679:"Resident Representative Office in Mozambique"
2043:
1595:"Table A.1 (E): Currency and funds codes list"
319:
217:, they are often referred to by their acronym
3495:
3372:. International Monetary Fund. 1984. p.
2571:. International Monetary Fund. March 20, 2009
1809:
324:In 2001, the UN suggested allocating XDRs to
275:
3306:. International Monetary Fund. March 3, 2011
3012:"Special Drawing Rights: The XDR Fact Sheet"
2357:"Resident Representative Office in Bulgaria"
2000:. International Monetary Fund. March 3, 2011
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1789:. International Monetary Fund. p. 154.
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
3255:
3086:
2961:
2855:"Resident Representative Office in Ukraine"
2791:. International Monetary Fund. January 2010
2466:"Resident Representative Office in Georgia"
2269:"Resident Representative Office in Belarus"
2225:"Resident Representative Office in Armenia"
2152:"Resident Representative Office in Albania"
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1337:
3677:
3064:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2767:"Resident Representative Office in Serbia"
2547:"Resident Representative Office in Kosovo"
2174:"Resident Representative Office in Angola"
2046:"Reform the International Monetary System"
1856:
1755:
1736:
1626:
1570:"Factsheet: Special Drawing Rights (SDRs)"
1503:
3483:. International Monetary Fund: 68. 1986.
3009:
2199:"Eastern Caribbean Currency Union (ECCU)"
1981:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1646:. International Monetary Fund. 2018-04-19
1476:"Special drawing right (SDR) - factsheet"
1297:Economic Community of West African States
3550:. United Nations. 1999. pp. 356–359
2071:"China backs talks on dollar as reserve"
1883:
1803:
1782:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1509:
1499:
1497:
342:largest ever single allocation of XDRs.
2988:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2193:
2191:
392:of 1971 and during the collapse of the
367:
3768:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3362:
3360:
2021:"China calls for new reserve currency"
1839:
1742:
1721:
3391:"UPU Letter Post Final Protocol 2013"
2515:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2505:
1971:
1969:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1867:
1865:
1783:Margaret, Garritsen De Vries (1976).
1615:
1494:
137:assets defined and maintained by the
3761:Can IMF Currency Replace the Dollar?
3431:
3163:
3108:
2403:
2188:
336:
3414:
3383:
3357:
3345:
3333:. International Monetary Fund. 2011
3114:
1761:
1450:once quota subscriptions are paid".
345:
13:
3166:Review of Economics and Statistics
2502:
2095:
2019:Jamil Anderlini (March 23, 2009).
1966:
1949:
1932:
1862:
1353:
1321:Bank for International Settlements
1285:Bank for International Settlements
1258:
1129:
388:or exactly 1 US dollar. After the
350:
14:
3797:
3705:
3378:international monetary fund 1984.
2044:Zhou Xiaochuan (March 23, 2009).
256:that see them as "a rather cheap
2247:"IMF Local Office in Azerbaijan"
1884:McKinnon, Ronald (Spring 2009),
1240:
1075:
1063:
1051:
1039:
1027:
939:
927:
915:
903:
803:
791:
779:
767:
755:
682:
670:
658:
646:
634:
622:
610:
598:
586:
574:
562:
550:
538:
526:
514:
502:
478:
145:for the IMF, and not a currency
3607:
3588:
3562:
3535:
3509:
3469:
3446:
3318:
3296:
3283:
3277:"XDR Valuation (updated daily)"
3269:
3213:
3192:
3157:
3136:
3039:
2913:
2891:
2869:
2847:
2825:
2803:
2781:
2759:
2737:
2715:
2693:
2671:
2649:
2627:
2605:
2583:
2561:
2539:
2480:
2458:
2436:
2371:
2349:
2327:
2305:
2283:
2261:
2239:
2217:
2166:
2144:
2122:
2063:
2037:
2012:
1877:
1776:
1697:
1443:
1434:
1425:
1415:
3680:"Policy Brief: Drawing Rights"
3678:Williamson, John (June 2009).
3636:
3293:p. 22. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
3279:. International Monetary Fund.
1691:"Special Drawing Rights (SDR)"
1683:
1670:
1657:
1640:"Special Drawing Rights (SDR)"
1632:
1468:
1141:
380:and the XDR was fixed at 1/35
213:for special drawing rights is
1:
3776:Currencies with ISO 4217 code
3756:XDR Interest Rate Calculation
2921:"2021 General XDR Allocation"
2901:. International Monetary Fund
2879:. International Monetary Fund
2857:. International Monetary Fund
2835:. International Monetary Fund
2813:. International Monetary Fund
2769:. International Monetary Fund
2747:. International Monetary Fund
2725:. International Monetary Fund
2703:. International Monetary Fund
2681:. International Monetary Fund
2659:. International Monetary Fund
2637:. International Monetary Fund
2615:. International Monetary Fund
2593:. International Monetary Fund
2549:. International Monetary Fund
2527:. International Monetary Fund
2490:. International Monetary Fund
2468:. International Monetary Fund
2446:. International Monetary Fund
2424:. International Monetary Fund
2359:. International Monetary Fund
2337:. International Monetary Fund
2315:. International Monetary Fund
2293:. International Monetary Fund
2271:. International Monetary Fund
2249:. International Monetary Fund
2227:. International Monetary Fund
2205:. International Monetary Fund
2176:. International Monetary Fund
2154:. International Monetary Fund
1678:Brookings Institution website
1482:. International Monetary Fund
1457:
1403:Central securities depository
1293:East African Development Bank
1249:
282:
3731:Resources in other libraries
1890:Harvard International Review
1462:
1203:Sometime after 3 March 2011
1159:
1020:
896:
748:
446:
7:
3786:International Monetary Fund
3604:bi-me.com, Tue June 5, 2007
1381:
1289:Common Fund for Commodities
1220:
320:Use by developing countries
302:financial crisis of 2007–08
139:International Monetary Fund
10:
3802:
3619:Public Information Notices
3010:Antweiler, Werner (2011).
1362:", but a few countries do
1145:
493:
476:
469:
459:
276:Alternative to U.S. dollar
228:
3726:Resources in your library
3244:. IMF. September 30, 2016
3031:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1234:can take "several days."
1231:foreign exchange reserves
1008:
991:
974:
957:
913:
235:foreign exchange reserves
89:
84:
74:
66:
61:
48:
43:
31:
24:
3454:
3223:. IMF. December 30, 2010
3074:. IMF. November 30, 2015
2950:. IMF. November 15, 2010
1572:. IMF. November 30, 2015
1408:
1338:Use in international law
1309:Islamic Development Bank
1273:African Development Bank
135:foreign exchange reserve
3781:Foreign exchange market
3304:"Factsheet: IMF Quotas"
3096:. IMF. December 1, 2015
1680:Retrieved 1 April 2021.
1667:Retrieved 1 April 2021.
1134:Because of fluctuating
204:
3717:Special drawing rights
3455:政府公共調達データベース: 政府公共調達概要
3439:Financial Organization
2056:on September 22, 2010.
2050:People's Bank of China
1769:Financial Organization
1281:Asian Development Bank
1269:Universal Postal Union
211:ISO 4217 currency code
199:British pound sterling
153:and U.S. dollars. The
120:Special drawing rights
20:Special drawing rights
3621:. IMF. March 25, 2010
3146:. IMF. March 15, 2021
1665:The Economist website
300:Concomitant with the
3477:"Annual Report 1986"
3122:. New York: Viking.
1886:"Reconsidering XDRs"
1331:, in favour of XDR.
406:United States dollar
394:Bretton Woods system
374:United States dollar
368:Historical valuation
326:developing countries
254:developing countries
239:Bretton Woods system
133:) are supplementary
67:Date of introduction
3458:(in Japanese), 2009
1348:Montreal Convention
1315:uses XDRs to price
453:
250:Developed countries
35:XDR (numeric:
21:
3600:2011-07-07 at the
3369:Annual Report 1984
1398:Group of Ten (IMF)
1323:ceased to use the
1277:Arab Monetary Fund
1214:XDR 456.5 billion
1190:XDR 161.2 billion
447:
401:of 16 currencies.
376:was backed by the
19:
3712:Library resources
3129:978-1-9848-7828-1
2391:Missing or empty
2089:. March 26, 2009.
2077:. March 19, 2009.
1827:Missing or empty
1218:
1217:
1206:XDR 20.8 billion
1198:XDR 21.4 billion
1195:9 September 2009
1182:XDR 12.1 billion
1127:
1126:
1123:0.080870 (7.44%)
1103:0.085946 (8.09%)
1019:
1018:
895:
894:
747:
746:
442:COVID-19 pandemic
337:COVID-19 pandemic
167:COVID-19 pandemic
117:
116:
3793:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3691:
3684:
3674:
3672:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3651:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3611:
3605:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3549:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3523:on June 11, 2011
3513:
3507:
3506:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3450:
3444:
3435:
3429:
3423:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3402:
3396:. Archived from
3395:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3364:
3355:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3332:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3300:
3294:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3049:. Archived from
3043:
3037:
3036:
3030:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3007:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2968:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2944:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2517:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2418:
2401:
2400:
2394:
2389:
2387:
2379:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2195:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2109:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2078:
2067:
2061:
2057:
2052:. Archived from
2041:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2027:. Archived from
2016:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2005:
1994:
1979:
1973:
1964:
1958:
1947:
1941:
1930:
1929:
1910:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1860:
1854:
1837:
1836:
1830:
1825:
1823:
1815:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1780:
1774:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1740:
1734:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1715:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1687:
1681:
1674:
1668:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1603:
1591:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1566:
1507:
1501:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1472:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1423:
1419:
1393:Reserve currency
1174:XDR 9.3 billion
1160:
1114:0.37379 (29.31%)
1111:0.57813 (43.38%)
1094:0.38671 (30.93%)
1091:0.58252 (41.73%)
1080:
1079:
1068:
1067:
1056:
1055:
1044:
1043:
1032:
1031:
1021:
944:
943:
932:
931:
920:
919:
908:
907:
897:
808:
807:
796:
795:
784:
783:
772:
771:
760:
759:
749:
687:
686:
675:
674:
663:
662:
651:
650:
639:
638:
627:
626:
615:
614:
603:
602:
591:
590:
579:
578:
567:
566:
555:
554:
543:
542:
531:
530:
519:
518:
507:
506:
483:
482:
454:
452:
451:
346:Value definition
306:emerging markets
287:
284:
143:units of account
141:(IMF). SDRs are
56:
38:
22:
18:
3801:
3800:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3766:
3765:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3720:
3719:
3715:
3708:
3703:
3695:
3693:
3689:
3682:
3670:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3639:
3634:
3624:
3622:
3613:
3612:
3608:
3602:Wayback Machine
3593:
3589:
3582:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3541:
3540:
3536:
3526:
3524:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3436:
3432:
3424:
3415:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3393:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3366:
3365:
3358:
3350:
3346:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3309:
3307:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3288:
3284:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3247:
3245:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3226:
3224:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3205:
3203:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3178:10.2307/1925833
3162:
3158:
3149:
3147:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3130:
3113:
3109:
3099:
3097:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3077:
3075:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3056:
3054:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3024:
3023:
3017:
3015:
3008:
2989:
2980:
2978:
2970:
2969:
2962:
2953:
2951:
2946:
2945:
2938:
2929:
2927:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2904:
2902:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2882:
2880:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2860:
2858:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2838:
2836:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2816:
2814:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2794:
2792:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2772:
2770:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2750:
2748:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2728:
2726:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2706:
2704:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2684:
2682:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2662:
2660:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2640:
2638:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2618:
2616:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2596:
2594:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2574:
2572:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2552:
2550:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2530:
2528:
2519:
2518:
2503:
2493:
2491:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2471:
2469:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2449:
2447:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2427:
2425:
2420:
2419:
2404:
2392:
2390:
2381:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2362:
2360:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2340:
2338:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2318:
2316:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2296:
2294:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2274:
2272:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2252:
2250:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2230:
2228:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2208:
2206:
2197:
2196:
2189:
2179:
2177:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2157:
2155:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2135:
2133:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2081:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2042:
2038:
2025:Financial Times
2017:
2013:
2003:
2001:
1996:
1995:
1982:
1974:
1967:
1959:
1950:
1942:
1933:
1926:
1912:
1911:
1904:
1895:
1893:
1882:
1878:
1870:
1863:
1857:Williamson 2009
1855:
1840:
1828:
1826:
1817:
1816:
1812:Financial Times
1808:
1804:
1797:
1781:
1777:
1766:
1762:
1756:Williamson 2009
1754:
1743:
1737:Williamson 2009
1735:
1722:
1713:
1711:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1675:
1671:
1662:
1658:
1649:
1647:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1627:Williamson 2009
1625:
1616:
1607:
1605:
1602:(MS Excel file)
1601:
1593:
1592:
1585:
1575:
1573:
1568:
1567:
1510:
1504:Williamson 2009
1502:
1495:
1485:
1483:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1454:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1384:
1356:
1354:Use as currency
1340:
1265:unit of account
1261:
1259:Unit of account
1252:
1243:
1223:
1211:23 August 2021
1187:28 August 2009
1150:
1144:
1132:
1130:Daily valuation
1117:1.0993 (12.28%)
1097:1.0174 (10.92%)
1074:
1062:
1050:
1038:
1026:
938:
926:
914:
902:
802:
790:
778:
766:
754:
681:
669:
657:
645:
633:
621:
609:
597:
585:
573:
561:
549:
537:
525:
513:
501:
477:
449:
448:
399:currency basket
370:
353:
351:Currency basket
348:
339:
330:current account
322:
285:
278:
243:unit of account
231:
207:
54:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3799:
3789:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3764:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3734:
3733:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3706:External links
3704:
3702:
3701:
3675:
3662:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3606:
3587:
3580:
3561:
3534:
3508:
3494:
3468:
3445:
3430:
3413:
3382:
3356:
3344:
3317:
3295:
3282:
3268:
3254:
3233:
3212:
3191:
3172:(2): 308–314.
3156:
3135:
3128:
3107:
3085:
3063:
3038:
2987:
2960:
2936:
2912:
2890:
2868:
2846:
2824:
2802:
2780:
2758:
2736:
2714:
2692:
2670:
2648:
2626:
2604:
2582:
2560:
2538:
2501:
2479:
2457:
2435:
2402:
2370:
2348:
2326:
2304:
2282:
2260:
2238:
2216:
2187:
2165:
2143:
2121:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2062:
2036:
2033:on 2022-12-10.
2011:
1980:
1965:
1948:
1931:
1924:
1902:
1876:
1861:
1838:
1802:
1795:
1775:
1760:
1741:
1720:
1696:
1682:
1669:
1656:
1631:
1614:
1583:
1508:
1493:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1442:
1433:
1424:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1383:
1380:
1355:
1352:
1339:
1336:
1260:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1242:
1239:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1146:Main article:
1143:
1140:
1136:exchange rates
1131:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1120:13.452 (7.59%)
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1072:
1060:
1048:
1036:
1024:
1017:
1016:
1015:0.111 (11.3%)
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1000:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
983:
982:
979:
976:
973:
970:
966:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
949:
948:
936:
924:
912:
900:
893:
892:
889:
886:
883:
880:
877:
873:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
857:
853:
852:
849:
846:
843:
840:
837:
833:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
813:
812:
800:
788:
776:
764:
752:
745:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
696:
692:
691:
679:
667:
655:
643:
631:
619:
607:
595:
583:
571:
559:
547:
535:
523:
511:
499:
496:
495:
492:
488:
487:
475:
472:
471:
468:
464:
463:
458:
450:Value of 1 XDR
369:
366:
352:
349:
347:
344:
338:
335:
321:
318:
314:Zhou Xiaochuan
277:
274:
258:line of credit
230:
227:
206:
203:
193: 12.28%,
189: 29.31%,
185: 43.38%,
115:
114:
112:Pound Sterling
93:
87:
86:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
68:
64:
63:
59:
58:
52:
46:
45:
41:
40:
33:
29:
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3798:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3692:on 2010-06-22
3688:
3681:
3676:
3669:
3668:
3663:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3641:
3620:
3616:
3610:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3591:
3583:
3581:9781557759511
3577:
3573:
3572:
3565:
3546:
3545:
3538:
3522:
3518:
3512:
3504:
3498:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3481:Annual Report
3478:
3472:
3457:
3449:
3443:, p. 106
3442:
3440:
3434:
3427:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3403:on 2018-05-16
3399:
3392:
3386:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3370:
3363:
3361:
3353:
3348:
3329:
3328:
3321:
3305:
3299:
3292:
3286:
3278:
3272:
3264:
3258:
3243:
3237:
3222:
3216:
3201:
3195:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3160:
3145:
3139:
3131:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3095:
3089:
3073:
3067:
3053:on 2015-04-02
3052:
3048:
3042:
3034:
3028:
3013:
3006:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2977:
2973:
2967:
2965:
2949:
2943:
2941:
2926:
2922:
2916:
2900:
2894:
2878:
2872:
2856:
2850:
2834:
2828:
2812:
2806:
2790:
2784:
2768:
2762:
2746:
2740:
2724:
2718:
2702:
2696:
2680:
2674:
2658:
2652:
2636:
2630:
2614:
2608:
2592:
2586:
2570:
2564:
2548:
2542:
2526:
2522:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2489:
2483:
2467:
2461:
2445:
2439:
2423:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2398:
2385:
2374:
2358:
2352:
2336:
2330:
2314:
2308:
2292:
2286:
2270:
2264:
2248:
2242:
2226:
2220:
2204:
2200:
2194:
2192:
2175:
2169:
2153:
2147:
2131:
2125:
2106:
2105:
2098:
2088:
2087:The Economist
2084:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2015:
1999:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1977:
1972:
1970:
1962:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1945:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1927:
1925:9781557759511
1921:
1917:
1916:
1909:
1907:
1891:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1868:
1866:
1858:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1834:
1821:
1813:
1806:
1798:
1796:9780939934119
1792:
1788:
1787:
1779:
1772:
1770:
1764:
1757:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1738:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1692:
1686:
1679:
1673:
1666:
1660:
1645:
1641:
1635:
1628:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1604:on 2015-09-11
1600:
1596:
1590:
1588:
1571:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1505:
1500:
1498:
1481:
1477:
1471:
1467:
1446:
1437:
1428:
1418:
1414:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1256:
1247:
1241:Interest rate
1238:
1235:
1232:
1227:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1139:
1137:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1014:
1011:
1009:0.423 (37.4%)
1005:
1002:
1001:
998:0.0903 (11%)
997:
994:
988:
985:
984:
981:0.0984 (11%)
980:
977:
971:
968:
967:
963:
960:
954:
951:
950:
947:
942:
937:
935:
930:
925:
923:
918:
911:
906:
901:
899:
898:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
875:
874:
871:0.0812 (11%)
870:
867:
864:
861:
858:
855:
854:
851:0.0893 (12%)
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
834:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
814:
811:
806:
801:
799:
794:
789:
787:
782:
777:
775:
770:
765:
763:
758:
753:
751:
750:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
727:
724:
721:
718:
715:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
693:
690:
685:
680:
678:
673:
668:
666:
661:
656:
654:
649:
644:
642:
637:
632:
630:
625:
620:
618:
613:
608:
606:
601:
596:
594:
589:
584:
582:
577:
572:
570:
565:
560:
558:
553:
548:
546:
541:
536:
534:
529:
524:
522:
517:
512:
510:
505:
500:
498:
497:
490:
489:
486:
481:
474:
473:
466:
465:
462:
456:
455:
445:
443:
437:
434:
429:
427:
423:
419:
418:British pound
415:
411:
410:Deutsche mark
407:
402:
400:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
378:gold standard
375:
365:
361:
357:
343:
334:
331:
327:
317:
315:
309:
307:
303:
298:
294:
291:
273:
271:
265:
261:
259:
255:
251:
246:
244:
240:
236:
226:
222:
220:
216:
212:
202:
201: 7.44%.
200:
197: 7.59%,
196:
192:
188:
184:
179:
174:
172:
168:
162:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
129:
125:
121:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
94:
92:
88:
83:
80:
77:
73:
69:
65:
60:
53:
51:
47:
42:
34:
30:
27:
23:
3716:
3694:. Retrieved
3687:the original
3666:
3654:. Retrieved
3645:
3623:. Retrieved
3618:
3609:
3590:
3570:
3564:
3552:. Retrieved
3543:
3537:
3525:. Retrieved
3521:the original
3511:
3497:
3480:
3471:
3460:, retrieved
3448:
3438:
3433:
3428:, p. 14
3405:. Retrieved
3398:the original
3385:
3377:
3368:
3354:, p. 10
3347:
3335:. Retrieved
3326:
3320:
3308:. Retrieved
3298:
3285:
3271:
3257:
3246:. Retrieved
3236:
3225:. Retrieved
3215:
3204:. Retrieved
3194:
3169:
3165:
3159:
3148:. Retrieved
3138:
3119:
3110:
3098:. Retrieved
3088:
3076:. Retrieved
3066:
3055:. Retrieved
3051:the original
3041:
3016:. Retrieved
2979:. Retrieved
2975:
2952:. Retrieved
2928:. Retrieved
2924:
2915:
2903:. Retrieved
2893:
2881:. Retrieved
2871:
2859:. Retrieved
2849:
2837:. Retrieved
2827:
2815:. Retrieved
2805:
2793:. Retrieved
2783:
2771:. Retrieved
2761:
2749:. Retrieved
2739:
2727:. Retrieved
2717:
2705:. Retrieved
2695:
2683:. Retrieved
2673:
2661:. Retrieved
2651:
2639:. Retrieved
2629:
2617:. Retrieved
2607:
2595:. Retrieved
2585:
2573:. Retrieved
2563:
2551:. Retrieved
2541:
2529:. Retrieved
2524:
2492:. Retrieved
2482:
2470:. Retrieved
2460:
2448:. Retrieved
2438:
2426:. Retrieved
2373:
2361:. Retrieved
2351:
2339:. Retrieved
2329:
2317:. Retrieved
2307:
2295:. Retrieved
2285:
2273:. Retrieved
2263:
2251:. Retrieved
2241:
2229:. Retrieved
2219:
2207:. Retrieved
2202:
2178:. Retrieved
2168:
2156:. Retrieved
2146:
2134:. Retrieved
2124:
2112:. Retrieved
2103:
2097:
2086:
2074:
2065:
2054:the original
2049:
2039:
2030:the original
2024:
2014:
2002:. Retrieved
1914:
1894:, retrieved
1889:
1879:
1811:
1805:
1785:
1778:
1773:, p. 92
1768:
1763:
1712:. Retrieved
1708:
1699:
1685:
1672:
1659:
1648:. Retrieved
1643:
1634:
1606:. Retrieved
1599:the original
1574:. Retrieved
1484:. Retrieved
1479:
1470:
1445:
1436:
1427:
1417:
1378:to the XDR.
1357:
1341:
1333:
1262:
1253:
1244:
1236:
1228:
1224:
1155:
1151:
1133:
1100:11.9 (8.33%)
1006:0.66 (41.9%)
964:0.105 (11%)
958:0.3519 (32%)
891:0.105 (11%)
831:0.071 (13%)
743:0.28 (1.3%)
731:0.017 (2.1%)
701:0.32 (10.2%)
470:1/35 (100%)
438:
430:
422:Japanese yen
414:French franc
403:
371:
362:
358:
354:
340:
323:
310:
299:
295:
279:
266:
262:
247:
232:
223:
218:
214:
208:
195:Japanese yen
191:Chinese yuan
181:currencies:
175:
163:
158:
146:
130:
123:
119:
118:
108:Japanese Yen
104:Chinese Yuan
62:Demographics
3637:Works cited
3291:IMF website
3100:December 5,
3078:December 5,
1978:, p. 6
1963:, p. 4
1946:, p. 7
1892:, p. 7
1874:, p. 1
1859:, p. 2
1758:, p. 3
1739:, p. 1
1629:, p. 5
1576:December 5,
1506:, p. 7
1480:www.imf.org
1368:transparent
1317:foreign aid
1142:Allocations
1012:12.1 (9.4%)
989:0.632 (44%)
975:0.426 (31%)
972:0.577 (44%)
955:0.582 (39%)
885:0.813 (11%)
882:0.446 (21%)
879:0.582 (39%)
862:0.453 (21%)
859:0.572 (40%)
842:0.527 (19%)
839:0.452 (42%)
734:0.11 (2.1%)
725:0.13 (3.0%)
719:0.14 (4.3%)
716:0.07 (5.9%)
713:21.0 (6.0%)
710:52.0 (6.6%)
707:0.42 (7.1%)
704:0.05 (9.7%)
698:0.4 (32.6%)
494:1.0 (100%)
424:. When the
390:Nixon Shock
286: 1970
183:U.S. dollar
96:U.S. Dollar
91:Pegged with
3770:Categories
3696:2010-07-04
3407:2018-05-15
3248:2016-10-01
3227:2023-08-10
3206:2009-11-14
3150:2021-03-15
3057:2015-03-07
3018:2011-06-19
2981:2022-06-13
2954:2015-12-05
2930:2022-08-15
2393:|url=
1829:|url=
1714:2023-08-21
1650:2018-12-24
1608:2015-12-14
1486:30 October
1458:References
1325:gold franc
1250:Other uses
1179:1979–1981
1171:1970–1972
1108:2022–2027
1088:2016–2022
1003:2011–2016
995:18.4 (11%)
992:0.41 (34%)
986:2006–2010
978:21.0 (14%)
969:2001–2005
961:27.2 (18%)
952:1999–2000
888:27.2 (18%)
876:1996–1998
868:31.8 (17%)
856:1991–1995
848:33.4 (15%)
845:1.02 (12%)
836:1986–1990
828:34.0 (13%)
825:0.74 (13%)
822:0.46 (19%)
819:0.54 (42%)
816:1981–1985
740:0.1 (1.5%)
737:1.7 (2.0%)
728:1.5 (2.1%)
722:1.6 (3.5%)
695:1974–1980
491:1971–1974
467:1969–1971
420:, and the
382:troy ounce
237:under the
209:While the
178:currencies
3489:0250-7498
3116:Jin, Keyu
1463:Citations
1374:pegs its
1327:as their
1255:markets.
865:0.8 (11%)
290:liquidity
270:liquidity
85:Valuation
3656:June 19,
3625:July 20,
3598:Archived
3554:June 18,
3527:June 18,
3462:June 18,
3337:June 24,
3310:June 24,
3118:(2023).
3027:cite web
2905:June 25,
2883:June 25,
2861:June 25,
2839:June 25,
2817:June 25,
2795:June 25,
2773:June 25,
2751:June 25,
2729:June 25,
2707:June 25,
2685:June 25,
2663:June 25,
2641:June 25,
2619:June 25,
2597:June 25,
2575:June 25,
2553:June 25,
2531:June 24,
2494:June 25,
2472:June 25,
2450:June 24,
2428:June 24,
2384:cite web
2363:June 24,
2341:June 24,
2319:June 24,
2297:June 24,
2275:June 24,
2253:June 24,
2231:June 24,
2209:June 24,
2180:June 24,
2158:June 24,
2136:June 24,
2114:June 18,
2004:June 18,
1896:June 19,
1820:cite web
1382:See also
1329:currency
1221:Exchange
433:renminbi
155:ISO 4217
26:ISO 4217
3186:1925833
2075:Reuters
2059:Alt URL
1644:imf.org
1166:Amount
457:Period
229:History
75:User(s)
57:
3714:about
3578:
3487:
3184:
3126:
1922:
1793:
1388:Bancor
1360:basket
1307:, and
416:, the
412:, the
408:, the
147:per se
110:, and
50:Symbol
3690:(PDF)
3683:(PDF)
3671:(PDF)
3650:(PDF)
3548:(PDF)
3401:(PDF)
3394:(PDF)
3331:(PDF)
3182:JSTOR
2108:(PDF)
1409:Notes
1376:pound
1372:Syria
1313:JETRO
1163:Date
3658:2011
3627:2012
3576:ISBN
3556:2011
3529:2011
3485:ISSN
3464:2011
3441:2011
3339:2011
3312:2011
3124:ISBN
3102:2015
3080:2015
3033:link
2907:2011
2885:2011
2863:2011
2841:2011
2819:2011
2797:2011
2775:2011
2753:2011
2731:2011
2709:2011
2687:2011
2665:2011
2643:2011
2621:2011
2599:2011
2577:2011
2555:2011
2533:2011
2496:2011
2474:2011
2452:2011
2430:2011
2397:help
2365:2011
2343:2011
2321:2011
2299:2011
2277:2011
2255:2011
2233:2011
2211:2011
2182:2011
2160:2011
2138:2011
2116:2011
2006:2011
1920:ISBN
1898:2011
1833:help
1791:ISBN
1771:2011
1578:2015
1488:2018
426:euro
386:gold
205:Name
187:euro
151:gold
128:code
124:SDRs
100:Euro
70:1969
44:Unit
32:Code
3174:doi
2976:IMF
2925:IMF
2525:Imf
2203:Imf
1709:IMF
1364:peg
1082:GBP
1070:JPY
1058:CNY
1046:EUR
1034:USD
946:GBP
934:JPY
922:EUR
910:USD
810:GBP
798:JPY
786:FRF
774:DEM
762:USD
689:ATS
677:NOK
665:IRR
653:SEK
641:AUD
629:ESP
617:SAR
605:BEF
593:NLG
581:CAD
569:JPY
557:ITL
545:FRF
533:GBP
521:DEM
509:USD
485:USD
461:XAU
384:of
260:".
219:SDR
215:XDR
171:G24
159:960
131:XDR
79:IMF
55:SDR
37:960
3772::
3617:.
3479:.
3416:^
3376:.
3374:88
3359:^
3180:.
3170:66
3168:.
3029:}}
3025:{{
2990:^
2974:.
2963:^
2939:^
2923:.
2523:.
2504:^
2405:^
2388::
2386:}}
2382:{{
2201:.
2190:^
2085:.
2073:.
2048:.
2023:.
1983:^
1968:^
1951:^
1934:^
1905:^
1888:,
1864:^
1841:^
1824::
1822:}}
1818:{{
1744:^
1723:^
1707:.
1642:.
1617:^
1586:^
1511:^
1496:^
1478:.
1303:,
1299:,
1295:,
1291:,
1287:,
1283:,
1279:,
1275:,
1271:,
444:.
308:.
283:c.
161:.
126:,
106:,
102:,
98:,
3699:.
3660:.
3629:.
3584:.
3558:.
3531:.
3505:.
3491:.
3410:.
3341:.
3314:.
3265:.
3251:.
3230:.
3209:.
3188:.
3176::
3153:.
3132:.
3104:.
3082:.
3060:.
3035:)
3021:.
2984:.
2957:.
2933:.
2909:.
2887:.
2865:.
2843:.
2821:.
2799:.
2777:.
2755:.
2733:.
2711:.
2689:.
2667:.
2645:.
2623:.
2601:.
2579:.
2557:.
2535:.
2498:.
2476:.
2454:.
2432:.
2399:)
2395:(
2367:.
2345:.
2323:.
2301:.
2279:.
2257:.
2235:.
2213:.
2184:.
2162:.
2140:.
2118:.
2008:.
1928:.
1835:)
1831:(
1814:.
1799:.
1717:.
1693:.
1653:.
1611:.
1580:.
1490:.
122:(
39:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.