411:
transmits the
Bluetongue virus, found in North America from latitude 40° N to 35° S. However, the virus is absent from northeast United States because the cold weather does not allow for the vector of the Bluetongue disease. On average, the virus costs $ 125 million due to the restriction of movement
229:
is 0.8 kilometres (0.50 mi) and for females 4.0 kilometres (2.5 mi), while the mean flight range is 1.89 kilometres (1.17 mi). Flight activity is dependent on the light intensity and temperature; most flight, and thus most bites, occur around dawn and dusk. A distinction between male
258:, found typically near sewage tank outlets, stock tanks and ponds or stream where manure is trampled into the soil, is slender, transparent to orange colored, worm-like and lasts 15–23 days in larval stage. The aquatic/sub aquatic larvae feed on dying organisms or other organic material.
447:
allows for some prevention of infection of
Bluetongue virus via blood meals. Both poor nutrition as a larva and more quantity in blood meal means a higher likelihood of being infected. When naturally infected with Bluetongue virus, the
476:
is orally infected with the
Bluetongue virus, the anterior and posterior midgut and the foregut/midgut junction cells show infection. There is no evidence for the Bluetongue virus to be transmitted
428:, the sheep experience swelling of the tongue and erosions in the mouth and throat, often leading to the death of sheep, abortion, and deformed lambs. When infected with Bluetongue virus,
347:
show that the females are identical morphologically with the enlarged third palpal segment with their sensory pit being a rounded, medium to large size For the male difference of
493:
695:
Fu, H., Leake, C. J., Mertens, P. P. C., Mellor, P. S.. April 1999. “The
Barriers to the Bluetongue Virus Infection, Dissemination and Transmission in the Vector,
339:
show slender to slightly swollen third palpal segments with sensory pits that are shallow round and small as opposed to males
Distinction against the subspecies
303:
is found from
Florida to California, north to Virginia and Ohio, and in the west from Washington to British Columbia, but they leave Colorado in the winter; the
472:
cells. There is also small detection in low-level range of secondary organs’ fat body cells, but high concentration in the tissues of the organs. While the
464:, in addition to the foregut/midgut junction show the most signs of infection. There are also affected cells in the gut cells that then affect the
129:
477:
416:
can transmit diseases if the population density is greater than one per 3.57 km; however, this can be reduced if the area is treated with
835:
649:
Holbrook, Fredrick, Tabachnick, Walter, Schmidtmann, Edward, McKinnon, Charles, Bobain, Ronald, and Grogan, William. “2000. “Sympatry in the
440:
456:, and then is secreted by the fly's saliva while blood feeding for the next 7–10 days, but is only first detected within 4 days. When the
783:
299:
is found in the north east United States, but is not a vector for
Bluetongue virus in this area because of low susceptibility; the
809:
814:
840:
217:
is less than 1 millimetre (0.039 in) long, which makes it difficult to keep from livestock. The wings of
202:
671:
Mullens, Bradley and Paine, Eileen. 1994. “Distribution, Seasonal
Occurrence, and Patterns of Parasitism of
194:
613:
327:
complex. There are more outbreaks for
Bluetongue virus in California than New York, as the bite rate of
513:, develops, molts into an adult, and exits the host, killing the host as it exits. This parasitism of
526:
827:
715:
460:
is persistently infected, especially in lab, with
Bluetongue virus, the anterior and posterior
152:
853:
770:
8:
876:
530:
31:
627:
Lillie, Thomas, Marquardt, William, and Jones, Robert. May 1981. “The Flight Range of
848:
235:
534:
522:
400:
190:
738:
323:
have difficulty in defining the subspecies relationship and together make up the
221:
are spotted and narrow with few veins; the wings fold over the abdomen while the
102:
90:
403:; this can be devastating to livestock and is the most economically important
870:
198:
749:
307:
is found in Arizona to California and from Washington to British Columbia.
178:
372:
822:
796:
417:
239:
762:
788:
115:
54:
801:
614:
http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Culicoides_variipennis/
465:
433:
404:
709:
757:
732:
498:
469:
360:
78:
66:
775:
653:
Complex (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae): a Taxonomic Reassessment”.
461:
453:
429:
42:
425:
255:
295:, are found in various locations of the United States. The
412:
on livestock to countries that are free of the virus. The
580:
and Bluetongue-virus Epidemiology in the United States”.
483:
436:
calves, but it is often less severe compared to sheep.
521:is commonly found in the Chino Basin in California
432:experience similar symptoms such as abortion and
185:and has many subspecies. Found in North America,
868:
379:have many prominent spicules on the aedeagus.
572:
570:
382:
568:
566:
564:
562:
560:
558:
556:
554:
552:
550:
679:(Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in California”.
310:
645:
643:
641:
604:
602:
600:
598:
596:
594:
592:
590:
225:is at rest. The max flight range for male
667:
665:
663:
547:
623:
621:
254:is from half a year to three years. The
675:(Nematoda: Mermithidae), a Parasite of
638:
587:
177:is a 1 millimetre (0.039 in) long
869:
660:
714:
713:
618:
452:contains the Bluetongue Virus in the
691:
689:
390:
13:
480:from infected females to progeny.
14:
888:
686:
612:”. Animal Diversity Web. 2001.
468:and then are detected in a few
405:arthropod borne animal diseases
234:is that females have different
181:. It is a part of the subgenus
1:
699:(Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)”.
655:Journal of Medical Entomology
631:(Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)”.
540:
261:
245:
203:epizootic hemorrhagic disease
505:. The second stage juvenile
359:, on the ventral surface of
266:
195:African horse sickness virus
7:
576:Tabachnick, Walter. 1996. “
399:attacks in swarms with the
10:
893:
485:Heleidomermis magnapapula
208:
722:
673:Heleidomermis magnapapula
633:The Canadian Entomologist
494:Heleidomermis magnapapula
275:and the five subspecies,
158:
151:
32:Scientific classification
30:
23:
681:Environmental Entomology
331:is twice as much as the
311:Morphologic distinctions
724:Culicoides variipennis
697:Culicoides variipennis
677:Culicoides variipennis
651:Culicoides variipennis
629:Culicoides variipennis
610:Culicoides variipennis
578:Culicoides variipennis
407:in the United States.
174:Culicoides variipennis
162:Culicoides variipennis
25:Culicoides variipennis
509:enters in the larval
701:Archives of Virology
608:Lenneman, Nathan. “
537:areas of New York.
238:that allow them to
144:C. variipennis
369:C. v. occidentalis
353:C. v. occidentalis
345:C. v. occidentalis
305:C. v. occidentalis
285:C. v. occidentalis
250:The life cycle of
864:
863:
849:Open Tree of Life
716:Taxon identifiers
365:C. v. variipennis
349:C. v. variipennis
333:C. v. variipennis
321:C. v. albertensis
297:C. v. variipennis
293:C. v. albertensis
277:C. v. variipennis
170:
169:
884:
857:
856:
844:
843:
831:
830:
818:
817:
805:
804:
792:
791:
779:
778:
766:
765:
753:
752:
743:
742:
741:
711:
710:
704:
703:. 144.4 747-761.
693:
684:
669:
658:
647:
636:
635:. 113.5 419-426.
625:
616:
606:
585:
574:
523:Riverside County
401:Bluetongue virus
391:Bluetongue Virus
377:C. v. sonorensis
357:C. v. sonorensis
341:C. v. sonorensis
329:C. v. sonorensis
301:C. v. sonorensis
289:C. v. australis,
281:C. v. sonorensis
191:Bluetongue virus
164:
21:
20:
892:
891:
887:
886:
885:
883:
882:
881:
867:
866:
865:
860:
852:
847:
839:
834:
826:
821:
813:
808:
800:
795:
787:
782:
774:
769:
761:
756:
748:
746:
737:
736:
731:
718:
708:
707:
694:
687:
683:. 23.1 154-160.
670:
661:
648:
639:
626:
619:
607:
588:
575:
548:
543:
489:
393:
388:
317:C. v. australis
313:
269:
264:
248:
211:
166:
160:
147:
133:
119:
105:
103:Ceratopogoninae
93:
91:Ceratopogonidae
81:
69:
57:
45:
17:
12:
11:
5:
890:
880:
879:
862:
861:
859:
858:
845:
832:
819:
806:
793:
780:
767:
754:
744:
728:
726:
720:
719:
706:
705:
685:
659:
637:
617:
586:
582:Annual Reviews
545:
544:
542:
539:
519:C. variipennis
515:H. magnapapula
511:C. variipennis
507:H. magnapapula
503:C. variipennis
488:
482:
474:C. variipennis
458:C. variipennis
450:C. variipennis
445:C. variipennis
422:C. variipennis
414:C. variipennis
409:C. variipennis
397:C. variipennis
392:
389:
387:
384:C. variipennis
381:
337:C. variipennis
325:C. variipennis
312:
309:
273:C. variipennis
268:
265:
263:
260:
252:C. variipennis
247:
244:
232:C. variipennis
227:C. variipennis
223:C. variipennis
219:C. variipennis
215:C. variipennis
210:
207:
187:C. variipennis
183:Monoculicoides
168:
167:
156:
155:
149:
148:
141:
139:
135:
134:
130:Monoculicoides
127:
125:
121:
120:
113:
111:
107:
106:
101:
99:
95:
94:
89:
87:
83:
82:
77:
75:
71:
70:
65:
63:
59:
58:
53:
51:
47:
46:
41:
39:
35:
34:
28:
27:
16:Species of fly
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
889:
878:
875:
874:
872:
855:
850:
846:
842:
837:
833:
829:
824:
820:
816:
811:
807:
803:
798:
794:
790:
785:
781:
777:
772:
768:
764:
759:
755:
751:
745:
740:
734:
730:
729:
727:
725:
721:
717:
712:
702:
698:
692:
690:
682:
678:
674:
668:
666:
664:
657:. 37.1 65-76.
656:
652:
646:
644:
642:
634:
630:
624:
622:
615:
611:
605:
603:
601:
599:
597:
595:
593:
591:
583:
579:
573:
571:
569:
567:
565:
563:
561:
559:
557:
555:
553:
551:
546:
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
495:
491:The nematode
486:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
446:
442:
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
410:
406:
402:
398:
385:
380:
378:
375:, while male
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
259:
257:
253:
243:
241:
237:
233:
228:
224:
220:
216:
206:
204:
200:
199:akabane virus
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
175:
165:
163:
157:
154:
153:Binomial name
150:
146:
145:
140:
137:
136:
132:
131:
126:
123:
122:
118:
117:
112:
109:
108:
104:
100:
97:
96:
92:
88:
85:
84:
80:
76:
73:
72:
68:
64:
61:
60:
56:
52:
49:
48:
44:
40:
37:
36:
33:
29:
26:
22:
19:
723:
700:
696:
680:
676:
672:
654:
650:
632:
628:
609:
581:
577:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
492:
490:
484:
478:transovarial
473:
457:
449:
444:
438:
421:
413:
408:
396:
394:
383:
376:
368:
364:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
314:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
270:
251:
249:
231:
226:
222:
218:
214:
212:
186:
182:
179:biting midge
173:
172:
171:
161:
159:
143:
142:
128:
114:
24:
18:
823:NatureServe
797:iNaturalist
584:. 41 23-43.
441:gut barrier
420:. When the
418:insecticide
386:as a vector
230:and female
98:Subfamily:
877:Culicoides
541:References
487:(nematode)
262:Subspecies
246:Life cycle
240:blood feed
236:mouthparts
189:transmits
124:Subgenus:
116:Culicoides
55:Arthropoda
828:2.1206212
739:Q13633153
527:Allegheny
466:haemocoel
434:stillborn
335:. Female
267:Locations
138:Species:
38:Kingdom:
871:Category
758:BugGuide
747:BioLib:
733:Wikidata
531:Thompson
525:and the
499:parasite
470:fat body
424:infects
373:spicules
361:aedeagus
86:Family:
50:Phylum:
43:Animalia
789:1632282
750:1184942
209:Anatomy
110:Genus:
79:Diptera
74:Order:
67:Insecta
62:Class:
854:144493
815:127523
802:259295
776:775254
763:571953
535:Cayuga
462:midgut
454:thorax
430:cattle
201:, and
841:46212
497:is a
426:sheep
371:lack
256:larva
836:NCBI
810:ITIS
784:GBIF
533:and
517:and
439:The
395:The
367:and
355:and
343:and
319:and
315:The
291:and
271:The
213:The
771:EoL
501:of
443:in
873::
851::
838::
825::
812::
799::
786::
773::
760::
735::
688:^
662:^
640:^
620:^
589:^
549:^
529:,
363:,
351:,
287:,
283:,
279:,
242:.
205:.
197:,
193:,
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