Culture of France - Knowledge

2254: 4883: 65: 1213: 866: 2452: 733: 3785: 132: 2804: 74: 3992: 45: 85: 2022: 3624:. Although the French film market is dominated by Hollywood, France is the only nation in the world where American films make up the smallest share of total film revenues, at 50%, compared with 77% in Germany and 69% in Japan. French films account for 35% of the total film revenues of France, which is the highest percentage of national film revenues in the developed world outside the United States, compared to 14% in Spain and 8% in the UK. In 2013 France was the second greatest exporter of films in the world, after the United States. 2468: 1867: 36: 3005: 2325:). French cuisine and eating habits have however come under great pressure in recent years from modern fast food, such as American products and the new global agricultural industry. While French youth culture has gravitated toward fast food and American eating habits (with an attendant rise in obesity), the French in general have remained committed to preserving certain elements of their food culture through such activities as including programs of taste acquisition in their public schools, by the use of the 1107: 94: 2951: 56: 2357: 114: 3665: 2172: 1791:, supported it. Hollande was elected in May 2012 and his government proposed the law known as "Mariage pour tous" ("marriage for all") to the parliament in November 2012. The law was passed in April 2013 and validated by the Conseil constitutionnel (the constitutional council, tasked with insuring that the new laws passed do not contradict the French constitution) in May 2013. The first French same-sex marriage took place on 29 May 2013 in Montpellier. 3493: 103: 3175: 1473:" is a French term originally used for wine and coffee to denote the special characteristics that geography bestowed upon these products. It can be very loosely translated as "a sense of place" which is embodied in certain qualities, and the sum of the effects that the local environment (especially the "soil") has had on the growth of the product. The use of the term has since been generalized to talk about many cultural products. 4704:— which have forged a sense of national identity over the last 200 years. However, despite these unifying forces, France today still remains marked by social class and by important regional differences in culture (cuisine, dialect/accent, local traditions) that many fear will be unable to withstand contemporary social forces (depopulation of the countryside, immigration, centralization, market forces and the world economy). 1532:.) These overseas departments have the same political status as metropolitan departments and are integral parts of France, (similar to the way in which Hawaii is a state and an integral part of the United States), yet they also have specific cultural and linguistic traditions which set them apart. Certain elements of overseas culture have also been introduced to metropolitan culture (as, for example, the musical form the 5034: 519: 224: 3635:, mainly located in city suburbs due to the number of screens and seating capacity. Many "small" cinemas are located in the downtown parts of a city, resisting the big cinema operators nationwide. Paris has the highest density of cinemas in the world:, and in most downtown Paris cinemas, foreign movies, which would be secluded to "art houses" cinemas in other places, are shown alongside "mainstream" works. The 2292: 123: 1684:, is gay. A 2017 Pew Research Center poll found that 73% of French people were in favour of same-sex marriage, while 23% were opposed. The 2019 Eurobarometer found that 79% of French respondents thought same-sex marriage should be allowed throughout Europe, 15% were against. Additionally, 85% believed gay, lesbian and bisexual people should enjoy the same rights as heterosexual people. See also 4579: 2067:(immortals). New members are elected by the members of the Académie itself. Académicians hold office for life, but they may be removed for misconduct. The body has the task of acting as an official authority on the language; it is charged with publishing an official dictionary of the language. Its rulings, however, are only advisory; not binding on either the public or the government. 656:, from the name of the conservative culture minister who promoted it, makes it mandatory to use French in advertisements directed to the general public. Note that contrary to some misconceptions sometimes found in the Anglophone media, the French government neither regulates the language used by private parties in commercial settings, nor makes it compulsory that France-based 4532:, whereas a space is used between each group of three digits (fifteen million five hundred thousand and thirty-two should be written as 15 500 032). In finance, the currency symbol is used as a decimal separator or put after the number. For example, €25,048.05 is written either 25 048€05 or 25 048,05€ (always with an extra space between the figure and the currency symbol). 2437:) is illegal in France. Since 1 March 1994, the penalties for cannabis use are from two months to a year and/or a fine, while possession, cultivation or trafficking of the drug can be punished much more severely, up to ten years. According to a 1992 survey by SOFRES, 4.7 million French people ages 12–44 have smoked cannabis at least once in their lives. 1469:") to designate the profoundly "French" aspects of provincial towns, village life and rural agricultural culture, which escape the hegemony of Paris. The expression can however have a pejorative meaning, similar to the expression "le désert français" ("the French desert") used to describe a lack of acculturation of the provinces. Another expression, " 1280:

decentralization of certain aspects of the public sphere (sometimes with ethnic, racial or reactionary overtones), the history of regional displacement and the nature of the modern urban environment and of mass media and culture have made the preservation of a regional "sense of place or culture" in today's France extremely difficult.

4715:), including reforms on the preservation of regional languages and the decentralization of certain government functions, but French multiculturalism has had a harder time of accepting, or of integrating into the collective identity, the large non-Christian and immigrant communities and groups that have come to France since the 1960s. 4665:) or to a specific historico-sociological group defined by ethnicity, language, religion and geography. The realities of "Frenchness" however, are extremely complicated. Even before the late 18th–19th century, "metropolitan France" was largely a patchwork of local customs and regional differences that the unifying aims of the 2415:

air ten times per hour; the air pressure of the smoking room must constantly be lower than the pressure in the contiguous rooms; they have doors that close automatically; no service can be provided in the smoking rooms; cleaning and maintenance personnel may enter the room only one hour after it was last used for smoking.

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The question asked was "Do you consider yourself to be...?" With a card showing: Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant, Other Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Sikh, Buddhist, Hindu, Atheist, and Non-believer/Agnostic. Space was given for Other (SPONTANEOUS) and DK. Jewish, Sikh, Buddhist, Hindu did not reach the

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between two adults (same-sex or opposite-sex) for organizing their joint life. It brings rights and responsibilities, but less so than marriage. From a legal standpoint, a PACS is a "contract" drawn up between the two individuals, which is stamped and registered by the clerk of the court. Individuals

1379:)... (please see individual articles for specifics about each regional culture) — are still used to designate natural, historical and cultural regions, and many of them appear in modern région or département names. These names are also used by the French in their self-identification of family origin. 1125:

was constructed in Paris in 1929 in honour of French colonial troops from North Africa who fought in the First World War. Arabs from North Africa started to settle in France. In the early 21st century, France had the largest Muslim population (in percentage) of any Western European country. This is a

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France guarantees freedom of religion as a constitutional right, and the government generally respects this right in practice. A long history of violent conflict between groups led the state to break its ties to the established Catholic Church early in the last century, which previously had been the

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There are significant differences in lifestyles with respect to transportation between very urbanized regions such as Paris, and smaller towns and rural areas. In Paris, and to a lesser extent in other major cities, many households do not own an automobile and simply use efficient public transport.

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Under the new regulations, smoking rooms are allowed, but are subjected to very strict conditions: they may occupy at most 20% of the total floor space of the establishment and their size may not be more than 35 m; they need to be equipped with separate ventilation which replaces the full volume of

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Literary taste in France remains centered on the novel (26.4% of book sales in 1997), although the French read more non-fiction essays and books on current affairs than the British or Americans. Contemporary novels, including French translations of foreign novels, lead the list (13% of total books

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Smoking is now banned in all public places (stations, museums, etc.); an exception exists for special smoking rooms fulfilling drastic conditions, see below. A special exemption was made for cafés and restaurants, clubs, casinos, bars, etc. which ended, 1 January 2008. Opinion polls suggest 70% of

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Transformations in French ethnographic museums since the early 2000s have provoked criticisms of their alleged political role: reconciling increasing ethnic diversity among the nation's population within its republican model of assimilation, and even homogeneity. The criticisms have also included

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Wherever one comes from, "culture" consists of beliefs and values learned through the socialization process as well as material artifacts. "Culture is the learned set of beliefs, values, norms and material goods shared by group members. Culture consists of everything we learn in groups during the

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In 1998, 75% of health payments in France were paid through the public healthcare system. Since 27 July 1999, France has a universal medical coverage for permanent residents in France (stable residence for more than three months). Using five performance indicators to measure health systems in 191

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have been varied, but a consensus seems to exist around the need for preservation of French regionalisms (such as food and language) as long as these don't undermine national identity. Meanwhile, the French state remains ambivalent over the integration into "French" culture of cultural traditions

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Like other areas of French culture, book culture is influenced, in part, by the state, in particular by the "Direction du livre et de la lecture" of the Ministry of Culture, which oversees the "Centre national du livre" (National Book Center). The French Ministry of Industry also plays a role in

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and architecture originated in France in the 12th century around Paris and then spread to all of Europe. In the 13th century, French craftsmen developed the stained glass painting technique and sophisticated illuminated manuscripts for private devotion in the new gothic style. The final phase of

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The French state has traditionally played an important role in promoting and supporting culture through the educational, linguistic, cultural and economic policies of the government and through its promotion of national identity. Because of the closeness of this relationship, cultural changes in

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since the 17th century and from the 19th century on, worldwide. From the late 19th century, France has also played an important role in cinema, fashion, cuisine, literature, technology, the social sciences, and mathematics. The importance of French culture has waxed and waned over the centuries,

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Since the 1960s, France's fashion industry has come under increasing competition from London, New York, Milan and Tokyo, and the French have increasingly adopted foreign (particularly American) fashions (such as jeans, tennis shoes). Nevertheless, many foreign designers still seek to make their

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in charge of national museums and monuments; promoting and protecting the arts (visual, plastic, theatrical, musical, dance, architectural, literary, televisual and cinematographic) in France and abroad; and managing the national archives and regional "maisons de culture" (culture centres). The

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of 1881–2, named after the then Minister of Public Instruction, all state-funded schools, including universities, are independent from the (Roman Catholic) Church. Education in these institutions is free. Non-secular institutions are allowed to organize education as well. The French educational

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At the beginning of the 20th century, France was a largely rural country with conservative Catholic mores, but in the hundred years since then, the countryside has become depopulated as people have become urbanized. The urban populations have become more secular. A December 2006 poll by Harris

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is an example of modern architecture added to an older building. The most difficult buildings to integrate within French cities are skyscrapers, as they are visible from afar. For instance, in Paris, since 1977, new buildings had to be under 37 metres (121 ft). France's largest financial

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aim of elevating the "grandeur" ("greatness") of post-war France. To this end, he created numerous regional cultural centres throughout France and actively sponsored the arts. Malraux's artistic tastes included the modern arts and the avant-garde, but on the whole he remained conservative.

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from recent immigrant groups and from foreign cultures, particularly American culture (movies, music, fashion, fast food, language, etc.). There also exists a certain fear over the perceived loss of French identity and culture in the European system and under American "cultural hegemony".

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also encouraged this displacement through mandatory military service, a centralized national educational system, and suppression of regional languages. While government policy and public debate in France in recent years has returned to a valorization of regional differences and a call for

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would, for the first time, be recognised, and bilingual teachers recruited in French public schools to support teaching these other languages. In French schools, pupils are expected to learn at least two foreign languages, the first of which is typically German or English.

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At times, French state policies have sought to unify the country around certain cultural norms, while at other times they have promoted regional differences within a heterogeneous French identity. The unifying effect was particularly true of the "radical period"" of the

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Growing out of the values of the Catholic Church and rural communities, the basic unit of French society was traditionally held to be the family. Over the twentieth century, the "traditional" family structure in France has evolved from various regional models (including

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Apart from its strong and innovative film tradition, France has also been a gathering spot for artists from across Europe and the world. For this reason, French cinema is sometimes intertwined with the cinema of foreign nations. Directors from nations such as Poland

2007:") enacted for the preservation of the French language, both in advertisements (all ads must include a French translation of foreign words) and on the radio (40% of songs on French radio stations must be in French), ostensibly in reaction to the presence of English. 3855:

sold), followed by sentimental novels (4.1%), detective and spy fiction (3.7%), "classic" literature (3.5%), science fiction and horror (1.3%) and erotic fiction (0.2%). About 30% of all fiction sold in France today is translated from English (authors such as

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who have registered a PACS are still considered "single" with regard to family status for some purposes, while they are increasingly considered in the same way as married couples are for other purposes. While it was pushed by the government of Prime Minister

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has historically played a significant role in French culture and in French life. Kings were prominent members as well as head of the state and social order. Most French people are Catholics; however, many of them are secular but still place high value on

1733:, childless couples, and single men (from 8.5% to 12.5) and women (from 16.0% to 18.5%). Their analysis indicates that "one in three dwellings are occupied by a person living alone; one in four dwellings are occupied by a childless couple.." 7116:

page 9: "Si en allant plus loin, on prononce les mots 'art baroque en France', on provoque alors le plus souvent une moue interrogative, parfois seulement étonnée, parfois franchement réprobatrice: Mais voyons, l'art baroque n'existe pas en

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France has a long and varied musical history. It experienced a golden age in the 17th century thanks to Louis XIV, who employed talented musicians and composers in the royal court. The most renowned composers of this period include

2224:). There are many significant regional dishes that have become both national and regional. Many dishes that were once regional, however, have proliferated in different variations across the country in the present day. Cheese (see: 1171:

immigrants, with a substantial minority of native French converts and "sympathizers". The rising popularity of Buddhism in France has been the subject of considerable discussion in the French media and academy in recent years. The

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Rock music doesn't come naturally to the French. A Latin country, with more affinity to poetry and melody, France has very rarely produced talented rock musicians. Rock music has other, more Anglo-Saxon ingredients: fury, excess,

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nations, surveys of the French public reveal a considerable shift in attitudes comparable to other Western European nations. As of 2001, 55% of the French consider homosexuality "an acceptable lifestyle." The past mayor of Paris,

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which fought regionalisms (including regional languages), supported anti-clericalism and a strict separation of church from state (including education) and actively promoted national identity, thus converting (as the historian

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blending of some native French and newcomers stands as a vibrant and boasted feature of French culture, from popular music to movies and literature. Therefore, alongside mixing of populations, exists also a cultural blending

956:. Some princes joined the reform movement. But the national monarchy felt threatened by people who wanted to leave the established state religion. Protestants were discriminated against and suppressed. On 24 August 1572, the 4766:

actively promoted a notion of French "grandeur" ("greatness"). Perceived declines in cultural status are a matter of national concern and have generated national debates, both from the left (as seen in the anti-globalism of

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people support the ban. Previously, under the former implementation rules of the 1991 Évin law, restaurants, cafés etc. just had to provide smoking and non-smoking sections, which in practice were often not well separated.

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France, from 1 February 2007, tightened the existing ban on smoking in public places found in the 1991 Évin law: Law n°91-32 of 10 January 1991, containing a variety of measures against alcoholism and tobacco consumption.

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in Paris is one of the most famous and the largest art museums in the world, created by the new revolutionary regime in 1793 in the former royal palace. It holds a vast amount of art of French and other artists, e.g. the

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of politics, media and cultural production in and around Paris (and, to a lesser extent, around the other major urban centers), and the industrialization of the country in the 20th century has led to a massive move of

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For a long time, the only objection to such outcomes predictably came from the far-left schools of thought. In the past few years, other unexpected voices are however beginning to question what they interpret, as the

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when the luxury goods industries in France came increasingly under royal control and the French royal court became, arguably, the arbiter of taste and style in Europe. France renewed its dominance of the high fashion

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is used in the continental manner (with the fork in the left hand, prongs facing down and the knife in the right hand). French etiquette prohibits the placing of hands below the table and the placing of elbows on it.

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France is one of the oldest wine producing regions of Europe. France now produces the most wine by value in the world (although Italy rivals it by volume and Spain has more land under cultivation for wine grapes).

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negotiated on 25 and 26 May in the middle of the May 1968 crisis, reduced the working week to 44 hours and created trade union sections in each enterprise. The minimum wage was also increased by 25%. In 2000

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depending on its economic, political and military importance. French culture today is marked both by great regional and socioeconomic differences and strong unifying tendencies. A global opinion poll for the

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designed some of the most efficient fortresses in Europe and became an influential military architect; as a result, imitations of his works can be found all over Europe, the Americas, Russia and Turkey.

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Girdlestone, Cuthbert (1969). Jean-Philippe Rameau: His Life and Work (paperback ed.). Dover. p. 14: "It is customary to couple him with Couperin as one couples Haydn with Mozart or Ravel with Debussy."

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The 17th century was one of intense artistic achievements: French painting emerged with a distinct identity, moving from Baroque to Classicism. Famous classic painters of the 17th century in France are

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and was the first French style of architecture to be imitated throughout Europe. Northern France is the home of some of the most important Gothic cathedrals and basilicas, the first of these being the

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holds one of the largest archives of films, movie documents and film-related objects in the world. Located in Paris, the Cinémathèque holds daily screenings of films unrestricted by country of origin.

3933:) over the past century: in 1939, national dailies were 2/3 of the dailies market, while today they are less than 1/4. The magazine market is currently dominated by TV listings magazines followed by 3245:. The two composers invented new musical forms and new sounds. Debussy was among the most influential composers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and his use of non-traditional scales and 916:). The institutional split of the Catholic Church and French State ("Séparation de l'Eglise et de l'Etat") was imposed by the latter in 1905 and represented the crest of a wave of the laicist and 3042:. French architecture also proved influential with the Palace of Versailles, built for the powerful king Louis XIV, becoming the model of many European royal palaces. During the 18th century the 1267:

from the countryside to urban areas. At the end of the 19th century, around 50% of the French depended on the land for a living; today French farmers only make up 6–7%, while 73% live in cities.

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is completely unrelated to the French language and to any other language in the world; it is spoken in an area that straddles the border between the southwest of France and the north of Spain.

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Some action has been taken by the government to promote French culture and the French language. For instance, they have established a system of subsidies and preferential loans for supporting

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While reading remains a favorite pastime of French youth today, surveys show that it has decreased in importance compared to music, television, sports and other activities. The crisis of

2124:(CNE). Addressing the demands of employers asking for more flexibility in French labour laws, the CNE sparked criticism from trade unions and opponents claiming it was lending favour to 2277:, a main course ("plat principal"), and finally a cheese or dessert course. While French cuisine is often associated with rich desserts, in most homes dessert consists of only fruit or 2036:

The Académie Française (English: French Academy) is the pre-eminent French learned body on matters pertaining to the French language. The Académie was officially established in 1635 by

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was created in France (first held in 1982), a music festival, which has since become celebrated worldwide as world music day. It takes place every 21 June, on the first day of summer.

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Industrialization, immigration and urbanization in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries have also created new socioeconomic regional communities in France, both urban (like Paris,

1043:, France was a center of Jewish learning, but persecution increased as the Middle Ages wore on. France was the first country in Europe to emancipate its Jewish population during the 808:(1871–1940). A 2011 European poll found that a third (33%) of the French population "does not believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force. In 2011, in a poll published by 5979: 3650:

in 2005: the principle of "cultural exception" won an overwhelming victory with 198 countries voting for it and only 2 countries, the United States and Israel, voting against it.

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replaced the traditional Gothic style. However, in France, Baroque architecture found greater success in the secular domain than in the religious one. In the secular domain, the

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and MIV, the fourth largest television network in the world. Arte is a German-French channel controlled by Arte France together with the German public broadcasting corporations

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brought French luxury industries, like textile and porcelain, under royal control and the architecture, furniture, fashion and etiquette of the royal court (particularly at the

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French music then followed the rapid emergence of pop and rock music in the middle of the 20th century. Although English-speaking creations achieved popularity in the country,

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system differs strongly from Northern-European and American systems in that it stresses the importance of partaking in a society as opposed to being responsibly independent.

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Regional identification is most pronounced today in cultures linked to regional languages and non-French-speaking traditions – French language itself being only a dialect of

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member states, it finds that France provides the best overall health care followed among major countries by Italy, Spain, Oman, Austria and Japan (The World Health Report).

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abounds in scenes of provincial youth "coming up" to Paris to "make it" in the cultural, political or social scene of the capital (this scheme is frequent in the novels of

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and West Africa. The government does not collect data on religious beliefs in census records, but estimates and polls place the percentage of Muslims at between 4% and 7%.

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The conception of "French" culture however poses certain difficulties and presupposes a series of assumptions about what precisely the expression "French" means. Whereas

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Many of these languages have enthusiastic advocates; however, the real importance of local languages remains subject to debate. In April 2001, the Minister of Education,

1714:. Since the 1960s, marriages have decreased and divorces have increased in France, and divorce law and legal family status have evolved to reflect these social changes. 4444:. The popular saying is that if the cook can flip a crêpe singlehandedly with a coin in the other hand, the family is assured of prosperity throughout the coming year. 7225: 8708: 2288:(large-surface distributors) in France have disrupted this tradition. With depopulation of the countryside, many towns have been forced to close shops and markets. 1450:, etc., and some of these regions have promoted movements calling for some degree of regional autonomy, and, occasionally, national independence (see, for example, 4275:

and the separation of church from state, public and school holidays in France generally follow the Roman Catholic religious calendar (including Easter, Christmas,

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Paris has traditionally been associated with alternative, artistic or intellectual subcultures, many of which involved foreigners. Such subcultures include the "

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Article 75-1: (a new article): "Les langues régionales appartiennent au patrimoine de la France" ("Regional languages belong to the patrimony of France"). See

3894:) which are published in a large hardback format; comic books represented 4% of total book sales in 1997. French artists have made the country a leader in the 801: 5408: 7560: 4505:, for the number 1,000,000,000, which in countries using the short scale is called a billion. Thus, despite the use of the long scale, one billion is called 2670:. Football is the most popular sport in France, with over 1,800,000 registered players and over 18,000 registered clubs. While football is the most popular, 2400: 7085: 5297: 2720:

singlehanded around the world race which starts every four years from the French Atlantic coast. Other significant events include the Solitaire du Figaro,

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who dominated the industry from 1858 to 1895. In the early twentieth century, the industry expanded through such Parisian fashion houses as the house of

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result of immigration and permanent family settlement in France, from the 1960s on, of groups from, principally, former French colonies in North Africa (

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Primary and secondary education is predominantly public (private schools also exist, in particular a strong nationwide network of primary and secondary

1827:) became the preeminent model of noble culture in France (and, to a great degree, throughout Europe) during the latter half of the seventeenth century. 702:, admitted formally that for more than two centuries, the political powers of the French government had repressed regional languages. He announced that 4798:. The French culture might have been already blended in from other races and ethnicities, in cases of some biographical research on the possibility of 3210:, all of them composers at the court. After the death of the "Roi Soleil", French musical creation lost dynamism, but in the next century the music of 1461:

There are huge differences in life style, socioeconomic status and world view between Paris and the provinces. The French often use the expression "la

1193: 6638: 19: 4754:" is of French origin) and cultural issues are more integrated in the body of the politics than elsewhere (see "The Role of the State", above). The 2148:

The French are profoundly committed to the public healthcare system (called "sécurité sociale") and to their "pay-as-you-go" social welfare system.

1983:. Malraux was responsible for realizing the goals of the "droit à la culture" ("the right to culture") – an idea which had been incorporated in the 6715: 5159: 7556:"TEACHING AFRICANS TO BE FRENCH?: France's 'civilising mission' and the establishment of a public education system in French West Africa, 1903-30" 3608:) are prominent in the ranks of French cinema. Conversely, French directors have had prolific and influential careers in other countries, such as 1204:. Proponents of the measure contend that only dangerous cults have been listed as such, and state secularism ensures religious freedom in France. 6116: 2818:

Along with Milan, London and New York, Paris is center of an important number of fashion shows. Some of the world's biggest fashion houses (e.g.

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of young men. This has been credited by historians for further promoting a unified national identity and by breaking down regional isolationism.

4600: 4098:, who designed the extensions to Versailles, was one of the most influential French architects of the Baroque era; he is famous for his dome at 2542:

is France's largest stadium and was the venue for the 1998 FIFA World Cup and 2007 Rugby World Cup finals. Since 1923, France is famous for its

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Food shopping in France was formerly done almost daily in small local shops and markets, but the arrival of the supermarket and the even larger

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into its geographical and political structure. These regions all evolved with their own specific cultural and linguistic traditions in fashion,

7537: 7245: 6515: 6250: 4945: 4291:, etc.). Labor Day and the National Holiday are the only business holidays determined by government statute; the other holidays are granted by 2716:

Professional sailing in France is centred on singlehanded and shorthanded ocean racing with the pinnacle of this branch of the sport being the

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emigrated from France for their safety and to gain religious freedom, generally going to Protestant nations such as the Netherlands, England,

633:; however, this standard, which is not mandatory, is occasionally ignored by the government itself: for instance, the left-wing government of 8814: 8380: 5779: 2782: 2273:). Lunch ("déjeuner") and dinner ("dîner") are the main meals of the day. Formal four course meals consist of a starter course ("entrée"), a 5250: 2766:) – A very popular pastime in bars and homes in France, and the French are the predominant winners of worldwide table football competitions. 2253: 5993: 4887: 2197:. Escoffier's major work, however, left out much of the regional character to be found in the provinces of France. Gastro-tourism and the 5145: 3762:

is an independent private news channel, which is also broadcast on the Internet – just like the French and English language news channel

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came under state supervision and became an official organ of control over the French language and seventeenth-century literature. During

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France was touched by the Reformation during the 16th century; some 30% of the population converted to Protestantism and became known as

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that remained a part of the French state under various statuses after decolonization. Overseas French cultures include the cultures of

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During the Middle Ages, many fortified castles were built by feudal nobles to mark their powers. Some French castles that survived are

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The all-numeric form for dates is in the order day-month-year, using a slash as the separator (example: 31 December 1992 or 31/12/92).

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The final victory in the Hundred Years' War marked an important stage in the evolution of French architecture. It was the time of the

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The French are often perceived as taking a great pride in national identity and the positive achievements of France (the expression "

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film production country. A certain amount of the movies created share international distribution in the western hemisphere thanks to

2902:("ready to wear") lines and expanding French fashion into mass manufacturing and marketing. Further innovations were carried out by 788:

to all other citizens, not putting the emphasis on any ethnic, religious, or other particularities. French secularism also includes

7033: 5595: 4779: 4189:

designed several buildings in France. More recently, French architects have combined both modern and old architectural styles. The

2785:, which is in charge of national and public sport associations, youth affairs, public sports centers and national stadia (like the 7289: 6844:(in French). Fédération Nationale des Syndicats du spectacle du cinéma, de l'audiovisuel et de l'action culturelle. Archived from 5220: 3910:

for books and other cultural products in France is at the reduced rate of 5.5%, which is also that of food and other necessities (

3552:

France remains a leader in filmmaking, as of 2015 producing more films than any other European country. The nation also hosts the

9422: 7979: 7946: 6764: 5793:"Celebrations, healing techniques, crafts and culinary arts added to the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage" 5487:

Kidd and Reynolds, for example, give a figure of 4 million Muslims, or 6.9%, based on sources dated 1993, 1994, 1999. (102). See

2981:

In 2006, 52% of French households had at least one pet: In total, 9.7 million cats, 8.8 million dogs, 2.3 million

2326: 2234: 6026: 3675:

Just like many other European countries, France has public and private television channels. The public broadcasting corporation

8528: 8513: 8430: 5072: 4723: 2187:

Traditional French culture places a high priority on the enjoyment of food. French cuisine was codified in the 20th century by

471: 6778: 2232:) are also a major part of the cuisine, playing different roles both regionally and nationally with their many variations and 8281: 7912: 7803: 7513: 7208: 7138: 7010: 6845: 6814: 6171: 6059: 1988: 1399: 1268: 1201: 6671: 4243:

subway. However, outside of such areas, ownership of one or more cars is standard, especially for households with children.

2399:

The cigarette smoking age is 18 years. According to a widespread cliché, smoking has been part of French culture – actually

1528:

of metropolitan France. As a result of a constitutional revision which occurred in 2003, these regions are now to be called

792:

i.e the freedom to believe or not to believe and even to change one's faith across one's life (including of agnosticism and

8912: 7229: 6185: 5765: 3030:

gothic architecture, known as Flamboyant, also began in France in the 15th century before spreading to the rest of Europe.

2329:

laws, and by state and European subsidies to the French agricultural industry. Emblematic of these tensions is the work of

2052:(the Académie considers itself having been suspended, not suppressed, during the revolution). It is the oldest of the five 1212: 64: 3801:

France has the reputation of being a "literary culture", and this image is reinforced by such things as the importance of

8635: 8398: 8054: 8044: 7660:"" À bas la francophonie ! " De la mission civilisatrice du français en Afrique à sa mise en discours postcoloniale" 4677:

and foreign languages, of multiple ethnicities and religions, and of regional diversity that includes French citizens in

4433: 3744:

is the largest television channel in France. TF1 was public until 1987. The corporation also controls the sports channel

3214:

reached some prestige, and he is still one of the most renowned French composers. Rameau became the dominant composer of

5549: 1775:

is legally recognized in France. Same-sex marriage was an important factor in the presidential election of 2012 between

8483: 4155: 3833: 3515: 1513: 5955: 1881:

The French educational system is highly centralized. It is divided into three different stages: primary education, or

1080:

and of North African origins. More than a quarter of the historic Ashkenazi Jewish community was destroyed during the

9086: 9028: 8455: 8440: 7895: 7874: 7853: 7817: 7796:

The Essence of Style: How The French INvented High Fashion, Fine Food, Chic Cafés, Style, Sophistication, and Glamour

7782: 7366: 7068: 5756:

Weber, Eugen. Peasants into Frenchmen: the modernization of rural France, 1870–1914. Stanford University Press, 1976.

5383: 4921: 4696:, mandatory military service, state linguistic and cultural policies – and by profound historic events – such as the 4618: 2892:(opened in 1952). In the 1960s, "high fashion" came under criticism from France's youth culture while designers like 2313:

in France have traditionally been lower than in other north-western European countries. This is sometimes called the

1916:), while higher education has both public and private elements. At the end of secondary education, students take the 1002:

colonies. Their exile continued during the 17th century and until 1787, when religious freedom was re-established by

957: 5727: 5467:

La Diaspora des Huguenots : les réfugiés protestants de France et leur dispersion dans le monde (XVIe – XVIIIe)

4111: 8723: 8564: 8518: 6839:"La Convention UNESCO pour la diversité culturelle : vers un droit international culturel contraignant ?" 5400: 3848: 2659: 873: 5922: 4102:. Some of the most impressive provincial Baroque architecture is found in places that were not yet French such as 3911: 3537:, began in the country. It is noted for having a strong film industry, due in part to protections afforded by the 6804: 3978: 2600: 1227:

Modern France is the result of centuries of nation building and the acquisition and incorporation of a number of

1028:

and 500,000 according to the Appel Unifié Juif de France. It is concentrated in the metropolitan areas of Paris,

542: 6825: 6689: 6598: 5655: 5307: 5160:

https://web.archive.org/web/20110430163128/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf

4999: 8743: 8318: 7394: 5347: 5119: 4718:

The last 70 years has also seen French cultural identity "threatened" by global market forces and by American "

4178:, and remains one of the most influential bridge designers of his time, although he is best remembered for the 3970: 2789:). Sport is encouraged in school, and local sports clubs receive financial support from the local governments. 2539: 2531: 6492: 4166:. At this time there was a strong Gothic resurgence across Europe and in France; the associated architect was 3636: 3319: 2930:. The 1990s saw a conglomeration of many French couture houses under luxury giants and multinationals such as 732: 9293: 9106: 8666: 8286: 8227: 8222: 5438: 5332: 4966:

allegations of an erasure of France's colonial past as well as an erasure of the history of the collections.

4461: 3424:/DJs. Although there are very few rock bands in France compared to English-speaking countries, bands such as 3067: 2910:. With a greater focus on marketing and manufacturing, new trends were established in the 1970s and 1980s by 2893: 2655: 2549: 2519: 2133: 1667:

There are gay and lesbian communities in the cities, particularly in the Paris metropolitan area (such as in

1015: 905: 699: 198: 8308: 7822:

Girod, André. "French-American class: It's a long way to France" Redleadbooks <www.usa-decouverte.com>

6132: 5909: 4063:

and several artists from Italy were invited to the French court; many residential palaces were built in the

2709:

in Paris. It is the premier clay court tennis championship event in the world and the second of four annual

9381: 9131: 8994: 8733: 8212: 8049: 6572: 6190: 5062: 4646: 4414:

Christmas is generally celebrated in France on Christmas Eve by a traditional meal (typical dishes include

4370: 4159: 3918: 3368: 1954: 1784: 851:

state religion. The government adopted a strong commitment to maintaining a totally secular public sector.

6632: 3526: 3116:. At the turn of the century, France had become more than ever the center of innovative art. The Spaniard 1768:

and who argued that PACS and the recognition of homosexual unions would be disastrous for French society.

1747: 1407: 1395: 9303: 8851: 8571: 8445: 8435: 8183: 8024: 7972: 7952: 6740:

Cinéma et diversité culturelle: le cinéma indépendant face à la mondialisation des industries culturelles

6432: 4657:, the expression "French culture" tends to refer implicitly to a specific geographical entity (as, say, " 4150:, a new wave of urbanism and architecture was given birth; extravagant buildings such as the neo-Baroque 4087: 3982: 3753: 3621: 3556:, one of the most important and famous film festivals in the world. Additionally, France is an important 3249:

influenced many composers who followed. His music is noted for its sensory content and frequent usage of

2337:, an agricultural union that places its highest political values on humans and the environment, promotes 1964: 1772: 1671:

district of the capital). Although homosexuality is perhaps not as well tolerated in France as in Spain,

1509: 860: 6719: 6365: 5195: 5163: 3341: 2962: 2591:

was awarded the first Games, in reference to the Olympics' Greek origins, Paris hosted the second Games

131: 9443: 9396: 9348: 9218: 9213: 8762: 8683: 8450: 8360: 8339: 8039: 8029: 8019: 4858:). These critics have been dismissed by the mainstream and their propagators have been labelled as new 4850: 4561:

time is used, with h being the separator between hours and minutes (for example 2:30 pm is 14h30).

3974: 1941:

Secular educational policy has become critical in recent issues of French multiculturalism, as in the "

865: 663:

France counts many regional languages, some of them being very different from standard French, such as

535: 485: 321: 272: 163: 6112: 4666: 3784: 990:

in 1685, Protestants who did not leave the country were generally suppressed. Thousands of Protestant

8942: 8698: 8613: 8586: 8503: 8298: 8143: 7561:

Africa: Rivista trimestrale di studi e documentazione dell'Istituto italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente

4693: 4266: 3295: 2265:

The French typically eat only a simple breakfast ("petit déjeuner") which consists of coffee, tea or

2129: 1244: 995: 934:, and only 27% believed in any type of God or supreme being. according to the French Market research 620: 503: 356: 240: 7242: 6247: 4139: 2269:

with milk, served traditionally in a large handleless "bol" (bowl) and bread or breakfast pastries (

1923:

In 1999–2000, educational spending amounted to 7% of the French GDP and 37% of the national budget.

9353: 9178: 8523: 8493: 8098: 6940: 5047: 4995: 4930: 4211: 3884: 3872: 3766:, which has been broadcasting since December 2006 and is controlled by TF1 and France Télévisions. 3696: 3199: 3191: 2695: 1875: 1788: 1200:

considered as dangerous. Supporters of such movements have criticized the report on the grounds of

812:

65% of the French population describes itself as Christians, and 25% as not adhering any religion.

7262: 6384: 4874:

sentiment has recently been documented to be increasing in France at least according to one poll.

4803: 4593:

that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.

4167: 4076: 4068: 3533:, was also from France. Several important cinematic movements, including the late 1950s and 1960s 3120:

came to France, like many other foreign artists, to deploy his talents there for decades to come.

3059: 2203:

helped to bring people to the countryside during the 20th century and beyond, to sample this rich

1920:

exam, which allows them to pursue higher education. The baccalauréat pass rate in 2012 was 84.5%.

1824: 9358: 9320: 8779: 8661: 8608: 8554: 8508: 8197: 7503: 6320: 6298: 5346:

Giesey, Ralph E. (1990). "Inaugural Aspects of French Royal Ceremonials". In Bak, János M (ed.).

5271: 4799: 4772: 4023: 3822: 3676: 3077: 3015:

The first paintings of France are those that are from prehistoric times, painted in the caves of

2869: 2640: 2451: 2121: 2100: 2030: 2016: 1812: 1726: 1574: 961: 947: 746:, as long as religious activities do not infringe on public order in ways detrimental to society. 626: 252: 73: 7002: 6342: 6276: 4817:

from a plantation estate family. We can mention as well, the most famous French-Canadian singer

4707:

In recent years, to fight the loss of regional diversity, many in France have promoted forms of

4080: 4015: 3573: 2644: 2341:

and opposes genetically modified organisms; Bové's most famous protest was the dismantling of a

2221: 9278: 8884: 8846: 8804: 8789: 8581: 8403: 8303: 7965: 7226:"Urbanisme : Des gratte-ciel à Paris : qu'en pensez-vous – Posez vos questions" 5728:"Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) – TIMSS Participating Countries" 5057: 4983: 4903: 4498: 4095: 3267: 2880:(founded by a Spaniard in 1937). In the post-war years, fashion returned to prominence through 2868:. The first modern Parisian couturier house is generally considered the work of the Englishman 2724:, Tour Voile and Route du Rhum transatlantic race. France has been a regular competitor in the 2687: 2596: 2225: 2104: 2092: 1481: 1177: 1173: 965: 498: 6862: 4072: 4011: 3019:

well over 10,000 years ago. The arts were already flourishing 1,200 years ago, at the time of

2403:

indicate that in terms of consumption per capita, France is only the 60th country out of 121.

1926:

France's performance in math and science at the middle school level was ranked 23 in the 1995

591:

saw France ranked as the country with the fourth most positive influence in the world (behind

9248: 9208: 9188: 9168: 9071: 9021: 8809: 8799: 8591: 8415: 8323: 8258: 7198: 7128: 6406: 5501: 5067: 4991: 4987: 4909: 4494: 4484: 4045: 3945: 3879: 3856: 3837: 3714: 3628: 3577: 3384:, has also remained very popular. Among the most important French artists of the century are 3255: 3109: 2683: 2117: 1848: 1832: 1820: 1685: 1573:")) which have developed their own "sense of place" and local culture (much like the various 1505: 1276: 1122: 1111: 1025: 805: 789: 763: 268: 6739: 6485:"LA FÊTE DE LA MUSIQUE : UNE FÊTE NATIONALE DEVENUE UN GRAND ÉVÉNEMENT MUSICAL MONDIAL" 5578: 5515: 4692:", despite this vast heterogeneity, is the result of powerful internal forces – such as the 3460: 1764:

in 1998, it was also opposed, mostly by people on the right-wing who support traditionalist

9386: 9183: 8834: 8375: 8313: 8202: 8093: 7905:

The Discovery of France: A Historical Geography, from the Revolution to the First World War

6534: 6436: 4939: 4662: 4596: 4163: 4131: 4091: 4041: 3659: 3538: 3511: 3503: 3375: 3211: 2632: 2624: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2592: 2515: 2511: 2483: 2460: 2423: 2049: 2041: 1804: 1477: 1312: 1236: 1232: 979: 913: 437: 424: 194: 6623: 5003: 4154:

were built. The urban planning of the time was very organised and rigorous; most notably,

3380: 3331: 3195: 2985:, 8 million birds, and 28 million fish were kept as pets in France during this year. 1776: 1524:, overseas departments have elected regional councils with powers similar to those of the 1092:

communities to the large segment of Jews who are secular and identify culturally as Jews.

8: 9406: 9391: 9338: 9308: 9263: 9258: 9233: 9091: 8917: 8874: 8794: 8748: 8625: 8618: 8598: 8559: 8471: 8263: 8232: 8207: 8173: 8075: 8070: 5813: 5327: 5267: 5096: 4899: 4697: 4658: 4378: 4374: 4227: 4053: 4029: 3964: 3844: 3794: 3589: 3487: 3242: 3203: 3088:. Afterwards, the painters were more realistic, describing nature (Barbizon school). The 3063: 2832: 2710: 2706: 2584: 2561: 2543: 2507: 2503: 1984: 1861: 1816: 1722: 1419: 1364: 1352: 1348: 1228: 1021: 964:

are considered to have begun. this French civil war took place between Catholics, led by

926: 755: 743: 711: 703: 616: 567: 463: 338: 291: 256: 244: 44: 9376: 7286: 7037: 6086: 4794:) that is present in France. It may be compared to the traditional US conception of the 4466: 3530: 3285: 3081: 3055: 2639:). Similar to the Olympics, France introduced Olympics for deaf people (Deaflympics) in 1681: 1386:, the mother language of many of the languages to-be-mentioned, which became a national 930:, found that 32% of the French population described themselves as agnostic, some 32% as 9298: 9288: 9238: 9198: 9156: 9151: 9146: 9136: 9121: 9116: 9111: 9096: 9081: 9076: 9066: 9061: 9056: 8829: 8774: 8728: 8576: 8542: 8126: 7736: 7728: 7640: 7632: 7577: 7531: 7464:

Dias, Nélia (2008). "Double erasures: rewriting the past at the Musée du quai Branly".

7061: 5596:"Eurobarometer on Discrimination 2019: The social acceptance of LGBTI people in the EU" 5372: 5213: 4833: 4814: 4731: 4654: 4423: 4359: 4284: 4207: 4060: 3995: 3643: 3585: 3279: 3273: 2923: 2898: 2889: 2648: 2376: 2057: 2037: 2026: 1808: 1634: 1451: 1151: 727: 715: 363: 186: 5830: 4295:(agreement between employers' and employees' unions) or by agreement of the employer. 4126:

although it was introduced in France before the revolution with such buildings as the

3840:

at between 10% and 20% of the adult population (and higher in the prison population).

3008: 1383: 9401: 9343: 9283: 9273: 9253: 9243: 9228: 9223: 9203: 9173: 9141: 9101: 9037: 8975: 8957: 8952: 8937: 8922: 8824: 8738: 8671: 8649: 8630: 8498: 8425: 8248: 8148: 8034: 8014: 7991: 7908: 7891: 7870: 7849: 7830: 7813: 7799: 7778: 7740: 7720: 7681: 7644: 7624: 7585: 7569: 7519: 7509: 7481: 7477: 7390: 7362: 7306: 7204: 7134: 7006: 6810: 6186:"Change Seems Essential to Escape Extinction: Wimbledon: World's Most Loved Dinosaur" 6055: 6030: 6001: 5379: 5182: 4807: 4782:, the culture of France is moderately individualistic and high Power Distance Index. 4763: 4755: 4719: 4689: 4670: 4544: 4529: 4252: 3802: 3779: 3730: 3546: 3472: 3437: 3429: 3290: 3182: 3153: 2927: 2803: 2781:

Like other cultural areas in France, sport is overseen by a government ministry, the

2721: 2546: 2318: 2188: 2045: 1976: 1960: 1742: 1703: 1556: 1525: 1517: 1443: 1411: 1391: 1360: 1328: 1240: 1168: 1070: 1044: 901: 684: 676: 630: 571: 414: 395: 329: 313: 301: 260: 234: 6195: 6099: 5856: 3097: 1905: 1898:

corresponding to middle and high school in the United States; and higher education (

1047:, but despite legal equality anti-Semitism remained an issue, as illustrated in the 754:

country where freedom of thought and of conscience which encompasses and supersedes

401: 9313: 9268: 9193: 9163: 9051: 9014: 8889: 8841: 8713: 8688: 8178: 7712: 7671: 7616: 7473: 6998: 6782: 5011: 4871: 4830: 4708: 4049: 3805:

in the French educational system, the attention paid by the French media to French

3613: 3483: 3401: 3397: 3389: 3360: 3347: 3121: 3113: 2854: 2725: 2258: 2247: 2113: 2088: 2076: 2021: 1934: 1730: 1630: 1618: 1529: 1521: 1435: 1427: 1415: 1292: 1159:

is widely reported to be the fifth largest religion in France, after Christianity,

969: 953: 917: 797: 688: 680: 668: 442: 325: 309: 8351: 8190: 7862:. New York: Oxford University Press (Arnold Publishers), 2001. (A Reference Guide) 4513:("one thousand million"). It should also be noted that names of numbers above the 4037: 3991: 3860: 3601: 3241:. Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel are the most prominent figures associated with 3226: 3004: 2811: 2478:

France hosts "the world's biggest annual sporting event", the annual cycling race

1980: 1729:

have increased from 3.6% to 7.4%; there have also been increases in the number of

248: 84: 8984: 8947: 8932: 8927: 8869: 8784: 8344: 8085: 7293: 7249: 7072: 6642: 6254: 6120: 6049: 5488: 4975: 4895: 4845: 4740: 4674: 4400: 4175: 4135: 4103: 4007: 3999: 3986: 3907: 3749: 3711: 3605: 3553: 3441: 3314: 3277:, demand considerable virtuosity. His mastery of orchestration is evident in the 3222: 3169: 3093: 3051: 3035: 2860: 2786: 2691: 2535: 2471: 2467: 2446: 2430: 2338: 2243: 2125: 1913: 1780: 1614: 1570: 1462: 1439: 1431: 1403: 1101: 1053: 999: 881: 869: 692: 664: 612: 453: 432: 410: 383: 342: 305: 297: 264: 209: 154: 8330: 7431: 4978:

differs. Overseas France consists of 13 French-administered territories outside

4953: 4673:

had only begun to work against, and today's France remains a nation of numerous

2717: 1917: 1594: 1251:, leisure activities, industry, and including the simple way to pour wine, etc. 978:, Henri IV's son, began to suppress Protestants in violent attacks, such as the 8907: 8902: 8894: 8718: 8676: 8253: 7770: 7605:"'Mission civilisatrice': French Cultural Policy in the Middle East, 1860-1914" 7382: 6590: 5702: 5263: 4959: 4768: 4632: 4489: 4480: 4307: 4288: 4199: 4190: 4171: 4151: 4019: 3597: 3593: 3569: 3542: 3534: 3445: 3433: 3405: 3393: 3238: 3230: 3089: 3039: 2919: 2915: 2885: 2881: 2798: 2763: 2667: 2527: 2523: 2479: 2456: 2388: 2330: 2314: 2214: 2199: 2166: 2137: 2000: 1711: 1707: 1622: 1423: 1259: 1220: 1048: 987: 897: 785: 773: 672: 493: 349: 317: 7716: 7620: 4239: 1466: 9437: 8989: 8819: 8603: 8291: 7888:

Sixty Million Frenchmen Can't Be Wrong: Why We Love France But Not The French

7724: 7685: 7628: 7573: 7523: 7485: 7406: 6005: 5557: 5258: 5052: 5039: 5019: 4859: 4837: 4822: 4736: 4558: 4427: 4393: 4385: 4276: 4123: 4119: 4107: 4099: 4044:(used as the royal necropolis); other important French Gothic cathedrals are 3934: 3895: 3826: 3814: 3810: 3617: 3529:) credited with creating cinema in 1895. The world's first female filmmaker, 3507: 3498: 3449: 3364: 3356: 3234: 3157: 3117: 3071: 2907: 2865: 2777:– Spanish style bullfighting is still popular in the southern part of France. 2748:– Developed in France, Parkour is a training discipline with similarities to 2580: 2553: 2384: 2342: 2310: 2266: 2217:

has also been a great influence over the cuisine in the southwest of France.

2193: 2109: 1765: 1761: 1641: 1590: 1489: 1387: 1264: 1077: 909: 816: 777: 649: 634: 523: 373: 281: 190: 35: 6656: 4430:(even among Catholics who do not attend church at other times of the year). 4195: 3581: 3425: 3385: 3178: 3023:, as can be seen in many hand made and hand illustrated books of that time. 2297: 1885:

corresponding to grade school in the United States; secondary education, or

1106: 1039:

The history of the Jews in France dates back over 2,000 years. In the early

904:

and throughout the various, non-republican regimes of the 19th century (the

176: 8703: 8408: 8365: 8165: 8136: 7589: 5881: 5015: 4759: 4464:(the metric system). Some pre-metric units are still used, essentially the 4419: 4366: 4186: 4179: 4147: 4143: 4064: 3775: 3246: 3215: 3207: 3101: 2911: 2903: 2774: 2753: 2749: 2738:– France has an extensive number of ski resorts in the French alps such as 2675: 2565: 2096: 1969: 1841: 1803:

The relationship between the French state and culture is an old one. Under

1626: 1602: 1577:

of New York City or suburbs of Los Angeles), as well as cultural identity.

1544: 1447: 1085: 820: 768: 583: 93: 2742:. Ski resorts are also located in the Pyrénées and Vosges mountain chains. 2587:, who suggested the Games' revival, at the end of the 19th century. After 718:

was implemented by the Parliament in Congress at Versailles in July 2008.

8370: 8273: 8118: 7900: 7825: 7499: 7065: 6594: 5735: 4818: 4795: 4786: 4650: 4215: 4203: 3868: 3847:

has also hit France (see, for example, the financial difficulties of the

3818: 3557: 3421: 3409: 3355:, choir and orchestra. More recently, in the middle of the 20th century, 3336: 3310: 3137: 3105: 3085: 3020: 2769: 2671: 2636: 2607:. Since 1900, France has hosted the Olympics on 4 further occasions: the 2557: 2495: 2360: 2229: 1837: 1756: 1672: 1586: 1255: 1058: 1040: 886: 181: 168: 158: 7676: 7659: 7581: 7555: 4127: 2950: 2848:) industry in the years 1860–1960 through the establishing of the great 2499: 2356: 2246:

also have an AOC status). Another French product of special note is the

1308: 1084:

of World War II after German forces occupied France and established the

972:. Henri de Navarre became king after converting to Catholicism in 1589. 55: 8879: 8108: 7636: 7604: 5926: 5656:"Insee − Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques" 5302: 4751: 4726: 4701: 4682: 4636: 3864: 3821:) and by the popular success of the (former) literary television show " 3664: 3609: 3522: 3453: 3325: 3306: 3026: 2999: 2877: 2552:. Several major tennis tournaments take place in France, including the 2270: 2171: 2004: 1787:

party, opposed gay marriage, while François Hollande, of the left wing

1610: 1485: 1033: 975: 832: 828: 751: 653: 379: 146: 113: 7732: 7700: 7154: 5007: 3890: 3129: 2705:

tournament held over two weeks between late May and early June at the

1991:(1948) – by democratizing access to culture, while also achieving the 1887: 1501: 8217: 6693: 6489:

Le Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication: Fête de la Musique

4552: 4448: 4318: 4280: 4234: 3929: 3806: 3789: 3763: 3745: 3561: 3250: 3174: 3160:

and ancient works of culture and art from Egypt and the Middle East.

3149: 2849: 2419: 2205: 1668: 1552: 1493: 1455: 1304: 1081: 1066: 1029: 1003: 991: 983: 824: 823:

is the largest religion in France accounting 60% of French citizens.

172: 102: 9006: 7775:

The Great Cat Massacre and Other Episodes in French Cultural History

5992:

McLaughlin, Luke; Symons, Harvey; Amani, Julian (6 September 2023).

3301: 2132:(CPE) through a vote by emergency procedure, but that it was met by 2116:, down from 39 hours. Five years later, conservative prime minister 1840:

has put it) a "country of peasants into a nation of Frenchmen". The

1121:

is the third-largest faith in France in the early 21st century. The

7846:

Contemporary France: An Introduction to French Politics and Society

7436: 6100:"Paris 1900 Summer Olympics. Official Site of the Olympic Movement" 4810: 3951: 3939: 3923: 3718: 3703: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 2759: 2679: 2628: 2620: 2604: 2180: 1992: 1866: 1561: 1476:

In addition to its metropolitan territory, France also consists of

1344: 1296: 1284: 1216: 1181: 1156: 893: 836: 5550:"Embassy of France in the US – The PACS – A civil solidarity pact" 4688:

The creation of some sort of typical or shared French culture or "

4441: 3851:(PUF), France's premier academic publishing house, in the 1990s). 3632: 3545:

projection in Europe, with the DLP CINEMA technology developed by

2666:" in reference to the team's shirt colour as well as the national 2176: 1893: 8131: 7999: 7839:

Understanding Cultural Differences: Germans, French and Americans

5631:

L'invention de la France : atlas anthropologiue et politique

5120:"World Service Global Poll: Negative views of Russia on the rise" 4678: 4568: 4472: 3352: 3261: 3125: 3047: 3016: 2745: 2573: 2434: 2368: 2350: 2306: 2239: 2210: 1676: 1598: 1533: 1497: 1470: 1336: 1320: 1316: 1248: 1160: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1062: 931: 840: 793: 781: 592: 223: 7957: 7941: 7086:"Charles VII et Louis XI -Know -Val de Loire patrimoine mondial" 4890:

have been criticized for the political role they play in France.

4771:) and from the right and far right (as in the discourses of the 2678:

takes dominance in the southwest, especially around the city of

8420: 7988: 7848:. New York: Oxford University Press (Arnold Publishers), 2003. 6826:

The cultural exception is not negotiable by Catherine Trautmann

4979: 4867: 4415: 3759: 3647: 3413: 3144: 3133: 3043: 2982: 2873: 2819: 2807: 2739: 2735: 2702: 2588: 2569: 2491: 2346: 2291: 2278: 1356: 1272: 1139: 1089: 1065:. Despite the death of a quarter of all French Jews during the 844: 596: 575: 7791:. New York: Oxford University Press (Arnold Publishers), 2003. 7130:

Architecture and the Politics of Gender in Early Modern Europe

5703:"TIMSS 1995 Highlights of Results for the Middle School Years" 4517:

are rarely used. Thus, one trillion will most often be called

3525:, with two Frenchmen, Auguste and Louis Lumière (known as the 3492: 1088:. Jewish religious affiliations range from the ultra-Orthodox 831:

group in France, accounting for 50% of French citizens, while

122: 18:"French customs" redirects here. For the national agency, see 6716:"Cannes Film Festival - Palais des Festivals, Cannes, France" 4802:

ancestry on a small number of famous French citizens. Author

4052:. The kings were crowned in another important Gothic church: 3140:

movement born in Paris at the beginning of the 20th century.

2274: 1927: 1718: 1555:, etc.) and the suburban and working class hinterlands (like 1548: 1372: 1164: 1118: 938:, Catholics today constitute 57.5% of the French population. 935: 579: 150: 5994:"Everything you need to know about the 2023 Rugby World Cup" 5820:

of the Public Health Code, banning smoking in public places.

5690:

Centers of Learning: Britain, France, Germany, United States

4257:

France has a number of traditional road naming conventions.

3878:

An important subset of book sales is comic books (typically

3225:, France has produced a number of notable composers such as 2103:

limiting the work week to 40 hours, excluding overtime. The

2095:

enacted a law mandating 12 days (2 weeks) each year of paid

1725:

continues to evolve. Most significantly, from 1982 to 1999,

637:

pushed for the feminisation of the names of some functions (

8693: 8103: 7112:

Claude Lébedel – Les Splendeurs du Baroque en France:

6807: 4920:

throughout its colonies, with its goal fluctuating between

4590:

personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay

4540: 4493:

for the number 1,000,000,000,000, which in countries using

3921:) has become more important than national dailies (such as 3707: 3668: 3417: 3100:. Impressionism was developed in France by artists such as 2931: 2647:

who paved the way to organise the inaugural edition of the

2487: 1606: 1540: 1197: 7879:

Marmer, Nancy, "Out of Paris: Decentralizing French Art, "

7765:

Cultural Misunderstandings: The French-American Experience

6599:"You Know These 20 Movies. Now Meet the Women Behind Them" 6589: 4350:(literally: big holidays) – two months in July and August. 4086:

Following the Renaissance and the end of the Middle Ages,

3917:

In terms of journalism in France, the regional press (see

3541:. Philippe Binant realized, on 2 February 2000, the first 2474:

is regarded as one of the greatest footballers of all time

1844:, on the other hand, promoted regional "folk" traditions. 1800:

France are often linked to, or produce, political crisis.

1565:("suburbs", sometimes qualified as "chic" or "pauvres" or 920:

movement among French Radical Republicans in this period.

7307:"octet translation English – French dictionary – Reverso" 7176: 6887: 6885: 5885: 4536: 3741: 3734: 3726: 3722: 657: 588: 6036: 4298:

The five holiday periods of the public school year are:

2884:'s famous "new look" in 1947, and through the houses of 1254:

The evolution of the French state and culture, from the

6244:

Le marché des aliments pour chiens et chats en Belgique

5349:

Coronations: Medieval and Early Modern Monarchic Ritual

4002:

represents the French impact on religious architecture.

2896:

broke with established high fashion norms by launching

2701:

The French Open, also called Roland-Garros, is a major

2690:). The national rugby union team has competed at every 1283:

The names of the historical French provinces – such as

600: 6882: 6757:"Enquête sur l'image du cinéma français dans le monde" 6154: 4729:

negotiations, France has fought for what it calls the

1975:

The modern post of Minister of Culture was created by

1736: 1691: 802:

1905 law on the separation of the State and the Church

641:) while the Académie pushed for some more traditional 7356: 7066:

Site officiel de la Cathedrale de Notre-Dame de Reims

6573:"Encyclopédie Larousse en ligne – les frères Lumière" 5991: 4528:

In the French numeral notation, the comma (,) is the

4158:. The architecture associated with this era is named 1504:

in the Indian Ocean. (There also exists a number of "

780:, in which each individual should appear as a simple 5029: 4470:(a unit of weight equal to half a kilogram) and the 4369:

in English) is on 14 July. Military parades, called

3309:

was a key member of the early-20th-century Parisian

3218:

and the leading French composer of the harpsichord.

1187: 1176:

school of Buddhism was developed in France with the

1051:

of the late 19th century. However, through the 1870

776:, where adherents believe religion belongs, and the 7701:"Continuity and Change in Franco-African Relations" 6692:. Cannesguide.com. 15 February 2007. Archived from 5378:. Marshall Cavendish. 1 January 2010. p. 245. 4071:. Examples of such residential castles include the 2391:and Champagne are important agricultural products. 1625:) and the post-war "intellectuals" associated with 760:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

739:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

7758:Fragile Glory: A Portrait of France and the French 6409:[The 100 Greatest Artists – No. 62]. 6102:. International Olympic Committee. 27 August 2018. 5980:France wins right to host the 2007 rugby world cup 5882:"Tour De France 2019: Everything you need to know" 5371: 5300:[France is no longer a Catholic country]. 4998:in South America, the blend of European, African, 3769: 2091:'s laws passed in 1884. Between 1936 and 1938 the 1207: 1194:French parliamentary commission on cult activities 1076:In the early 21st century, French Jews are mostly 7350: 6879:Theodore Zedlin, quoted in Kidd and Reynolds, 266 6366:"Claude Debussy – Biography – AllMusic" 4844:) that may come from what one other philosopher, 3793:was founded in 1826 and it is still considered a 3046:style emerged as a frivolous continuation of the 2482:. Other popular sports played in France include: 2301:play a role in traditional part in French culture 2063:The Académie consists of forty members, known as 1751:("civil pact of solidarity") commonly known as a 1745:in November 1999 following some controversy, the 574:, and by foreign and internal forces and groups. 20:Directorate-General of Customs and Indirect Taxes 9435: 4685:and elsewhere around the globe also in America. 4521:("one thousand milliard") in French, and rarely 3404:. Modern pop music has seen the rise of popular 3050:style. The most famous painters of the era were 2143: 1138:), and, to a lesser extent, other areas such as 683:dialect of German). Some regional languages are 7405:Aïcha Saïd Ben Mohamed (1876–1930) was born in 7243:In the heart of the main European Business area 5245: 5243: 5241: 4806:possessed one-fifth black Haitian descent, and 4762:for the democratic principles of the Republic. 4310:) – two weeks starting near the end of October. 4202:. Some famous modern French architects include 2579:France has a close association with the Modern 2082: 7837:Hall, Edward Twitchell and Mildred Reed Hall. 6663: 5688:Ben-David, Joseph and Philip G. Altbach. eds. 5306:(in Romanian). 11 January 2007. Archived from 4946:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie 4914:or 'civilizing mission' figured into France's 4747:however has angered many of France's critics. 4743:accorded to books). The notion of an explicit 2375:The legal drinking age is officially 18 (see: 1979:in 1959 and the first Minister was the writer 1928:Trends in International Math and Science Study 1196:which led to a report registering a number of 582:, has played an important role as a center of 9022: 7973: 6749: 6054:. Manchester University Press ND. p. 5. 4969: 3836:of France is 99%, some estimates have placed 2876:(which first came to prominence in 1925) and 2643:with the idea of a French deaf car mechanic, 1721:figures, household and family composition in 1580: 835:make up 8%, and other Christians make up 2%. 543: 8349: 8328: 8188: 7883:, September 1986, pp. 124–137, 155–157. 7459: 7457: 7455: 6672:"The Birthplace Celebrates Film's Big 1–0–0" 5923:"All you need to know about sport in France" 5431:"Religion Important for Americans, Italians" 5238: 4951: 4943: 4915: 4907: 4426:), by opening presents and by attending the 4185:In the 20th century, French-Swiss architect 4134:. Built during the first French Empire, the 3702:France Télévisions is also a shareholder of 3521:France has historical and strong links with 2843: 2837: 2826: 2220:Ingredients and dishes vary by region (see: 1559:) of urban agglomerations (called variously 7927:Zedlin, Theodore and Philippe Turner, eds. 7763:Carroll, Raymonde. Carol Volk, translator. 7114:Histoire et splendeurs du baroque en France 6926: 6924: 6463:"French music has the whole planet singing" 5814:Decree n°2006-1386 over 15th November, 2006 4821:whose grandmother was a North African from 4483:like most countries. For large numbers the 4328:(winter) – two weeks in February and March. 3958: 2463:, and the world's most famous cycling race. 9029: 9015: 7980: 7966: 7920:Wylie, Laurence and Jean-François Brière. 7860:French Culture and Society: The Essentials 7536:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6627:, n°hors-série, Paris, April 2000, p. 32 ( 6082: 6080: 6078: 5352:. Berkeley: University of California Press 4935:of colonial subjects with French culture. 4780:Hofstede's Framework for Assessing Culture 4476:(a unit of weight equal to 100 kilograms). 4162:in English, the term being taken from the 3181:referred to as "La Môme Piaf" (The Little 3070:were the most influential painters of the 872:is the Roman Catholic cathedral where the 550: 536: 7675: 7452: 7357:Thompson, William; Joseph Hickey (2005). 7332:The HarperCollins Dictionary of Sociology 7003:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t063666 6731: 6729: 6690:"Cannes – a festival virgin's guide" 6277:"Debussy's 'La Mer' Marks 100th Birthday" 6246:. Mission Economique de Bruxelles, 2006. 4642:life course-from infancy to an old age." 4619:Learn how and when to remove this message 4396:to the tombs of departed family members. 4022:. During this era, France had been using 2363:are a traditional part of French cuisine. 1783:. Sarkozy, who represents the right-wing 1024:numbers around 600,000, according to the 880:Long the established state religion, the 7844:Howarth, David and Georgios Varouzakis. 7810:French Cultural Studies: An Introduction 6930: 6921: 6385:"Composer-Conductor Pierre Boulez at 85" 6382: 6274: 5516:"Thich Nhat Hanh – The Mindfulness Bell" 5214:"Les Français et la croyance religieuse" 5146:Loi constitutionnelle du 23 juillet 2008 4881: 3990: 3783: 3663: 3491: 3317:'s best-known works are his piano suite 3173: 3084:were the most important painters of the 3003: 2825:The association of France with fashion ( 2802: 2466: 2450: 2418:Popular French cigarette brands include 2355: 2290: 2252: 2170: 2140:finally had no choice but to repeal it. 2128:. In 2006 he then attempted to pass the 2020: 1865: 1640:France has an estimated 280,000–340,000 1211: 1105: 864: 731: 7789:French Popular Culture: An Introduction 7602: 6805:La Fin de l'exception culturelle ? 6779:"20 questions about studying in France" 6455: 6075: 5465:Birnsiel Eckart & Bernat Chrystel, 5398: 5323:"France 'no longer a Catholic country'" 5018:, European, and Polynesian cultures of 4877: 4501:. However, there exists a French word, 4487:is used. Thus, the French use the word 3902:, Europe's preeminent comics festival. 3900:Angoulême International Comics Festival 3748:. Other major private channels include 2502:. France has hosted events such as the 2003:was notable for a number of laws (the " 1847:The cultural policies of the (current) 1258:up to this day, has however promoted a 772:, which relies on the division between 9436: 7886:Nadeau, Jean-Benoît and Julie Barlow. 7865:Kidd, William and Siân Reynolds, eds. 7698: 7553: 7549: 7547: 7223: 6988: 6726: 6669: 6435:Musique. December 2010. Archived from 6183: 5790: 5682: 5345: 5320: 5073:List of World Heritage Sites in France 4339:(Easter) – two weeks in April and May. 4317:(Christmas) – two weeks, ending after 4110:. On the military architectural side, 3253:. Ravel's piano compositions, such as 2087:In France, the first labour laws were 1968:Ministry of Culture is located on the 1948: 1696: 721: 253:French Wars of Religion 9036: 9010: 7961: 7808:Forbes, Jill and Michael Kelly, eds. 7705:The Journal of Modern African Studies 7657: 7411:Généalogie Magazine, N° 233, p. 30/36 7387:On the Brink: the Trouble with France 7126: 6931:MORRISON, DONALD (21 November 2007). 6299:"Debussy's Musical Game of Deception" 5949:"History of the World Cup Final Draw" 5445: 5401:"The Catholic-ness of Secular France" 4888:Musée du Quai Branly – Jacques Chirac 4067:, from 1450 as a first reference the 3740:The private broadcasting corporation 3456:, have reached worldwide popularity. 2822:) have their headquarters in France. 2440: 2238:(AOC) (regulated appellation) laws, ( 2010: 1989:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1589:" of the mid-nineteenth century, the 7947:France in Brief / France From A to Z 7867:Contemporary French Cultural Studies 7767:. University of Chicago Press, 1990. 7498: 7463: 6570: 6554:"In Pictures: Chic Cannes Hideaways" 6516:"Cannes International Film Festival" 6184:Clarey, Christopher (30 June 2001). 6047: 5208: 4836:coined the term, as an "Ideology of 4722:". Since its dealings with the 1943 4572: 4569:Problem in defining "French" culture 4509:("one milliard") in French, and not 2945: 2783:Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports 2583:; it was a French aristocrat, Baron 2394: 1794: 1269:Nineteenth century French literature 810:Institut français d'opinion publique 758:is preserved, by virtue of the 1789 7924:. 3rd edition. Prentice Hall, 2001. 7544: 7203:. Lonely Planet. 2008. p. 48. 6551: 6532: 6363: 5339: 5270:, p. 233, 2012, archived from 4974:Culture within European France and 4174:designed many bridges, such as the 4036:meaning "French work", was born in 2599:). Paris was the first home of the 2160: 2070: 1737:Civil unions and same-sex marriages 1692:Families and romantic relationships 1069:, France currently has the largest 13: 7432:"One in three French 'are racist'" 7287:International System of Units (SI) 7133:. Ashgate Publishing. p. 86. 6513: 6248:Read this document (in French) PDF 6155:"Fédération Française de Football" 6037:Site officiel du 24 heures du Mans 5437:. 16 December 2008. Archived from 5411:from the original on 25 April 2020 5251:"Discrimination in the EU in 2012" 4711:and encouraged cultural enclaves ( 4392:), the French traditionally bring 3627:French major cinema operators are 3516:Berlin International Film Festival 2993: 2075:Until 1996, France had compulsory 1959:The Minister of Culture is in the 1514:administrative divisions of France 1061:for the Jews in then French-ruled 896:faith is no longer considered the 804:, enacted at the beginning of the 14: 9455: 7987: 7935: 7083: 6718:. Whatsonwhen.com. Archived from 6670:Riding, Alan (28 February 1995). 6275:Huizenga, Tom (14 October 2005). 6216:Kelly, 101. DeJean, chapters 2–4. 5982:. Associated Press. 11 April 2003 5831:"France to ban smoking in public" 5766:fr:section syndicale d'entreprise 5453:Les protestants en France en 2017 5399:Ferrara, Carol (2 October 2019). 5321:Samuel, Henry (10 January 2007). 5298:"Franţa nu mai e o ţară catolică" 4886:Ethnographic museums such as the 4233:The cliché about the Parisien is 4221: 1192:France created in 2006 the first 1188:Cults and new religious movements 714:creating official recognition of 606: 7692: 7658:Canut, Cécile (1 October 2010). 7651: 7596: 7492: 7478:10.1111/j.1469-8676.2008.00048.x 7424: 7415: 7399: 7375: 7337: 7324: 7299: 7280: 7255: 7236: 7217: 7191: 7169: 7147: 7036:. Justfrance.org. Archived from 5910:Les licences sportives en France 5633:, chapter "Les grandes familles" 5602:. European Commission. p. 2 5226:from the original on 1 June 2011 5032: 4577: 4479:In mathematics, France uses the 4377:avenue in Paris in front of the 3849:Presses universitaires de France 3367:contributed to the evolution of 2988: 2949: 2831:) dates largely to the reign of 2731:Other important sports include: 2429:The possession, sale and use of 2191:to become the modern version of 2044:. Suppressed in 1793 during the 1930:. France was ranked 22 in 2019. 1390:, like (in alphabetical order): 1202:the respect of religious freedom 941: 517: 222: 130: 121: 112: 101: 92: 83: 72: 63: 54: 43: 34: 7931:. Kodansha International, 1996. 7750: 7120: 7103: 7077: 7052: 7026: 6982: 6973: 6964: 6955: 6912: 6909:Kidd and Reynolds, 258 and 264. 6903: 6894: 6873: 6855: 6831: 6819: 6797: 6771: 6708: 6682: 6654: 6648: 6616: 6583: 6564: 6545: 6526: 6507: 6477: 6417: 6399: 6383:Schwartz, Lloyd (24 May 2010). 6376: 6357: 6335: 6313: 6291: 6268: 6259: 6237: 6228: 6219: 6210: 6177: 6165: 6147: 6125: 6106: 6092: 6041: 6019: 5985: 5973: 5941: 5915: 5900: 5874: 5849: 5823: 5807: 5784: 5773: 5759: 5750: 5720: 5695: 5673: 5648: 5636: 5623: 5614: 5588: 5572: 5542: 5533: 5508: 5494: 5481: 5472: 5469:, Paris, Edition Champion, 2005 5459: 5423: 5392: 5364: 4902:have been mobilized to further 4813:who was born and raised in the 4373:, are held, the largest on the 4156:Haussmann's renovation of Paris 3979:French Renaissance architecture 3770:Books, newspapers and magazines 3510:" film festivals alongside the 2601:International Olympic Committee 2327:appellation d'origine contrôlée 2235:Appellation d'origine contrôlée 2112:'s government then enacted the 1943:affair of the Islamic headscarf 1872:National and University Library 1208:Regional customs and traditions 273:France in the 20th century 269:French Third Republic 8319:Government of National Defense 7798:. New York: Free Press, 2005. 7345:Dictionary of Modern Sociology 6469:. 22 June 2009. Archived from 6407:"100人の偉大なアーティスト - No. 62" 5629:Emmanuel Todd, Hervé Le Bras, 5314: 5290: 5202: 5151: 5138: 5112: 5085: 4454: 4142:represent the best example of 3971:French Romanesque architecture 2694:; it takes part in the annual 2518:. The country also hosted the 1512:". For a full discussion, see 1465:" ("Deep France", similar to " 958:St. Bartholomew's Day massacre 854: 1: 8228:Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 8223:War of the Spanish Succession 7949:– Embassy of France in the US 7224:Seckel, Henri (8 July 2008). 7177:"Official site of the UNESCO" 7090:loirevalley-worldheritage.org 6413:(in Japanese). 21 April 2003. 6321:"Biography of Claude Debussy" 6089: – World Atlas of Travel 6048:Hill, Christopher R. (1996). 5491:for more on recent estimates. 5106: 5010:, the Polynesian cultures of 4462:International System of Units 4365:The National holiday (called 4358:) the French give flowers of 4026:like most of Western Europe. 3671:'s headquarters in Strasbourg 3653: 3062:. At the end of the century, 2179:. Crêpes are originally from 2144:Healthcare and social welfare 2134:students and unions' protests 2048:, it was restored in 1803 by 1016:History of the Jews in France 766:is based on the principle of 629:sets an official standard of 199:France national football team 7841:. Intercultural Press, 1990. 7330:Jary, D. and J. Jary. 1991. 6535:"They'll Always Have Cannes" 6343:"Biography of Maurice Ravel" 6191:International Herald Tribune 6115: – Tourism in Lausanne 5502:"The Plum Village Tradition" 5063:Remarkable Gardens of France 5014:, and the mix of indigenous 4982:, mostly the remains of the 4362:(Le Muguet) to one another. 4170:. In the late 19th century, 3919:list of newspapers in France 3906:price control. Finally, the 3369:contemporary classical music 2155: 2083:Labour and employment policy 1955:Minister of Culture (France) 1855: 1516:. Since 1982, following the 960:took place in Paris and the 874:Kings of France were crowned 667:(a Celtic language close to 7: 7890:. Sourcebooks Trade, 2003. 7869:. Arnold Publishers, 2000. 7389:Warner Books London, 1998, 7252: – NCI Business Center 7228:. MYTF1News. Archived from 6997:. Oxford University Press. 6828: – Ministry of Culture 6634:Histoire des communications 6533:Lim, Dennis (15 May 2012). 6029:(in French). Archived from 5791:UNESCO (16 November 2010). 5025: 4864:les nouveaux réactionnaires 4856:le sanglot de l'homme blanc 4661:", generally excluding its 4405:Le Jour de la Commémoration 4260: 4094:has many Baroque features. 3983:French Baroque architecture 3898:genre and France hosts the 3642:As part of its advocacy of 3320:Trois mouvements perpétuels 2852:houses, the fashion press ( 2611:, again in Paris and three 2532:2019 FIFA Women's World Cup 2459:is the most prestigious of 2333:, who founded in 1987, the 1275:). Policies enacted by the 1145: 861:Roman Catholicism in France 660:sites should be in French. 10: 9460: 8709:French subdivisions by GDP 8456:2022 presidential election 8441:2017 presidential election 7907:. New York: Norton, 2007. 7508:(1st ed.). New York. 7155:"Fortifications of Vauban" 5006:and insular traditions in 4970:Culture of Overseas France 4851:The Tears of the White Man 4842:une idéologie du métissage 4649:posits the notion of the " 4630: 4460:France is the home of the 4411:) is an official holiday. 4271:Despite the principles of 4264: 4250: 4246: 4225: 4118:After the Revolution, the 3975:French Gothic architecture 3968: 3962: 3809:and book prizes (like the 3773: 3657: 3481: 3470: 3466: 3167: 2997: 2796: 2792: 2520:1960 European Nations' Cup 2444: 2323:French Women Don't Get Fat 2164: 2014: 1952: 1859: 1710:) to, after World War II, 1593:, artistic circles of the 1581:Other specific communities 1149: 1099: 1022:Jewish community in France 1013: 1009: 968:, and Protestants, led by 945: 924:Interactive, published in 858: 725: 610: 322:Languages of New Caledonia 164:Liberty Leading the People 17: 9415: 9367: 9329: 9044: 8970: 8860: 8770: 8761: 8657: 8648: 8550: 8541: 8479: 8470: 8391: 8272: 8241: 8213:Second Hundred Years' War 8164: 8117: 8084: 8063: 8055:Liberalism and radicalism 8007: 7998: 7812:. Clarendon Press, 1996. 7717:10.1017/S0022278X00020826 7621:10.1017/S0018246X00018641 7421:Le Point, 8 February 2007 6989:Brodie, Allan M. (2003). 6425:"Biography of Noir Désir" 6113:Lausanne, olympic capital 5539:Kidd and Reynolds, 30–31. 5478:Kidd and Reynolds, 104-5. 5435:Angus Reid Global Monitor 4958:—have endured beyond the 4904:French imperial interests 4694:French educational system 4379:President of the Republic 4267:Public holidays in France 3477: 3339:and orchestra, the opera 3296:Pictures at an Exhibition 2864:was founded in 1945) and 2660:national rugby union team 2189:Georges Auguste Escoffier 2130:First Employment Contract 1748:pacte civil de solidarité 621:Language policy in France 241:France in the Middle Ages 8484:Administrative divisions 7603:Burrows, Mathew (1986). 7263:"Le calendrier scolaire" 7062:Histoire et Architecture 6933:"In Search of Lost Time" 6253:26 November 2008 at the 5816:taken as application of 5405:www.europenowjournal.org 5078: 5048:Architecture of Normandy 4996:Culture of French Guiana 4304:vacances de la Toussaint 4212:Christian de Portzamparc 3959:Architecture and housing 3885:The Adventures of Tintin 3342:Dialogues des Carmélites 3299:and his orchestral work 3200:Michel-Richard Delalande 3192:Marc-Antoine Charpentier 3163: 2696:Six Nations Championship 2433:(predominantly Moroccan 2040:, the chief minister to 1876:University of Strasbourg 1597:(around such artists as 1219:women and girls wearing 1095: 257:Louis XIV of France 8704:Franc (former currency) 8309:Coup of 2 December 1851 8282:Long nineteenth century 7505:Culture and imperialism 7361:. Boston, MA: Pearson. 7343:Hoult, T. F, ed. 1969. 7084:Loire, Mission Val de. 6970:Kidd and Reynolds, 232. 6961:Kidd and Reynolds, 264. 6918:Kidd and Reynolds, 265. 6900:Kidd and Reynolds, 266. 6891:Kidd and Reynolds, 261. 6867:Encyclopædia Britannica 6744:Horizons philosophiques 6027:"Une course légendaire" 4024:Romanesque architecture 3679:comprises the channels 2941: 2870:Charles Frederick Worth 2122:New Employment Contract 1883:enseignement primaire, 1819:'s reign, his minister 1656:(slightly pejorative), 1506:overseas collectivities 962:French Wars of Religion 948:Protestantism in France 900:, as it was before the 687:, like French, such as 143:From top, left to right 9087:Bosnia and Herzegovina 8724:Science and technology 8381:Provisional Government 8350: 8329: 8189: 7609:The Historical Journal 7311:dictionary.reverso.net 7292:11 August 2010 at the 6979:Kidd and Reynolds, 236 6119:6 October 2007 at the 5620:Kelley, "Family", 100. 5058:Demographics of France 4994:in the Caribbean, the 4984:French colonial empire 4952: 4944: 4916: 4908: 4891: 4599:by rewriting it in an 4539:is called a bit yet a 4354:On 1 May, Labour Day ( 4140:Sainte Marie-Madeleine 4096:Jules Hardouin Mansart 4046:Notre-Dame de Chartres 4003: 3834:official literacy rate 3798: 3672: 3637:Cinémathèque Française 3518: 3268:Le tombeau de Couperin 3186: 3156:, and classical Greek 3012: 2844: 2838: 2827: 2815: 2688:Rugby league in France 2656:national football team 2597:France at the Olympics 2475: 2464: 2455:Starting in 1903, the 2364: 2335:Confédération Paysanne 2302: 2262: 2226:List of French cheeses 2184: 2033: 2029:building, home to the 1878: 1727:single parent families 1480:made up of its former 1224: 1178:Plum Village Monastery 1174:Plum Village Tradition 1115: 1057:, France secured full 966:Henry I, Duke of Guise 877: 747: 7834:. Random House, 2001. 7554:Chafer, Tony (2001). 7157:. UNESCO. 8 July 2008 7127:Hills, Helen (2003). 6803:Joëlle Farchy (1999) 6597:(20 September 2018). 6133:"Deaflympics lowdown" 5374:World and Its Peoples 5259:Special Eurobarometer 5068:List of French people 4910:mission civilisatrice 4885: 4804:Alexandre Dumas, père 4792:le métissage culturel 4547:(from the Latin root 4440:) is celebrated with 4371:Défilés du 14 juillet 4333:vacances de printemps 4293:convention collective 4168:Eugène Viollet-le-Duc 4077:Château de Chenonceau 4069:Château de Montsoreau 3994: 3880:Franco-Belgian comics 3838:functional illiteracy 3787: 3667: 3495: 3289:, his arrangement of 3177: 3110:Pierre-Auguste Renoir 3060:Jean-Honoré Fragonard 3007: 2858:was founded in 1892; 2806: 2684:Rugby union in France 2668:French tricolour flag 2603:, before it moved to 2470: 2454: 2359: 2294: 2256: 2174: 2118:Dominique de Villepin 2024: 1874:on the campus of the 1869: 1849:French Fifth Republic 1833:French Third Republic 1825:Château de Versailles 1821:Jean-Baptiste Colbert 1686:LGBT rights in France 1644:, generally known as 1277:French Third Republic 1215: 1109: 1026:World Jewish Congress 868: 837:Non believer/Agnostic 790:freedom of conscience 735: 8529:World Heritage Sites 8446:Coronavirus pandemic 7756:Bernstein, Richard. 7699:Martin, Guy (1995). 7296:– Physics Laboratory 7248:29 July 2010 at the 7071:17 July 2016 at the 6767:on 13 December 2014. 6696:on 12 September 2016 6571:Larousse, Éditions. 6473:on 22 December 2010. 5857:"Cannabis in France" 5769:27 December 1968 law 5579:Religion and society 4942:—as embodied in the 4940:cultural imperialism 4878:Cultural imperialism 4732:exception culturelle 4663:overseas departments 4164:Second French Empire 4146:architecture. Under 4132:Capitole de Toulouse 4092:Palace of Versailles 4088:Baroque architecture 4042:Saint Denis Basilica 4016:Château de Vincennes 3875:are well received). 3660:Television in France 3574:Krzysztof Kieślowski 3539:Government of France 3512:Venice Film Festival 3504:Cannes Film Festival 3212:Jean-Philippe Rameau 3132:were painting then. 2645:Eugène Rubens-Alcais 2609:1924 Summer Olympics 2564:tournaments. French 2516:2023 Rugby World Cup 2512:2007 Rugby World Cup 2508:1998 FIFA World Cups 1961:Government of France 1510:overseas territories 1478:overseas departments 1247:, family structure, 1237:religious observance 1229:historical provinces 980:Siege of La Rochelle 578:, and in particular 472:World Heritage Sites 195:Cannes Film Festival 9330:States with limited 8667:Automotive industry 8451:2021 labor protests 8208:Peace of Westphalia 8076:History of Normandy 8071:History of Brittany 7787:Dauncey, Hugh, ed. 7677:10.3917/lf.167.0141 7466:Social Anthropology 7232:on 29 October 2010. 7034:"The Gothic Period" 6943:on 25 November 2007 6738:Damien Rousselière 6641:2 July 2017 at the 6301:. NPR. 12 July 2008 6033:on 16 January 2013. 5961:on 26 February 2008 5738:on 27 November 2015 5583:Pew Research Center 5335:on 16 January 2007. 5328:The Daily Telegraph 5310:on 17 January 2008. 5268:European Commission 4745:exception française 4698:Franco-Prussian war 4659:metropolitan France 4447:The Celtic holiday 4335:(spring), formerly 4228:Transport in France 4073:Château de Chambord 4054:Notre-Dame de Reims 4050:Notre-Dame d'Amiens 4032:, originally named 4030:Gothic architecture 3965:French architecture 3845:academic publishing 3795:newspaper of record 3590:Alexandre Alexeieff 3488:French comedy films 3323:(1919), the ballet 3243:Impressionist music 3204:Jean-Baptiste Lully 3064:Jacques-Louis David 2938:careers in France. 2810:'s headquarters on 2707:Stade Roland-Garros 2585:Pierre de Coubertin 2544:24 Hours of Le Mans 2317:(see, for example, 2213:cuisine of France. 2099:for workers, and a 1985:French constitution 1949:Minister of Culture 1862:Education in France 1723:metropolitan France 1697:Household structure 927:The Financial Times 870:Notre-Dame de Reims 756:freedom of religion 744:freedom of religion 722:Religions in France 712:French constitution 704:bilingual education 617:Languages of France 566:has been shaped by 245:Early Modern France 9038:Culture of Europe 8734:Telecommunications 8436:2015 Paris attacks 8299:Revolution of 1848 8127:Visigothic Kingdom 7381:see, for example, 6991:"Opus francigenum" 6746:Vol. 15 No. 2 2005 6676:The New York Times 6603:The New York Times 6539:The New York Times 6520:The New York Times 6198:on 16 October 2007 6135:. 29 December 2004 5277:on 2 December 2012 4938:Aspects of French 4917:politique indigène 4892: 4834:Alain Finkielkraut 4815:French West Indies 4655:cultural diversity 4601:encyclopedic style 4588:is written like a 4360:Lily of the Valley 4356:La Fête du Travail 4337:vacances de Pâques 4285:Assumption of Mary 4208:Dominique Perrault 4061:French Renaissance 4018:and the so-called 4004: 3799: 3677:France Télévisions 3673: 3644:cultural exception 3586:Edgardo Cozarinsky 3519: 3461:Fête de la Musique 3440:and more recently 3280:Rapsodie espagnole 3274:Gaspard de la nuit 3187: 3090:realistic movement 3013: 2961:. You can help by 2924:Jean Paul Gaultier 2894:Yves Saint Laurent 2890:Hubert de Givenchy 2816: 2649:Summer Deaflympics 2560:, one of the four 2476: 2465: 2441:Sports and hobbies 2377:Legal drinking age 2365: 2303: 2263: 2185: 2058:Institut de France 2050:Napoleon Bonaparte 2038:Cardinal Richelieu 2034: 2031:Académie Française 2027:Institut de France 2017:Académie Française 2011:Académie Française 1914:Catholic education 1879: 1813:Académie française 1811:, the independent 1635:Simone de Beauvoir 1452:Breton nationalism 1388:vehicular language 1225: 1152:Buddhism in France 1116: 878: 796:) enforced by the 748: 742:(1789) guarantees 728:Religion in France 716:regional languages 710:A revision of the 643:madame le ministre 639:madame la ministre 627:Académie Française 249:Ancien Régime 187:Paris Fashion Week 9444:Culture of France 9431: 9430: 9004: 9003: 8966: 8965: 8757: 8756: 8644: 8643: 8636:Political parties 8572:Foreign relations 8537: 8536: 8466: 8465: 8249:French Revolution 8203:Thirty Years' War 8184:Absolute monarchy 8149:Kingdom of France 8045:Foreign relations 8025:Political history 7942:Frenchculture.org 7913:978-0-393-05973-1 7831:Paris to the Moon 7804:978-0-7432-6413-6 7777:. Vintage, 1984. 7515:978-0-307-82965-8 7267:Education.gouv.fr 7210:978-1-74059-850-7 7200:Paris: City Guide 7140:978-0-7546-0309-2 7012:978-1-884446-05-4 6995:Oxford Art Online 6869:. 5 October 2023. 6851:on 27 April 2011. 6815:978-2-271-05633-7 6624:Cahiers du cinéma 6514:Dargis, Manohla. 6467:France Diplomatie 6345:. Classicfm.co.uk 6323:. Classicfm.co.uk 6061:978-0-7190-4451-9 5554:Ambafrance-us.org 5190:Missing or empty 4906:. The concept of 4808:Empress Josephine 4764:Charles de Gaulle 4756:French Revolution 4720:cultural hegemony 4690:cultural identity 4671:French Revolution 4629: 4628: 4621: 4530:decimal separator 4390:La Fête des morts 4253:Odonymy in France 4128:Parisian Pantheon 4081:Château d'Amboise 3803:French literature 3780:French literature 3547:Texas Instruments 3473:Theater of France 3438:Les Rita Mitsouko 3381:chanson française 3332:Concert champêtre 3291:Modest Mussorgsky 3196:François Couperin 3154:Leonardo da Vinci 2979: 2978: 2928:Christian Lacroix 2728:since the 1970s. 2722:Mini Transat 6.50 2395:Tobacco and drugs 2319:Mireille Guiliano 2228:) and wine (see: 2046:French Revolution 1977:Charles de Gaulle 1795:Role of the State 1777:François Hollande 1773:same-sex marriage 1743:French Parliament 1731:unmarried couples 1704:extended families 1557:Seine-Saint-Denis 1518:French government 1488:, Martinique and 1241:regional language 1233:overseas colonies 1223:during a festival 1071:Jewish population 1045:French Revolution 839:account for 20%, 631:linguistic purism 572:historical events 564:culture of France 560: 559: 524:France portal 261:French Revolution 217:Culture of France 9451: 9368:Dependencies and 9304:Northern Ireland 9045:Sovereign states 9031: 9024: 9017: 9008: 9007: 8768: 8767: 8684:Economic history 8655: 8654: 8548: 8547: 8477: 8476: 8355: 8334: 8233:Seven Years' War 8198:Wars of Religion 8194: 8179:House of Bourbon 8174:Early modern era 8154:Fundamental laws 8030:Military history 8005: 8004: 7982: 7975: 7968: 7959: 7958: 7919: 7858:Kelly, Michael. 7745: 7744: 7696: 7690: 7689: 7679: 7664:Langue française 7655: 7649: 7648: 7600: 7594: 7593: 7551: 7542: 7541: 7535: 7527: 7496: 7490: 7489: 7461: 7450: 7449: 7447: 7445: 7428: 7422: 7419: 7413: 7403: 7397: 7379: 7373: 7372: 7359:Society in Focus 7354: 7348: 7341: 7335: 7328: 7322: 7321: 7319: 7317: 7303: 7297: 7284: 7278: 7277: 7275: 7273: 7259: 7253: 7240: 7234: 7233: 7221: 7215: 7214: 7195: 7189: 7188: 7186: 7184: 7173: 7167: 7166: 7164: 7162: 7151: 7145: 7144: 7124: 7118: 7111: 7107: 7101: 7100: 7098: 7096: 7081: 7075: 7060: 7056: 7050: 7049: 7047: 7045: 7030: 7024: 7023: 7021: 7019: 6986: 6980: 6977: 6971: 6968: 6962: 6959: 6953: 6952: 6950: 6948: 6939:. Archived from 6928: 6919: 6916: 6910: 6907: 6901: 6898: 6892: 6889: 6880: 6877: 6871: 6870: 6859: 6853: 6852: 6850: 6843: 6835: 6829: 6823: 6817: 6801: 6795: 6794: 6792: 6790: 6781:. Archived from 6775: 6769: 6768: 6763:. Archived from 6753: 6747: 6737: 6733: 6724: 6723: 6722:on 10 June 2012. 6712: 6706: 6705: 6703: 6701: 6686: 6680: 6679: 6667: 6661: 6660: 6657:"UIS Statistics" 6652: 6646: 6620: 6614: 6613: 6611: 6609: 6587: 6581: 6580: 6568: 6562: 6561: 6549: 6543: 6542: 6530: 6524: 6523: 6511: 6505: 6504: 6502: 6500: 6495:on 26 April 2015 6491:. Archived from 6481: 6475: 6474: 6459: 6453: 6452: 6446: 6444: 6439:on 30 April 2016 6421: 6415: 6414: 6403: 6397: 6396: 6394: 6392: 6380: 6374: 6373: 6364:Schrott, Allen. 6361: 6355: 6354: 6352: 6350: 6339: 6333: 6332: 6330: 6328: 6317: 6311: 6310: 6308: 6306: 6295: 6289: 6288: 6286: 6284: 6272: 6266: 6263: 6257: 6241: 6235: 6232: 6226: 6223: 6217: 6214: 6208: 6207: 6205: 6203: 6194:. Archived from 6181: 6175: 6169: 6163: 6162: 6151: 6145: 6144: 6142: 6140: 6129: 6123: 6110: 6104: 6103: 6096: 6090: 6084: 6073: 6072: 6070: 6068: 6051:Olympic Politics 6045: 6039: 6034: 6023: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6012: 5989: 5983: 5977: 5971: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5960: 5954:. Archived from 5953: 5945: 5939: 5938: 5936: 5934: 5925:. Archived from 5919: 5913: 5908: 5904: 5898: 5897: 5895: 5893: 5878: 5872: 5871: 5869: 5867: 5853: 5847: 5846: 5844: 5842: 5837:. 8 October 2006 5827: 5821: 5811: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5800: 5788: 5782: 5777: 5771: 5763: 5757: 5754: 5748: 5747: 5745: 5743: 5734:. Archived from 5724: 5718: 5717: 5715: 5713: 5699: 5693: 5686: 5680: 5677: 5671: 5670: 5668: 5666: 5652: 5646: 5640: 5634: 5627: 5621: 5618: 5612: 5611: 5609: 5607: 5592: 5586: 5576: 5570: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5560:on 16 March 2008 5556:. Archived from 5546: 5540: 5537: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5520:www.parallax.org 5512: 5506: 5505: 5498: 5492: 5485: 5479: 5476: 5470: 5463: 5457: 5449: 5443: 5442: 5427: 5421: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5396: 5390: 5389: 5377: 5368: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5343: 5337: 5336: 5331:. Archived from 5318: 5312: 5311: 5294: 5288: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5276: 5255: 5247: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5225: 5218: 5206: 5200: 5199: 5193: 5188: 5186: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5169:on 30 April 2011 5168: 5162:. Archived from 5158:. 30 April 2011 5155: 5149: 5142: 5136: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5116: 5100: 5089: 5042: 5037: 5036: 5035: 5012:French Polynesia 4957: 4949: 4934: 4919: 4913: 4894:French culture, 4872:anti-immigration 4709:multiculturalism 4647:American culture 4624: 4617: 4613: 4610: 4604: 4581: 4580: 4573: 4551:, meaning "8"). 4535:In computing, a 4399:On 11 November, 4348:grandes vacances 4326:vacances d'hiver 4315:vacances de Noël 4034:Opus Francigenum 4012:Château d'Angers 3614:Jacques Tourneur 3578:Andrzej Żuławski 3531:Alice Guy-Blaché 3527:Lumière Brothers 3484:Cinema of France 3402:Serge Gainsbourg 3398:Charles Aznavour 3390:Georges Brassens 3376:French pop music 3361:Pierre Schaeffer 3286:Daphnis et Chloé 3221:In the field of 3122:Toulouse-Lautrec 3114:Camille Pissarro 3068:Dominique Ingres 3056:François Boucher 2974: 2971: 2953: 2946: 2847: 2841: 2830: 2259:nouvelle cuisine 2248:Charolais cattle 2222:Regional cuisine 2161:Food and alcohol 2114:35-hour workweek 2105:Grenelle accords 2089:Waldeck Rousseau 2077:military service 2071:Military service 1999:The Ministry of 1935:Jules Ferry laws 1712:nuclear families 1708:nuclear families 1682:Bertrand Delanoë 1664:("travellers"). 1631:Jean-Paul Sartre 1571:housing projects 1530:overseas regions 1522:decentralisation 970:Henri de Navarre 954:French Huguenots 918:anti-clericalist 827:are the largest 798:Jules Ferry laws 552: 545: 538: 522: 521: 520: 402:Bandes dessinées 226: 205: 204: 134: 125: 116: 105: 96: 87: 76: 67: 58: 47: 38: 9459: 9458: 9454: 9453: 9452: 9450: 9449: 9448: 9434: 9433: 9432: 9427: 9411: 9369: 9363: 9349:Northern Cyprus 9331: 9325: 9219:North Macedonia 9040: 9035: 9005: 9000: 8999: 8980: 8962: 8943:Public holidays 8856: 8815:Life expectancy 8753: 8640: 8533: 8462: 8431:Great Recession 8404:Fourth Republic 8399:1900 to present 8387: 8304:Second Republic 8268: 8237: 8160: 8113: 8080: 8059: 7994: 7986: 7938: 7917: 7771:Darnton, Robert 7753: 7748: 7697: 7693: 7656: 7652: 7601: 7597: 7552: 7545: 7529: 7528: 7516: 7500:Said, Edward W. 7497: 7493: 7462: 7453: 7443: 7441: 7440:. 22 March 2006 7430: 7429: 7425: 7420: 7416: 7404: 7400: 7380: 7376: 7369: 7355: 7351: 7342: 7338: 7329: 7325: 7315: 7313: 7305: 7304: 7300: 7294:Wayback Machine 7285: 7281: 7271: 7269: 7261: 7260: 7256: 7250:Wayback Machine 7241: 7237: 7222: 7218: 7211: 7197: 7196: 7192: 7182: 7180: 7175: 7174: 7170: 7160: 7158: 7153: 7152: 7148: 7141: 7125: 7121: 7109: 7108: 7104: 7094: 7092: 7082: 7078: 7073:Wayback Machine 7058: 7057: 7053: 7043: 7041: 7040:on 18 July 2011 7032: 7031: 7027: 7017: 7015: 7013: 6987: 6983: 6978: 6974: 6969: 6965: 6960: 6956: 6946: 6944: 6929: 6922: 6917: 6913: 6908: 6904: 6899: 6895: 6890: 6883: 6878: 6874: 6861: 6860: 6856: 6848: 6841: 6837: 6836: 6832: 6824: 6820: 6802: 6798: 6788: 6786: 6777: 6776: 6772: 6755: 6754: 6750: 6735: 6734: 6727: 6714: 6713: 6709: 6699: 6697: 6688: 6687: 6683: 6668: 6664: 6653: 6649: 6643:Wayback Machine 6621: 6617: 6607: 6605: 6591:Dargis, Manohla 6588: 6584: 6569: 6565: 6552:Woolsey, Matt. 6550: 6546: 6531: 6527: 6512: 6508: 6498: 6496: 6483: 6482: 6478: 6461: 6460: 6456: 6442: 6440: 6423: 6422: 6418: 6405: 6404: 6400: 6390: 6388: 6381: 6377: 6362: 6358: 6348: 6346: 6341: 6340: 6336: 6326: 6324: 6319: 6318: 6314: 6304: 6302: 6297: 6296: 6292: 6282: 6280: 6273: 6269: 6264: 6260: 6255:Wayback Machine 6242: 6238: 6233: 6229: 6224: 6220: 6215: 6211: 6201: 6199: 6182: 6178: 6170: 6166: 6153: 6152: 6148: 6138: 6136: 6131: 6130: 6126: 6121:Wayback Machine 6111: 6107: 6098: 6097: 6093: 6087:Olympic History 6085: 6076: 6066: 6064: 6062: 6046: 6042: 6025: 6024: 6020: 6010: 6008: 5990: 5986: 5978: 5974: 5964: 5962: 5958: 5951: 5947: 5946: 5942: 5932: 5930: 5929:on 10 June 2017 5921: 5920: 5916: 5906: 5905: 5901: 5891: 5889: 5880: 5879: 5875: 5865: 5863: 5855: 5854: 5850: 5840: 5838: 5829: 5828: 5824: 5818:article L3511-7 5812: 5808: 5798: 5796: 5789: 5785: 5778: 5774: 5764: 5760: 5755: 5751: 5741: 5739: 5726: 5725: 5721: 5711: 5709: 5701: 5700: 5696: 5692:(2nd ed. 2017). 5687: 5683: 5678: 5674: 5664: 5662: 5654: 5653: 5649: 5641: 5637: 5628: 5624: 5619: 5615: 5605: 5603: 5594: 5593: 5589: 5577: 5573: 5563: 5561: 5548: 5547: 5543: 5538: 5534: 5524: 5522: 5514: 5513: 5509: 5500: 5499: 5495: 5489:Islam in France 5486: 5482: 5477: 5473: 5464: 5460: 5450: 5446: 5441:on 7 July 2007. 5429: 5428: 5424: 5414: 5412: 5397: 5393: 5386: 5370: 5369: 5365: 5355: 5353: 5344: 5340: 5319: 5315: 5296: 5295: 5291: 5280: 5278: 5274: 5253: 5249: 5248: 5239: 5229: 5227: 5223: 5216: 5207: 5203: 5191: 5189: 5180: 5179: 5172: 5170: 5166: 5157: 5156: 5152: 5143: 5139: 5129: 5127: 5118: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5104: 5103: 5090: 5086: 5081: 5038: 5033: 5031: 5028: 4976:Overseas France 4972: 4928: 4880: 4846:Pascal Bruckner 4831:new philosopher 4713:communautarisme 4639: 4625: 4614: 4608: 4605: 4597:help improve it 4594: 4582: 4578: 4571: 4519:mille milliards 4457: 4401:Remembrance Day 4384:On 2 November, 4269: 4263: 4255: 4249: 4230: 4224: 4176:Garabit viaduct 4136:Arc de Triomphe 4104:Place Stanislas 4000:Sainte-Chapelle 3989: 3987:French Colonial 3967: 3961: 3873:Douglas Kennedy 3782: 3774:Main articles: 3772: 3662: 3656: 3606:Otar Iosseliani 3600:) and Georgia ( 3554:Cannes Festival 3490: 3482:Main articles: 3480: 3475: 3469: 3345:(1957) and the 3315:Francis Poulenc 3223:classical music 3172: 3170:Music of France 3166: 3052:Antoine Watteau 3036:Nicolas Poussin 3009:Musée du Louvre 3002: 2996: 2994:Art and museums 2991: 2975: 2969: 2966: 2959:needs expansion 2944: 2801: 2795: 2787:Stade de France 2692:Rugby World Cup 2662:are nicknamed " 2536:Stade de France 2449: 2447:Sport in France 2443: 2397: 2339:organic farming 2244:Le Puy-en-Velay 2169: 2163: 2158: 2146: 2126:contingent work 2085: 2073: 2042:King Louis XIII 2019: 2013: 1957: 1951: 1864: 1858: 1797: 1789:socialist party 1781:Nicolas Sarkozy 1755:, is a form of 1739: 1699: 1694: 1615:Lost Generation 1583: 1463:France profonde 1210: 1190: 1180:located in the 1154: 1148: 1104: 1102:Islam in France 1098: 1054:Décret Crémieux 1018: 1012: 950: 944: 902:1789 Revolution 882:Catholic Church 863: 857: 730: 724: 693:Basque language 623: 613:French language 611:Main articles: 609: 556: 518: 516: 509: 508: 504:National anthem 489: 488: 477: 476: 467: 466: 448: 447: 428: 427: 415:performing arts 405: 404: 399: 398: 387: 386: 384:School of Paris 377: 376: 333: 332: 295: 294: 276: 275: 265:Napoleonic wars 238: 237: 203: 202: 201: 155:Arc de Triomphe 140: 139: 138: 137: 136: 135: 127: 126: 118: 117: 108: 107: 106: 98: 97: 89: 88: 79: 78: 77: 69: 68: 60: 59: 50: 49: 48: 40: 39: 23: 12: 11: 5: 9457: 9447: 9446: 9429: 9428: 9426: 9425: 9423:European Union 9419: 9417: 9416:Other entities 9413: 9412: 9410: 9409: 9404: 9399: 9394: 9389: 9384: 9379: 9373: 9371: 9370:other entities 9365: 9364: 9362: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9346: 9341: 9335: 9333: 9327: 9326: 9324: 9323: 9318: 9317: 9316: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9294:United Kingdom 9291: 9286: 9281: 9276: 9271: 9266: 9261: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9231: 9226: 9221: 9216: 9211: 9206: 9201: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9171: 9166: 9161: 9159: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9107:Czech Republic 9104: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9084: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9048: 9046: 9042: 9041: 9034: 9033: 9026: 9019: 9011: 9002: 9001: 8998: 8997: 8992: 8987: 8981: 8979: 8978: 8972: 8971: 8968: 8967: 8964: 8963: 8961: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8945: 8940: 8935: 8930: 8925: 8920: 8915: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8899:Cultural icons 8897: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8866: 8864: 8858: 8857: 8855: 8854: 8849: 8844: 8839: 8838: 8837: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8777: 8771: 8765: 8759: 8758: 8755: 8754: 8752: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8719:Stock exchange 8716: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8680: 8679: 8669: 8664: 8658: 8652: 8646: 8645: 8642: 8641: 8639: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8622: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8601: 8596: 8595: 8594: 8589: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8568: 8567: 8557: 8551: 8545: 8539: 8538: 8535: 8534: 8532: 8531: 8526: 8521: 8519:National parks 8516: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8494:Climate change 8491: 8486: 8480: 8474: 8468: 8467: 8464: 8463: 8461: 8460: 8459: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8428: 8423: 8416:Fifth Republic 8413: 8412: 8411: 8401: 8395: 8393: 8389: 8388: 8386: 8385: 8384: 8383: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8358: 8357: 8356: 8342: 8337: 8336: 8335: 8324:Third Republic 8321: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8301: 8295: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8278: 8276: 8270: 8269: 8267: 8266: 8261: 8259:First Republic 8256: 8254:Napoleonic era 8251: 8245: 8243: 8239: 8238: 8236: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8170: 8168: 8162: 8161: 8159: 8158: 8157: 8156: 8146: 8141: 8140: 8139: 8129: 8123: 8121: 8115: 8114: 8112: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8099:Greek colonies 8096: 8090: 8088: 8082: 8081: 8079: 8078: 8073: 8067: 8065: 8061: 8060: 8058: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8011: 8009: 8002: 7996: 7995: 7985: 7984: 7977: 7970: 7962: 7956: 7955: 7953:French Culture 7950: 7944: 7937: 7936:External links 7934: 7933: 7932: 7925: 7915: 7898: 7884: 7881:Art in America 7877: 7863: 7856: 7842: 7835: 7823: 7820: 7806: 7794:DeJean, Joan. 7792: 7785: 7768: 7761: 7760:. Plume, 1991. 7752: 7749: 7747: 7746: 7691: 7670:(3): 141–158. 7650: 7615:(1): 109–135. 7595: 7568:(2): 190–209. 7543: 7514: 7491: 7472:(3): 300–311. 7451: 7423: 7414: 7398: 7383:Jonathan Fenby 7374: 7367: 7349: 7336: 7323: 7298: 7279: 7254: 7235: 7216: 7209: 7190: 7168: 7146: 7139: 7119: 7102: 7076: 7051: 7025: 7011: 6981: 6972: 6963: 6954: 6920: 6911: 6902: 6893: 6881: 6872: 6854: 6830: 6818: 6796: 6770: 6748: 6725: 6707: 6681: 6662: 6647: 6636:, 2011, p. 10. 6615: 6582: 6563: 6544: 6525: 6506: 6476: 6454: 6416: 6398: 6375: 6356: 6334: 6312: 6290: 6267: 6258: 6236: 6227: 6218: 6209: 6176: 6164: 6146: 6124: 6105: 6091: 6074: 6060: 6040: 6018: 5984: 5972: 5940: 5914: 5899: 5873: 5848: 5822: 5806: 5783: 5772: 5758: 5749: 5719: 5694: 5681: 5679:Kelley, 246-7. 5672: 5647: 5635: 5622: 5613: 5587: 5571: 5541: 5532: 5507: 5493: 5480: 5471: 5458: 5444: 5422: 5391: 5384: 5363: 5338: 5313: 5289: 5264:European Union 5237: 5201: 5150: 5137: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5102: 5101: 5099:, 29 May 1825. 5083: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5076: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5044: 5043: 5027: 5024: 4971: 4968: 4960:decolonization 4879: 4876: 4773:National Front 4681:, Guadeloupe, 4633:Deconstruction 4627: 4626: 4585: 4583: 4576: 4570: 4567: 4566: 4565: 4562: 4556: 4533: 4526: 4511:mille millions 4481:infix notation 4477: 4456: 4453: 4394:chrysanthemums 4375:Champs-Élysées 4352: 4351: 4344:vacances d'été 4340: 4329: 4322: 4311: 4308:All Saints Day 4289:All Saints Day 4265:Main article: 4262: 4259: 4251:Main article: 4248: 4245: 4226:Main article: 4223: 4222:Transportation 4220: 4200:Millau Viaduct 4191:Louvre Pyramid 4172:Gustave Eiffel 4152:Palais Garnier 4020:Cathar castles 4014:, the massive 3963:Main article: 3960: 3957: 3935:news magazines 3771: 3768: 3658:Main article: 3655: 3652: 3598:Michael Haneke 3594:Anatole Litvak 3580:), Argentina ( 3570:Roman Polanski 3543:digital cinema 3535:Nouvelle Vague 3506:, one of the " 3479: 3476: 3471:Main article: 3468: 3465: 3406:French hip hop 3239:Hector Berlioz 3231:Claude Debussy 3168:Main article: 3165: 3162: 3098:Honoré Daumier 3040:Claude Lorrain 2998:Main article: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2977: 2976: 2956: 2954: 2943: 2940: 2920:Claude Montana 2916:Thierry Mugler 2886:Pierre Balmain 2882:Christian Dior 2799:French fashion 2797:Main article: 2794: 2791: 2779: 2778: 2772: 2767: 2764:table football 2757: 2743: 2550:endurance race 2528:UEFA Euro 2016 2524:UEFA Euro 1984 2480:Tour de France 2457:Tour de France 2445:Main article: 2442: 2439: 2396: 2393: 2389:Bourgogne wine 2315:French paradox 2286:"hypermarchés" 2215:Basque cuisine 2200:Guide Michelin 2167:French cuisine 2165:Main article: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2145: 2142: 2138:Jacques Chirac 2084: 2081: 2072: 2069: 2015:Main article: 2012: 2009: 2001:Jacques Toubon 1965:cabinet member 1953:Main article: 1950: 1947: 1906:Grandes écoles 1860:Main article: 1857: 1854: 1796: 1793: 1738: 1735: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1662:Gens du voyage 1623:Gertrude Stein 1591:Impressionists 1582: 1579: 1454:, Corsica and 1260:centralization 1209: 1206: 1189: 1186: 1150:Main article: 1147: 1144: 1100:Main article: 1097: 1094: 1049:Dreyfus affair 1014:Main article: 1011: 1008: 1000:North American 988:Edit de Nantes 946:Main article: 943: 940: 898:state religion 859:Main article: 856: 853: 819:poll in 2012, 806:Third Republic 726:Main article: 723: 720: 608: 607:French culture 605: 558: 557: 555: 554: 547: 540: 532: 529: 528: 527: 526: 511: 510: 507: 506: 501: 496: 490: 484: 483: 482: 479: 478: 475: 474: 468: 462: 461: 460: 457: 456: 450: 449: 446: 445: 440: 435: 429: 423: 422: 421: 418: 417: 407: 406: 400: 394: 393: 392: 389: 388: 378: 372: 371: 370: 367: 366: 360: 359: 353: 352: 346: 345: 335: 334: 296: 290: 289: 288: 285: 284: 278: 277: 239: 233: 232: 231: 228: 227: 219: 218: 214: 213: 141: 129: 128: 120: 119: 111: 110: 109: 100: 99: 91: 90: 82: 81: 80: 71: 70: 62: 61: 53: 52: 51: 42: 41: 33: 32: 31: 30: 29: 28: 27: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9456: 9445: 9442: 9441: 9439: 9424: 9421: 9420: 9418: 9414: 9408: 9405: 9403: 9400: 9398: 9395: 9393: 9390: 9388: 9385: 9383: 9382:Faroe Islands 9380: 9378: 9375: 9374: 9372: 9366: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9354:South Ossetia 9352: 9350: 9347: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9337: 9336: 9334: 9328: 9322: 9319: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9296: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9179:Liechtenstein 9177: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9049: 9047: 9043: 9039: 9032: 9027: 9025: 9020: 9018: 9013: 9012: 9009: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8982: 8977: 8974: 8973: 8969: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8867: 8865: 8863: 8859: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8836: 8833: 8832: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8780:Birth control 8778: 8776: 8773: 8772: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8760: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8678: 8675: 8674: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8659: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8647: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8606: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8584: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8566: 8563: 8562: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8555:Constitutions 8553: 8552: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8540: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8481: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8469: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8418: 8417: 8414: 8410: 8407: 8406: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8396: 8394: 8390: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8363: 8362: 8359: 8354: 8353: 8352:Années folles 8348: 8347: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8333: 8332: 8327: 8326: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8314:Second Empire 8312: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8296: 8293: 8292:July Monarchy 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8279: 8277: 8275: 8271: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8246: 8244: 8240: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8193: 8192: 8191:Ancien Régime 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8171: 8169: 8167: 8163: 8155: 8152: 8151: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8138: 8135: 8134: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8124: 8122: 8120: 8116: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8091: 8089: 8087: 8083: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8068: 8066: 8062: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8012: 8010: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7997: 7993: 7990: 7983: 7978: 7976: 7971: 7969: 7964: 7963: 7960: 7954: 7951: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7939: 7930: 7926: 7923: 7916: 7914: 7910: 7906: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7896:1-4022-0045-5 7893: 7889: 7885: 7882: 7878: 7876: 7875:0-340-74050-7 7872: 7868: 7864: 7861: 7857: 7855: 7854:0-340-74187-2 7851: 7847: 7843: 7840: 7836: 7833: 7832: 7827: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7818:0-19-871501-3 7815: 7811: 7807: 7805: 7801: 7797: 7793: 7790: 7786: 7784: 7783:0-394-72927-7 7780: 7776: 7772: 7769: 7766: 7762: 7759: 7755: 7754: 7742: 7738: 7734: 7730: 7726: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7695: 7687: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7669: 7665: 7661: 7654: 7646: 7642: 7638: 7634: 7630: 7626: 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6651: 6644: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6630: 6626: 6625: 6619: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6586: 6578: 6574: 6567: 6559: 6555: 6548: 6540: 6536: 6529: 6521: 6517: 6510: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6480: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6458: 6451: 6438: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6420: 6412: 6408: 6402: 6386: 6379: 6371: 6367: 6360: 6344: 6338: 6322: 6316: 6300: 6294: 6278: 6271: 6262: 6256: 6252: 6249: 6245: 6240: 6234:Dauncey, 195. 6231: 6222: 6213: 6197: 6193: 6192: 6187: 6180: 6173: 6168: 6160: 6156: 6150: 6134: 6128: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6109: 6101: 6095: 6088: 6083: 6081: 6079: 6063: 6057: 6053: 6052: 6044: 6038: 6032: 6028: 6022: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5988: 5981: 5976: 5957: 5950: 5944: 5928: 5924: 5918: 5912: – Insee 5911: 5903: 5888:. 6 July 2019 5887: 5883: 5877: 5862: 5861:Cedro-uva.org 5858: 5852: 5836: 5832: 5826: 5819: 5815: 5810: 5794: 5787: 5781: 5776: 5770: 5767: 5762: 5753: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5723: 5708: 5704: 5698: 5691: 5685: 5676: 5661: 5657: 5651: 5644: 5639: 5632: 5626: 5617: 5601: 5597: 5591: 5585:, 29 May 2018 5584: 5580: 5575: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5545: 5536: 5521: 5517: 5511: 5503: 5497: 5490: 5484: 5475: 5468: 5462: 5455: 5454: 5448: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5426: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5395: 5387: 5385:9780761478874 5381: 5376: 5375: 5367: 5351: 5350: 5342: 5334: 5330: 5329: 5324: 5317: 5309: 5305: 5304: 5299: 5293: 5287:1% threshold. 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5260: 5252: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5222: 5219:(in French). 5215: 5211: 5205: 5197: 5184: 5165: 5161: 5154: 5147: 5141: 5126:. 4 June 2014 5125: 5121: 5115: 5111: 5098: 5094: 5088: 5084: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5053:Catherinettes 5051: 5049: 5046: 5045: 5041: 5040:France portal 5030: 5023: 5021: 5020:New Caledonia 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4967: 4963: 4961: 4956: 4955: 4948: 4947: 4941: 4936: 4932: 4927: 4923: 4918: 4912: 4911: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4889: 4884: 4875: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4860:reactionaries 4857: 4853: 4852: 4848:, defined as 4847: 4843: 4839: 4838:miscegenation 4835: 4832: 4826: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4781: 4778:According to 4776: 4774: 4770: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4748: 4746: 4742: 4739:or the lower 4738: 4737:French cinema 4734: 4733: 4728: 4725: 4721: 4716: 4714: 4710: 4705: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4686: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4667:Ancien Régime 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4634: 4623: 4620: 4612: 4602: 4598: 4592: 4591: 4586:This section 4584: 4575: 4574: 4563: 4560: 4559:24-hour clock 4557: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4543:is called an 4542: 4538: 4534: 4531: 4527: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4491: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4475: 4474: 4469: 4468: 4463: 4459: 4458: 4452: 4450: 4445: 4443: 4439: 4438:La Chandeleur 4435: 4431: 4429: 4428:midnight mass 4425: 4424:bûche de Noël 4421: 4417: 4412: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4397: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4386:All Souls Day 4382: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4363: 4361: 4357: 4349: 4346:(summer), or 4345: 4341: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4327: 4323: 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1523: 1520:'s policy of 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1490:French Guiana 1487: 1483: 1479: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1402:, Brezhoneg ( 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1295:, Orléanais, 1294: 1290: 1286: 1281: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1265:French people 1261: 1257: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1153: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1124: 1120: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1093: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1055: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1037: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1017: 1007: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 949: 942:Protestantism 939: 937: 933: 929: 928: 921: 919: 915: 914:Second Empire 911: 910:July 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Retrieved 5123: 5114: 5095:was that of 5092: 5087: 4973: 4964: 4954:Françafrique 4937: 4922:assimilation 4893: 4863: 4855: 4849: 4841: 4827: 4791: 4784: 4777: 4760:universalism 4749: 4744: 4730: 4717: 4712: 4706: 4700:and the two 4687: 4644: 4640: 4615: 4606: 4587: 4548: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4497:is called a 4488: 4471: 4465: 4446: 4437: 4432: 4420:boudin blanc 4413: 4409:L' Armistice 4408: 4404: 4398: 4389: 4383: 4367:Bastille Day 4364: 4355: 4353: 4347: 4343: 4336: 4332: 4325: 4314: 4303: 4297: 4292: 4272: 4270: 4256: 4238: 4231: 4194:district is 4187:Le Corbusier 4184: 4180:Eiffel Tower 4148:Napoleon III 4144:Empire-style 4117: 4085: 4065:Loire Valley 4058: 4033: 4028: 4005: 3950: 3944: 3938: 3928: 3922: 3916: 3904: 3889: 3883: 3877: 3857:William Boyd 3853: 3842: 3831: 3800: 3788: 3776:French media 3758: 3739: 3715:pan-European 3712:multilingual 3701: 3674: 3641: 3626: 3596:), Austria ( 3566: 3551: 3549:, in Paris. 3520: 3497: 3458: 3422:turntablists 3379: 3373: 3346: 3340: 3330: 3329:(1923), the 3324: 3318: 3300: 3294: 3284: 3278: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3247:chromaticism 3220: 3216:French opera 3208:Marin Marais 3188: 3142: 3102:Claude Monet 3076: 3032: 3025: 3014: 2980: 2967: 2963:adding to it 2958: 2936: 2912:Sonia Rykiel 2904:Paco Rabanne 2897: 2859: 2853: 2824: 2817: 2780: 2775:Bullfighting 2754:martial arts 2750:self-defense 2730: 2718:Vendée Globe 2715: 2700: 2676:rugby league 2663: 2653: 2613:Winter Games 2578: 2566:martial arts 2477: 2461:Grands Tours 2428: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2398: 2381: 2374: 2366: 2361:French wines 2353:), in 1999. 2334: 2322: 2304: 2296: 2285: 2283: 2264: 2261:presentation 2233: 2219: 2204: 2198: 2192: 2186: 2150: 2147: 2136:. 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