358:
the United States was because Cuba, as a new government allied themselves with the Soviet Union. At this time, during the Cold War, the United States did everything they could to combat communism. The first wave, also the majority of immigrants were Cuba's elite. These were people who were familiar with the United States' guardianship of Cuba. In the period between
January 1959 and October 1962, called historical exile, 248,100 emigrants left Cuba. The main events during this period of emigration was the success of the revolution and the missile crisis. This period of emigration was also called the golden exile because most Cubans who left in this wave were upper and middle class. The second wave of emigration was called the freedom flights, between December 1965 and April 1973. There were 260,600 emigrants that left Cuba during this period. The main events during this period of emigration was the closing of the port of Camarioca to the end of the airbridge flights.
345:
composition, and values. As a whole, the Cuban community is also very heterogeneous in terms of political position and social class. To be specific, a great portion of Cuban refugees, and at this point, children of refugees, currently reside in Miami because of its closeness in community of other Cuban refugees. There are four political communities that were direct results of the revolution. We can see these political groups having a direct relation to political groups in the U.S. These groups are specifically correlated to the period of revolution that these groups lived in. Those who lived in Cuba in the 1960s faced different challenges than those who lived in Cuba in the 1980s. Each of these groups are part of a spectrum of loyalty to the revolution, and to Castro, than the group who leaves in the 1960s because of how long they stayed in Cuba.
349:
acute. Anticipatory refugees are refugees who left Cuba in anticipation and fear of future political changes. The first wave of immigrants left Cuba, and came to the U.S. in anticipation of economic restrictions, agrarian reform laws, and Cuban nationalism. Acute refugee movements are movements where refugees leave in mass numbers, where the emphasis is on being able to escape, and migrate to anywhere that is safe. The first two phases of immigration were less so pulled to the U.S. by the economic and political freedom, and more so pushed from Cuba by the loss of those aspects of government, in which Cuba lacked.
244:
contracts). Others included anti-Batista refugees fleeing the military dictatorship, which had pro-U.S. diplomatic ties. During the '20s and '30s, emigration basically comprised workers looking for jobs, mainly in New York and New Jersey. They were classified as labor migrants and workers, much like other immigrants in the area at that time. Thus migrated more than 40,000 in the first decade, encouraged by U.S. immigration facilities at the time and more than 43,000 by the end of the 30s.
151:
tobacco. The reasons are many: the introduction of more modern techniques of elaboration of snuff, the most direct access to its main market, the United States, the uncertainty about the future of the island, which had suffered years of economic, political and social unrest during the beginning of the Ten Years' War against
Spanish rule. It was an exodus of skilled workers, precisely the class in the island that had succeeded in establishing a free labor sector amid a slave economy.
162:
443:
According to a U.S. Census 1970 report, Cuban
Americans lived in all 50 states. But as later Census reports demonstrated, most Cuban immigrants settled in south Florida. A new trend in the late 1990s showed that fewer immigrants arrived from Cuba than previously. While U.S. born Cuban Americans moved
357:
There were five waves of Cuban emigration after the Cuban revolution. Only the first wave of emigration was directly after the revolution. Cubans moved to the United States for many reasons. Cuba is in short proximity to
Florida, and the United States in general. The other reason that Cuban fled to
416:
Jorge
Ferragut, a Cuban immigrant who founded Casa Cuba, an agency that assists Cuban immigrants arriving in Texas, said in a 2008 article that many Cuban immigrants of the first decade of the 21st century left due to economic instead of political issues. By October 2008 Mexico and Cuba created an
247:
Subsequently, the flow of Cubans to the United States fluctuated, due to both the domestic situation in the 40s and 50s in Cuba, and U.S. immigration policies, plus intermittent anti-immigrant sentiment. Cuban migration in those years included persons who could afford to leave the country and live
157:
Tampa was added to such efforts, with a strong migration of Cubans, which went from 720 inhabitants in 1880 to 5,532 in 1890. However, the second half of the 1890s marked the decline of the Cuban immigrant population, as an important part of it returned to the island to fight for independence. The
348:
Cuban Exile, also known as Cuban Exodus, was the mass emigration from Cuba after the Cuban revolution in 1959. Cuban Exile came in multiple emigration waves. They can all be correlated to date of departure and social class of immigrants. The two types of immigration patterns are anticipatory and
243:
Several other small waves of Cuban immigration to the U.S. occurred in the early 20th century (1900–59). Most settled in
Florida and the northeast U.S. The majority of the 100,000 Cubans came for economic reasons due to (the Great Depression of 1929, volatile sugar prices, and migrant farm labor
344:
The Cuban
Revolution caused another vast wave of emigration to the United States. Specifically, the variety in the periods of migration during the first portion of Castro's rule. One aspect to notice when studying Cubans in the U.S. is the heterogeneity of class, race, education, gender, family
188:
to get away from growing disruptions as Cubans sought independence from
Spanish colonial rule. Many Cuban cigar workers followed. The Cuban government had even established a grammar school in Key West to help preserve Cuban culture. There, children learned folk songs and patriotic hymns such as
150:
The year 1869 marked the beginning of one of the most significant periods of emigration from Cuba to the United States, again centered on Key West. People would often come over in rafts or weak and small boats. The exodus of hundreds of workers and businessmen was linked to the manufacture of
296:
Some banks pioneered loans for exiles who did not have collateral or credit but received help in getting a business loan. These loans helped many Cuban
Americans to secure funds and start-up their own businesses. With their Cuban-owned businesses and low cost of living,
284:
developed when children arrived in Miami and were met by representatives of
Catholic Charities. The children were then sent to live with relatives, foster homes, orphanages, or boarding schools. In order to provide aid to the immigrants, the
147:. The causes of these movements were both economic and political, which intensified after 1860, when political factors played the predominant role in emigration, as a result of deteriorating relations with the Spain, the colonial power.
331:
Communities like Miami, Tampa, and Union City, which Cuban Americans made their home, experienced a profound cultural impact as a result, as seen in such aspects of their local culture as cuisine, fashion, music, entertainment and
134:
during the period of Spanish rule. By 1820, the Cuban population in the United States consisted of more than 1,000 people in total. In 1870, the number of Cuban immigrants increased to almost 12,000, of whom 4,500 resided in
312:
were the preferred destinations for many immigrants and soon became the main centers for Cuban American culture. According to author Lisandro Perez, Miami was not particularly attractive to Cubans prior to the 1960s.
251:
The Cuban population officially registered in the United States for 1958 was around 125,000 people, including descendants. Of these, more than 50,000 remained in the United States after the revolution of 1959.
435:
Before the 1980s, all refugees from Cuba were welcomed into the United States as political refugees. This changed in the 1990s so that only Cubans who reach U.S. soil were granted refugee status under the
220:'s Cuban population grew from almost nothing to the largest in Florida in just over a decade, and the city as a whole grew from a village of 1,000 residents in 1885 to over 16,000 by 1900.
278:
in 1959, a Cuban exodus began as the new government allied itself with the Soviet Union and began to introduce communism. From 1960 to 1979, tens of thousands of Cubans left Cuba.
440:". While representing a tightening of U.S. immigration policy, the wet foot, dry foot policy afforded Cubans a privileged position relative to other immigrants to the U.S.
115:(Captain General being the Spanish title equivalent to the British colonial Governor). Consequently, Cuban immigration to the U.S. has a long history, beginning in the
571:
409:; this has caused Houston's Cuban American community to increase in size. The term "dusty foot" refers to Cubans emigrating to the U.S. through Mexico. In 2005 the
480:(In Spanish). Posted by Dr. Antonio Aja DĂaz – CEMI (Centro de Estudios de la MigraciĂłn Internacional- Center for the Study of International Migration) July 2000
615:
461:
413:
had abandoned the approach of detaining every dry foot Cuban who crosses through Texas and began a policy allowing most Cubans to obtain immediate parole.
915:
235:, some Cubans returned to Cuba, but others chose to stay in the U.S. due to the physical and economic devastation caused by conflicts on the island.
227:, who visited Florida several times, Tampa-area Cubans and their neighbors donated money, equipment, and sometimes their lives to the cause of
410:
990:
963:
899:
874:
154:
The manufacture of snuff by the Cuban labor force, became the most important source of income for Key West between 1869 and 1900.
634:
850:
389:" policy, immigration patterns changed. Many Cuban immigrants departed from the southern and western coasts and arrived at the
545:
499:
158:
War accentuated Cuban immigrant integration into American society, whose numbers were significant: more than 12,000 people.
477:
116:
562:
212:, and it quickly attracted thousands of Cuban workers from Key West and Cuba with Spanish and Italian immigrant workers.
649:
596:
127:, and hundreds of Spanish-Cuban soldiers and their families moved from Cuba to St. Augustine to establish a new life.
223:
Both Ybor City and West Tampa were instrumental in Cuba's eventual independence. Inspired by revolutionaries such as
216:, another cigar manufacturing community, was founded nearby in 1892 and grew quickly. Between these communities, the
938:
424:
402:
27:
912:
124:
515:
321:
324:, was the area most densely populated by Cubans and Cuban Americans in the United States, followed by
437:
293:
in 1966. The Cuban Refugee Program provided more than $ 730 million of direct financial assistance
112:
265:
232:
69:
23:
96:
620:
166:
316:
It was not until the exodus of the Cuban exiles in 1959 that Miami became a preferred location.
72:
during the second series led to major demographic and cultural changes in Miami. There was also
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286:
120:
563:"History of the Cuban revolution marked by tens of thousands fleeing the island for the U.S."
197:
317:
307:
290:
205:
179:
960:
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8:
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281:
584:
796:
601:
386:
184:
In the mid-to late 19th century, several cigar manufacturers moved their operations to
92:
804:
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738:
541:
495:
144:
942:
780:
734:
325:
271:
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Thousands of Cuban settlers also immigrated to Louisiana between 1778 and 1802 and
77:
73:
65:
722:
423:
also become a destination for Cubans trying to reach the United States. As a U.S.
405:
to request asylum. Many of the Cubans who did not have family in Miami settled in
967:
919:
675:
374:
100:
57:
53:
217:
201:
49:
41:
984:
961:"Cubans using Haitian, Dominican soil to reach Puerto Rico concerns the U.S."
924:
894:
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and from attempts to overthrow Spanish colonial rule by the movement led by
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36:, for the most part, occurred in two periods: the first series of
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367:
104:
173:
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81:
333:
298:
131:
45:
18:
For the specific history of Cuban emigration after 1959, see
913:"Cuba, Mexico Look To Block The Texas Entrance To The U.S."
427:, Puerto Rico was seen as a stepping stone for emigration.
417:
agreement to prevent immigration of Cubans through Mexico.
238:
597:"ON POLITICS; A Cuban Revolution, Only It's in New Jersey"
444:
out of their enclaves, other nationalities settled there.
26:. For the specific history of Cubans in Philadelphia, see
892:"Immigration: Cubans Enter U.S. at Texas-Mexico Border."
851:"Cuban Migration: A Postrevolution Exodus Ebbs and Flows"
688:
Juri, Carmen (August 9, 1995). "Jersey's Cuban flavors"
200:
moved his cigar operations from Key West to the town of
875:"Immigration: Cubans Enter U.S. at Texas-Mexico Border"
44:
to the United States resulted from Cubans establishing
636:
Miami Now!: Immigration, Ethnicity, and Social Change
585:
https://www.gao.gov/assets/b-164031%283%29-095487.pdf
339:
255:
385:
In the mid-1990s, after the implementation of the "
22:. For the specific history of Cubans in Miami, see
366:There was a sizable migration wave of Cubans into
516:"Ybor City: Cigar Capital of the World-Reading 3"
982:
769:"Cuba's Exiles: Portrait of a Refugee Migration"
939:"Cuba: Mexico to fight illegal migration to US"
111:and adjoining territory, was a province of the
80:in the 1930s. As of 2019, there were 1,359,990
766:
673:Martin, Lydia (August 9, 1995). "Cuban cool"
473:
471:
174:Immigration to Key West and Tampa (1850-1889)
589:
727:The Journal of the International Institute
624:on June 28, 1977. Accessed March 31, 2011.
468:
642:
560:
538:Ybor City: The Making of a Landmark Town
489:
239:Immigration to the Northeast (1900–1958)
160:
720:
595:Gettleman, Jeffrey (February 5, 2006).
447:
352:
983:
844:
842:
840:
838:
535:
34:Cuban immigration to the United States
848:
836:
834:
832:
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430:
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103:, including the present day state of
650:"Ancestry Map of Cuban Communities"
13:
815:
773:The International Migration Review
745:
695:
561:Santiago, Fabiola (Nov 26, 2016).
492:Tampa Bay: Cradle of Cuban Liberty
14:
1002:
340:Cuban exodus after the Revolution
256:Cuban exodus to Miami (1953–1959)
991:Immigration to the United States
574:from the original on 2016-11-27.
954:
931:
905:
886:
867:
767:Pedraza-Bailey, Silvia (1985).
721:Pedraza, Silvia (Winter 1998).
682:
667:
627:
411:Department of Homeland Security
28:Cuban migration to Philadelphia
873:Russell Cobb and Paul Knight.
723:"Cuba's Revolution and Exodus"
608:
578:
554:
529:
508:
483:
454:
401:. From there they went to the
193:", the Cuban national anthem.
1:
652:. Epodunk.com. Archived from
540:. University of Tampa Press.
616:"Little Havana on the Hudson
165:Statue of Jose MartĂ at the
56:, the second to escape from
7:
849:Duany, Jorge (2017-07-03).
639:. Retrieved March 31, 2011.
494:. Key West Cigar City USA.
208:was designed as a modified
167:Circulo Cubano (Cuban Club)
10:
1007:
259:
177:
76:, particularly during the
17:
739:2027/spo.4750978.0005.204
490:Westfall, Loy G. (2000).
438:wet foot, dry foot policy
113:Captaincy General of Cuba
974:, accessed 20 April 2007
266:Cuban migration to Miami
204:to escape labor strife.
125:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
70:Cuban migration to Miami
24:Cuban migration to Miami
621:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
397:while others landed on
361:
117:Spanish colonial period
633:Grenier, Guillermo J.
536:Lastra, Frank (2006).
303:Union City, New Jersey
287:United States Congress
170:
121:St. Augustine, Florida
462:"Explore Census Data"
198:Vicente Martinez Ybor
164:
448:Notes and references
353:Waves of immigration
318:Westchester, Florida
308:Havana on the Hudson
291:Cuban Adjustment Act
233:Spanish–American War
180:History of Ybor City
855:migrationpolicy.org
403:Texas–Mexico border
282:Operacion Pedro Pan
123:was established by
74:economic emigration
966:2007-11-12 at the
951:, October 20, 2008
937:Olsen, Alexandra.
928:, October 20, 2008
918:2011-11-26 at the
602:The New York Times
431:Immigration policy
387:wet feet, dry feet
381:Mid-1990s to 2000s
171:
93:Louisiana Purchase
883:, January 9, 2008
547:978-1-59732-003-0
501:978-0-9668948-2-0
391:Yucatán Peninsula
322:Miami-Dade County
97:Adams–OnĂs Treaty
998:
975:
958:
952:
943:Associated Press
935:
929:
909:
903:
890:
884:
871:
865:
864:
862:
861:
846:
813:
812:
764:
743:
742:
718:
693:
686:
680:
679:. pp. 41 and 54.
671:
665:
664:
662:
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640:
631:
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618:, posted in the
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326:Hialeah, Florida
272:Cuban revolution
78:Great Depression
66:Cuban Revolution
1006:
1005:
1001:
1000:
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996:
995:
981:
980:
979:
978:
972:Dominican Today
968:Wayback Machine
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920:Wayback Machine
910:
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785:10.2307/2545654
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692:. p, 41 and 54.
690:The Star-Ledger
687:
683:
676:The Star-Ledger
672:
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659:
657:
648:
647:
643:
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614:Bartlett, Kay.
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478:Cuba vs Bloqueo
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469:
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383:
375:Mariel boatlift
372:Exodo de Mariel
364:
355:
342:
268:
260:Main articles:
258:
241:
182:
176:
143:, and 2,000 in
107:and, at times,
101:Spanish Florida
42:Cuban Americans
31:
12:
11:
5:
1004:
994:
993:
977:
976:
953:
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911:Knight, Paul.
904:
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299:Miami, Florida
257:
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240:
237:
218:Tampa Bay area
202:Tampa, Florida
178:Main article:
175:
172:
64:following the
58:Communist rule
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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992:
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988:
986:
973:
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965:
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949:
944:
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934:
927:
926:
925:Houston Press
921:
917:
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895:Houston Press
889:
882:
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880:Houston Press
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656:on 2012-11-22
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137:New York City
133:
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119:in 1565 when
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858:. Retrieved
854:
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669:
658:. Retrieved
654:the original
644:
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629:
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567:Miami Herald
565:
556:
537:
531:
520:. Retrieved
510:
491:
485:
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442:
434:
425:Commonwealth
419:
415:
399:Isla Mujeres
384:
371:
365:
356:
347:
343:
330:
315:
306:
295:
280:
276:Fidel Castro
269:
262:Cuban exodus
250:
246:
242:
231:. After the
228:
222:
210:company town
195:
183:
156:
153:
149:
129:
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62:Fidel Castro
33:
32:
20:Cuban exodus
15:
948:The Monitor
779:(1): 4–34.
421:Puerto Rico
328:in second.
289:passed the
191:La Bayamesa
169:, Ybor City
141:New Orleans
139:, 3,000 in
40:of wealthy
38:immigration
860:2021-12-11
660:2007-12-23
522:2010-08-08
270:After the
229:Cuba Libre
225:Jose MartĂ
214:West Tampa
68:. Massive
54:JosĂ© MartĂ
793:0197-9183
518:. Nps.gov
336:-making.
206:Ybor City
196:In 1885,
109:Louisiana
99:of 1819,
985:Category
964:Archived
916:Archived
809:12267275
572:Archived
370:in 1980
305:(dubbed
248:abroad.
186:Key West
145:Key West
95:and the
801:2545654
407:Houston
368:Florida
320:within
274:led by
105:Florida
84:in the
807:
799:
791:
544:
498:
395:Mexico
82:Cubans
60:under
797:JSTOR
334:cigar
132:Texas
50:Tampa
46:cigar
945:via
805:PMID
789:ISSN
542:ISBN
496:ISBN
362:1980
301:and
264:and
91:The
781:doi
735:hdl
393:in
987::
970:,
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783::
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30:.
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