Political career of Fidel Castro

1596: 988:, and engaged in a firefight with a local revolutionary militia. Castro ordered Captain José Ramón Fernández to launch the counter-offensive, before taking personal control himself. After bombing the invader's ships and bringing in reinforcements, Castro forced the Brigade's surrender on 20 April. He ordered the 1189 captured rebels to be interrogated by a panel of journalists on live television, personally taking over questioning on 25 April. 14 were put on trial for crimes allegedly committed before the revolution, while the others were returned to the U.S. in exchange for medicine and food valued at U.S. $ 25 million. Castro's victory was a powerful symbol across Latin America, but it also increased internal opposition primarily among the middle-class Cubans who had been detained in the run-up to the invasion. Although most were freed within a few days, many left Cuba for the United States and established themselves in Florida. 1269:

but 1969's crop was heavily damaged by a hurricane; the government postponed the 1969–70 New Year holidays in order to lengthen the harvest. The military were drafted in, while Castro, and several other Cabinet ministers and foreign diplomats joined in. The country nevertheless failed that year's sugar production quota. Castro publicly offered to resign, but assembled crowds denounced the idea. Despite Cuba's economic problems, many of Castro's social reforms remained popular, with the population largely supportive of the "Achievements of the Revolution" in education, medical care and road construction, as well as the government's policy of "direct democracy". Cuba turned to the Soviets for economic help, and from 1970 to 1972, Soviet economists re-planned and organized the Cuban economy, founding the Cuban-Soviet Commission of Economic, Scientific and Technical Collaboration, while Soviet Premier

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primary education system offered a work-study program, with half of the time spent in the classroom, and the other half in a productive activity. Health care was nationalized and expanded, with rural health centers and urban polyclinics opening up across the island, offering free medical aid. Universal vaccination against childhood diseases was implemented, and infant mortality rates were reduced dramatically. A third aspect of the social programs was the construction of infrastructure; within the first six months of Castro's government, 600 miles of road had been built across the island, while $ 300 million was spent on water and sanitation schemes. Over 800 houses were constructed every month in the early years of the administration in a measure to cut homelessness, while nurseries and day-care centers were opened for children and other centers opened for the disabled and elderly.

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month halved, with measures implemented to increase the Cuban people's purchasing powers. Productivity decreased, and the country's financial reserves were drained within only two years. In 1960 the Urban Reform Law was passed, guaranteeing that no household would pay more than 10% of its income in rent. Those who were retired, sick, or below the poverty line paid less than 10% or nothing. Private landlords were abolished as tenants and subtenants gained titles to their residences. These reduced rents were to be paid to the state over a period of 5 to 20 years, after which the renters would become homeowners; the state was supposed to turn over this income to the former landlords as compensation, but there is disagreement as to how often it did. In the 1970s plans to abolish rents altogether were reversed, but nonetheless, by 1972 just 8% of families were paying any rent.

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table. Support for Castro remained strong, and although there were small anti-government demonstrations, the Cuban opposition rejected the exile community's calls for an armed uprising. In August 1994, the most serious anti-Castro demonstration in Cuban history occurred in Havana, as 200 to 300 young men began throwing stones at police, demanding that they be allowed to emigrate to Miami. A larger pro-Castro crowd confronted them, and joined by Castro who informed the media that the men were anti-socials misled by U.S. media. The protests dispersed with no recorded injuries. Fearing that dissident groups would invade, the government organised the "War of All the People" defence strategy, planning a widespread guerrilla warfare campaign, and the unemployed were given jobs building a network of bunkers and tunnels across the country.

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Censos Demográficos y Electoral, 1959–61); Cuba, Dirección Central de Estadística, Boletín Estadístico de Cuba 1966 (Havana: Junta Central de Planificación (JUCEPLAN)), 24 ; Boletín 1968, 18-22, Boletín 1970, 24; Jorge Risquet, “Comparecencia sobre problemas de la fuerza de trabajo,” Granma (1 August 1970): 2-3; Cuba, Dirección Central de Estadística, Anuario Estadístico de Cuba 1975 (Havana: JUCEPLAN, 1975), 44; Banco Nacional de Cuba, Present Planning and Management System of the National Economy of the Republic of Cuba (Havana: Banco Nacional de Cuba, 1977), 9 and Banco Nacional, Present Planning (1978), 9, (all cited in Mesa-Lago, Economy of Socialist Cuba, 111 and 122 and Mesa-Lago, The Labor Force, 27 and 36).

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jobs in the countryside. Many migrants found jobs in new public works projects, the army, trade unions, and security roles. General unemployment was also reduced through greater employment in social services and the bureaucracy, overstaffing in industry, the removal from the ranks of the jobseekers of the young and old through the expansion of education and social security, and the freeing up of jobs through mass emigration. Economist Carmelo Mesa-Lago estimates that from a peak of 13.6% unemployed in 1959, unemployment consistently fell to a level of 1.3% by 1970.

2110: 1321:, where he informed a crowd of Guineans that theirs was Africa's greatest leader. He then went on a seven-week tour visiting other leftist allies in Africa and Eurasia: Algeria, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union. On every trip he was eager to meet with ordinary people by visiting factories and farms, chatting and joking with them. Although publicly highly supportive of these governments, in private he urged them to do more to aid revolutionary movements in other parts of the world, in particular in the 1446:"There is often talk of human rights, but it is also necessary to talk of the rights of humanity. Why should some people walk barefoot, so that others can travel in luxurious cars? Why should some live for thirty-five years, so that others can live for seventy years? Why should some be miserably poor, so that others can be hugely rich? I speak on behalf of the children in the world who do not have a piece of bread. I speak on the behalf of the sick who have no medicine, of those whose rights to life and human dignity have been denied." 1071: 1162:, and oversaw large investment into Cuban sport that resulted in an increased international sporting reputation. The government agreed to temporarily permit emigration for anyone other than males aged between 15 and 26, thereby ridding the government of thousands of opponents. In 1963 his mother died. This was the last time his private life was reported in Cuba's press. In 1964, Castro returned to Moscow, officially to sign a new five-year sugar trade agreement, but also to discuss the ramifications of the 1617:

numbers of Cubans fled to Florida, who were labelled "scum" by Castro. In one incident, 10,000 Cubans stormed the Peruvian Embassy requesting asylum, and so the U.S. agreed that it would accept 3,500 refugees. Castro conceded that those who wanted to leave could do so from Mariel port. Hundreds of boats arrived from the U.S., leading to a mass exodus of 120,000; Castro's government took advantage of the situation by loading criminals and the mentally ill onto the boats destined for Florida. In 1980,

2067:, a joint medical project which aimed to provide free eye operations on 300,000 individuals from each nation. The alliance boosted the Cuban economy, and in May 2005 Castro doubled the minimum wage for 1.6 million workers, raised pensions, and delivered new kitchen appliances to Cuba's poorest residents. Some economic problems remained; in 2004, Castro shut down 118 factories, including steel plants, sugar mills and paper processors to compensate for the crisis of fuel shortages. 628:, limiting landholdings to 993 acres (4.02 km) per owner. He additionally forbade further foreign land-ownership. Large land-holdings (formerly mostly US-owned) were broken up and redistributed; an estimated 200,000 peasants received title deeds. However, the private ownership by the peasants was largely fictitious, as the new farms were largely ran by the state. To Castro, this was an important step that broke the control of the well-off landowning class over Cuba's agriculture. 1865:"We do not have a smidgen of capitalism or neo-liberalism. We are facing a world completely ruled by neo-liberalism and capitalism. This does not mean that we are going to surrender. It means that we have to adopt to the reality of that world. That is what we are doing, with great equanimity, without giving up our ideals, our goals. I ask you to have trust in what the government and party are doing. They are defending, to the last atom, socialist ideas, principles and goals." 1106:. Castro was left out of the negotiations, in which Khrushchev agreed to remove the missiles in exchange for a U.S. commitment not to invade Cuba and an understanding that the U.S. would remove their MRBMs from Turkey and Italy. Feeling betrayed by Khrushchev, Castro was furious and soon fell ill. Proposing a five-point plan, Castro demanded that the U.S. end its embargo, cease supporting dissidents, stop violating Cuban air space and territorial waters and withdraw from 2162: 1989: 1728: 2275: 2036: 1793: 891: 55: 729: 2247: 398: 1432:. As well as the deteriorating relationship between the Soviet Union and Cuba due to Glastnost and Perestroika (1980–1989). Beginning in the 1990s Castro led Cuba in an era of economic crisis known as the Special Period. During this decade Castro made many changes to the Cuban economy. Castro reformed Cuban Socialism due to the withdrawal of the Soviet's backing. Subsequently, Cuba received aid from Venezuelan President 1896:, although Castro would remain the head of the Communist Party and Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. Many older members of government were to be retired and replaced by their younger counterparts. A number of economic changes were proposed, and subsequently put to a national referendum. Free farmers' markets and small-scale private enterprises would be legalised in an attempt to stimulate economic growth, while 5098: 2261: 1808:." Petrol rations were dramatically reduced, Chinese bicycles were imported to replace cars, and factories performing non-essential tasks were shut down. Oxen began to replace tractors, firewood began being used for cooking and electricity cuts were introduced that lasted 16 hours a day. Castro admitted that Cuba faced the worst situation short of open war, and that the country might have to resort to 992: 907:(CDR), a nationwide civilian organization which implemented neighborhood spying to weed out "counter-revolutionary" activities and could support the army in the case of invasion. They also organized health and education campaigns, and were a conduit for public complaints. Eventually, 80% of Cuba's population would be involved in the CDR. Castro proclaimed the new administration a 945:"There was... no doubts about who the victors were. Cuba's stature in the world soared to new heights, and Fidel's role as the adored and revered leader among ordinary Cuban people received a renewed boost. His popularity was greater than ever. In his own mind he had done what generations of Cubans had only fantasized about: he had taken on the United States and won." 5106: 1244:, declaring it a Soviet-U.S. attempt to dominate the Third World. In turn, Soviet-loyalist Aníbal Escalante began organizing a government network of opposition to Castro, though in January 1968, he and his supporters were arrested for passing state secrets to Moscow. Castro ultimately relented to Brezhnev's pressure to be obedient, and in August 1968 denounced the 1436:, in a period known as The Pink Tide era (2000–2006). On July 31, 2006, Castro passed his duties as the President of the State Council to his brother Raúl for health reasons. Castro renounced his positions as President of the Council of State and Commander and Chief at the February 24 National Assembly meetings in a letter dated February 18, 2008. 1972:, recently released from prison. Mandela would praise Cuba's involvement in battling South Africa in Angola and thanked Castro personally. He would later attend Mandela's inauguration as President of South Africa in 1994. In 2001 he attended the Conference Against Racism in South Africa at which he lectured on the global spread of 1579:. Carter continued criticizing Cuba's human rights abuses, but adopted a respectful approach which gained Castro's attention. Considering Carter well-meaning and sincere, Castro freed certain political prisoners and allowed some Cuban exiles to visit relatives on the island, hoping that in turn Carter would abolish the 1175:"The greatest threat presented by Castro's Cuba is as an example to other Latin American states which are beset by poverty, corruption, feudalism, and plutocratic exploitation ... his influence in Latin America might be overwhelming and irresistible if, with Soviet help, he could establish in Cuba a Communist utopia." 1062:– unduly loyal to Moscow. In March 1962 Castro removed the most prominent "Old Communists" from office, labelling them "sectarian". On a personal level, Castro was increasingly lonely, and his relations with Che Guevara became strained as the latter became increasingly anti-Soviet and pro-Chinese. 2225:

said: "One day the good Lord will take Fidel Castro away". Hearing about this, the atheist Castro ironically replied: "Now I understand why I survived Bush’s plans and the plans of other presidents who ordered my assassination: the good Lord protected me." The quote would subsequently be picked up on

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Ley de Reforma Urbana 1960 in Grider, “A Proposal for the Marketization of Housing in Cuba,” 472; Banco Nacional de Cuba, Desarrollo y perspectivas de la economía cubana (Havana: Banco Nacional de Cuba, 1975), 104 in Mesa-Lago, Economy of Socialist Cuba, 172; Louis A. Pérez, Cuba: Between Reform and

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were also made legal tender. Certain restrictions on emigration were eased, allowing more discontented Cuban citizens to move to the United States. Further democratisation was to be brought in by having the National Assembly's members elected directly by the people, rather than through municipal and

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In 1979, the Conference of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) was held in Havana, where Castro was selected as NAM president, a position he held till 1982. In his capacity as both President of the NAM and of Cuba he appeared at the United Nations General Assembly in October 1979 and gave a speech on the

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In January 1969, Castro publicly celebrated his administration's tenth anniversary in Revolution Square, using the occasion to ask the assembled crowds if they would tolerate reduced sugar rations, reflecting the country's economic problems. The majority of the sugar crop was being sent to the USSR,

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Consejo Nacional de Economía, Empleo y desempleo de la fuerza trabajadora (1958); International Labour Organisation, Yearbook of Labour Statistics, 1960, 188; Cuba, Oficina Nacional de los Censos Demográficos y Electoral, Muestro sobre empleo, sub-empleo y desempleo (Havana: Oficina Nacional de los

1921:. Although he had long considered religious belief to be backward, Castro softened his approach to the Church and religious institutions He recognised the psychological comfort it could bring, and religious people were permitted for the first time to join the Communist Party. Although he viewed the 1703:

meant an end to subsidies for Cuba. Ignoring calls for liberalisation in accordance with the Soviet example, Castro continued to clamp down on internal dissidents and in particular kept tabs on the military, the primary threat to the government. A number of senior military officers, including Ochoa

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That year, Cuba experienced an economic boost, due primarily to the high international price of sugar, but also influenced by new trade credits with Canada, Argentina, and parts of Western Europe. Changing economic policy after the 1970 sugar harvest led to higher economic growth in Cuba throughout

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sank two Cuban fishing boats and captured their crews, demanding the release of Alpha 66 members imprisoned in Cuba. Under U.S. pressure, the hostages were released, and Castro welcomed them back as heroes. In April 1971, Castro gained international condemnation for ordering the arrest of dissident

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Despite Soviet misgivings, Castro continued calling for global revolution and the funding militant leftists. He supported Che Guevara's "Andean project", an unsuccessful plan to set up a guerrilla movement in the highlands of Bolivia, Peru and Argentina, and allowed revolutionary groups from across

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At a summit meeting of sixteen Caribbean countries in 1998, Castro called for regional unity, saying that only strengthened cooperation between Caribbean countries would prevent their domination by rich nations in a global economy. Caribbean nations have embraced Cuba's Fidel Castro while accusing

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Castro recognised the need for reform if Cuban socialism was to survive in a world now dominated by capitalist free markets. In October 1991, the Fourth Congress of the Cuban Communist Party was held in Santiago, at which a number of important changes to the government were announced. Castro would

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successfully appealed for more Cuban troops, with Castro later admitting that he devoted more time to Angola than to the domestic situation, believing that a victory would lead to the collapse of apartheid. Gorbachev called for a negotiated end to the conflict and in 1988 organized a quadripartite

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in Havana, further establishing himself as a significant player on the world stage. From this conference, Castro created the Latin American Solidarity Organization (OLAS), which adopted the slogan of "The duty of a revolution is to make revolution", signifying that Havana's leadership of the Latin

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In January 1961, Castro ordered Havana's U.S. Embassy to reduce its 300 staff, suspecting many to be spies. The U.S. responded by ending diplomatic relations, and increasing CIA funding for exiled dissidents; these militants began attacking ships trading with Cuba, and bombed factories, shops, and

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and the two leaders publicly highlighted the poverty faced by U.S. citizens in areas like Harlem; Castro described New York as a "city of persecution" against black and poor Americans. Relations between Castro and Khrushchev were warm; they led the applause to one another's speeches at the General

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In a letter dated February 18, 2008, Castro announced that he would not accept the positions of President of the Council of State and Commander in Chief at the February 24 National Assembly meetings, stating that his health was a primary reason for his decision, remarking that "It would betray my

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to the Venezuelan Presidency in 1999. In 2000, Castro and Chávez signed an agreement through which Cuba would send 20,000 medics to Venezuela, in return receiving 53,000 barrels of oil per day at preferential rates; in 2004, this trade was stepped up, with Cuba sending 40,000 medics and Venezuela

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and accommodation for the athletes; Castro admitted that it was an expensive error, but it was a success for Cuba's government. Crowds regularly shouted "Fidel! Fidel!" in front of foreign journalists, while Cuba became the first Latin American nation to beat the U.S. to the top of the gold-medal

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Unemployment in Cuba fell significantly over the course of the 1960s and 70s, and a social security bank was founded in early 1959 to assist the unemployed. Seasonal unemployment, previously endemic, was eradicated by overstaffing in the new state farms and migration to urban areas which freed up

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that lasted longer and involved more soldiers than the revolution. The government won with superior numbers and executed those who surrendered. After conservative editors and journalists expressed hostility towards the government, the pro-Castro printers' trade union disrupted editorial staff. In

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By the 1980s, Cuba's economy was again in trouble, following a decline in the market price of sugar and 1979's decimated harvest. Desperate for money, Cuba's government secretly sold off paintings from national collections and illicitly traded for U.S. electronic goods through Panama. Increasing

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from 1976 to 2008. During this time he participated in many foreign wars including the Angolan Civil War, Mozambique Civil War, Ogaden War; as well as Latin American revolutions. Castro also faced other difficulties as the leader of Cuba, for instance the economic crisis that occurred during the

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Castro used radio and television to develop a "dialogue with the people", posing questions and making provocative statements. His regime remained popular with workers, peasants and students, who constituted the majority of the country's population, while opposition came primarily from the middle

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tourists to visit, advertising it as a tropical paradise free of racial discrimination. Changes to state wages were implemented; judges and politicians had their pay reduced while low-level civil servants saw theirs raised. In March 1959, Castro ordered rents for those who paid less than $ 100 a

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Castro's government emphasised social projects to improve Cuba's standard of living, often to the detriment of economic development. Major emphasis was placed on education, and under the first 30 months of Castro's government, more classrooms were opened than in the previous 30 years. The Cuban

1054:- UMAP), something Castro took responsibility for and regretted as a "great injustice" in 2010. By 1962, Cuba's economy was in steep decline, a result of poor economic management and low productivity coupled with the U.S. trade embargo. Food shortages led to rationing, resulting in protests in 976:

misinformation. Fearing invasion, he ordered the arrest of between 20,000 and 100,000 suspected counter-revolutionaries, publicly proclaiming that "What the imperialists cannot forgive us, is that we have made a Socialist revolution under their noses". This was his first announcement that the

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defected to the U.S. Although President Urrutia denounced the defection, he publicly expressed concern with the rising influence of Marxism. Angered, Castro announced his resignation as prime minister, blaming Urrutia for complicating government with his "fevered anti-Communism". Over 500,000

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Castro returned to Cuba on 28 September. He feared a U.S.-backed coup and in 1959 spent $ 120 million on Soviet, French and Belgian weaponry. Intent on constructing the largest army in Latin America, by early 1960 the government had doubled the size of the Cuban armed forces. Fearing

1305:. Castro supported Allende's socialist reforms, where he toured the country to give speeches and press conferences. Suspicious of right-wing elements in the Chilean military, Castro advised Allende to purge these before they led a coup. Castro was proven right; in 1973, Chile's military 815:. In retaliation, INRA took control of 383 private-run businesses on 14 October, and on 25 October a further 166 U.S. companies operating in Cuba had their premises seized and nationalized. On 16 December, the U.S. ended its import quota of Cuban sugar, the country's primary export. 1289:. When Padilla fell ill, Castro visited him in hospital. The poet was released after publicly confessing his guilt. Soon after, the government formed the National Cultural Council to ensure that intellectuals and artists supported the administration. In November 1971 he made a 1908:

and tourism, the latter outstripping Cuba's sugar industry as its primary source of revenue in 1995. The arrival of thousands of Mexican and Spanish tourists led to increasing numbers of Cubans turning to prostitution; officially illegal, Castro refrained from cracking down on

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the US of breaking trade promises. Castro, until recently a regional outcast, has been increasing grants and scholarships to the Caribbean countries, while US aid to those has dropped 25% over the past five years. Cuba has opened four additional embassies in the

770:, Castro agreed to provide the USSR with sugar, fruit, fibers, and hides, in return for crude oil, fertilizers, industrial goods, and a $ 100 million loan. Cuba's government ordered the country's refineries – then controlled by the U.S. corporations 2522:

Ley de Reforma Urbana 1960 (Cuba) in Stuart Grider, “A Proposal for the Marketization of Housing in Cuba: The Limited Equity Housing Corporation: A New Form of Property,” The University of Miami Inter-American Law Review 27, no. 3 (Spring-Summer 1996): 473,

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nuclear missiles on Cuba to even the power balance. Although conflicted, Castro agreed, believing it would guarantee Cuba's safety and enhance the cause of socialism. Undertaken in secrecy, only the Castro brothers, Guevara, Dorticós and security chief

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has described him as "the grandfather of all Latin American revolutionaries". In contrast to the improved relations between Cuba and a number of leftist Latin American states, in 2004 it broke off diplomatic ties with Panama after centrist President

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talks between the USSR, U.S., Cuba and South Africa; they agreed that all foreign troops would pull out of Angola. Castro was angered by Gorbachev's approach, believing that he was abandoning the plight of the world's poor in favour of détente. In

2021:"As I have said before, the ever more sophisticated weapons piling up in the arsenals of the wealthiest and the mightiest can kill the illiterate, the ill, the poor and the hungry but they cannot kill ignorance, illnesses, poverty or hunger." 795:, in Havana harbor in March 1960. The ship carried weapons purchased from Belgium, the cause of the explosion was never determined, but Castro publicly insinuated that the U.S. government were guilty of sabotage. He ended this speech with " 1387:

the 1970s. Estimates of this vary, but a conservative figure came from the World Bank, which put the average annual figure at 4.4% for the period 1971–1980. A number of Latin American states began calling for Cuba's re-admittance into the

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January 1960, the government proclaimed that each newspaper would be obliged to publish a "clarification" written by the printers' union at the end of any articles critical of the government; thus began press censorship in Castro's Cuba.

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Assembly. Although Castro publicly denied being a socialist, Khrushchev informed his entourage that the Cuban would become "a beacon of Socialism in Latin America." Subsequently, visited by four other socialists, Polish First Secretary

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unanimously voted Raúl as president. Describing his brother as "not substitutable", Raúl proposed that Fidel continue to be consulted on matters of great importance, a motion unanimously approved by the 597 National Assembly members.

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counter-revolutionary elements in the army, the government created a People's Militia to arm citizens favorable to the revolution, and trained at least 50,000 supporters in combat techniques. In September 1960, they created the

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disparity between the world's rich and poor. His speech was greeted with much applause from other world leaders, though his standing in NAM was damaged by Cuba's abstinence from the U.N.'s General Assembly condemnation of the

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provincial assemblies. Castro welcomed debate between proponents and opponents of the reforms, although over time he began to increasingly sympathise with the opponent's positions, arguing that such reforms must be delayed.

1015:- ORI), renamed the United Party of the Cuban Socialist Revolution (PURSC) in 1962. Although the USSR was hesitant regarding Castro's embrace of socialism, relations with the Soviets deepened. Castro sent Fidelito for a 1102:. The U.S. saw the missiles as offensive, though Castro insisted they were defensive. Castro urged Khrushchev to threaten a nuclear strike on the U.S. should Cuba be attacked, but Khrushchev was desperate to avoid 1228:. Castro was personally devastated when Guevara was subsequently killed by CIA-backed troops in Bolivia in October 1967 and publicly attributed it to Che's disregard for his own safety. In 1966 Castro staged a 2203:; the transfer was described as a temporary measure while Fidel recovered from surgery for an "acute intestinal crisis with sustained bleeding". Late February 2007, Fidel called into Hugo Chávez's radio show 926:

announced that Cuba was adopting the Soviet model of communist rule, with a one-party state, government control of trade unions, suppression of civil liberties and the absence of freedom of speech and press.

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in 2001, Castro successfully proposed a one-time cash purchase of food from the U.S. while declining its government's offer of humanitarian aid. Castro expressed solidarity with the U.S. following the 2001

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In February 1963, Castro received a personal letter from Khrushchev, inviting him to visit the USSR. Deeply touched, Castro arrived in April and stayed for five weeks. He visited 14 cities, addressed a

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Grider, “A Proposal for the Marketization of Housing in Cuba,” 472; Jill Hamberg, Under Construction: Housing Policy in Revolutionary Cuba (New York: Center for Cuban Studies, 1986), 31, note 9.

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and accused the U.S. of being the world's primary polluter. His government's environmentalist policies would prove highly effective; by 2006, Cuba was the only nation in the world which met the

1852:'s policies in the U.K., believing that Cuban socialism could learn from her emphasis on low taxation and personal initiative. He ceased support for foreign militants, refrained from praising 1166:. In October 1965, the Integrated Revolutionary Organizations was officially renamed the "Cuban Communist Party" and published the membership of its Central Committee. Fidel Castro served as 1371:, Castro's government sent 4,000 troops to prevent Israeli forces from entering Syrian territory. In 1974, Cuba broke off relations with Israel over the treatment of Palestinians during the 5416: 2149:

arrived in Cuba to meet President Castro and highlight their close ties. He is the first Canadian government leader to visit the island since Pierre Trudeau was in Havana on 16 July 1976.

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pardoned four Cuban exiles accused of attempting to assassinate Cuban President Fidel Castro in 2000. Diplomatic ties were reinstalled in 2005 following the election of leftist President

669:"Until Castro, the U.S. was so overwhelmingly influential in Cuba that the American ambassador was the second most important man, sometimes even more important than the Cuban president." 579:, and accepted the position on the condition that the Prime Minister's powers be increased. Between 15 and 26 April Castro visited the U.S. with a delegation of representatives, hired a 1260:, in 1968 Castro proclaimed a Great Revolutionary Offensive, closed all remaining privately owned shops and businesses and denounced their owners as capitalist counter-revolutionaries. 1058:. Security reports indicated that many Cubans associated austerity with the "Old Communists" of the PSP, while Castro considered a number of them – namely Aníbal Escalante and 1752:, socialist governments fell to capitalist reformers between 1989 and 1991 and many western observers expected the same in Cuba. Increasingly isolated, Cuba improved relations with 786:

the refineries. In retaliation, the U.S. cancelled its import of Cuban sugar, provoking Castro to nationalize most U.S.-owned assets on the island, including banks and sugar mills.

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and was an honorary pall bearer at Trudeau's funeral in October 2000. They had continued their friendship after Trudeau left office until his death. Canada became one of the first

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Castro-supporters surrounded the Presidential Palace demanding Urrutia's resignation, which was duly received. On July 23, Castro resumed his Premiership and appointed the Marxist

538:, reasoning that American troops bogged down throughout the world could not fight any single insurgency effectively. An estimated 7,000–11,000 Cubans died in conflicts in Africa. 2218: 1676: 1606: 1003:

Consolidating "Socialist Cuba", Castro united the MR-26-7, Popular Socialist Party and Revolutionary Directorate into a governing party based on the Leninist principle of

1472:, Castro ordered a further 18,000 troops to Angola, which played a major role in forcing a South African retreat. Traveling to Angola, Castro celebrated with President 1031:

to expel Cuba; the Soviets privately reprimanded Castro for recklessness, although he received praise from China. Despite their ideological affinity with China, in the

811:, who were aggrieved that Castro's government closed down their businesses in Cuba. On 13 October 1960, the U.S. prohibited the majority of exports to Cuba, initiating 5322: 1968:. Castro also maintained his devout anti-apartheid beliefs, and at the July 26 celebrations in 1991, Castro was joined onstage by the South African political activist 1456:

Castro considered Africa to be "the weakest link in the imperialist chain", in November 1975 he ordered 230 military advisors into Southern Africa to aid the Marxist

763:. Expressing contempt for the U.S., Castro shared the ideological views of the USSR, establishing relations with several Marxist-Leninist states. Meeting with Soviet 1595: 3041:

Wyatt MacGaffey and Clifford R. Barnett, Twentieth Century Cuba: The Background of the Castro Revolution, 2nd Ed. (Garden City, New York: Anchor Books, 1965), 207.

1395:. It adopted a new constitution based on the Soviet model, abolished the position of President and Prime Minister. Castro took the presidency of the newly created 6437: 2536:

Roberto Veiga, “Informe Central del XXXIV Consejo Nacional de la CTC,” Granma 11, no. 31 (1975): 5 in Carmelo Mesa-Lago, "The Economy of Socialist Cuba", 172.

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conscience to take up a responsibility that requires mobility and total devotion, that I am not in a physical condition to offer". On February 24, 2008, the

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had declined by over 40% in under two years, with major food shortages, widespread malnutrition and a lack of basic goods. Castro hoped for a restoration of

972:'s bombed three Cuban military airfields; the U.S. announced that the perpetrators were defecting Cuban air force pilots, but Castro exposed these claims as 2130:, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. This development makes Cuba the only country to have embassies in all independent countries of the Caribbean Community. 1355:

and therefore should not be at the conference, particularly as he praised the Soviet Union in a speech that asserted that it was not imperialistic. As the

6432: 6091: 1716:, helping to set an example for the rest of the populace. Castro became passionate in his denunciation of the Third World debt problem, arguing that the 1375:

and their increasingly close relationship with the United States. This earned him respect from leaders throughout the Arab world, in particular from the

502:, his criticisms of other international figures, and the economic and social changes that were initiated. Castro's Cuba became a key element within the 5372: 1241: 5390: 4220: 2089:

Castro's improving relations across Latin America were accompanied by continuing animosity towards the U.S. However, after massive damage caused by

1784:, Switzerland. Cuba asserted that this was a manifestation of U.S. hegemony, and refused to allow an investigative delegation to enter the country. 4193: 1824:. When Gorbachev regained control, Cuba-Soviet relations deteriorated further and Soviet troops were withdrawn in September 1991. In December, the 964:

supported a CIA plan to aid a dissident militia, the Democratic Revolutionary Front, to invade Cuba and overthrow Castro; the plan resulted in the

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Carmelo Mesa-Lago, The Labor Force, Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment in Cuba: 1899–1970 (Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1972), 49.

1469: 5420: 1167: 464: 707:, subjecting prisoners to solitary confinement, rough treatment, and threatening behavior. Militant anti-Castro groups, funded by exiles, the 1743:

By November 1987, Castro began spending more time on the Angolan Civil War, in which the Marxists had fallen into retreat. Angolan President

1027:, and in his Second Declaration of Havana he called on Latin America to rise up in revolution. In response, the U.S. successfully pushed the 601:, a man Castro instantly disliked. Proceeding to Canada, Trinidad, Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina, Castro attended an economic conference in 1508:. From there he proceeded to Somalia, Tanzania, Mozambique and Angola where he was greeted by crowds as a hero for Cuba's role in opposing 1391:(OAS). Cuba's government called the first National Congress of the Cuban Communist Party, thereby officially announcing Cuba's status as a 904: 5017: 1712:, tried, and executed in 1989, despite calls for leniency. On medical advice given him in October 1985, Castro gave up regularly smoking 459:, forcing Batista out of power on 1 January 1959. Castro, who had already been an important figure in Cuban society, went on to serve as 4950: 2193: 426: 169: 498:

from 1962 until 1992. Cuba attained international prominence under Fidel Castro's rule, for reasons including his staunch belief in

764: 5600: 1844:. Castro tried improving relations with the capitalist nations. He welcomed western politicians and investors to Cuba, befriended 1277:(Comecon), an economic organization of socialist states, although this further limited Cuba's economy to agricultural production. 715:'s Dominican government, undertook armed attacks and set up guerrilla bases in Cuba's mountainous regions. This led to a six-year 6412: 6326: 6098: 1115: 17: 1999: with: Information on Cuba's increasingly good relationship with the Pink Tide and its co-founding of ALBA. You can help by 1042:

such as prostitutes and homosexuals; Castro considered the latter a bourgeois trait. Government officials spoke out against his

807:(CIA) to overthrow Castro's government. He provided them with a budget of $ 13 million and permitted them to ally with the 799:" ("Fatherland or Death"), a proclamation that he made much use of in ensuing years. Inspired by their earlier success with the 782:– to process Soviet oil, but under pressure from the U.S. government, they refused. Castro responded by expropriating and 6304: 5997: 2231: 1777: 1290: 1249: 831: 631:

Castro appointed himself president of the National Tourist Industry as well. He introduced unsuccessful measures to encourage

5133: 5082: 5070: 5051: 3296: 3284: 2722: 2710: 1857: 1691:) in an attempt to strengthen socialism. Like many orthodox Marxist critics, Castro feared that the reforms would weaken the 1652:

in October 1983, Castro cautiously continued supporting Grenada's government. However, the U.S. used the coup as a basis for

1532: 617: 5326: 1821: 1531:

to aid the overwhelmed Ethiopian army. After forcing back the Somalis, Mengistu then ordered the Ethiopians to suppress the

6442: 6030: 1536: 919:

systems served the interests of socio-economic elites. In contrast, critics condemned the new regime as un-democratic. The

1756:'s right-wing government in Panama – despite Castro's personal hatred of Noriega – but it was overthrown in a 1644:

in 1979, sent doctors, teachers, and technicians to aid the country's development, and befriended the Grenadine President

1543:

in July 1979. Castro's critics accused the government of wasting Cuban lives in these military endeavors; the anti-Castro

2103: 1833: 1465: 760: 595: 1724:

banks and governments imposed upon it. In 1985, Havana hosted five international conferences on the world debt problem.

5965: 5944: 5921: 5902: 5878: 5854: 5831: 5805: 5784: 5758: 5732: 5713: 2399: 2173: 2000: 1841: 1580: 812: 545:. Castro's ideas continue to be the primary foundation and manner in which the Cuban government functions to this day. 246: 5674: 2102:

and offering Cuban airports for the emergency diversion of any U.S. planes. He recognized that the attacks would make

1621:

became U.S. president and then pursued a hard line anti-Castro approach, and by 1981, Castro was accusing the U.S. of

1328: 1094:

knew the full plan. Upon discovering it through aerial reconnaissance, in October the U.S. implemented an island-wide

5893: 2616: 1695:

and allow capitalist elements to regain control. Gorbachev conceded to U.S. demands to reduce support for Cuba, with

1653: 1535:, a measure Castro refused to support. Castro extended support to Latin American revolutionary movements, namely the 1236:

Castro's increasing role on the world stage strained his relationship with the Soviets, now under the leadership of

915:

at demonstrations and express their democratic will. As a result, he rejected the need for elections, claiming that

800: 1757: 1612:

were among the major players on the world stage in the 1980s, and would heavily affect Castro's governance of Cuba.

1372: 1163: 1047: 920: 523: 195: 3374: 1204:, to train in Cuba. He considered western-dominated Africa ripe for revolution, and sent troops and medics to aid 6347: 6336: 1913:, fearing a political backlash. Economic hardship led many Cubans to turn towards religion, both in the forms of 1825: 1696: 1656:. Cuban construction workers died in the conflict, with Castro denouncing the invasion and comparing the U.S. to 1629: 1388: 1028: 823: 531: 366: 5706:

The United States and the Origins of the Cuban Revolution: An Empire of Liberty in an Age of National Liberation

5018:"Speech by Fidel Castro to the International Conference on Financing and Development, Monterrey, March 21, 2002" 5768: 2298: 1424: 588: 472: 346: 2221:, with Chávez visiting in August, and Morales in September. As a comment on Castro's recovery, U.S. President 1306: 5369: 419: 361: 6086: 5466: 834:. Offended by the attitude of the elite Shelburne Hotel, he and his entourage stayed at the cheap, run-down 6079: 5394: 4228: 1884: 1400: 868: 740:(second from the right) with other leading revolutionaries, marching through the streets in protest at the 625: 351: 296: 789:

Relations between Cuba and the U.S. were further strained following the explosion of a French vessel, the

233: 1584: 804: 708: 679: 484: 381: 371: 6162: 4197: 2392:

Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed

661: 6250: 6020: 5990: 1945: 1351:(NAM). Various NAM members were critical of Castro's attendance, claiming that Cuba was aligned to the 4055: 2209:, and in April, Chávez told press that Castro was "almost totally recovered". On April 21, Castro met 1804:

With favourable trade from the Eastern Bloc ended, Castro publicly declared that Cuba was entering a "

1744: 1636:

against the United Kingdom and offered military aid to the Argentinians. Castro supported the leftist

1213: 6417: 2315: 2303: 2142: 1965: 1930: 1860:

and the Mexican government in 1995. Publicly, he presented himself as a moderate on the world stage.

1765: 1107: 324: 209: 149: 111: 6174: 5173: 852: 6331: 1540: 1396: 1118:, the U.S. ignored them, and in turn Castro refused to allow the U.N.'s inspection team into Cuba. 916: 737: 655:

became Governor of the Central Bank and then Minister of Industries. Appalled, Air Force commander

412: 386: 376: 356: 85: 34: 1309:, banned elections, executed thousands and established a military junta led by Commander-in-Chief 6231: 6199: 6049: 6041: 5750: 2214: 1957: 1949: 1876: 1135: 1038:

The ORI began shaping Cuba using the Soviet model, persecuting political opponents and perceived

1008: 716: 476: 6114: 5526: 656: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6341: 6215: 6144: 5549: 5021: 3826: 1548: 1501: 1477: 808: 576: 563: 480: 460: 157: 6427: 6422: 6377: 6266: 6258: 6035: 5983: 4957: 1922: 1564: 1524: 1302: 1217: 1004: 1925:

as a reactionary, pro-capitalist institution, Castro decided to organise a visit to Cuba by

699:. Castro's government cracked down on opponents of his government, and arrested hundreds of 6069: 6064: 2320: 2095: 1953: 1910: 1897: 1837: 1817: 1773: 1551:

has claimed that an estimated 14,000 Cubans were killed in foreign Cuban military actions.

1493: 1376: 1348: 1099: 980:

The CIA and Democratic Revolutionary Front had based a 1,400-strong army, Brigade 2506, in

969: 965: 591: 519: 288: 280: 6138: 2109: 818: 584: 8: 6059: 2123: 2119: 2040: 1929:, which took place in January 1998; ultimately, it strengthened the position of both the 1809: 1544: 1201: 741: 62: 6120: 5626: 2376: 1019:

schooling and while the first Soviet technicians arrived in June Castro was awarded the

487:. He retained the title until 2008, when the presidency was transferred to his brother, 5933: 5843: 5604: 2090: 1961: 1880: 1709: 1705: 1637: 1622: 1554: 1257: 1158: 895: 860: 700: 225: 6156: 5773: 2083: 1568: 6274: 6223: 6207: 5961: 5957:

Changing Venezuela by Taking Power: The History and Policies of the Chávez Government

5955: 5940: 5917: 5898: 5874: 5850: 5827: 5820: 5801: 5795: 5780: 5754: 5728: 5709: 2612: 2395: 1973: 1926: 1914: 1849: 1672: 1665: 1609: 1461: 1032: 1020: 847: 771: 756: 456: 141: 133: 2205: 1055: 76: 6074: 6025: 2310: 2288: 1937: 1318: 1310: 1298: 1286: 1070: 1024: 923: 908: 864: 675: 648: 632: 580: 568: 448: 238: 125: 5648: 5578: 5480: 5244: 5222: 5200: 5147: 2172: with: Information on Castro's second presidency of the NAM.. You can help by 2146: 1699:

deteriorating. When Gorbachev visited Cuba in April 1989, he informed Castro that

1519:

broke out as Somalia invaded Ethiopia; although a former ally of Somali President

1091: 5888: 5864: 5376: 5300: 5278: 5058: 3650: 2608: 2293: 2280: 1813: 1797: 1692: 1497: 1392: 1380: 1237: 1225: 1205: 1181: 1035:, Cuba allied with the wealthier Soviets, who offered economic and military aid. 961: 880: 876: 783: 767: 712: 468: 444: 217: 183: 99: 43: 5868: 5443: 5348: 1065: 898:

before their meeting on the sidelines of United Nations General Assembly in 1960

6353: 6168: 6132: 2524: 2266: 2222: 2134: 2079: 1969: 1941: 1856:

on a 1994 visit to Colombia and called for a negotiated settlement between the

1805: 1753: 1749: 1645: 1599: 1572: 1527:'s Marxist government of Ethiopia. He sent troops under the command of General 1473: 1356: 1270: 1253: 1221: 1139: 1083: 872: 759:, and the Soviet Union (USSR), a Marxist-Leninist socialist state ruled by the 491:. Fidel Castro remained the first secretary of the Communist Party until 2011. 304: 6150: 6126: 2200: 2059: 1481: 1433: 488: 6371: 6282: 5099:"Cuba's Doctors Resuscitate Economy Aid Missions Make Money, Not Just Allies" 2043: 1905: 1829: 1761: 1661: 1649: 1633: 1618: 1602: 1528: 1404: 1245: 996: 938: 856: 835: 610: 606: 598: 507: 495: 5845:

Hugo Chávez: The Definitive Biography of Venezuela's Controversial President

1760:

in December 1989. In February 1990, Castro's allies in Nicaragua, President

1464:. When the U.S. and South Africa stepped up their support of the opposition 691:

class. Thousands of doctors, engineers and other professionals emigrated to

455:

and an associated group of revolutionaries toppled the ruling government of

6309: 6006: 5815: 5742: 5678: 5102: 2210: 1845: 1769: 1713: 1657: 1576: 1420: 1333: 1263: 951: 779: 602: 511: 452: 272: 2252: 2070: 1893: 1727: 1721: 1717: 1687: 1567:. Cuba's relations across North America improved under Mexican President 1505: 1352: 1322: 1103: 985: 884: 733: 696: 683: 652: 535: 402: 2274: 2161: 2035: 1988: 1964:

movement. He criticized U.S. global hegemony and the control exerted by

1679:. A reformer, he implemented measures to increase freedom of the press ( 1496:. In February, Castro visited Algeria and Libya and spent ten days with 1142:. Castro returned to Cuba with new ideas; inspired by Soviet newspaper 1960:

of over 0.8 for 2007. Similarly, Castro also became a proponent of the

1648:. When Bishop was murdered in a Soviet-backed coup by hardline Marxist 1520: 1516: 1429: 1123: 1095: 1043: 973: 753: 515: 312: 4054:

Macrotrends, “Cuba Economic Growth 1970–2022,” accessed May 14, 2022,

1792: 803:, on 17 March 1960, U.S. President Eisenhower secretly authorized the 2055: 2047: 1509: 1336: 1197: 1059: 981: 843: 791: 644: 640: 499: 5725:

The Castro Obsession: U.S. Covert Operations Against Cuba, 1959–1965

1892:

step down as head of government, to be replaced by the much younger

890: 842:. There he met with journalists and anti-establishment figures like 703:. Castro's government was characterized by the use of psychological 5151: 4056:

https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/CUB/cuba/economic-growth-rate

3655: 3375:"Castro admits 'injustice' for gays and lesbians during revolution" 2138: 2127: 2099: 2054:

Mired in economic problems, Cuba would be aided by the election of

1918: 1840:. Yeltsin despised Castro and developed links with the Miami-based 1681: 1281: 1209: 1186: 1066:

The Cuban Missile Crisis and furthering socialism (1962–1968)

1039: 749: 728: 503: 6321: 5192: 2363:

Oxford IB Diploma Programme: Authoritarian States Course Companion

2133:

Castro was known to be a friend of former Canadian Prime Minister

54: 2199:

On July 31, 2006, Castro delegated all his duties to his brother

2074: 2063:

providing 90,000 barrels a day. That same year, Castro initiated

1641: 1523:, Castro had warned him against such action, and Cuba sided with 1485: 1344: 1274: 1131: 1127: 1111: 1074:

U-2 reconnaissance photograph of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba.

704: 692: 939:

The Bay of Pigs Invasion and embracing socialism (1961–62)

5975: 5935:

Red Heat: Conspiracy, Murder, and the Cold War in the Caribbean

1781: 1772:, the U.S. secured a majority vote for a resolution condemning 1736: 1732: 1489: 1439: 1360: 1314: 1144: 1016: 839: 542: 5417:"Castro says he resigned as Communist Party chief 5 years ago" 2113:

Castro amid cheering crowds supporting his presidency in 2005.

605:. He unsuccessfully proposed a $ 30 billion U.S.-funded " 514:

and its allies. Castro's desire to take the offensive against

1368: 1364: 1294: 1677:

General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

1240:. Asserting Cuba's independence, Castro refused to sign the 1230:

Tri-Continental Conference of Africa, Asia and Latin America

991: 723: 2106:

more aggressive, which he believed was counter-productive.

1870:— Fidel Castro explaining the reforms of the Special Period 1853: 1457: 1086: 1079: 775: 651:

to senior government and military positions. Most notably,

639:

Although he refused to initially categorize his regime as '

258: 1904:

Castro's government decided to diversify its economy into

1796:

Castro in front of a Havana statue of Cuban national hero

1731:

Castro's image painted onto a now-destroyed lighthouse in

1539:

in its overthrow of the Nicaraguan rightist government of

5041: 5039: 3378: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3003: 3001: 1940:, campaigning against the waste of natural resources and 1451:— Fidel Castro's message to the UN General Assembly, 1979 1248:

as led by a "fascist reactionary rabble" and praised the

871:

organized an evening's reception for Castro, attended by

4933: 4931: 4929: 4452: 4450: 4389: 4387: 4326: 4324: 4104: 4102: 4100: 3891: 3889: 3887: 2605:

Ernesto "Che" Guevara (World Leaders Past & Present)

1264:

Economic stagnation and Third World politics (1969–1974)

894:

Castro giving press statement next to Egypt's President

830:

In September 1960, Castro flew to New York City for the

5259: 3838: 3836: 3609: 3607: 471:, from 1961 to 2011. In 1976, Castro officially became 5121: 5036: 2998: 1764:

and the Sandinistas, were defeated by the U.S.-funded

1660:. Castro feared a U.S. invasion of Nicaragua and sent 5840: 5708:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 4926: 4447: 4384: 4321: 4311: 4309: 4097: 3884: 2028:

International Conference on Financing for Development

1708:, were investigated for corruption and complicity in 1668:, but received little support from the Soviet Union. 1226:

revolutionaries against the western-backed government

1220:, and in 1965 Castro authorized Guevara to travel to 5841:

Marcano, Christina; Barrera Tyszka, Alberto (2007).

5325:. Caribbean Net News. March 13, 2006. Archived from 4348: 3833: 3604: 2242: 1313:. Castro proceeded to West Africa to meet socialist 752:

raged between two superpowers: the United States, a

624:- INRA), on 17 May 1959, Castro signed into law the 3848: 3631: 2141:allies openly to trade with Cuba. Cuba still has a 1590: 5932: 5873:. New York and London: W.W. Norton & Company. 5842: 5819: 5797:Guerrilla Prince: The Untold Story of Fidel Castro 5772: 4306: 4248: 4246: 1242:Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons 587:, and presented himself as a "man of the people". 5069:sfnm error: no target: CITEREFMarcanoTyszka2007 ( 1787: 6369: 5444:"Cuba's Castro says recovering, sounds stronger" 1484:, where they agreed to support the Mozambique's 1023:. In December 1961, Castro proclaimed himself a 5826:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 5779:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 4243: 1273:visited in 1971. In July 1972, Cuba joined the 1098:to search vessels headed to Cuba, sparking the 995:Che Guevara (left) and Castro, photographed by 960:sugar mills. Both Eisenhower and his successor 571:, arriving at the MATS Terminal, in April 1959. 5930: 5556:. Comité Central del Partido Comunista de Cuba 5174:"Spiegel interview with Bolivia's Evo Morales" 4676: 4674: 3990: 3988: 1168:First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba 1138:and became the first foreigner to receive the 643:' and repeatedly denied specifically being a ' 594:avoided meeting Castro; he was instead met by 541:Castro died of natural causes in late 2016 at 465:First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba 6438:States and territories disestablished in 2008 5991: 5601:"Fidel Castro stepping down as Cuba's leader" 5547: 5388: 5064: 2721:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFFranqui1984 ( 984:. At night, Brigade 2506 landed along Cuba's 911:, in which the Cuban populace could assemble 575:On February 16, 1959, Castro was sworn in as 420: 5800:. New York City: Little, Brown and Company. 5603:. Reuters. February 18, 2008. Archived from 5442:Pretel, Enrique Andres (February 28, 2007). 5370:Reaction Mixed to Castro’s Turnover of Power 4589: 4587: 4585: 4534: 4219:O'Grady, Mary Anastasia (October 30, 2005). 3283:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBourne1987 ( 2525:https://www.jstor.org/stable/40176383?seq=21 2152: 2145:. On 20 April 1998, Canadian Prime Minister 1979: 1820:in the USSR, but refrained from backing the 1440:Foreign wars and NAM Presidency: (1975–1979) 905:Committees for the Defense of the Revolution 558: 5527:"Bush wishes Cuba's Castro would disappear" 5081:sfnm error: no target: CITEREFKozloff2008 ( 4671: 4218: 3985: 1956:of less than 1.8 hectares per capita and a 1280:In May 1970, Florida-based dissident group 1052:Unidades Militares de Ayuda a la Producción 6433:States and territories established in 1959 5998: 5984: 5132:sfn error: no target: CITEREFKozloff2008 ( 5050:sfn error: no target: CITEREFKozloff2008 ( 4194:"Recipient Grants: Center for a Free Cuba" 3827:"Castro comments on Czechoslovakia crisis" 3059:Mesa-Lago, Economy of Socialist Cuba, 124. 2389: 2194:2006 Cuban transfer of presidential duties 1208:'s socialist regime in Algeria during the 616:After appointing himself president of the 548: 427: 413: 5939:. New York City: Henry Holt and Company. 4582: 2709:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFRos2006 ( 1768:in an election. With the collapse of the 1410: 1134:, was awarded an honorary doctorate from 1013:Organizaciones Revolucionarias Integradas 968:in April 1961. On 15 April, CIA-supplied 724:Soviet support and U.S. opposition (1960) 494:Fidel Castro's government was officially 5727:. Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books, Inc. 5703: 5465:Pearson, Natalie Obiko (13 April 2007). 4227:. Center for a Free Cuba. Archived from 2108: 2034: 1791: 1726: 1594: 1553: 1327: 1069: 990: 889: 817: 727: 562: 447:, political, and social changes. In the 5953: 5911: 5767: 5722: 5675:"CUBA: Raúl Shares His Seat with Fidel" 5464: 5265: 5127: 5076: 5045: 3534: 3514: 3502: 3490: 3470: 3458: 3446: 3434: 3418: 3398: 3362: 3322: 3302: 3295:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFQuirk ( 3254: 3226: 3206: 3194: 3174: 3154: 3118: 3098: 2968: 2932: 2888: 2856: 2836: 2816: 2796: 2776: 2740: 2716: 2700: 2688: 2676: 2660: 2644: 2592: 2572: 2474: 2458: 2438: 2360: 1116:Secretary-General of the United Nations 14: 6370: 5741: 5441: 5096: 3824: 3546: 3526: 3482: 3430: 3410: 3390: 3350: 3334: 3314: 3278: 3250: 3218: 3186: 3166: 3146: 3130: 3110: 3090: 3025: 3013: 2960: 2944: 2900: 2880: 2868: 2848: 2828: 2808: 2788: 2768: 2752: 2672: 2656: 2628: 2584: 2564: 2510: 2470: 2450: 2430: 2414: 2365:. Oxford University Press. p. 63. 1826:Soviet Union was officially dismantled 1778:United Nations Human Rights Commission 1664:to train the governing Sandinistas in 1591:Reagan and Gorbachev (1980–1990) 1558:Fidel Castro speaking in Havana, 1978. 1275:Council for Mutual Economic Assistance 1082:, Khrushchev wanted to install Soviet 1009:Integrated Revolutionary Organizations 832:General Assembly of the United Nations 5979: 5863: 5793: 5550:"Message from the Commander in Chief" 5419:. CNN. March 22, 2011. Archived from 5323:"Cuba opens more Caribbean embassies" 5198: 3550: 3530: 3486: 3414: 3394: 3381:, Shasta Darlington, August 31, 2010. 3338: 3318: 3266: 3238: 3222: 3190: 3170: 3150: 3134: 3114: 3094: 3029: 2992: 2964: 2948: 2928: 2916: 2904: 2884: 2852: 2832: 2812: 2792: 2772: 2756: 2736: 2640: 2588: 2568: 2498: 2486: 2454: 2434: 2418: 1046:, but many gays were forced into the 622:Instituto Nacional de Reforma Agraria 618:National Institute of Agrarian Reform 5814: 5641: 2156: 1983: 1936:In the early 1990s, Castro embraced 1788:The Special Period (1991–2000) 1632:, Castro supported them in the 1982 1537:Sandinista National Liberation Front 1339:on his visit to the country in 1972. 5649:"Raúl Castro named Cuban president" 5627:"Fidel Castro announces retirement" 5579:"Fidel Castro announces retirement" 5548:Castro, Fidel (February 18, 2008). 5467:"Venezuela: Ally Castro Recovering" 5349:"Canadian PM visits Fidel in April" 5201:"Cuba and Panama restore relations" 5148:"Cuba to shut plants to save power" 2704: 2232:National Assembly of People's Power 1834:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 1347:to attend the Fourth Summit of the 463:from 1959 to 1976. He was also the 24: 5747:Fidel: A Biography of Fidel Castro 5481:"Castro resumes official business" 5393:. Juventud Rebelde. Archived from 5279:"Castro calls for Caribbean unity" 5223:"Castro welcomes one-off US trade" 5199:Gibbs, Stephen (August 21, 2005). 2611:, 1989, Chelsea House Publishers, 1848:and took a particular interest in 1842:Cuban American National Foundation 1533:Eritrean People's Liberation Front 1383:, who became his friend and ally. 1359:broke out in October 1973 between 1343:In September 1973, he returned to 467:, the most senior position in the 247:United States embargo against Cuba 25: 6454: 5894:Mandela: The Authorised Biography 5097:Morris, Ruth (18 December 2005). 4196:. August 25, 2006. Archived from 3290: 1883:, which involved construction of 1720:would never escape the debt that 1685:) and economic decentralisation ( 1587:support for militant dissidents. 1233:American revolutionary movement. 846:. He also met the Soviet Premier 695:in the U.S., causing an economic 647:', Castro appointed advocates of 6005: 5667: 5619: 5593: 5571: 5541: 5519: 5507: 5495: 5473: 5458: 5435: 5409: 5389:Castro, Fidel (March 22, 2011). 5382: 5363: 5341: 5315: 5293: 5271: 5237: 5215: 5166: 5140: 5090: 5010: 4998: 4986: 4974: 4943: 4914: 4902: 4890: 4878: 4866: 4854: 4842: 4830: 4818: 4806: 4794: 4782: 4770: 4758: 4746: 4734: 4722: 4710: 4698: 4686: 4659: 4647: 4635: 4623: 4611: 4599: 4570: 4558: 4546: 4522: 4510: 4498: 4486: 4474: 4462: 4435: 4423: 4411: 4399: 4372: 4360: 4336: 4294: 4282: 4270: 4258: 4212: 4186: 4174: 4162: 4150: 4138: 4126: 4114: 4085: 4073: 4061: 4048: 4036: 4024: 4012: 4000: 3973: 3961: 3949: 3937: 3925: 3913: 3901: 3872: 2273: 2259: 2245: 2160: 2039:Castro meeting with center-left 1987: 1332:Fidel Castro and members of the 1301:had been elected as the head of 1164:assassination of John F. Kennedy 1048:Military Units to Aid Production 524:Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces 441:political career of Fidel Castro 396: 53: 5696: 3860: 3818: 3806: 3794: 3782: 3770: 3758: 3746: 3734: 3722: 3710: 3698: 3686: 3674: 3662: 3643: 3619: 3592: 3580: 3568: 3556: 3540: 3520: 3508: 3496: 3476: 3464: 3452: 3440: 3424: 3404: 3384: 3368: 3356: 3344: 3328: 3308: 3272: 3260: 3244: 3232: 3212: 3200: 3180: 3160: 3140: 3124: 3104: 3084: 3072: 3062: 3053: 3044: 3035: 3019: 2986: 2974: 2954: 2938: 2922: 2910: 2894: 2874: 2862: 2842: 2822: 2802: 2782: 2762: 2746: 2730: 2694: 2682: 2666: 2650: 2634: 2622: 2598: 2578: 2558: 2548: 2539: 2530: 2516: 2504: 2153:Stepping down (2006–2008) 2026:— Fidel Castro's speech at the 1980:The Pink Tide (2000–2006) 1806:Special Period in Time of Peace 1628:Although despising Argentina's 1389:Organization of American States 1029:Organization of American States 824:United Nations General Assembly 682:, during 1960 testimony to the 528:Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias 6413:20th-century Cuban politicians 5960:. London and New York: Verso. 4827:. pp. 276–281, 284, 287. 2492: 2480: 2464: 2444: 2424: 2408: 2383: 2369: 2354: 2348: 2299:History of land reform in Cuba 1774:Cuba's human rights violations 1425:President of the State Council 1110:. Presenting these demands to 13: 1: 5931:Von Tunzelmann, Alex (2011). 5677:. Ipsnews.net. Archived from 5629:. BBC News. February 19, 2008 5581:. BBC News. February 18, 2008 5247:. BBC News. December 16, 2001 5225:. BBC News. November 17, 2001 3825:Castro, Fidel (August 1968). 3397:, pp. 203–204, 410–412, 3097:, pp. 353–354, 365–366; 2771:, pp. 189–190, 198–199; 2328: 2143:good relationship with Canada 1836:and introducing a capitalist 1480:and Guinea-Bissaun President 1363:and an Arab coalition led by 534:. His aim was to create many 443:saw Cuba undergo significant 5794:Geyer, Georgie Anne (1991). 2390:Clodfelter, Micheal (2017). 2338: 1500:before attending talks with 1297:, where socialist President 869:Fair Play for Cuba Committee 838:in the impoverished area of 7: 6443:Political careers by person 5704:Benjamin, Jules R. (1992). 5281:. BBC News. August 21, 1998 4221:"Counting Castro's Victims" 2238: 1933:, and Castro's government. 1917:and the syncretic faith of 1697:Cuba–Soviet Union relations 1216:'s socialist government in 805:Central Intelligence Agency 801:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 709:Central Intelligence Agency 680:American Ambassador to Cuba 10: 6459: 5887: 5849:. New York: Random House. 5513: 5501: 5483:. BBC News. April 21, 2007 5351:. BBC News. April 20, 1998 5303:. BBC News. 25 August 1998 5301:"Castro finds new friends" 5004: 4992: 4980: 4937: 4920: 4908: 4896: 4884: 4872: 4860: 4848: 4836: 4824: 4812: 4800: 4788: 4776: 4764: 4752: 4740: 4728: 4716: 4704: 4692: 4680: 4665: 4653: 4641: 4629: 4617: 4605: 4593: 4576: 4564: 4552: 4540: 4528: 4516: 4504: 4492: 4480: 4468: 4456: 4441: 4429: 4417: 4405: 4393: 4378: 4366: 4354: 4342: 4330: 4315: 4300: 4288: 4276: 4264: 4252: 4180: 4168: 4156: 4144: 4132: 4120: 4108: 4091: 4079: 4067: 4042: 4030: 4018: 4006: 3994: 3979: 3967: 3955: 3943: 3931: 3919: 3907: 3895: 3878: 3866: 3854: 3842: 3812: 3800: 3788: 3776: 3764: 3752: 3740: 3728: 3716: 3704: 3692: 3680: 3668: 3637: 3625: 3613: 3598: 3586: 3574: 3562: 3078: 2980: 2394:. McFarland. p. 566. 2361:Authors, Multiple (2015). 2191: 1571:, Canadian Prime Minister 977:government was socialist. 609:" for the whole region of 510:and its allies versus the 6297: 6242: 6191: 6184: 6107: 6013: 5954:Wilpert, Gregory (2007). 5914:Fidel Castro: A Biography 5245:"US food arrives in Cuba" 5065:Marcano & Tyszka 2007 4887:. pp. 278, 294–295. 3958:. pp. 233–236, 240. 3695:. pp. 255–256, 260. 2831:, pp. 202, 211–213; 2316:Foreign relations of Cuba 2304:Timeline of Cuban history 1822:1991 coup in that country 1766:National Opposition Union 1630:right wing military junta 1373:Israel-Palestine conflict 1108:Guantanamo Bay Naval Base 954:, Castro biographer, 1986 917:representative democratic 559:Consolidating rule (1959) 150:Cuban War of Independence 112:Captaincy General of Cuba 6163:Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart 5751:Dodd, Mead & Company 5391:"My Shoes Are Too Tight" 3659:, April 27, 1964, p. 23. 3537:, pp. 199–200, 203. 2489:, pp. 262–269, 281. 2343: 2333: 1607:Soviet General Secretary 1541:Anastasio Somoza Debayle 1407:and head of government. 1256:. Influenced by China's 738:William Alexander Morgan 86:Viceroyalty of New Spain 6342:Relationship with dairy 6232:638 Ways to Kill Castro 6200:Fidel: The Untold Story 6099:Death and state funeral 6042:History Will Absolve Me 5912:Skierka, Volka (2006). 5529:. Reuters. 28 June 2007 5502:Marcano and Tyszka 2007 3293:, pp. 395, 400–401 2215:Chinese Communist Party 1958:Human Development Index 1950:sustainable development 1745:José Eduardo dos Santos 1214:Alphonse Massemba-Débat 1136:Moscow State University 1078:Militarily weaker than 921:U.S. Secretary of State 701:counter-revolutionaries 18:Cuba under Fidel Castro 6305:Assassination attempts 6175:Alejandro Castro Espín 6145:Natalia Revuelta Clews 6080:Intervention in Angola 2226:by the world's media. 2114: 2051: 2023: 1867: 1801: 1740: 1613: 1559: 1549:Center for a Free Cuba 1502:the Marxist government 1448: 1340: 1212:. He also allied with 1177: 1126:rally and watched the 1075: 1000: 947: 899: 827: 745: 671: 664:as the new president. 577:Prime Minister of Cuba 572: 522:ultimately led to the 297:Intervention in Angola 234:1952 Cuban coup d'état 170:US Military Government 6267:Fidel Castro Handbook 6259:The Real Fidel Castro 6036:26th of July Movement 5916:. Cambridge: Polity. 5775:The Real Fidel Castro 5723:Bohning, Don (2005). 5379:. PBS. August 1, 2006 3649:"Cuba Once More", by 3225:, pp. 387, 396; 2675:, pp. 181, 197; 2112: 2058:and anti-imperialist 2038: 2019: 1923:Roman Catholic Church 1863: 1795: 1730: 1640:that seized power in 1598: 1575:, and U.S. President 1557: 1525:Mengistu Haile Mariam 1444: 1331: 1303:a left-wing coalition 1173: 1073: 1005:democratic centralism 994: 943: 893: 859:, Egyptian President 855:, Bulgarian chairman 821: 731: 667: 626:First Agrarian Reform 566: 506:struggle between the 6115:Ángel Castro y Argiz 6070:Cuban Missile Crisis 6065:Bay of Pigs Invasion 5154:. 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Eisenhower 520:communist revolution 485:Council of Ministers 289:Cuban Missile Crisis 281:Bay of Pigs Invasion 5822:Cuba: A New History 5655:. February 24, 2008 5469:. 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HarperCollins. 5749:. New York City: 5423:on April 15, 2011 5397:on April 27, 2011 5180:. August 28, 2006 5109:on 1 October 2007 2190: 2189: 2046:, a significant " 2017: 2016: 1948:'s definition of 1927:Pope John Paul II 1915:Roman Catholicism 1850:Margaret Thatcher 1710:cocaine smuggling 1673:Mikhail Gorbachev 1666:guerrilla warfare 1565:Soviet–Afghan War 1478:Ahmed Sékou Touré 1462:Angolan Civil War 1307:led a coup d'état 1218:Congo-Brazzaville 1148:, he amalgamated 1033:Sino-Soviet Split 1021:Lenin Peace Prize 853:Władysław Gomułka 848:Nikita Khrushchev 797:¡Patria o Muerte! 757:liberal democracy 457:Fulgencio Batista 437: 436: 317: 309: 301: 293: 285: 277: 263: 251: 243: 230: 222: 214: 200: 188: 174: 162: 154: 146: 138: 130: 116: 104: 90: 67: 16:(Redirected from 6450: 6418:Authoritarianism 6327:Eponymous things 6189: 6188: 6121:Ramón Castro Ruz 6075:Machurucuto raid 6026:Cuban Revolution 6000: 5993: 5986: 5977: 5976: 5971: 5950: 5938: 5927: 5908: 5889:Sampson, Anthony 5884: 5865:Quirk, Robert E. 5860: 5848: 5837: 5825: 5811: 5790: 5778: 5764: 5743:Bourne, Peter G. 5738: 5719: 5691: 5690: 5688: 5686: 5671: 5665: 5664: 5662: 5660: 5645: 5639: 5638: 5636: 5634: 5623: 5617: 5616: 5614: 5612: 5597: 5591: 5590: 5588: 5586: 5575: 5569: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5561: 5545: 5539: 5538: 5536: 5534: 5523: 5517: 5511: 5505: 5499: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5477: 5471: 5470: 5462: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5439: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5413: 5407: 5406: 5404: 5402: 5386: 5380: 5367: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5345: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5319: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5297: 5291: 5290: 5288: 5286: 5275: 5269: 5263: 5257: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5241: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5219: 5213: 5212: 5210: 5208: 5196: 5190: 5189: 5187: 5185: 5170: 5164: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5144: 5138: 5137: 5125: 5119: 5118: 5116: 5114: 5105:. 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T. Smith 662:Osvaldo Dorticós 649:Marxism-Leninism 633:African-American 581:public relations 569:Washington, D.C. 553: 552: 477:Council of State 449:Cuban Revolution 429: 422: 415: 401: 400: 399: 377:Military history 357:Economic history 315: 307: 299: 291: 283: 275: 261: 259:Republic of Cuba 249: 241: 239:Cuban Revolution 228: 220: 212: 198: 196:Republic of Cuba 186: 172: 160: 152: 144: 136: 128: 126:Lopez Expedition 114: 102: 88: 65: 57: 47: 29: 28: 21: 6458: 6457: 6453: 6452: 6451: 6449: 6448: 6447: 6368: 6367: 6366: 6361: 6337:Religious views 6289: 6238: 6185:Popular culture 6180: 6157:Alina Fernández 6153:(sister-in-law) 6103: 6009: 6004: 5974: 5968: 5947: 5924: 5905: 5881: 5857: 5834: 5808: 5787: 5761: 5735: 5716: 5699: 5694: 5684: 5682: 5681:on May 11, 2011 5673: 5672: 5668: 5658: 5656: 5647: 5646: 5642: 5632: 5630: 5625: 5624: 5620: 5610: 5608: 5599: 5598: 5594: 5584: 5582: 5577: 5576: 5572: 5566: 5559: 5557: 5546: 5542: 5532: 5530: 5525: 5524: 5520: 5512: 5508: 5500: 5496: 5486: 5484: 5479: 5478: 5474: 5463: 5459: 5449: 5447: 5440: 5436: 5426: 5424: 5415: 5414: 5410: 5400: 5398: 5387: 5383: 5377:Wayback Machine 5368: 5364: 5354: 5352: 5347: 5346: 5342: 5332: 5330: 5321: 5320: 5316: 5306: 5304: 5299: 5298: 5294: 5284: 5282: 5277: 5276: 5272: 5264: 5260: 5250: 5248: 5243: 5242: 5238: 5228: 5226: 5221: 5220: 5216: 5206: 5204: 5197: 5193: 5183: 5181: 5172: 5171: 5167: 5157: 5155: 5146: 5145: 5141: 5131: 5126: 5122: 5112: 5110: 5095: 5091: 5080: 5068: 5063: 5059: 5049: 5044: 5037: 5027: 5025: 5016: 5015: 5011: 5003: 4999: 4991: 4987: 4979: 4975: 4966: 4964: 4960: 4953: 4949: 4948: 4944: 4936: 4927: 4919: 4915: 4907: 4903: 4895: 4891: 4883: 4879: 4871: 4867: 4863:. pp. 290, 322. 4859: 4855: 4847: 4843: 4835: 4831: 4823: 4819: 4811: 4807: 4799: 4795: 4787: 4783: 4775: 4771: 4763: 4759: 4751: 4747: 4739: 4735: 4727: 4723: 4715: 4711: 4703: 4699: 4691: 4687: 4679: 4672: 4664: 4660: 4652: 4648: 4640: 4636: 4628: 4624: 4616: 4612: 4604: 4600: 4592: 4583: 4575: 4571: 4563: 4559: 4551: 4547: 4539: 4535: 4527: 4523: 4515: 4511: 4503: 4499: 4491: 4487: 4479: 4475: 4467: 4463: 4455: 4448: 4440: 4436: 4428: 4424: 4416: 4412: 4404: 4400: 4392: 4385: 4377: 4373: 4365: 4361: 4353: 4349: 4341: 4337: 4329: 4322: 4314: 4307: 4299: 4295: 4287: 4283: 4275: 4271: 4263: 4259: 4251: 4244: 4234: 4232: 4217: 4213: 4203: 4201: 4192: 4191: 4187: 4179: 4175: 4167: 4163: 4155: 4151: 4143: 4139: 4131: 4127: 4119: 4115: 4107: 4098: 4090: 4086: 4078: 4074: 4066: 4062: 4053: 4049: 4041: 4037: 4029: 4025: 4017: 4013: 4005: 4001: 3993: 3986: 3978: 3974: 3966: 3962: 3954: 3950: 3942: 3938: 3930: 3926: 3918: 3914: 3906: 3902: 3894: 3885: 3877: 3873: 3865: 3861: 3853: 3849: 3841: 3834: 3823: 3819: 3811: 3807: 3799: 3795: 3787: 3783: 3775: 3771: 3763: 3759: 3751: 3747: 3739: 3735: 3727: 3723: 3715: 3711: 3703: 3699: 3691: 3687: 3679: 3675: 3667: 3663: 3651:Walter Lippmann 3648: 3644: 3636: 3632: 3624: 3620: 3612: 3605: 3597: 3593: 3585: 3581: 3573: 3569: 3561: 3557: 3545: 3541: 3529:, p. 239, 3525: 3521: 3513: 3509: 3501: 3497: 3489:, p. 425, 3481: 3477: 3469: 3465: 3457: 3453: 3445: 3441: 3429: 3425: 3409: 3405: 3393:, p. 233, 3389: 3385: 3373: 3369: 3361: 3357: 3349: 3345: 3337:, p. 232, 3333: 3329: 3313: 3309: 3294: 3282: 3277: 3273: 3265: 3261: 3253:, p. 231, 3249: 3245: 3237: 3233: 3221:, p. 230; 3217: 3213: 3205: 3201: 3185: 3181: 3165: 3161: 3153:, p. 369; 3145: 3141: 3129: 3125: 3109: 3105: 3089: 3085: 3077: 3073: 3067: 3063: 3058: 3054: 3049: 3045: 3040: 3036: 3024: 3020: 3012: 2999: 2991: 2987: 2979: 2975: 2967:, p. 345; 2963:, p. 233; 2959: 2955: 2947:, p. 125; 2943: 2939: 2931:, p. 300; 2927: 2923: 2915: 2911: 2899: 2895: 2879: 2875: 2867: 2863: 2855:, p. 349; 2851:, p. 214; 2847: 2843: 2827: 2823: 2815:, p. 302; 2807: 2803: 2787: 2783: 2767: 2763: 2755:, p. 202; 2751: 2747: 2739:, p. 197; 2735: 2731: 2720: 2708: 2703:, p. 167; 2699: 2695: 2687: 2683: 2671: 2667: 2655: 2651: 2643:, p. 280; 2639: 2635: 2627: 2623: 2609:Douglas Kellner 2603: 2599: 2583: 2579: 2571:, p. 248; 2563: 2559: 2553: 2549: 2544: 2540: 2535: 2531: 2521: 2517: 2509: 2505: 2497: 2493: 2485: 2481: 2469: 2465: 2457:, p. 243; 2453:, p. 177; 2449: 2445: 2429: 2425: 2417:, p. 173; 2413: 2409: 2402: 2388: 2384: 2375: 2374: 2370: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2294:History of Cuba 2281:Politics portal 2279: 2272: 2265: 2260: 2258: 2251: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2198: 2196: 2186: 2180: 2177: 2170:needs expansion 2155: 2084:Martín Torrijos 2033: 2025: 2013: 2007: 2004: 1997:needs expansion 1982: 1873: 1869: 1812:. By 1992, the 1790: 1693:socialist state 1593: 1569:Luis Echeverría 1498:Muammar Gaddafi 1454: 1450: 1442: 1418: 1412: 1411: 1393:socialist state 1381:Muammar Gaddafi 1266: 1250:Soviet invasion 1238:Leonid Brezhnev 1206:Ahmed Ben Bella 1193: 1182:Walter Lippmann 1179: 1068: 1040:social deviants 962:John F. Kennedy 957: 949: 941: 881:C. Wright Mills 877:Langston Hughes 768:Anastas Mikoyan 761:Communist Party 744:, 5 March 1960. 726: 713:Rafael Trujillo 688: 673: 585:charm offensive 561: 556: 550: 549: 469:communist state 433: 403:Cuba portal 397: 395: 387:Women's history 218:Negro Rebellion 184:Platt Amendment 158:Treaty of Paris 100:Siege of Havana 45: 38: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6456: 6446: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6363: 6362: 6360: 6359: 6351: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6313: 6312: 6301: 6299: 6295: 6294: 6291: 6290: 6288: 6287: 6279: 6275:Castro's Beard 6271: 6263: 6255: 6246: 6244: 6240: 6239: 6237: 6236: 6228: 6220: 6212: 6204: 6195: 6193: 6186: 6182: 6181: 6179: 6178: 6172: 6169:Mariela Castro 6166: 6160: 6154: 6148: 6142: 6136: 6133:Juanita Castro 6130: 6124: 6118: 6111: 6109: 6105: 6104: 6102: 6101: 6096: 6095: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6083: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6047: 6046: 6045: 6038: 6033: 6023: 6017: 6015: 6011: 6010: 6003: 6002: 5995: 5988: 5980: 5973: 5972: 5967:978-1844675524 5966: 5951: 5946:978-0805090673 5945: 5928: 5923:978-0745640815 5922: 5909: 5904:978-0006388456 5903: 5885: 5880:978-0393034851 5879: 5861: 5856:978-0679456667 5855: 5838: 5833:978-0300104110 5832: 5812: 5807:978-0316308939 5806: 5791: 5786:978-0300107609 5785: 5765: 5760:978-0396085188 5759: 5739: 5734:978-1574886764 5733: 5720: 5715:978-0691025360 5714: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5692: 5666: 5640: 5618: 5592: 5570: 5540: 5518: 5506: 5494: 5472: 5457: 5434: 5408: 5381: 5362: 5340: 5314: 5292: 5270: 5268:, p. 320. 5258: 5236: 5214: 5191: 5165: 5139: 5120: 5089: 5057: 5035: 5009: 4997: 4985: 4973: 4942: 4925: 4913: 4901: 4889: 4877: 4865: 4853: 4841: 4829: 4817: 4805: 4793: 4781: 4769: 4757: 4745: 4733: 4721: 4709: 4697: 4685: 4670: 4658: 4646: 4634: 4622: 4610: 4598: 4581: 4569: 4557: 4545: 4533: 4521: 4509: 4497: 4485: 4473: 4461: 4446: 4434: 4422: 4410: 4398: 4383: 4371: 4359: 4347: 4335: 4320: 4305: 4293: 4291:. pp. 247–248. 4281: 4269: 4267:. pp. 244–245. 4257: 4242: 4211: 4185: 4173: 4171:. pp. 291–292. 4161: 4159:. pp. 243–244. 4149: 4137: 4135:. pp. 242–243. 4125: 4113: 4096: 4084: 4072: 4060: 4047: 4035: 4023: 4011: 3999: 3984: 3972: 3960: 3948: 3936: 3924: 3912: 3900: 3883: 3871: 3859: 3847: 3832: 3817: 3805: 3793: 3781: 3769: 3757: 3745: 3733: 3721: 3709: 3697: 3685: 3673: 3661: 3642: 3630: 3618: 3603: 3591: 3579: 3567: 3555: 3539: 3519: 3507: 3505:, p. 197. 3495: 3475: 3473:, p. 195. 3463: 3461:, p. 194. 3451: 3439: 3423: 3421:, p. 192. 3403: 3401:, p. 189. 3383: 3367: 3355: 3353:, p. 233. 3343: 3341:, p. 397. 3327: 3307: 3305:, p. 190. 3271: 3269:, p. 405. 3259: 3257:, p. 188. 3243: 3231: 3229:, p. 188. 3211: 3199: 3179: 3159: 3139: 3137:, p. 371. 3123: 3103: 3101:, p. 178. 3083: 3071: 3061: 3052: 3043: 3034: 3032:, p. 324. 3018: 2997: 2995:, p. 330. 2985: 2973: 2971:, p. 176. 2953: 2951:, p. 300. 2937: 2935:, p. 176. 2921: 2919:, p. 339. 2909: 2907:, p. 337. 2893: 2873: 2871:, p. 215. 2861: 2859:, p. 177. 2841: 2821: 2819:, p. 172. 2801: 2799:, p. 173. 2781: 2761: 2759:, p. 296. 2745: 2729: 2693: 2681: 2679:, p. 168. 2665: 2663:, p. 167. 2649: 2647:, p. 168. 2633: 2631:, p. 179. 2621: 2597: 2595:, p. 162. 2577: 2557: 2547: 2538: 2529: 2515: 2513:, p. 186. 2503: 2501:, p. 234. 2491: 2479: 2463: 2461:, p. 158. 2443: 2423: 2421:, p. 228. 2407: 2401:978-0786474707 2400: 2382: 2377:"Cuba (09/01)" 2368: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2330: 2327: 2326: 2325: 2324: 2323: 2318: 2308: 2307: 2306: 2301: 2291: 2285: 2284: 2270: 2267:History portal 2256: 2240: 2237: 2223:George W. Bush 2206:Aló Presidente 2188: 2187: 2167: 2165: 2154: 2151: 2135:Pierre Trudeau 2080:Mireya Moscoso 2065:Mision Milagro 2018: 2015: 2014: 1994: 1992: 1981: 1978: 1970:Nelson Mandela 1966:multinationals 1942:global warming 1931:Church in Cuba 1862: 1832:abolished the 1789: 1786: 1754:Manuel Noriega 1750:Eastern Europe 1646:Maurice Bishop 1625:against Cuba. 1600:U.S. President 1592: 1589: 1573:Pierre Trudeau 1474:Agostinho Neto 1443: 1441: 1438: 1417: 1409: 1357:Yom Kippur War 1271:Alexei Kosygin 1265: 1262: 1254:Czechoslovakia 1222:Congo-Kinshasa 1202:Black Panthers 1172: 1140:Order of Lenin 1067: 1064: 942: 940: 937: 873:Allen Ginsberg 822:Castro at the 736:(center), and 725: 722: 666: 596:Vice President 589:U.S. President 560: 557: 555: 547: 461:Prime Minister 435: 434: 432: 431: 424: 417: 409: 406: 405: 392: 391: 390: 389: 384: 379: 374: 372:Jewish history 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 341: 340: 336: 335: 334: 333: 328: 327: 321: 320: 319: 318: 310: 305:Special Period 302: 294: 286: 278: 265: 264: 255: 254: 253: 252: 244: 236: 231: 223: 215: 202: 201: 192: 191: 190: 189: 176: 175: 166: 165: 164: 163: 155: 147: 139: 134:Ten Years' War 131: 118: 117: 108: 107: 106: 105: 92: 91: 82: 81: 80: 79: 77:Taíno genocide 69: 68: 59: 58: 50: 49: 40: 39: 32: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6455: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6408:2000s in Cuba 6406: 6404: 6403:1990s in Cuba 6401: 6399: 6398:1980s in Cuba 6396: 6394: 6393:1970s in Cuba 6391: 6389: 6388:1960s in Cuba 6386: 6384: 6383:1950s in Cuba 6381: 6379: 6376: 6375: 6373: 6358: 6356: 6352: 6350: 6349: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6311: 6308: 6307: 6306: 6303: 6302: 6300: 6296: 6285: 6284: 6283:The Cuba Wars 6280: 6277: 6276: 6272: 6269: 6268: 6264: 6261: 6260: 6256: 6253: 6252: 6251:Guerrilla War 6248: 6247: 6245: 6241: 6234: 6233: 6229: 6226: 6225: 6221: 6218: 6217: 6213: 6210: 6209: 6205: 6202: 6201: 6197: 6196: 6194: 6190: 6187: 6183: 6176: 6173: 6170: 6167: 6164: 6161: 6158: 6155: 6152: 6149: 6146: 6143: 6140: 6137: 6134: 6131: 6128: 6125: 6122: 6119: 6116: 6113: 6112: 6110: 6106: 6100: 6097: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6057: 6056: 6053: 6052: 6051: 6048: 6043: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6031:Participation 6029: 6028: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6001: 5996: 5994: 5989: 5987: 5982: 5981: 5978: 5969: 5963: 5959: 5958: 5952: 5948: 5942: 5937: 5936: 5929: 5925: 5919: 5915: 5910: 5906: 5900: 5896: 5895: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5876: 5872: 5871: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5852: 5847: 5846: 5839: 5835: 5829: 5824: 5823: 5817: 5816:Gott, Richard 5813: 5809: 5803: 5799: 5798: 5792: 5788: 5782: 5777: 5776: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5730: 5726: 5721: 5717: 5711: 5707: 5702: 5701: 5680: 5676: 5670: 5654: 5650: 5644: 5628: 5622: 5606: 5602: 5596: 5580: 5574: 5555: 5554:Diario Granma 5551: 5544: 5528: 5522: 5515: 5510: 5503: 5498: 5482: 5476: 5468: 5461: 5445: 5438: 5422: 5418: 5412: 5396: 5392: 5385: 5378: 5374: 5371: 5366: 5350: 5344: 5328: 5324: 5318: 5302: 5296: 5280: 5274: 5267: 5262: 5246: 5240: 5224: 5218: 5202: 5195: 5179: 5175: 5169: 5153: 5149: 5143: 5135: 5130:, p. 21. 5129: 5124: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5093: 5084: 5078: 5072: 5066: 5061: 5053: 5048:, p. 24. 5047: 5042: 5040: 5023: 5019: 5013: 5006: 5001: 4994: 4989: 4982: 4977: 4963:on 2018-08-21 4959: 4952: 4946: 4939: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4922: 4917: 4910: 4905: 4898: 4893: 4886: 4881: 4874: 4869: 4862: 4857: 4850: 4845: 4838: 4833: 4826: 4821: 4814: 4809: 4802: 4797: 4790: 4785: 4778: 4773: 4766: 4761: 4754: 4749: 4742: 4737: 4730: 4725: 4718: 4713: 4706: 4701: 4694: 4689: 4682: 4677: 4675: 4667: 4662: 4655: 4650: 4643: 4638: 4631: 4626: 4619: 4614: 4607: 4602: 4595: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4578: 4573: 4566: 4561: 4554: 4549: 4542: 4537: 4530: 4525: 4518: 4513: 4506: 4501: 4494: 4489: 4482: 4477: 4470: 4465: 4458: 4453: 4451: 4443: 4438: 4431: 4426: 4419: 4414: 4407: 4402: 4395: 4390: 4388: 4380: 4375: 4368: 4363: 4356: 4351: 4344: 4339: 4332: 4327: 4325: 4317: 4312: 4310: 4302: 4297: 4290: 4285: 4278: 4273: 4266: 4261: 4254: 4249: 4247: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4215: 4199: 4195: 4189: 4182: 4177: 4170: 4165: 4158: 4153: 4146: 4141: 4134: 4129: 4122: 4117: 4110: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4093: 4088: 4081: 4076: 4069: 4064: 4057: 4051: 4044: 4039: 4032: 4027: 4020: 4015: 4008: 4003: 3996: 3991: 3989: 3981: 3976: 3969: 3964: 3957: 3952: 3945: 3940: 3933: 3928: 3921: 3916: 3909: 3904: 3897: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3880: 3875: 3868: 3863: 3856: 3851: 3844: 3839: 3837: 3828: 3821: 3814: 3809: 3802: 3797: 3790: 3785: 3778: 3773: 3766: 3761: 3754: 3749: 3742: 3737: 3730: 3725: 3718: 3713: 3706: 3701: 3694: 3689: 3682: 3677: 3670: 3665: 3658: 3657: 3652: 3646: 3639: 3634: 3627: 3622: 3615: 3610: 3608: 3600: 3595: 3588: 3583: 3576: 3571: 3564: 3559: 3552: 3548: 3543: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3523: 3516: 3511: 3504: 3499: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3479: 3472: 3467: 3460: 3455: 3448: 3443: 3436: 3432: 3427: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3407: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3387: 3380: 3376: 3371: 3364: 3359: 3352: 3347: 3340: 3336: 3331: 3325:, p. 190 3324: 3320: 3316: 3311: 3304: 3298: 3292: 3286: 3280: 3275: 3268: 3263: 3256: 3252: 3247: 3240: 3235: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3215: 3208: 3203: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3183: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3163: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3143: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3107: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3087: 3080: 3075: 3065: 3056: 3047: 3038: 3031: 3027: 3022: 3015: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2994: 2989: 2982: 2977: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2957: 2950: 2946: 2941: 2934: 2930: 2925: 2918: 2913: 2906: 2902: 2897: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2877: 2870: 2865: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2845: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2825: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2805: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2785: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2765: 2758: 2754: 2749: 2742: 2738: 2733: 2724: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2690: 2685: 2678: 2674: 2669: 2662: 2658: 2653: 2646: 2642: 2637: 2630: 2625: 2618: 2617:1-55546-835-7 2614: 2610: 2606: 2601: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2581: 2574: 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1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1830:Boris Yeltsin 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1814:Cuban economy 1811: 1807: 1799: 1794: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1762:Daniel Ortega 1759: 1758:U.S. invasion 1755: 1751: 1746: 1738: 1734: 1729: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1689: 1684: 1683: 1678: 1674: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1662:Arnaldo Ochoa 1659: 1655: 1651: 1650:Bernard Coard 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1634:Falklands War 1631: 1626: 1624: 1620: 1619:Ronald Reagan 1611: 1608: 1604: 1601: 1597: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1556: 1552: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1529:Arnaldo Ochoa 1526: 1522: 1518: 1515:In 1977, the 1513: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1453: 1447: 1437: 1435: 1431: 1426: 1422: 1408: 1406: 1405:head of state 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1384: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1338: 1335: 1330: 1326: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 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