1814:
respiratory secretions, in addition to the more recognized fecal-oral route. ... Upper respiratory cryptosporidiosis may cause inflammation of the nasal mucosa, sinuses, larynx, and trachea, accompanied by nasal discharge and voice change (54, 61, 62). Cryptosporidiosis of the lower respiratory tract typically results in productive cough, dyspnea, fever, and hypoxemia (63,–66). ... While fecal-oral transmission is indisputably the major route of infection, transmission via coughing and fomites is also possible in situations of close contact (20). ... Because they lacked gastrointestinal symptoms and oocyst excretion, the latter cases establish the possibility of primary respiratory infection with
Cryptosporidium, which may have been acquired by inhalation of expectorated droplets or by contact with fomites. ... This finding suggests that respiratory cryptosporidiosis may occur commonly in immunocompetent individuals.
3380:
highlights the need to ensure that infection is avoided. ... For HIV-infected persons, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is the mainstay of preventing and managing cryptosporidiosis. HAART can lead to complete resolution of clinical symptoms and oocysts (Grube 1997; Maggi 2000; Miao 2000). This intervention is not available for HIV patients who are failing HAART or those unable to access HAART in developing countries. Among these immunocompromised persons without the option of an effective treatment for the underlying disease, supportive management, including rehydration therapy, electrolyte replacement, and anti-motility agents will remain the only alternatives for care until better drugs emerge.
2154:
Nitazoxanide is the recommended antimicrobial drug for cryptosporidiosis. ... The frequency of cryptosporidiosis has not been well-defined. About 30% of the adult population of the United States are seropositive with over 10,500 cases reported in 2008. ... Although we gave 7 days of therapy and a satisfactory treatment response was obtained in the short term, there was a high recurrence rate.21 Paromomycin and/or azithromycin in combination with nitazoxanide have been tested in double blind randomized trials for the treatment of cryptosporidiosis in immunocomprised patients such as those with HIV/AIDS, and the results have been encouraging.18,22,23
41:
3329:
adults. ... Use of partially active antiparasitic drugs (eg, nitazoxanide or paromomycin combined with azithromycin) should be considered along with initiating antiretroviral therapy. ... Symptomatic therapy includes replacement of fluids, provision of appropriate nutrition, and treatment with antimotility agents. ... Replacement of fluids and electrolytes is the critically important first step in the management of cryptosporidiosis, particularly in patients with large diarrheal losses. Fluids should include sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, and glucose.
744:– it can survive in the environment for months and is resistant to many common disinfectants, particularly chlorine-based disinfectants. After being ingested, the sporozoites within oocysts excyst (i.e., are released) in the small intestine. The released sporozoites subsequently attach to the microvilli of the epithelial cells of the small intestine. From there they become trophozoites that reproduce asexually by multiple fission, a process known as schizogony. The trophozoites develop into Type 1
8387:
8398:
2079:
diarrhea is mucoid. ... Biliary tract involvement is seen in persons with AIDS who have very low CD4 cell counts and is common in children with X-linked immunodeficiency with hyper–immunoglobulin M (IgM). ... Other signs related to GI illness include right upper-quadrant or epigastric tenderness, icterus, and, rarely, ascites related to pancreatic involvement. Reactive arthritis that affects the hands, knees, ankles, and feet has been described.
465:
8418:
1472:, was suspected to be contaminated with the parasite. A large population (90,000 people), including areas of both Galway City and County, were advised to boil water for drinking, food preparation and for brushing teeth. On 21 March 2007, it was confirmed that the city and county's water supply was contaminated with the parasite. The area's water supply was finally given approval on 20 August 2007, five months after
8428:
1012:; boiling for at least 1 minute (3 minutes above 6,500 feet (2,000 m) of altitude) will decontaminate it. Heating milk at 71.7 °C (161 °F) for 15 seconds pasteurizes it and can destroy the oocysts' ability to infect. Water can also be made safe by filtering with a filter with pore size not greater than 1 micrometre, or by filters that have been approved for "cyst removal" by NSF International
8408:
8377:
230:, an acute infection (i.e., duration shorter than 2 weeks), as recurrent acute infections in which symptoms reappear following a brief period of recovery for up to 30 days, and as a chronic infection (i.e., duration longer than 2 weeks) in which symptoms are severe and persistent. It may be fatal in individuals with a severely compromised
1645:, Sweden. Although many people have been diagnosed with cryptosporidiosis, the source of the parasite has not yet been found. Several tests have been taken around the water treatment unit "Abborren", but so far no results have turned up positive. Residents are being advised to boil the tap water as they continue to search for the contaminating source.
1024:
they should stay away from immunosuppressed people. Immunocompromised people should take care to protect themselves from water in lakes and streams. They should also stay away from animal stools and wash their hands after touching animals. To be safe, they should boil or filter their water. They should also wash and cook their vegetables.
654:. Contact must then be transferred to the mouth and swallowed. It is especially prevalent amongst those in regular contact with bodies of fresh water including recreational water such as swimming pools. Other potential sources include insufficiently treated water supplies, contaminated food, or exposure to feces. The high resistance of
1656:, Ireland, another outbreak of the cryptosporidiosis was reported and a boil water notice was issued. This was the second time the parasite was detected in a month in the Roscommon water supply. The source of one of the outbreaks had been linked to the agricultural community. At least 13 people were treated for Cryptosporidiosis.
3649:
Plutzer, J.; Lassen, B.; Jokelainen, P.; Djurković-Djaković, O.; Kucsera, I.; Dorbek-Kolin, E.; Šoba, B.; Sréter, T.; Imre, K.; Omeragić, J.; Nikolić, A.; Bobić, B.; Živičnjak, T.; Lučinger, S.; Lazarić Stefanović, L.; Kučinar, J.; Sroka, J.; Deksne, G.; Keidāne, D.; Kváč, M.; Hůzová, Z.; Panagiotis,
1670:
In May 2024, in Devon, United
Kingdom there was an outbreak reported and South West Water had to issue a boil notice to 16,000 households and businesses in Brixham, Boohay, Kingswear, Roseland and North West Paignton. The suspected cause of the issue may be a damaged air valve which may have allowed
1648:
Since May 2011, there has been an ongoing outbreak in South
Roscommon in Ireland. Although many people have been diagnosed with cryptosporidiosis, the source of the parasite has not yet been found. Testing continues and Roscommon County Council are now considering introducing Ultra Violet Filtration
1366:
who receive their drinking water from Lake
Michigan). These residents, who receive their drinking water from Lake Michigan, were told to boil their water before drinking it. More people were affected in this one outbreak than the combined number of people affected in every cryptosporidiosis outbreak
1112:
individuals, such as AIDS patients, cryptosporidiosis resolves slowly or not at all, and frequently causes a particularly severe and persistent form of watery diarrhea coupled with a greatly decreased ability to absorb key nutrients through the intestinal tract. As a result, infected individuals may
751:
These daughter cells are Type 1 merozoites, which get released by the meronts. Some of these merozoites can cause autoinfection by attaching to epithelial cells. Others of these merozoites become Type II meronts, which contain 4 Type II merozoites. These merozoites get released and they attach to
759:
from the microgamont penetrating the macrogamonts. The zygotes develop into oocysts of two types. 20% of oocysts have thin walls and so can reinfect the host by rupturing and releasing sporozoites that start the process over again. The thick-walled oocysts are excreted into the environment. The
3379:
The results indicate that nitaxozanide reduces the load of parasites and may be useful in immunocompetent individuals. Due to the seriousness of the potential outcomes of cryptosporidiosis, the use of nitaxozanide should be considered in immunocompromised patients. The absence of effective therapy
1023:
People with cryptosporidiosis should not swim in communal areas because the pathogen can reside in the anal and genital areas and be washed off. They should wait until at least two weeks after diarrhea stops before entering public water sources, since oocysts can still be shed for a while. Also,
771:
As few as 2 to 10 oocysts can initiate an infection. The parasite is located in the brush border of the epithelial cells of the small intestine. They are mainly located in the jejunum. When the sporozoites attach the epithelial cells' membrane envelops them. Thus, they are "intracellular but
1813:
Recent evidence indicates that respiratory cryptosporidiosis may occur commonly in immunocompetent children with cryptosporidial diarrhea and unexplained cough. Findings from animal models, human case reports, and a few epidemiological studies suggest that
Cryptosporidium may be transmitted via
1191:
In
Eastern Europe cryptosporidiosis in humans and animals is common, but there are considerable gaps in surveillance and a lack of comparable methods which limit the understanding of the disease and detection of outbreaks. Research shows a rich diversity of zoonotic subtypes of the parasite in
719:
is causing serious illness more frequently in immunocompromised than in apparently healthy individuals. It may chronically sicken some children, as well as adults who are exposed and immunocompromised. A subset of the immunocompromised population is people with AIDS. Some sexual behaviors can
2078:
After an incubation period of 5–10 days (range 2–28 days), an infected individual develops watery diarrhea ... fever may be low grade or nonexistent; ... Diarrhea, with or without crampy abdominal pain, may be intermittent and scant or continuous, watery, and copious; sometimes, the
787:
The immune system reduces the formation of Type 1 merozoites as well as the number of thin-walled oocysts. This helps prevent autoinfection. B cells do not help with the initial response or the fight to eliminate the parasite. Previous infection in immunocompetent individuals produces little
2153:
All 58 patients reported resolution of diarrhoea after 7 days of treatment with nitazoxanide. However, 40 (70.1%) patients reported recurrence of diarrhoea within 6 weeks of treatment. ... Our study demonstrates a high prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in immunocompetent adult patients.
3328:
Infection may improve with nutritional supplementation, particularly with regimens including zinc or glutamine. ... Nitazoxanide significantly shortens the duration of diarrhea and can decrease the risk of mortality in malnourished children. Trials have also demonstrated efficacy in
572:: macro- and microgamonts develop independently; a microgamont gives rise to numerous male gametes; and oocysts serving for parasites' spreading in the environment. Electron microscopic studies made from the 1970s have shown the intracellular, although extracytoplasmic localization of
2930:
C. muris-infected subjects shed oocysts longer than occurred with other species studied in healthy volunteers. Three volunteers shed oocysts for 7 months. ... Thus, healthy adults are susceptible to C. muris, which can cause mild diarrhea and result in persistent, asymptomatic
3708:
1610:, the United Kingdom, was forced to close its swimming pool until further notice after health inspectors found an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis. Environmental Health authorities requested that the water be tested after it was confirmed that a young man had been infected.
8007:
1411:, Saskatchewan, Canada. Between 5800 and 7100 people had diarrheal illness, and 1,907 cases of cryptosporidiosis were confirmed. Equipment failures at the city's antiquated water filtration plant following maintenance were found to have caused the outbreak.
1916:
Ahmadpour, Ehsan; Safarpour, Hanie; Xiao, Lihua; Zarean, Mehdi; Hatam-Nahavandi, Kareem; Barac, Aleksandra; Picot, Stephane; Rahimi, Mohammad Taghi; Rubino, Salvatore; Mahami-Oskouei, Mahmoud; Spotin, Adel; Nami, Sanam; Baghi, Hossein
Bannazadeh (2020).
1246:, although passive immunization utilizing different zoite surface (glyco)proteins has shown promise. Developmental stages of the life cycle of the parasite might act as possible targets for vaccine development. The organism is detected in 65–97% of the
808:
can help identify oocysts in fecal matter. To increase the chance of finding the oocysts, the diagnostician should inspect at least 3 stool samples. There are several techniques to concentrate either the stool sample or the oocysts. The modified
813:(FEA) concentration method concentrates the stool. Both the modified zinc sulfate centrifugal flotation technique and the Sheather's sugar flotation procedure can concentrate the oocysts by causing them to float. Another form of microscopy is
2107:
Healthcare professionals might consider re-testing stool at least 1 week after the last dose of nitazoxanide only if symptoms do not resolve. In such cases, longer courses of treatment might be needed. Persistent symptoms may also represent
772:
extracytoplasmic". The parasite can cause damage to the microvilli where it attaches. The infected human excretes the most oocysts during the first week. Oocysts can be excreted for weeks after the diarrhea subsides from infections by
1117:
marker counts. Patients with CD4+ counts over 180 cells/mm³ recover with supportive hospital care and medication; but, in patients with CD4+ counts below 50 cells/mm³, the effects are usually fatal within 3 to 6 months. During the
1005:, and before eating. People should avoid contact with animal feces. They should also avoid possibly contaminated food and water. In addition, people should refrain from engaging in sexual activities that can expose them to feces.
1001:. The best way to prevent getting and spreading cryptosporidiosis is to have good hygiene and sanitation. An example would be hand-washing. Prevention is through washing hands carefully after going to the bathroom or contacting
1031:(99% kill rate) and then rinse them thoroughly, with the caveat that no disinfectant is guaranteed to be completely effective against Cryptosporidium. However, hydrogen peroxide is more effective than standard bleach solutions.
4255:
710:
Cases of cryptosporidiosis can occur even in cities that have a properly de-contaminated water supply. In a city with clean water, it may be that cases of cryptosporidiosis have other origins. Testing of water, as well as
3811:
Widmer, Giovanni; Carmena, David; Kváč, Martin; Chalmers, Rachel M.; Kissinger, Jessica C.; Xiao, Lihua; Sateriale, Adam; Striepen, Boris; Laurent, Fabrice; Lacroix-Lamandé, Sonia; Gargala, Gilles; Favennec, Loïc (2020).
1575:
confirmed that 108,000 households were affected, about 250,000 people. They advised that water might not be fit for human consumption for many weeks. The boil notice was lifted for all the affected customers on 4 July
209:
patients presenting with diarrhea. Despite not being identified until 1976, it is one of the most common waterborne diseases and is found worldwide. The infection begins when a human consumes food or water containing
1318:
breeders. Several species of the
Cryptosporidium family (C. serpentes and others) are involved, and outside of geckos it has been found in monitor lizards, iguanas and tortoises, as well as several snake species.
4535:
4520:
4505:
1122:(the largest of its kind), 73% of AIDS patients with CD4+ counts lower than 50 cells/mm³ and 36% of those with counts between 50 and 200 cells/mm³ died within the first year of contracting the infection.
752:
the epithelial cells. From there they become either macrogamonts or microgamonts. These are the female and male sexual forms, respectively. This stage, when sexual forms arise, is called gametogony.
768:
The oocysts are ovoid or spherical and measure 5 to 6 micrometers across. When in flotation preparations they appear highly refractile. The oocysts contains up to 4 sporozoites that are bow-shaped.
2303:"Cryptosporidium is more closely related to the gregarines than to coccidia as shown by phylogenetic analysis of apicomplexan parasites inferred using small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences"
2135:
Ali S, Mumar S, Kalam K, Raja K, Baqi S (2014). "Prevalence, clinical presentation and treatment outcome of cryptosporidiosis in immunocompetent adult patients presenting with acute diarrhoea".
929:. Direct filtration, which is typically used to treat water with low particulate levels, includes coagulation and filtration, but not sedimentation. Other common filtration processes, including
4140:
8002:
1667:
reported and a boil water notice was issued a day after it was discovered. A link has been made to possible human faecal contamination. More than 60 people were treated for
Cryptosporidiosis.
1188:. Ten percent of the population in developing countries excretes oocysts. In developed countries, the number is lower at 1–3%. The age group most affected are children from 1 to 9 years old.
1498:
of cryptosporidiosis in the year; a more usual number would be 30. On 25 September the pools were reopened to those not requiring diapers, but hyperchlorination requirements were not lifted.
1077:
and ends with spontaneous recovery; in some circumstances, antiparasitic medication may be required (e.g., recurrent, severe, or persistent symptoms); however reinfection frequently occurs.
1599:
was the first to report such an outbreak. This prompted some, if not all, city-owned and private pools to close and hyperchlorinate. To the 13 August 2008 there were 400 reported cases of
1184:
Cryptosporidiosis is found worldwide. It causes 50.8% of water-borne diseases that are attributed to parasites. In developing countries, 8–19% of diarrheal diseases can be attributed to
4074:
4259:
1649:
to their water treatment process in the next 12 months. Residents are being advised to boil the tap water and there is no sign of this boil notice being lifted in the near future.
4348:
4190:
3463:
Stachulski, Andrew V.; Berry, Neil G.; Lilian Low, A. C.; Moores, Shelley L.; Row, Eleanor; Warhurst, David C.; Adagu, Ipemida S.; Rossignol, Jean-François (1 February 2006).
3199:
1479:
Hundreds of public pools in 20 Utah counties were closed to young children in 2007, as children under 5 are most likely to spread the disease, especially children wearing
1113:
experience severe dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, malnutrition, wasting, and potentially death. In general, the mortality rate for infected AIDS patients is based on
4162:
2352:
Abrahamsen, M. S.; Templeton, TJ; Enomoto, S; Abrahante, JE; Zhu, G; Lancto, CA; Deng, M; Liu, C; et al. (2004). "Complete Genome
Sequence of the Apicomplexan,
1354:, Wisconsin, US. An estimated 403,000 people became ill, including 4,400 people hospitalized. The source of the Cryptosporidium is believed to be overflow from the
8170:
6665:
5803:
810:
2647:
191:
with or without an unexplained cough. In immunosuppressed individuals, the symptoms are particularly severe and can be fatal. It is primarily spread through the
1362:, which was then taken into the Howard Avenue Water Purification Plant and distributed to an estimated 880,000 residents (of the 1.61 million residents in the
3594:"Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010"
997:
In the US the law requires doctors and labs to report cases of cryptosporidiosis to local or state health departments. These departments then report to the
4148:
596:
DNA studies suggest a relationship with the gregarines rather than the coccidia. The taxonomic position of this group has not yet been finally agreed upon.
6096:
2302:
8135:
5620:
5610:
1073:
individuals with cryptosporidiosis typically experience a short (i.e., duration of less than 2 weeks) self-limiting course of diarrhea that may require
6132:
5773:
5615:
5564:
5554:
1592:
4211:
8165:
7621:
6970:
6829:
6682:
6124:
6108:
6104:
6100:
5656:
1271:) located on the surface of the organism. This protein is a good candidate for use as a molecular vaccine because previous studies have shown that a
3709:"Molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium spp. in calves in Estonia: high prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum shedding and 10 subtypes identified"
2538:
Teresa Ortega, María; Vergara, Alberto; Guimbao, Joaquín; Clavel, Antonio; Gavín, Patricia; Ruiz, Andrés (2006). "Brote de diarrea y transmisión de
8125:
6817:
6805:
6756:
6378:
6072:
6056:
6052:
5798:
5744:
5569:
6823:
6800:
6783:
6390:
6128:
6064:
5815:
5810:
5638:
5150:
4815:
4048:
1247:
1491:
7302:
6883:
6687:
6653:
6624:
6370:
6299:
6116:
6060:
5559:
5512:
5144:
4809:
4800:
1638:, Sweden. The source of contamination was the tap water. In mid December 2010 the number of reported cases was 12,400 according to local media.
1340:
882:
4282:
8057:
6875:
6858:
6841:
6792:
6749:
6744:
6694:
6112:
6068:
5785:
5761:
5024:
4910:
3057:
1153:
review recommended that nitazoxanide be considered for use in treatment despite its reduced effectiveness in immunocompromised individuals.
8310:
8024:
6912:
6904:
6850:
6120:
5780:
5719:
5121:
5110:
4820:
4018:
1169:
246:
individuals. Following the resolution of diarrhea, symptoms can reoccur after several days or weeks due to reinfection. The likelihood of
4469:
4082:
8248:
6888:
5012:
960:
and ozone treatment. The required levels of chlorine generally preclude the use of chlorine disinfection as a reliable method to control
674:
enables them to survive for long periods and still remain infective. Some outbreaks have happened in day care related to diaper changes.
568:
1671:
animal waste or contaminated ground water to enter the water supply. Further testing is being sought to rule out any further causations.
352:
270:
6863:
6699:
6092:
4461:
2760:
Murray, Patrick R., Ken S. Rosenthal, and Michael A. Pfaller. Medical Microbiology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Inc., 2005: 855–856.
1227:
998:
4403:
8086:
5791:
4122:
1119:
4187:
8130:
7992:
3271:
John, David T. and William A. Petri, Jr. Markell and Voge's Medical Parasitology. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Inc., 2006: 68–71.
1355:
1343:. This was the first report of its spread through a municipal water system that met all state and federal drinking water standards.
1631:(east of Glasgow, UK) detected traces of cryptosporidium in its swimming pools, causing a temporary closure of the swimming pools.
8100:
1476:
was first detected. Around 240 people are known to have contracted the disease; experts say the true figure could be up to 5,000.
1088:
drug treatment with proven efficacy for cryptosporidiosis in immunocompetent individuals; however, it lacks efficacy in severely
3203:
1449:, the United Kingdom, had an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis. The outbreak may have been linked to the drinking water supply from
51:
showing cryptosporidiosis. The cryptosporidium are the small, round bodies in apical vacuoles on the surface of the epithelium.
2779:
Winn Jr., Washington; Allen, Stephen; Janda, William; Koneman, Elmer; Procop, Gary; Schreckenberger, Paul; Woods, Gail (2006).
1268:
72:
1230:) vaccine has produced an antibody response in a large group of cows and also antibody response in calves fed rCP15/60-immune
8091:
8039:
7944:
6963:
1664:
1027:
The US CDC notes the recommendation of many public health departments to soak contaminated surfaces for 20 minutes with a 3%
1149:
together; these drugs are only partially active in HIV/AIDS patients compared to their effect in immunocompetent persons. A
736:
exist as multiple cell types which correspond to different stages in an infection (e.g., a sexual and asexual stage). As an
8431:
8294:
8105:
8034:
7959:
7778:
1126:
4166:
3000:
Okhuysen, Pablo C.; Chappell, Cynthia L.; Sterling, Charles R.; Jakubowski, Walter; DuPont, Herbert L. (1 February 1998).
8282:
8160:
4655:
1328:
3351:
1058:). Supplemental zinc may improve symptoms, particularly in recurrent or persistent infections or in others at risk for
7295:
1347:
2651:
551:
is capable of completing its life cycle within a single host, resulting in microbial cyst stages that are excreted in
8299:
8258:
8223:
8208:
8190:
8115:
7894:
4439:
3282:"Control measures for Outbreaks — Intensified Cryptosporidiosis (Crypto) Control Measures for the Child Care Setting"
2874:
2805:
Chen W, Harp JA, Harmsen AG (April 2003). "Cryptosporidium parvum infection in gene-targeted B cell-deficient mice".
864:
433:
408:
788:
resistance to future infection, however it may decrease the severity of disease and the number of oocysts excreted.
8304:
8140:
8071:
8066:
6956:
4696:
1857:
Wang, Ze-Dong; Liu, Quan; Liu, Huan-Huan; Li, Shuang; Zhang, Li; Zhao, Yong-Kun; Zhu, Xing-Quan (9 January 2018).
238:
usually appear 5–10 days after infection (range: 2–28 days) and normally last for up to 2 weeks in
8243:
8150:
8014:
7929:
7692:
4691:
4215:
3553:"Cryptosporidiosis: prevalence, genotype analysis, and symptoms associated with infections in children in Kenya"
2818:
2338:
8272:
8145:
7982:
7949:
1408:
1137:
medication. Antiparasitic drug treatment for immunocompromised individuals usually involves the combination of
1013:
362:
3927:
8048:
7438:
7288:
4775:
4765:
4748:
3091:"Effects of ozone, chlorine dioxide, chlorine, and monochloramine on Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst viability"
1250:
supply in the United States and is resistant to most disinfectants used for the treatment of drinking water.
1919:"Cryptosporidiosis in HIV-positive patients and related risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
877:. If the patient is thought to have biliary cryptosporidiosis, then an appropriate diagnostic technique is
860:
8411:
8277:
4934:
4432:
Control of communicable diseases manual : an official report of the American Public Health Association
3707:
Santoro, A.; Dorbek-Kolin, E.; Jeremejeva, J.; Tummeleht, L.; Orro, T.; Jokelainen, P.; Lassen, B. (2019).
8462:
8331:
8029:
7987:
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1386:
1363:
856:
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as well. In immunocompromised persons, cryptosporidiosis may disseminate to other organs, including the
4312:
8452:
8326:
3465:"Identification of Isoflavone Derivatives as Effective Anticryptosporidial Agents in Vitro and in Vivo"
2407:
Xu, P.; Widmer, G; Wang, Y; Ozaki, LS; Alves, JM; Serrano, MG; Puiu, D; Manque, P; et al. (2004).
4052:
8482:
8356:
8076:
4349:"Human faecal contamination of Queenstown water supply most likely cause of cryptosporidium outbreak"
1488:
1484:
1394:
1043:
870:
3002:"Susceptibility and Serologic Response of Healthy Adults to Reinfection with Cryptosporidium parvum"
1414:
In the summer of 2005, after numerous reports by patrons of gastrointestinal upset, a water park at
913:
production use conventional filtration technologies. This involves a series of processes, including
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8218:
7579:
7571:
7414:
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in the 24 years since then. An estimated 69 people died during the outbreak, according to the CDC.
873:(PCR) is another way to diagnose cryptosporidiosis. It can even identify the specific species of
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8110:
7551:
7426:
7072:
7040:
6767:
6333:
4780:
4648:
3311:
1660:
1125:
The best treatment approach is to improve the immune status in immunodeficient individuals using
195:, often through contaminated water; recent evidence suggests that it can also be transmitted via
4026:
2061:
1238:
infections are particularly prevalent and often fatal in infants in developing countries and to
1199:
for cryptosporidiosis, meaning that they contracted the infection at some point in their lives.
1176:. rifaximin is also sometimes used for immunocompromised patients/patients with severe disease.
968:. Water Research Foundation-funded research originally discovered UV's efficacy in inactivating
952:
is highly resistant to chlorine disinfection, with high enough concentrations and contact time,
566:
life cycle fits well with that of other intestinal homogeneous coccidian genera of the suborder
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8186:
8081:
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7261:
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5821:
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1415:
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1130:
814:
282:
227:
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4590:
4514:
3146:
Rochelle PA, Fallar D, Marshall MM, Montelone BA, Upton SJ, Woods K (September–October 2004).
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40:
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7725:
7113:
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1571:. People in the affected areas were warned not to drink tap water unless it had been boiled.
1509:
1286:
A summary of discoveries presented at the most recent (June 2019) international symposium on
1242:
people, such as AIDS patients. There is no commercially available effective vaccine against
1074:
1039:
365:
4330:
4256:"Smittskyddsinstitutets arbete med det vattenburna utbrottet av Cryptosporidium i Östersund"
4230:
3675:
8457:
8401:
7715:
7544:
7399:
5756:
4868:
4411:
4075:"State Health Department Issues Update on Seneca Lake State Park Gastrointestinal Outbreak"
3102:
2424:
2365:
262:
184:
105:
2866:
8:
8361:
8120:
7818:
7129:
7125:
7058:
6979:
6001:
5958:
4539:
2094:
1775:"The evolution of respiratory Cryptosporidiosis: evidence for transmission by inhalation"
1272:
445:
8417:
3971:"Costs of Illness in the 1993 Waterborne Cryptosporidium Outbreak, Milwaukee, Wisconsin"
3106:
2428:
2369:
8019:
7972:
7914:
7798:
7470:
7226:
6048:
5848:
5067:
4843:
4760:
4738:
4726:
4701:
4641:
3995:
3970:
3903:
3876:
3852:
3818:
spp.: highlights from the Seventh International Giardia and Cryptosporidium Conference"
3813:
3736:
3684:
3651:
3631:
3421:
3396:
3181:
3168:
3147:
2916:
2891:
2830:
2616:
2515:
2486:
2389:
2330:
2233:
2208:
1953:
1918:
1893:
1858:
1799:
1774:
1051:
964:
in drinking water. Ultraviolet light treatment at relatively low doses will inactivate
934:
894:
375:
286:
79:
4544:
4373:
White, A. Clinton Jr. (2005). "Cryptosporidiosis". In Mandell, G; et al. (eds.).
3788:
3755:
3609:
3123:
3090:
3034:
3001:
2559:
2184:
2167:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1279:
to mice. Currently, there is no vaccine or completely effective drug therapy against
8467:
8346:
8155:
7841:
7475:
7442:
7356:
7086:
6737:
6174:
5736:
5574:
5435:
5358:
4929:
4770:
4733:
4721:
4711:
4561:
4435:
4049:"Waterborne Cryptosporidiosis Outbreak, North Battleford, Ssaskatchewan, Spring 2001"
4000:
3908:
3857:
3839:
3793:
3775:
3728:
3689:
3623:
3618:
3574:
3533:
3492:
3484:
3426:
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3173:
3128:
3039:
3021:
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2944:
2921:
2870:
2822:
2732:
2598:
2563:
2520:
2442:
2381:
2322:
2283:
2238:
2189:
2144:
1958:
1940:
1898:
1804:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1596:
1239:
1109:
1089:
1028:
906:
616:
258:
243:
176:
164:
139:
67:
3740:
3310:
Cabada MM, White AC, Venugopalan P, Sureshbabu J (18 August 2015). Bronze MS (ed.).
3185:
3114:
2834:
2393:
2334:
2060:
Cabada MM, White AC, Venugopalan P, Sureshbabu J (18 August 2015). Bronze MS (ed.).
1997:
7997:
7909:
7889:
7737:
7707:
7323:
7181:
7140:
7121:
7117:
6612:
6166:
6142:
6138:
5976:
5920:
5417:
5221:
4959:
4685:
3990:
3982:
3898:
3888:
3847:
3829:
3783:
3767:
3720:
3679:
3671:
3635:
3613:
3605:
3564:
3523:
3476:
3416:
3408:
3366:
3362:
3163:
3118:
3110:
3029:
3013:
2972:
2956:
2911:
2903:
2814:
2724:
2590:
2555:
2510:
2502:
2432:
2373:
2314:
2273:
2228:
2220:
2179:
1948:
1930:
1888:
1878:
1794:
1786:
1423:
1276:
957:
930:
556:
192:
4601:
4104:
3528:
3511:
3017:
2783:(6th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 1267–70.
1719:
1453:, but this is not yet confirmed. As a result, 231 people fell ill and the company
990:
The most reliable way to decontaminate drinking water that may be contaminated by
975:
One of the largest challenges in identifying outbreaks is the ability to identify
250:
is high in immunocompromised adults, and low in those with normal immune systems.
8213:
7919:
7881:
7851:
7697:
7630:
7495:
7480:
7404:
7371:
6600:
6178:
6146:
5966:
5962:
5925:
5903:
5868:
5579:
5378:
5310:
5240:
4971:
4964:
4555:
4473:
4194:
2859:
1525:
1495:
1070:
1059:
987:
with online systems, unlike the spot and batch testing methods used in the past.
878:
845:
825:
729:
712:
656:
477:
331:
274:
239:
168:
144:
92:
56:
8421:
4612:
3771:
3446:"Cryptosporidiosis in Patients with HIV Disease: Is It Safe to Drink the Water?"
2890:
Chappell CL, Okhuysen PC, Langer-Curry RC, Lupo PJ, Widmer G, Tzipori S (2015).
253:
In immunocompetent individuals, cryptosporidiosis is primarily localized to the
8336:
7500:
7465:
7361:
7248:
7218:
7078:
6995:
6987:
6983:
6495:
6411:
6321:
6242:
6182:
6152:
5935:
5879:
5856:
5679:
5440:
5395:
5228:
5208:
5097:
4863:
4716:
4668:
4387:
3877:"Cryptosporidiosis - an occupational risk and a disregarded disease in Estonia"
3834:
3445:
3247:
3225:
3058:"The Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule – What Does it Mean to You?"
2856:
2224:
1935:
1867:
infection in HIV-infected people: a global systematic review and meta-analysis"
1517:
910:
337:
211:
20:
4566:
4529:
3756:"Cryptosporidium Taxonomy: Recent Advances and Implications for Public Health"
3724:
3412:
2278:
2257:
1883:
1314:. In addition, in recent years, cryptosporidiosis has plagued many commercial
8446:
8341:
7861:
7669:
7530:
7510:
7421:
7386:
7267:
7187:
7092:
6761:
6670:
6510:
6459:
6446:
6429:
6353:
6200:
6088:
6009:
5930:
5885:
5873:
5838:
5630:
5541:
5471:
5383:
5366:
5245:
5086:
5073:
4905:
3843:
3779:
3569:
3488:
3352:"Prevention and treatment of cryptosporidiosis in immunocompromised patients"
3025:
2968:
1944:
1572:
1359:
1315:
1157:
1134:
1085:
922:
829:
512:
385:
320:
278:
231:
172:
4633:
3893:
2892:"Cryptosporidium muris: infectivity and illness in healthy adult volunteers"
2377:
2097:. United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 20 February 2015
2000:. United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 20 February 2015
1642:
1434:
infection. The "Sprayground" was ordered closed for the season on 15 August.
1207:
The organism was first described in 1907 by Tyzzer, who recognised it was a
1160:. For example, synthetic isoflavone derivates have been shown to fight off
8391:
8351:
7866:
7687:
7679:
7649:
7520:
7505:
7351:
7212:
7203:
7104:
7064:
6923:
6629:
6617:
6571:
6551:
6500:
6477:
6345:
6328:
6316:
6259:
6247:
6211:
6188:
6082:
6078:
6044:
5986:
5981:
5970:
5954:
5950:
5912:
5767:
5749:
5673:
5483:
5459:
5447:
5289:
5269:
5252:
5233:
5199:
5135:
5019:
4989:
4887:
4004:
3986:
3932:
3912:
3861:
3797:
3732:
3693:
3627:
3578:
3537:
3496:
3430:
3374:
3177:
2986:
2925:
2826:
2736:
2602:
2567:
2524:
2506:
2485:
Carpenter, Colleen; Fayer, Ronald; Trout, James; Beach, Michael J. (1999).
2446:
2385:
2326:
2287:
2193:
2148:
1962:
1902:
1808:
1469:
1450:
1419:
1196:
1146:
1138:
1097:
1081:
918:
833:
664:
612:
415:
290:
206:
123:
52:
4410:. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Archived from
3132:
3043:
2907:
2715:
Chen XM, Keithly JS, Paya CV, LaRusso NF (May 2002). "Cryptosporidiosis".
2594:
2351:
2318:
2242:
1635:
1583:
of 2008; many public swimming areas, water parks, and public pools in the
8381:
7967:
7924:
7856:
7836:
7813:
7788:
7592:
7587:
7565:
7558:
7515:
7485:
7455:
7311:
7022:
7013:
6811:
6732:
6715:
6605:
6596:
6533:
6521:
6515:
6420:
6266:
6253:
6026:
5991:
5945:
5940:
5711:
5649:
5500:
5428:
5422:
5371:
5337:
5317:
5185:
5079:
5062:
5042:
5001:
4946:
4917:
4892:
4585:
3648:
2960:
2728:
1790:
1628:
1556:
1454:
1446:
1142:
1093:
914:
837:
756:
492:
324:
156:
100:
4497:
4455:
2437:
2408:
1838:. United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1 April 2015
1634:
In November 2010, over 4000 cases of cryptosporidiosis were reported in
836:
can also be performed. Part of the small intestine can be stained with
828:, which will stain the oocysts red. One type of acid-fast stain is the
8182:
7934:
7899:
7828:
7615:
7490:
7450:
7319:
7280:
7156:
6917:
6658:
6563:
6540:
6488:
6482:
6440:
6434:
6383:
6358:
6308:
6235:
6223:
6217:
6193:
6038:
6034:
6014:
5891:
5861:
5691:
5591:
5586:
5529:
5523:
5476:
5464:
5452:
5404:
5277:
5257:
5031:
4994:
4952:
4940:
4851:
4607:
3397:"Treatment of Cryptosporidium: What We Know, Gaps, and the Way Forward"
1541:
1259:
1251:
1055:
980:
926:
805:
801:
700:
People, including swimmers, who swallow water from contaminated sources
583:
an endogenous phase of development in microvilli of epithelial surfaces
507:
501:
464:
425:
395:
358:
310:
48:
3706:
3480:
3350:
Abubakar I, Aliyu SH, Arumugam C, Hunter PR, Usman NK (January 2007).
715:
study, are necessary to determine the sources of specific infections.
697:
Backpackers, hikers, and campers who drink unfiltered, untreated water
8228:
7939:
7871:
7846:
7808:
7773:
7765:
7747:
7732:
7720:
7664:
7641:
7609:
7604:
7394:
7232:
7004:
6724:
6635:
6545:
6470:
6452:
6395:
6271:
6205:
5667:
5661:
5643:
5517:
5488:
5412:
5294:
5216:
5155:
4982:
4672:
4664:
4596:
2865:(23rd ed.). New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw Hill. pp.
2546:
diarrhea outbreak and transmission linked to diaper infant use].
1653:
1607:
1533:
1430:. By early September 2005, over 3,800 people reported symptoms of a
1351:
1231:
1192:
animals indicating a rich potential of animal to human transmission.
881:. If that returns normal results, the next step would be to perform
650:
that has been in contact with the feces of an infected individual or
639:
608:
482:
453:
4621:
4313:"Boil water notice after Cryptosporidiosis outbreak in Co Roscommon"
3593:
3464:
3089:
Korich DG, Mead JR, Madore MS, Sinclair NA, Sterling CR (May 1990).
2460:
242:
individuals; symptoms are usually more severe and persist longer in
8203:
7793:
7742:
7598:
7538:
7366:
7336:
7256:
7035:
7027:
6675:
6588:
6464:
6229:
5724:
5685:
5603:
5547:
5348:
5036:
4898:
4875:
4755:
4378:
3394:
2695:
Sherris Medical Microbiology: An Introduction to Infectious Disease
1564:
1560:
1537:
1505:
1442:
1299:
1234:
produced by these vaccinated cows. This is very promising. Human
1208:
855:
is yet another way to diagnose the disease. This can be done with
818:
668:
485:
381:
306:
301:
Common signs and symptoms of intestinal cryptosporidiosis include:
266:
188:
180:
152:
149:
4467:
Aquatics International Article Regarding Infection via Spray Parks
4141:"People in Northampton and Daventry warned not to drink tap water"
4051:. Public Health Agency of Canada. 15 November 2001. Archived from
2999:
784:
infections have been observed excreting oocysts for seven months.
7659:
7376:
7346:
7172:
7150:
7135:
5597:
5535:
5282:
5174:
5091:
4922:
4880:
4856:
4834:
4198:
2537:
1545:
1465:
1457:(Dwr Cymru) advised 61,000 people to boil their water before use.
1438:
1100:
are sometimes used as well, but they only have partial efficacy.
852:
660:
496:
391:
316:
235:
3969:
Corso P, Kramer M, Blair K, Addiss D, Davis J, Haddix A (2003).
3309:
3284:. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 7 January 2019.
2889:
2209:"Acute pancreatitis: a new finding in cryptosporidium enteritis"
2059:
7803:
7761:
7331:
6978:
5006:
4524:
4509:
3462:
3443:
3145:
1621:
1580:
1480:
1461:
1390:
1371:
1303:
1223:
745:
737:
677:
The following groups have an elevated risk of being exposed to
671:
651:
600:
489:
196:
59:
3512:"Drug treatment and novel drug target against Cryptosporidium"
2692:
1715:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 5 February 2009.
1712:
1339:
In 1987, 13,000 people in Carrollton, Georgia, United States,
7757:
7409:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3337:
2781:
Koneman's Color Atlas and Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology
1624:, Australia, was found to be contaminated by cryptosporidium.
1588:
1521:
1513:
1375:
1307:
1114:
1002:
898:
841:
741:
643:
552:
440:
254:
160:
8376:
4231:"Woree, Gordonvale residents advised to boil drinking water"
2857:
Brooks, Geo. F.; Butel, Janet S.; Morse, Stephen A. (2004).
1915:
1168:
and in animal studies. Derivates of nitazoxanide, known as
623:, also has its genome sequence available. CryptoDB.org is a
3395:
Sparks H, Nair G, Castellanos-Gonzalez A, White AC (2015).
3349:
3202:. WaterResearchFoundation (formerly AwwaRF). Archived from
2819:
10.1645/0022-3395(2003)089[0391:CPIIGB]2.0.CO;2
2168:"Recent advances in cryptosporidiosis: the immune response"
1529:
1397:, British Columbia, where 10,000 to 15,000 people got sick.
1311:
902:
733:
691:
People who take care of other people with cryptosporidiosis
647:
3334:
1836:"Cryptosporidium: Sources of Infection & Risk Factors"
1772:
607:
was sequenced in 2004 and was found to be unusual amongst
519:
infect mammals. In humans, the main causes of disease are
7654:
3810:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
1020:, especially if the water is from an underground source.
1008:
Standard water filtration may not be enough to eliminate
983:. Real-time monitoring technology is now able to detect
624:
355:
involvement and may lead to respiratory cryptosporidiosis
3088:
2697:(4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 727–730.
2484:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
1641:
As of April 2011, there has been an ongoing outbreak in
1426:
was found to have two water storage tanks infected with
309:, sometimes contains mucus and rarely contains blood or
4331:"13 people treated following Roscommon water pollution"
3444:
Gilson M.D., Ian; Buggy, Brian P. M.D. (October 1996).
1356:
Milwaukee area combined sanitary and storm sewer system
1258:
react with several antigens, one of which is a 15
800:. They include microscopy, staining, and detection of
4478:
4434:. APHA Press, the American Public Health Association.
4401:
3968:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3291:
2861:
Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg's Medical Microbiology
2714:
1992:
760:
oocysts are mature and infective upon being excreted.
555:
and are capable of transmission to a new host via the
4372:
2581:
Kelley, Amy S. (2014). "Defining "Serious Illness"".
2206:
2012:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1909:
1156:
Currently, research is being done in molecular-based
844:(H & E), which will show oocysts attached to the
559:. Other vectors of disease transmission also exist.
4487:
3754:
Xiao, L.; Fayer, R.; Ryan, U.; Upton, S. J. (2004).
3551:
Gatei W, Wamae CN, Mbae C, et al. (July 2006).
1620:
In May 2010, the Behana creek water supply south of
1468:, after the source of water for much of the county,
1016:. Bottled drinking water is less likely to contain
706:
People exposed to human feces through sexual contact
579:
These species possess a number of unusual features:
8136:
2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak
4397:. Kansas State University: Parasitology Laboratory.
4258:(in Swedish). Smittskyddsinstitutet. Archived from
3288:
2256:Graczyk TK, Fayer R, Knight R, et al. (2000).
1407:In April 2001, an outbreak occurred in the city of
1050:(sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, and glucose), and
859:(DFA) techniques. It can also be achieved through
3874:
3753:
2858:
2300:
2255:
1969:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
315:In very severe cases, diarrhea may be profuse and
3804:
2617:"Chlorine Disinfection of Recreational Water for
2487:"Chlorine Disinfection of Recreational Water for
2406:
2301:Carreno RA, Martin DS, Barta JR (November 1999).
2134:
1254:in the serum of humans and animals infected with
941:. Membranes and bag and cartridge filters remove
8444:
1460:In March 2007, a suspected outbreak occurred in
642:is through contaminated material such as earth,
418:of the nasal mucosa, sinuses, larynx, or trachea
402:
371:Less common or rare signs and symptoms include:
3956:Environmental Science, Earth as a Living Planet
3390:
3388:
2804:
1819:
1773:Sponseller JK, Griffiths JK, Tzipori S (2014).
1563:, and some surrounding areas supplied from the
1393:. Weeks later, a separate incident occurred in
1195:Roughly 30% of adults in the United States are
378:(may affect the hands, knees, ankles, and feet)
296:
277:; pancreatic and biliary infection can involve
4429:
4375:Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases
3550:
3312:"Cryptosporidiosis Treatment & Management"
2478:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
883:endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
84:Watery diarrhea, nausea, abdominal pain, fever
7296:
6964:
4663:
4649:
3747:
3152:spp. despite the presence of UV repair genes"
1348:1993, a waterborne cryptosporidiosis outbreak
627:-funded database that provides access to the
589:the smallest number of sporozoites per oocyst
171:(i.e., individuals with a normal functioning
8311:Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition
8126:2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak
8025:1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal
3953:
3642:
3385:
1856:
780:; however, immunocompetent individuals with
8249:United Kingdom food information regulations
5198:
5143:
4808:
2945:"New Insights into Human Cryptosporidiosis"
2574:
2294:
2113:
495:. Other apicomplexan pathogens include the
7303:
7289:
6971:
6957:
5183:
4656:
4642:
4462:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3962:
3925:
2650:. Gideon. 23 February 2009. Archived from
2258:"Mechanical transport and transmission of
1555:was found in England in water supplies in
999:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
199:contaminated with respiratory secretions.
39:
8087:2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak
3994:
3928:"Scientists Nab Water-Polluting Parasite"
3902:
3892:
3851:
3833:
3787:
3683:
3617:
3568:
3527:
3509:
3420:
3167:
3122:
3033:
2976:
2915:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2693:Ryan, Kenneth J.; Ray, C. George (2004).
2642:
2640:
2638:
2542:asociados al uso de pañal en niños" [
2514:
2436:
2277:
2232:
2183:
2089:
2087:
2062:"Cryptosporidiosis Clinical Presentation"
1998:"Cryptosporidium: Illness & Symptoms"
1952:
1934:
1892:
1882:
1798:
1120:1993 Milwaukee cryptosporidiosis outbreak
8131:2018 Australian strawberry contamination
7993:Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident
7310:
6723:
4123:"Cryptosporidium outbreak hits the West"
4105:"Galway water now safer than ever - HSE"
3200:"Ultraviolet Disinfection and Treatment"
2993:
2883:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2207:Hawkins S, Thomas R, Teasdale C (1987).
463:
8101:2011 United States listeriosis outbreak
4404:"The Taxonomicon & Systema Naturae"
3700:
3676:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.4.16-00825
3585:
3503:
3267:
3265:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2672:
1627:In July 2010, a local sports center in
1385:affected approximately 2,000 people in
8445:
8116:2015 Mozambique funeral beer poisoning
7693:Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)
4163:"Anglian Water-lifting of boil notice"
3875:Lassen B, Ståhl M, Enemark HL (2014).
3591:
2841:
2743:
2701:
2635:
2580:
2084:
1707:
1705:
1591:had an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis.
1370:The UK's biggest outbreak occurred in
592:a multi-membraneous "feeder" organelle
7284:
6952:
4637:
4386:Upton, Steve J. (12 September 2003).
4385:
4228:
4212:"Gym closes pool in danger bug alert"
3544:
2942:
2936:
2787:
2664:Trial subscription required to access
2165:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
586:two morphofunctional types of oocysts
221:
8407:
8295:Institute for Food Safety and Health
8035:Australian meat substitution scandal
8003:Moroccan oil poisoning disaster 1959
7779:Arsenic contamination of groundwater
4280:
3660:in the eastern part of Europe, 2016"
3262:
2943:Clark, Douglas P. (1 October 1999).
2763:
2669:
1516:residents, with hundreds across the
1172:, have also shown promising results
1127:highly active antiretroviral therapy
1103:
796:There are many diagnostic tests for
8427:
8283:Food Information and Control Agency
3248:"Boil water 'into January' warning"
1329:List of cryptosporidiosis outbreaks
13:
4281:Sjöö, Patrick (13 December 2010).
3919:
3169:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00291.x
1682:
1260:
1065:
824:Other staining techniques include
547:can also cause disease in humans.
226:Cryptosporidiosis may occur as an
14:
8494:
8300:International Food Safety Network
8224:International Food Safety Network
7945:Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
7895:Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein
7622:Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic
4449:
4283:"Kommunens parasitenkät avslutas"
3926:Fackelmann, K. A. (3 June 1989).
3226:"Boil water warning 'precaution'"
3148:"Irreversible UV inactivation of
1614:
1341:became ill with cryptosporidiosis
1092:patients. Certain agents such as
937:and membranes will remove 99% of
865:Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
703:People who handle infected cattle
646:, uncooked or cross-contaminated
8426:
8416:
8406:
8397:
8396:
8385:
8375:
8305:Ministry of Food and Drug Safety
8141:Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal
8072:2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak
8067:ICA meat repackaging controversy
2166:Riggs, Michael W (August 2002).
1322:
1293:
740:– a type of hardy, thick-walled
720:transmit the parasite directly.
8244:Quality Assurance International
8151:Food safety incidents in Taiwan
8121:2017 Brazil Operation Weak Meat
8015:1971 Iraq poison grain disaster
7930:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
4402:S.J. Brands (Compiler) (2000).
4341:
4323:
4305:
4274:
4248:
4222:
4204:
4188:Crypto spreads to private pools
4181:
4155:
4133:
4115:
4097:
4067:
4041:
4011:
3947:
3868:
3456:
3437:
3274:
3240:
3218:
3192:
3139:
3115:10.1128/AEM.56.5.1423-1428.1990
3082:
3050:
2609:
2531:
2453:
2400:
2345:
2249:
2200:
2159:
2095:"Cryptosporidium: Nitazoxanide"
1179:
867:(ELISA) also detects antigens.
763:
748:that contain 8 daughter cells.
488:which is categorized under the
351:Nausea and vomiting – suggests
8273:European Food Safety Authority
8146:Food safety incidents in China
7983:1858 Bradford sweets poisoning
7950:Water fluoridation controversy
4229:Mawer, Jessica (20 May 2010).
4145:Northampton Chronicle and Echo
4025:. 23 June 2004. Archived from
3469:Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
3367:10.1002/14651858.CD004932.pub2
2583:Journal of Palliative Medicine
1850:
1567:Reservoir, as reported on the
1483:. As of 10 September 2007 the
1333:
1014:National Sanitation Foundation
134:, sometimes informally called
1:
3760:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
3610:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0
3592:Lozano R (15 December 2012).
3018:10.1128/IAI.66.2.441-443.1998
2949:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
2560:10.1016/S0025-7753(06)72352-1
2185:10.1016/S1286-4579(02)01631-3
1675:
888:
723:
619:. A closely related species,
403:Respiratory cryptosporidiosis
8278:Food and Drug Administration
7960:Food contamination incidents
4408:Taxon: Genus Cryptosporidium
4289:(in Swedish). Archived from
3958:(5th ed.). p. 441.
3954:Botkin & Keller (2005).
3510:Gargala G (September 2008).
2495:Emerging Infectious Diseases
2262:oocysts by wild filth flies"
1606:In September 2008, a gym in
1401:
1290:has been published in 2020.
1133:along with continued use of
1034:
791:
688:Parents of infected children
297:Intestinal cryptosporidiosis
271:upper gastrointestinal tract
187:) individuals, resulting in
7:
8332:Food and drink prohibitions
8106:Bihar school meal poisoning
8030:United Kingdom BSE outbreak
7988:1900 English beer poisoning
7342:Antibiotic use in livestock
4201:. Retrieved 13 August 2008.
3772:10.1128/CMR.17.1.72-97.2004
3529:10.1051/parasite/2008153275
1663:, New Zealand there was an
1585:Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex
1214:
861:indirect immunofluorescence
857:direct fluorescent antibody
634:
436:cryptosporidiosis include:
411:cryptosporidiosis include:
10:
8499:
8327:Curing (food preservation)
7400:Monosodium glutamate (MSG)
4079:New York State Health Dept
3359:Cochrane Database Syst Rev
2225:10.1136/bmj.294.6570.483-a
1326:
1202:
935:diatomaceous earth filters
305:Moderate to severe watery
18:
8370:
8357:Genetically modified food
8319:
8257:
8209:Food labeling regulations
8181:
8077:2008 Chinese milk scandal
7958:
7880:
7827:
7756:
7706:
7678:
7640:
7529:
7437:
7385:
7318:
7247:
7202:
7171:
7103:
7021:
7012:
7003:
6994:
6903:
6874:
6849:
6840:
6791:
6782:
6714:
6646:
6587:
6562:
6419:
6410:
6369:
6344:
6307:
6298:
6294:
6165:
6025:
6000:
5911:
5902:
5847:
5836:
5735:
5710:
5629:
5508:
5499:
5403:
5394:
5357:
5346:
5335:
5305:
5268:
5207:
5194:
5172:
5134:
5108:
5053:
4842:
4833:
4799:
4795:
4679:
4576:
4491:
3725:10.1017/S0031182018001348
3413:10.1007/s40475-015-0056-9
2279:10.4269/ajtmh.2000.63.178
1884:10.1186/s13071-017-2558-x
1494:25 September 2007 at the
1485:Utah Department of Health
1283:in HIV/AIDS individuals.
897:that take raw water from
871:Polymerase chain reaction
511:, the causative agent of
119:
111:
99:
88:
78:
66:
47:
38:
33:
8219:Food safety in Australia
7415:High-fructose corn syrup
3835:10.1051/parasite/2020011
3570:10.4269/ajtmh.2006.75.78
3095:Appl. Environ. Microbiol
1936:10.1051/parasite/2020025
1501:On 21 September 2007, a
459:
279:acalculous cholecystitis
205:is commonly isolated in
115:Avoid contaminated water
19:Not to be confused with
8199:Acceptable daily intake
8111:2013 horse meat scandal
7552:Clostridium perfringens
7073:Cyclospora cayetanensis
7041:Cryptosporidium hominis
6334:Vitrella brassicaformis
4430:Heymann, David (2015).
3894:10.1186/1751-0147-56-36
3250:. BBC. 30 November 2005
3228:. BBC. 2 September 2008
3063:. USEPA. Archived from
2544:Cryptosporidium hominis
2540:Cryptosporidium hominis
2411:Cryptosporidium hominis
2378:10.1126/science.1094786
1871:Parasites & Vectors
1381:In the summer of 1996,
1048:electrolyte replacement
956:will be inactivated by
694:International travelers
8267:Centre for Food Safety
8082:2008 Irish pork crisis
7784:Benzene in soft drinks
7262:Prototheca wickerhamii
7045:Cryptosporidium parvum
4193:14 August 2008 at the
3987:10.3201/eid0904.020417
3006:Infection and Immunity
2619:Cryptosporidium parvum
2507:10.3201/eid0504.990425
2489:Cryptosporidium parvum
2354:Cryptosporidium parvum
2260:Cryptosporidium parvum
2213:Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)
2172:Microbes and Infection
1659:In September 2023, in
1416:Seneca Lake State Park
1281:Cryptosporidium parvum
1256:Cryptosporidium parvum
1244:Cryptosporidium parvum
1236:Cryptosporidium parvum
1221:Cryptosporidium parvum
1162:Cryptosporidium parvum
1151:Cochrane Collaboration
1131:HIV protease inhibitor
945:product-specifically.
817:done by staining with
815:fluorescent microscopy
811:formalin-ethyl acetate
755:Zygotes are formed by
605:Cryptosporidium parvum
473:
283:sclerosing cholangitis
255:distal small intestine
228:asymptomatic infection
161:distal small intestine
8289:Food Standards Agency
8239:Organic certification
8234:Nutrition facts label
7978:Esing Bakery incident
7766:environment pollution
7114:Plasmodium falciparum
5055:Postciliodesmatophora
3619:10536/DRO/DU:30050819
3557:Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg
2908:10.4269/ajtmh.14-0525
2896:Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg
2595:10.1089/jpm.2014.0164
2319:10.1007/s004360050655
2266:Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg
1510:Western United States
1437:In October 2005, the
1075:symptomatic treatment
1040:Symptomatic treatment
467:
8058:2006 North American
7716:Acesulfame potassium
7545:Campylobacter jejuni
7439:Intestinal parasites
7312:Consumer food safety
5757:Eleutheroschizonidae
4869:Cariacothrix caudata
4417:on 23 September 2018
4151:on 6 September 2012.
3156:J Eukaryot Microbiol
3070:on 28 September 2007
2961:10.1128/CMR.12.4.554
2729:10.1056/NEJMra013170
1863:, microsporidia and
1791:10.1128/CMR.00115-13
1779:Clin. Microbiol. Rev
1389:, British Columbia,
631:genomics data sets.
424:Voice change (e.g.,
363:right upper quadrant
263:hepatobiliary system
185:autoimmune disorders
179:(e.g., persons with
106:Immunocompromisation
8362:Conspiracy theories
7915:Heterocyclic amines
7819:Shellfish poisoning
7059:Cystoisospora belli
6980:Protozoan infection
6002:Blastogregarinorina
5959:Oligochaetocystinae
4472:7 July 2011 at the
4381:. pp. 3215–28.
3604:(9859): 2095–2128.
3107:1990ApEnM..56.1423K
2648:"Cryptosporidiosis"
2438:10.1038/nature02977
2429:2004Natur.431.1107X
2370:2004Sci...304..441A
1713:"Cryptosporidiosis"
1298:The most important
1273:monoclonal antibody
1052:antimotility agents
1042:primarily involves
446:Shortness of breath
163:and can affect the
8463:Protozoal diseases
8020:Toxic oil syndrome
7973:Swill milk scandal
7799:Diethylstilbestrol
7471:Diphyllobothriasis
7227:Pythium insidiosum
6097:Amphiplatysporidae
6049:Cephaloidophoridae
5849:Archigregarinorida
4844:Intramacronucleata
4577:External resources
4415:(Website database)
4388:"Basic Biology of
3206:on 24 January 2009
1540:and other Western
1265:Tooltip kilodalton
826:acid-fast staining
685:Child care workers
474:
376:Reactive arthritis
287:papillary stenosis
257:and sometimes the
222:Signs and symptoms
73:Infectious disease
8453:Cryptosporidiosis
8440:
8439:
8347:Food preservation
8156:Foodborne illness
7708:Sugar substitutes
7461:Cryptosporidiosis
7443:parasitic disease
7357:HGH controversies
7324:food contaminants
7278:
7277:
7243:
7242:
7198:
7197:
7167:
7166:
7087:Toxoplasma gondii
7051:Cryptosporidiosis
6946:
6945:
6942:
6941:
6938:
6937:
6934:
6933:
6899:
6898:
6778:
6777:
6710:
6709:
6406:
6405:
6290:
6289:
6286:
6285:
6282:
6281:
6175:Schizogregarinina
6161:
6160:
5832:
5831:
5737:Protococcidiorida
5706:
5705:
5702:
5701:
5621:Selenococcidiidae
5611:Elleipsisomatidae
5575:Cryptosporidiidae
5436:Haemogregarinidae
5359:Agamococcidiorida
5331:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5168:
5167:
5164:
5163:
5130:
5129:
4930:Oligohymenophorea
4829:
4828:
4631:
4630:
4613:Cryptosporidiosis
4457:Cryptosporidiosis
4287:Östersunds-Posten
4111:. 20 August 2007.
4019:"Cryptosporidium"
3481:10.1021/jm050973f
3401:Curr Trop Med Rep
2423:(7012): 1107–12.
2341:on 20 March 2001.
2219:(6570): 483–484.
2178:(10): 1067–1080.
1551:On 25 June 2008,
1240:immunocompromised
1226:surface protein (
1129:that includes an
1110:immunocompromised
1104:Immunocompromised
1090:immunocompromised
1044:fluid rehydration
1029:hydrogen peroxide
931:slow sand filters
434:lower respiratory
409:upper respiratory
394: – suggests
384: – suggests
259:respiratory tract
244:immunocompromised
177:immunocompromised
165:respiratory tract
159:. It affects the
140:parasitic disease
132:Cryptosporidiosis
129:
128:
34:Cryptosporidiosis
28:Medical condition
16:Parasitic disease
8490:
8483:Immunodeficiency
8430:
8429:
8420:
8410:
8409:
8400:
8399:
8392:Drink portal
8390:
8389:
8388:
8380:
8379:
8291:(United Kingdom)
8040:Jack in the Box
8011:
7998:Minamata disease
7910:Food irradiation
7890:4-Hydroxynonenal
7738:Sodium cyclamate
7581:Escherichia coli
7573:Escherichia coli
7305:
7298:
7291:
7282:
7281:
7182:Balantidium coli
7141:Blackwater fever
7019:
7018:
7010:
7009:
7001:
7000:
6973:
6966:
6959:
6950:
6949:
6847:
6846:
6789:
6788:
6721:
6720:
6613:Duboscquellaceae
6417:
6416:
6305:
6304:
6296:
6295:
6167:Neogregarinorida
6143:Actinocephalidae
6139:Stylocephaloidea
6133:Trichorhynchidae
5977:Schaudinnellidae
5921:Aikinetocystidae
5909:
5908:
5845:
5844:
5774:Eleutheroschizon
5616:Lankesterellidae
5565:Calyptosporiidae
5555:Atoxoplasmatidae
5506:
5505:
5418:Dactylosomatidae
5401:
5400:
5355:
5354:
5344:
5343:
5205:
5204:
5196:
5195:
5192:
5191:
5181:
5180:
5141:
5140:
4960:Parablepharismea
4935:Ichthyophthirius
4840:
4839:
4806:
4805:
4797:
4796:
4708:
4688:
4658:
4651:
4644:
4635:
4634:
4489:
4488:
4445:
4426:
4424:
4422:
4416:
4398:
4396:
4382:
4377:(6th ed.).
4365:
4364:
4362:
4360:
4355:. 6 October 2023
4345:
4339:
4338:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4309:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4278:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4252:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4226:
4220:
4219:
4218:on 21 July 2012.
4214:. Archived from
4208:
4202:
4185:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4174:
4169:on 1 August 2008
4165:. Archived from
4159:
4153:
4152:
4147:. Archived from
4137:
4131:
4130:
4119:
4113:
4112:
4101:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4085:on 11 March 2007
4081:. Archived from
4071:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4015:
4009:
4008:
3998:
3975:Emerg Infect Dis
3966:
3960:
3959:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3923:
3917:
3916:
3906:
3896:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3855:
3837:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3791:
3751:
3745:
3744:
3704:
3698:
3697:
3687:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3621:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3572:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3531:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3475:(4): 1450–1454.
3460:
3454:
3453:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3424:
3392:
3383:
3382:
3356:
3347:
3332:
3331:
3325:
3323:
3307:
3286:
3285:
3278:
3272:
3269:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3171:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3126:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3069:
3062:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3037:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2980:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2919:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2864:
2854:
2839:
2838:
2802:
2785:
2784:
2776:
2761:
2758:
2741:
2740:
2712:
2699:
2698:
2690:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2659:
2654:on 27 April 2020
2644:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2548:Medicina Clínica
2535:
2529:
2528:
2518:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2440:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2337:. Archived from
2298:
2292:
2291:
2281:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2236:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2187:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2132:
2111:
2110:
2104:
2102:
2091:
2082:
2081:
2075:
2073:
2057:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2005:
1994:
1967:
1966:
1956:
1938:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1896:
1886:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1832:
1817:
1816:
1802:
1770:
1717:
1716:
1709:
1652:In May 2013, in
1424:upstate New York
1409:North Battleford
1277:passive immunity
1275:to CP15 confers
1266:
1262:
958:chlorine dioxide
895:treatment plants
846:epithelial cells
557:fecal-oral route
249:
193:fecal-oral route
43:
31:
30:
8498:
8497:
8493:
8492:
8491:
8489:
8488:
8487:
8473:Bovine diseases
8443:
8442:
8441:
8436:
8386:
8384:
8382:Food portal
8374:
8366:
8315:
8253:
8214:Food libel laws
8177:
8005:
7954:
7920:Modified starch
7882:Food processing
7876:
7823:
7752:
7702:
7698:Sodium benzoate
7674:
7636:
7631:Vibrio cholerae
7525:
7496:Gnathostomiasis
7481:Fasciolopsiasis
7433:
7381:
7372:Mercury in fish
7314:
7309:
7279:
7274:
7239:
7194:
7163:
7099:
7026:
6990:
6977:
6947:
6930:
6895:
6870:
6836:
6830:Rhizellobiopsis
6774:
6706:
6683:Pronoctilucidae
6642:
6601:Amoebophryaceae
6583:
6558:
6509:Without theca:
6402:
6365:
6340:
6278:
6179:Caulleryellidae
6157:
6147:Stylocephalidae
6125:Sphaerocystidae
6109:Dactylophoridae
6105:Cnemidosporidae
6101:Brustiophoridae
6021:
5996:
5967:Stomatophorinae
5963:Rhynchocystinae
5926:Allantocystidae
5904:Eugregarinorida
5898:
5869:Selenidioididae
5841:
5828:
5731:
5698:
5657:Toxoplasmatinae
5625:
5580:Cryptosporidium
5495:
5390:
5379:Rhytidocystidae
5351:
5340:
5323:
5311:Cardiosporidium
5301:
5264:
5241:Leucocytozoidae
5188:
5177:
5160:
5126:
5104:
5049:
4972:Phyllopharyngea
4965:Parablepharisma
4825:
4791:
4790:
4706:
4684:
4675:
4662:
4632:
4627:
4626:
4572:
4571:
4500:
4483:Genome Resource
4481:Cryptosporidium
4474:Wayback Machine
4452:
4442:
4420:
4418:
4414:
4394:
4390:Cryptosporidium
4369:
4368:
4358:
4356:
4347:
4346:
4342:
4329:
4328:
4324:
4311:
4310:
4306:
4296:
4294:
4293:on 19 July 2011
4279:
4275:
4265:
4263:
4254:
4253:
4249:
4239:
4237:
4227:
4223:
4210:
4209:
4205:
4195:Wayback Machine
4186:
4182:
4172:
4170:
4161:
4160:
4156:
4139:
4138:
4134:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4103:
4102:
4098:
4088:
4086:
4073:
4072:
4068:
4058:
4056:
4055:on 8 March 2010
4047:
4046:
4042:
4032:
4030:
4029:on 1 March 2011
4017:
4016:
4012:
3967:
3963:
3952:
3948:
3938:
3936:
3924:
3920:
3881:Acta Vet. Scand
3873:
3869:
3816:Cryptosporidium
3809:
3805:
3752:
3748:
3705:
3701:
3654:Cryptosporidium
3647:
3643:
3590:
3586:
3549:
3545:
3508:
3504:
3461:
3457:
3442:
3438:
3393:
3386:
3361:(1): CD004932.
3354:
3348:
3335:
3321:
3319:
3308:
3289:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3263:
3253:
3251:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3231:
3229:
3224:
3223:
3219:
3209:
3207:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3150:Cryptosporidium
3144:
3140:
3087:
3083:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3051:
2998:
2994:
2941:
2937:
2888:
2884:
2877:
2855:
2842:
2803:
2788:
2777:
2764:
2759:
2744:
2723:(22): 1723–31.
2717:N. Engl. J. Med
2713:
2702:
2691:
2670:
2657:
2655:
2646:
2645:
2636:
2626:
2624:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2579:
2575:
2536:
2532:
2483:
2479:
2469:
2467:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2409:"The genome of
2405:
2401:
2364:(5669): 441–5.
2350:
2346:
2313:(11): 899–904.
2299:
2295:
2272:(3–4): 178–83.
2254:
2250:
2205:
2201:
2164:
2160:
2137:J Pak Med Assoc
2133:
2114:
2100:
2098:
2093:
2092:
2085:
2071:
2069:
2058:
2013:
2003:
2001:
1996:
1995:
1970:
1914:
1910:
1861:Cryptosporidium
1859:"Prevalence of
1855:
1851:
1841:
1839:
1834:
1833:
1820:
1771:
1720:
1711:
1710:
1683:
1678:
1617:
1601:Cryptosporidium
1579:Throughout the
1553:Cryptosporidium
1503:Cryptosporidium
1496:Wayback Machine
1474:Cryptosporidium
1432:Cryptosporidium
1428:Cryptosporidium
1404:
1383:Cryptosporidium
1336:
1331:
1325:
1302:reservoirs are
1296:
1288:Cryptosporidium
1264:
1217:
1205:
1186:Cryptosporidium
1182:
1106:
1071:Immunocompetent
1068:
1066:Immunocompetent
1060:zinc deficiency
1037:
1018:Cryptosporidium
1010:Cryptosporidium
994:is to boil it.
992:Cryptosporidium
985:Cryptosporidium
977:Cryptosporidium
970:Cryptosporidium
966:Cryptosporidium
962:Cryptosporidium
954:Cryptosporidium
950:Cryptosporidium
943:Cryptosporidium
939:Cryptosporidium
891:
879:ultrasonography
875:Cryptosporidium
834:Giemsa staining
798:Cryptosporidium
794:
766:
730:Cryptosporidium
726:
717:Cryptosporidium
713:epidemiological
679:Cryptosporidium
657:Cryptosporidium
637:
629:Cryptosporidium
574:Cryptosporidium
564:Cryptosporidium
562:The pattern of
549:Cryptosporidium
517:Cryptosporidium
478:Cryptosporidium
470:Cryptosporidium
462:
421:Nasal discharge
405:
332:Low-grade fever
299:
275:urinary bladder
247:
240:immunocompetent
224:
216:Cryptosporidium
203:Cryptosporidium
189:watery diarrhea
169:immunocompetent
145:Cryptosporidium
93:Cryptosporidium
29:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8496:
8486:
8485:
8480:
8475:
8470:
8465:
8460:
8455:
8438:
8437:
8435:
8434:
8424:
8414:
8404:
8394:
8371:
8368:
8367:
8365:
8364:
8359:
8354:
8349:
8344:
8339:
8337:Food marketing
8334:
8329:
8323:
8321:
8320:Related topics
8317:
8316:
8314:
8313:
8308:
8302:
8297:
8292:
8286:
8280:
8275:
8270:
8263:
8261:
8255:
8254:
8252:
8251:
8246:
8241:
8236:
8231:
8226:
8221:
8216:
8211:
8206:
8201:
8195:
8193:
8179:
8178:
8176:
8175:
8174:
8173:
8168:
8163:
8153:
8148:
8143:
8138:
8133:
8128:
8123:
8118:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8098:
8089:
8084:
8079:
8074:
8069:
8064:
8055:
8046:
8037:
8032:
8027:
8022:
8017:
8012:
8000:
7995:
7990:
7985:
7980:
7975:
7970:
7964:
7962:
7956:
7955:
7953:
7952:
7947:
7942:
7937:
7932:
7927:
7922:
7917:
7912:
7907:
7905:Food additives
7902:
7897:
7892:
7886:
7884:
7878:
7877:
7875:
7874:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7854:
7849:
7844:
7839:
7833:
7831:
7825:
7824:
7822:
7821:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7786:
7781:
7776:
7770:
7768:
7754:
7753:
7751:
7750:
7745:
7740:
7735:
7730:
7729:
7728:
7718:
7712:
7710:
7704:
7703:
7701:
7700:
7695:
7690:
7684:
7682:
7676:
7675:
7673:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7646:
7644:
7638:
7637:
7635:
7634:
7627:
7619:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7595:
7590:
7585:
7577:
7569:
7562:
7555:
7548:
7541:
7535:
7533:
7531:Microorganisms
7527:
7526:
7524:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7501:Paragonimiasis
7498:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7466:Cyclosporiasis
7463:
7458:
7453:
7447:
7445:
7435:
7434:
7432:
7431:
7430:
7429:
7419:
7418:
7417:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7391:
7389:
7387:Food additives
7383:
7382:
7380:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7362:Lead poisoning
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7328:
7326:
7316:
7315:
7308:
7307:
7300:
7293:
7285:
7276:
7275:
7273:
7272:
7271:
7270:
7253:
7251:
7249:Archaeplastida
7245:
7244:
7241:
7240:
7238:
7237:
7236:
7235:
7223:
7222:
7221:
7219:Blastocystosis
7208:
7206:
7200:
7199:
7196:
7195:
7193:
7192:
7191:
7190:
7177:
7175:
7169:
7168:
7165:
7164:
7162:
7161:
7160:
7159:
7146:
7145:
7144:
7143:
7138:
7109:
7107:
7101:
7100:
7098:
7097:
7096:
7095:
7083:
7082:
7081:
7079:Cyclosporiasis
7069:
7068:
7067:
7055:
7054:
7053:
7032:
7030:
7016:
7007:
6998:
6992:
6991:
6988:Archaeplastida
6976:
6975:
6968:
6961:
6953:
6944:
6943:
6940:
6939:
6936:
6935:
6932:
6931:
6929:
6928:
6909:
6907:
6901:
6900:
6897:
6896:
6894:
6893:
6880:
6878:
6872:
6871:
6869:
6868:
6855:
6853:
6844:
6838:
6837:
6835:
6834:
6818:Parallobiopsis
6806:Elliobiocystis
6797:
6795:
6786:
6780:
6779:
6776:
6775:
6773:
6772:
6757:Rastromonadida
6754:
6742:
6729:
6727:
6718:
6712:
6711:
6708:
6707:
6705:
6704:
6692:
6680:
6668:
6663:
6650:
6648:
6644:
6643:
6641:
6640:
6622:
6610:
6593:
6591:
6585:
6584:
6582:
6581:
6568:
6566:
6560:
6559:
6557:
6556:
6538:
6506:
6505:
6496:Prorocentrales
6493:
6475:
6457:
6428:With a theca:
6425:
6423:
6414:
6412:Dinoflagellata
6408:
6407:
6404:
6403:
6401:
6400:
6388:
6379:Alphamonadidae
6375:
6373:
6367:
6366:
6364:
6363:
6350:
6348:
6342:
6341:
6339:
6338:
6326:
6322:Chromera velia
6313:
6311:
6302:
6292:
6291:
6288:
6287:
6284:
6283:
6280:
6279:
6277:
6276:
6264:
6243:Schizocystidae
6240:
6198:
6186:
6183:Ophryocystidae
6171:
6169:
6163:
6162:
6159:
6158:
6156:
6155:
6153:Blabericolidae
6150:
6136:
6086:
6076:
6073:Uradiophoridae
6057:Didymophoridae
6053:Cephalolobidae
6042:
6031:
6029:
6023:
6022:
6020:
6019:
6006:
6004:
5998:
5997:
5995:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5936:Enterocystidae
5933:
5928:
5923:
5917:
5915:
5906:
5900:
5899:
5897:
5896:
5880:Meroselenidium
5866:
5857:Exoschizonidae
5853:
5851:
5842:
5837:
5834:
5833:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5826:
5808:
5799:Mackinnoniidae
5796:
5778:
5754:
5745:Angeiocystidae
5741:
5739:
5733:
5732:
5730:
5729:
5716:
5714:
5708:
5707:
5704:
5703:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5696:
5680:Nephroisospora
5654:
5635:
5633:
5627:
5626:
5624:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5584:
5572:
5570:Caryotrophidae
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5509:
5503:
5497:
5496:
5494:
5493:
5481:
5469:
5457:
5445:
5441:Haemogregarina
5433:
5415:
5409:
5407:
5398:
5396:Eucoccidiorida
5392:
5391:
5389:
5388:
5376:
5363:
5361:
5352:
5347:
5341:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5329:
5328:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5321:
5314:
5306:
5303:
5302:
5300:
5299:
5287:
5274:
5272:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5262:
5250:
5238:
5229:Haemoproteidae
5226:
5213:
5211:
5209:Haemospororida
5202:
5189:
5184:
5178:
5173:
5170:
5169:
5166:
5165:
5162:
5161:
5149:
5147:
5138:
5132:
5131:
5128:
5127:
5109:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5102:
5098:Tracheloraphis
5084:
5059:
5057:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5047:
5029:
5017:
4999:
4987:
4969:
4957:
4927:
4915:
4903:
4885:
4873:
4864:Cariacotrichea
4861:
4848:
4846:
4837:
4831:
4830:
4827:
4826:
4814:
4812:
4803:
4793:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4787:
4786:
4785:
4784:
4781:Mesomycetozoea
4778:
4773:
4763:
4753:
4752:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4717:Diaphoretickes
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4681:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4661:
4660:
4653:
4646:
4638:
4629:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4615:
4604:
4593:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4574:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4558:
4547:
4532:
4517:
4501:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4492:Classification
4486:
4485:
4479:CryptoDB: The
4476:
4464:
4451:
4450:External links
4448:
4447:
4446:
4440:
4427:
4399:
4383:
4367:
4366:
4340:
4337:. 17 May 2013.
4322:
4319:. 15 May 2013.
4304:
4273:
4262:on 15 May 2011
4247:
4221:
4203:
4180:
4154:
4132:
4114:
4096:
4066:
4040:
4010:
3961:
3946:
3918:
3867:
3803:
3746:
3719:(2): 261–267.
3699:
3641:
3584:
3543:
3502:
3455:
3436:
3407:(3): 181–187.
3384:
3333:
3287:
3273:
3261:
3239:
3217:
3191:
3162:(5): 553–562.
3138:
3081:
3049:
3012:(2): 441–443.
2992:
2955:(4): 554–563.
2935:
2882:
2875:
2840:
2786:
2762:
2742:
2700:
2668:
2634:
2608:
2573:
2550:(in Spanish).
2530:
2477:
2452:
2399:
2344:
2307:Parasitol. Res
2293:
2248:
2199:
2158:
2112:
2083:
2011:
1968:
1908:
1849:
1818:
1718:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1657:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1625:
1616:
1615:2010 and later
1613:
1612:
1611:
1604:
1577:
1549:
1518:Rocky Mountain
1499:
1477:
1458:
1435:
1412:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1379:
1368:
1364:Milwaukee area
1344:
1335:
1332:
1327:Main article:
1324:
1321:
1295:
1292:
1219:A recombinant
1216:
1213:
1204:
1201:
1181:
1178:
1105:
1102:
1067:
1064:
1036:
1033:
911:drinking water
890:
887:
793:
790:
765:
762:
725:
722:
708:
707:
704:
701:
698:
695:
692:
689:
686:
636:
633:
594:
593:
590:
587:
584:
541:C. meleagridis
515:. A number of
481:is a genus of
468:Life cycle of
461:
458:
457:
456:
451:
448:
443:
430:
429:
422:
419:
404:
401:
400:
399:
389:
379:
369:
368:
356:
353:upper GI tract
349:
346:
343:
340:
338:abdominal pain
334:
329:
328:
327:
298:
295:
223:
220:
155:in the phylum
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
113:
109:
108:
103:
97:
96:
90:
86:
85:
82:
76:
75:
70:
64:
63:
45:
44:
36:
35:
27:
21:Cryptococcosis
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8495:
8484:
8481:
8479:
8476:
8474:
8471:
8469:
8466:
8464:
8461:
8459:
8456:
8454:
8451:
8450:
8448:
8433:
8425:
8423:
8419:
8415:
8413:
8405:
8403:
8395:
8393:
8383:
8378:
8373:
8372:
8369:
8363:
8360:
8358:
8355:
8353:
8350:
8348:
8345:
8343:
8342:Food politics
8340:
8338:
8335:
8333:
8330:
8328:
8325:
8324:
8322:
8318:
8312:
8309:
8307:(South Korea)
8306:
8303:
8301:
8298:
8296:
8293:
8290:
8287:
8284:
8281:
8279:
8276:
8274:
8271:
8268:
8265:
8264:
8262:
8260:
8256:
8250:
8247:
8245:
8242:
8240:
8237:
8235:
8232:
8230:
8227:
8225:
8222:
8220:
8217:
8215:
8212:
8210:
8207:
8205:
8202:
8200:
8197:
8196:
8194:
8192:
8188:
8184:
8180:
8172:
8171:United States
8169:
8167:
8164:
8162:
8159:
8158:
8157:
8154:
8152:
8149:
8147:
8144:
8142:
8139:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8129:
8127:
8124:
8122:
8119:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8097:
8095:
8092:2011 Germany
8090:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8063:
8061:
8056:
8054:
8052:
8049:1996 Odwalla
8047:
8045:
8043:
8038:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8026:
8023:
8021:
8018:
8016:
8013:
8009:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7986:
7984:
7981:
7979:
7976:
7974:
7971:
7969:
7966:
7965:
7963:
7961:
7957:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7938:
7936:
7933:
7931:
7928:
7926:
7923:
7921:
7918:
7916:
7913:
7911:
7908:
7906:
7903:
7901:
7898:
7896:
7893:
7891:
7888:
7887:
7885:
7883:
7879:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7865:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7845:
7843:
7840:
7838:
7835:
7834:
7832:
7830:
7826:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7771:
7769:
7767:
7763:
7759:
7755:
7749:
7746:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7734:
7731:
7727:
7724:
7723:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7714:
7713:
7711:
7709:
7705:
7699:
7696:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7686:
7685:
7683:
7681:
7680:Preservatives
7677:
7671:
7670:Methamidophos
7668:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7647:
7645:
7643:
7639:
7633:
7632:
7628:
7626:
7625:
7620:
7618:
7617:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7600:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7589:
7586:
7584:
7582:
7578:
7576:
7574:
7570:
7568:
7567:
7563:
7561:
7560:
7556:
7554:
7553:
7549:
7547:
7546:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7536:
7534:
7532:
7528:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7511:Toxoplasmosis
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7448:
7446:
7444:
7440:
7436:
7428:
7425:
7424:
7423:
7422:Vegetable oil
7420:
7416:
7413:
7412:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7392:
7390:
7388:
7384:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7329:
7327:
7325:
7321:
7317:
7313:
7306:
7301:
7299:
7294:
7292:
7287:
7286:
7283:
7269:
7268:Protothecosis
7266:
7265:
7264:
7263:
7258:
7255:
7254:
7252:
7250:
7246:
7234:
7231:
7230:
7229:
7228:
7224:
7220:
7217:
7216:
7215:
7214:
7210:
7209:
7207:
7205:
7201:
7189:
7188:Balantidiasis
7186:
7185:
7184:
7183:
7179:
7178:
7176:
7174:
7170:
7158:
7155:
7154:
7153:
7152:
7148:
7147:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7133:
7132:
7131:
7127:
7123:
7119:
7115:
7111:
7110:
7108:
7106:
7102:
7094:
7093:Toxoplasmosis
7091:
7090:
7089:
7088:
7084:
7080:
7077:
7076:
7075:
7074:
7070:
7066:
7063:
7062:
7061:
7060:
7056:
7052:
7049:
7048:
7047:
7046:
7042:
7037:
7034:
7033:
7031:
7029:
7024:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6993:
6989:
6985:
6981:
6974:
6969:
6967:
6962:
6960:
6955:
6954:
6951:
6926:
6925:
6920:
6919:
6914:
6911:
6910:
6908:
6906:
6902:
6891:
6890:
6885:
6882:
6881:
6879:
6877:
6873:
6866:
6865:
6860:
6857:
6856:
6854:
6852:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6839:
6832:
6831:
6826:
6825:
6824:Thalassomyces
6820:
6819:
6814:
6813:
6808:
6807:
6802:
6801:Ellobiopsidae
6799:
6798:
6796:
6794:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6784:Protalveolata
6781:
6770:
6769:
6764:
6763:
6762:Parvilucifera
6758:
6755:
6752:
6751:
6746:
6743:
6740:
6739:
6734:
6731:
6730:
6728:
6726:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6713:
6702:
6701:
6696:
6693:
6690:
6689:
6684:
6681:
6678:
6677:
6672:
6671:Oxyrrhinaceae
6669:
6667:
6666:Ichthyodinium
6664:
6661:
6660:
6655:
6652:
6651:
6649:
6645:
6638:
6637:
6632:
6631:
6626:
6623:
6620:
6619:
6614:
6611:
6608:
6607:
6602:
6598:
6595:
6594:
6592:
6590:
6586:
6579:
6578:
6573:
6570:
6569:
6567:
6565:
6561:
6554:
6553:
6548:
6547:
6542:
6539:
6536:
6535:
6530:
6529:
6524:
6523:
6518:
6517:
6512:
6511:Gymnodiniales
6508:
6507:
6503:
6502:
6497:
6494:
6491:
6490:
6485:
6484:
6479:
6476:
6473:
6472:
6467:
6466:
6461:
6460:Gonyaulacales
6458:
6455:
6454:
6449:
6448:
6447:Ornithocercus
6443:
6442:
6437:
6436:
6431:
6430:Dinophysiales
6427:
6426:
6424:
6422:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6409:
6398:
6397:
6392:
6391:Voromonadidae
6389:
6386:
6385:
6380:
6377:
6376:
6374:
6372:
6368:
6361:
6360:
6355:
6354:Colpodellidae
6352:
6351:
6349:
6347:
6343:
6336:
6335:
6330:
6327:
6324:
6323:
6318:
6315:
6314:
6312:
6310:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6297:
6293:
6274:
6273:
6268:
6265:
6262:
6261:
6256:
6255:
6250:
6249:
6244:
6241:
6238:
6237:
6232:
6231:
6226:
6225:
6220:
6219:
6214:
6213:
6208:
6207:
6202:
6201:Lipotrophidae
6199:
6196:
6195:
6190:
6187:
6184:
6180:
6176:
6173:
6172:
6170:
6168:
6164:
6154:
6151:
6148:
6144:
6140:
6137:
6134:
6130:
6129:Stenophoridae
6126:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6090:
6089:Stenophoricae
6087:
6084:
6080:
6077:
6074:
6070:
6066:
6065:Hirmocystidae
6062:
6058:
6054:
6050:
6046:
6043:
6040:
6036:
6033:
6032:
6030:
6028:
6024:
6017:
6016:
6011:
6010:Siedleckiidae
6008:
6007:
6005:
6003:
5999:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5972:
5968:
5964:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5931:Diplocystidae
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5918:
5916:
5914:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5901:
5894:
5893:
5888:
5887:
5886:Selenidioides
5882:
5881:
5876:
5875:
5874:Merogregarina
5870:
5867:
5864:
5863:
5858:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5850:
5846:
5843:
5840:
5839:Gregarinasina
5835:
5824:
5823:
5818:
5817:
5816:Myriosporides
5812:
5811:Myriosporidae
5809:
5806:
5805:
5800:
5797:
5794:
5793:
5788:
5787:
5782:
5779:
5776:
5775:
5770:
5769:
5764:
5763:
5758:
5755:
5752:
5751:
5746:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5738:
5734:
5727:
5726:
5721:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5713:
5709:
5694:
5693:
5688:
5687:
5682:
5681:
5676:
5675:
5670:
5669:
5664:
5663:
5658:
5655:
5652:
5651:
5646:
5645:
5640:
5639:Sarcocystinae
5637:
5636:
5634:
5632:
5631:Sarcocystidae
5628:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5606:
5605:
5600:
5599:
5594:
5593:
5588:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5550:
5549:
5544:
5543:
5542:Pseudoklossia
5538:
5537:
5532:
5531:
5526:
5525:
5520:
5519:
5514:
5511:
5510:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5498:
5491:
5490:
5485:
5482:
5479:
5478:
5473:
5472:Klossiellidae
5470:
5467:
5466:
5461:
5458:
5455:
5454:
5449:
5446:
5443:
5442:
5437:
5434:
5431:
5430:
5425:
5424:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5410:
5408:
5406:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5393:
5386:
5385:
5384:Rhytidocystis
5380:
5377:
5374:
5373:
5368:
5367:Gemmocystidae
5365:
5364:
5362:
5360:
5356:
5353:
5350:
5345:
5342:
5339:
5334:
5320:
5319:
5315:
5313:
5312:
5308:
5307:
5304:
5297:
5296:
5291:
5288:
5285:
5284:
5279:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5271:
5267:
5260:
5259:
5254:
5251:
5248:
5247:
5246:Leucocytozoon
5242:
5239:
5236:
5235:
5230:
5227:
5224:
5223:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5212:
5210:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5190:
5187:
5182:
5179:
5176:
5171:
5158:
5157:
5152:
5151:Colponemadida
5148:
5146:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5133:
5124:
5123:
5118:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5100:
5099:
5094:
5093:
5088:
5087:Karyorelictea
5085:
5082:
5081:
5076:
5075:
5074:Climacostomum
5070:
5069:
5064:
5063:Heterotrichea
5061:
5060:
5058:
5056:
5052:
5045:
5044:
5039:
5038:
5033:
5030:
5027:
5026:
5021:
5018:
5015:
5014:
5009:
5008:
5003:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4991:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4979:
4978:
4973:
4970:
4967:
4966:
4961:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4949:
4948:
4943:
4942:
4937:
4936:
4931:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4919:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4907:
4906:Muranotrichea
4904:
4901:
4900:
4895:
4894:
4889:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4877:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4865:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4845:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4832:
4823:
4822:
4817:
4816:Acavomonadida
4813:
4811:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4754:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4744:Stramenopiles
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4707:(major groups
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4687:
4683:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4659:
4654:
4652:
4647:
4645:
4640:
4639:
4636:
4623:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4610:
4609:
4605:
4603:
4599:
4598:
4594:
4592:
4588:
4587:
4583:
4582:
4579:
4575:
4568:
4564:
4563:
4559:
4557:
4553:
4552:
4548:
4546:
4542:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4531:
4527:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4516:
4512:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4502:
4499:
4494:
4490:
4484:
4482:
4477:
4475:
4471:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4459:
4458:
4454:
4453:
4443:
4441:9780875530185
4437:
4433:
4428:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4400:
4393:
4391:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4371:
4370:
4354:
4350:
4344:
4336:
4332:
4326:
4318:
4314:
4308:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4277:
4261:
4257:
4251:
4236:
4232:
4225:
4217:
4213:
4207:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4189:
4184:
4168:
4164:
4158:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4136:
4128:
4124:
4118:
4110:
4106:
4100:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4070:
4054:
4050:
4044:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4014:
4006:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3981:(4): 426–31.
3980:
3976:
3972:
3965:
3957:
3950:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3922:
3914:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3871:
3863:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3817:
3807:
3799:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3750:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3703:
3695:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3664:Euro Surveill
3661:
3659:
3655:
3645:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3588:
3580:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3547:
3539:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3522:(3): 275–81.
3521:
3517:
3513:
3506:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3459:
3451:
3447:
3440:
3432:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3391:
3389:
3381:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3353:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3330:
3317:
3313:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3283:
3277:
3268:
3266:
3249:
3243:
3227:
3221:
3205:
3201:
3195:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3151:
3142:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3101:(5): 1423–8.
3100:
3096:
3092:
3085:
3066:
3059:
3053:
3045:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2996:
2988:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2939:
2932:
2927:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2886:
2878:
2876:9780071412070
2872:
2868:
2863:
2862:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2782:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2696:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2665:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2622:
2620:
2612:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2577:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2554:(17): 653–6.
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2534:
2526:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2501:(4): 579–84.
2500:
2496:
2492:
2490:
2481:
2466:
2462:
2456:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2412:
2403:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2348:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2297:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2261:
2252:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2109:
2096:
2090:
2088:
2080:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
1999:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1912:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1853:
1837:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1785:(3): 575–86.
1784:
1780:
1776:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1714:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1681:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1593:Burger's Lake
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1573:Anglian Water
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1520:area; in the
1519:
1515:
1511:
1508:attacked the
1507:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1487:had reported
1486:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1360:Lake Michigan
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1330:
1323:Notable cases
1320:
1317:
1316:leopard gecko
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1294:Other animals
1291:
1289:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1263:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1248:surface-water
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1212:
1210:
1200:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1187:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1158:immunotherapy
1154:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1135:antiparasitic
1132:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1086:antiparasitic
1083:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1032:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1004:
1000:
995:
993:
988:
986:
982:
978:
973:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
946:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
923:sedimentation
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
886:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
866:
862:
858:
854:
849:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
830:Kinyoun stain
827:
822:
820:
816:
812:
807:
803:
799:
789:
785:
783:
779:
775:
769:
761:
758:
753:
749:
747:
743:
739:
735:
732:
731:
721:
718:
714:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
683:
682:
680:
675:
673:
670:
666:
665:disinfectants
662:
659:
658:
653:
649:
645:
641:
632:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
597:
591:
588:
585:
582:
581:
580:
577:
575:
571:
570:
565:
560:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
531:genotype 1).
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
513:toxoplasmosis
510:
509:
504:
503:
498:
494:
491:
487:
484:
480:
479:
471:
466:
455:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
438:
437:
435:
427:
423:
420:
417:
414:
413:
412:
410:
397:
393:
390:
387:
386:hepatobiliary
383:
380:
377:
374:
373:
372:
367:
364:
360:
357:
354:
350:
347:
344:
341:
339:
335:
333:
330:
326:
322:
321:malabsorption
318:
314:
313:
312:
308:
304:
303:
302:
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
251:
245:
241:
237:
233:
232:immune system
229:
219:
217:
213:
208:
204:
200:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
173:immune system
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
151:
148:, a genus of
147:
146:
141:
137:
133:
125:
122:
118:
114:
110:
107:
104:
102:
98:
94:
91:
87:
83:
81:
77:
74:
71:
69:
65:
61:
58:
54:
53:H&E stain
50:
46:
42:
37:
32:
26:
22:
8478:Cat diseases
8352:Food quality
8259:Institutions
8093:
8059:
8050:
8041:
7925:Nitrosamines
7688:Benzoic acid
7650:Chlorpyrifos
7629:
7623:
7614:
7597:
7580:
7572:
7564:
7557:
7550:
7543:
7521:Trichuriasis
7506:Toxocariasis
7476:Enterobiasis
7460:
7352:Formaldehyde
7260:
7225:
7213:Blastocystis
7211:
7204:Stramenopile
7180:
7149:
7112:
7105:Aconoidasida
7085:
7071:
7065:Isosporiasis
7057:
7050:
7039:
6924:Platyproteum
6922:
6916:
6887:
6884:Chilovoridae
6862:
6828:
6822:
6816:
6810:
6804:
6766:
6760:
6748:
6736:
6698:
6688:Pronoctiluca
6686:
6674:
6657:
6654:Acrocoelidae
6634:
6630:Hematodinium
6628:
6625:Syndiniaceae
6618:Duboscquella
6616:
6604:
6575:
6572:Noctilucales
6552:Symbiodinium
6550:
6544:
6532:
6526:
6520:
6514:
6501:Prorocentrum
6499:
6487:
6481:
6478:Peridiniales
6469:
6463:
6451:
6445:
6439:
6433:
6394:
6382:
6371:Voromonadida
6357:
6346:Colpodellida
6332:
6329:Vitrellaceae
6320:
6317:Chromeraceae
6300:Apicomonadea
6270:
6260:Schizocystis
6258:
6252:
6248:Lymphotropha
6246:
6234:
6228:
6222:
6216:
6212:Farinocystis
6210:
6204:
6192:
6189:Gigaductidae
6117:Monoductidae
6083:Porosporidae
6079:Porosporicae
6061:Gregarinidae
6045:Gregarinicae
6013:
5987:Thiriotiidae
5982:Selenidiidae
5971:Zygocystinae
5955:Monocystinae
5951:Monocystidae
5913:Aseptatorina
5890:
5884:
5878:
5872:
5860:
5820:
5814:
5802:
5790:
5784:
5772:
5768:Defretinella
5766:
5760:
5750:Angeiocystis
5748:
5723:
5690:
5684:
5678:
5674:Hyaloklossia
5672:
5666:
5660:
5648:
5642:
5602:
5596:
5590:
5578:
5560:Barrouxiidae
5546:
5540:
5534:
5528:
5522:
5516:
5513:Aggregatidae
5487:
5484:Legerellidae
5475:
5463:
5460:Karyolysidae
5451:
5448:Hepatozoidae
5439:
5427:
5421:
5382:
5370:
5316:
5309:
5293:
5290:Theileriidae
5281:
5270:Piroplasmida
5256:
5253:Plasmodiidae
5244:
5234:Haemoproteus
5232:
5220:
5200:Aconoidasida
5154:
5145:Colponemadea
5136:Colponemidia
5120:
5114:
5096:
5090:
5078:
5072:
5066:
5041:
5035:
5032:Spirotrichea
5023:
5020:Protocruziea
5011:
5005:
4993:
4981:
4977:Chilodonella
4975:
4963:
4951:
4945:
4939:
4933:
4921:
4909:
4897:
4891:
4888:Litostomatea
4879:
4867:
4855:
4819:
4810:Acavomonadea
4801:Acavomonidia
4766:Opisthokonta
4617:
4606:
4595:
4584:
4560:
4549:
4534:
4519:
4504:
4480:
4456:
4431:
4419:. Retrieved
4412:the original
4407:
4389:
4374:
4357:. Retrieved
4352:
4343:
4334:
4325:
4316:
4307:
4295:. Retrieved
4291:the original
4286:
4276:
4264:. Retrieved
4260:the original
4250:
4238:. Retrieved
4234:
4224:
4216:the original
4206:
4183:
4171:. Retrieved
4167:the original
4157:
4149:the original
4144:
4135:
4126:
4117:
4108:
4099:
4089:29 September
4087:. Retrieved
4083:the original
4078:
4069:
4057:. Retrieved
4053:the original
4043:
4031:. Retrieved
4027:the original
4022:
4013:
3978:
3974:
3964:
3955:
3949:
3939:21 September
3937:. Retrieved
3933:Science News
3931:
3921:
3884:
3880:
3870:
3825:
3821:
3815:
3806:
3766:(1): 72–97.
3763:
3759:
3749:
3716:
3713:Parasitology
3712:
3702:
3667:
3663:
3657:
3653:
3644:
3601:
3597:
3587:
3563:(1): 78–82.
3560:
3556:
3546:
3519:
3515:
3505:
3472:
3468:
3458:
3450:HIV Newsline
3449:
3439:
3404:
3400:
3378:
3358:
3327:
3320:. Retrieved
3315:
3276:
3252:. Retrieved
3242:
3230:. Retrieved
3220:
3208:. Retrieved
3204:the original
3194:
3159:
3155:
3149:
3141:
3098:
3094:
3084:
3072:. Retrieved
3065:the original
3052:
3009:
3005:
2995:
2952:
2948:
2938:
2929:
2902:(1): 50–55.
2899:
2895:
2885:
2860:
2813:(2): 391–3.
2810:
2807:J. Parasitol
2806:
2780:
2720:
2716:
2694:
2663:
2656:. Retrieved
2652:the original
2625:. Retrieved
2618:
2611:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2533:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2480:
2468:. Retrieved
2465:cryptodb.org
2464:
2455:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2402:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2339:the original
2310:
2306:
2296:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2251:
2216:
2212:
2202:
2175:
2171:
2161:
2152:
2143:(6): 613–8.
2140:
2136:
2108:re-infection
2106:
2099:. Retrieved
2077:
2070:. Retrieved
2065:
2002:. Retrieved
1926:
1922:
1911:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1860:
1852:
1840:. Retrieved
1812:
1782:
1778:
1600:
1552:
1502:
1473:
1470:Lough Corrib
1451:Llyn Cwellyn
1431:
1427:
1420:Finger Lakes
1382:
1350:occurred in
1297:
1287:
1285:
1280:
1255:
1243:
1235:
1220:
1218:
1206:
1197:seropositive
1194:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1180:Epidemiology
1173:
1165:
1161:
1155:
1147:azithromycin
1139:nitazoxanide
1124:
1107:
1098:azithromycin
1084:is the only
1082:nitazoxanide
1080:As of 2015,
1079:
1069:
1038:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1009:
1007:
996:
991:
989:
984:
976:
974:
969:
965:
961:
953:
949:
947:
942:
938:
919:flocculation
892:
874:
869:
850:
823:
797:
795:
786:
781:
777:
773:
770:
767:
764:Pathogenesis
757:microgametes
754:
750:
728:
727:
716:
709:
678:
676:
655:
638:
628:
620:
615:seem not to
613:mitochondria
611:in that the
604:
598:
595:
578:
573:
567:
563:
561:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
527:(previously
524:
520:
516:
506:
500:
476:
475:
469:
432:Symptoms of
431:
416:Inflammation
407:Symptoms of
406:
370:
300:
291:pancreatitis
252:
248:re-infection
225:
215:
207:HIV-positive
202:
201:
143:
135:
131:
130:
124:Nitazoxanide
101:Risk factors
25:
8458:Conoidasida
8432:WikiProject
8269:(Hong Kong)
8006: [
7968:Devon colic
7842:Breast milk
7814:Nonylphenol
7789:Bisphenol A
7726:controversy
7593:Hepatitis E
7588:Hepatitis A
7566:Enterovirus
7559:Cronobacter
7516:Trichinosis
7486:Fasciolosis
7456:Anisakiasis
7427:controversy
7320:Adulterants
7023:Conoidasida
7014:Apicomplexa
6876:Chilovorida
6859:Algovoridae
6842:Myzomonadea
6812:Ellobiopsis
6793:Ellobiopsea
6768:Rastrimonas
6750:Phagodinium
6745:Phagodinida
6733:Perkinsidae
6716:Perkinsozoa
6695:Psammosidae
6606:Amoebophyra
6597:Syndiniales
6534:Karlodinium
6522:Gymnodinium
6516:Amphidinium
6421:Dinokaryota
6267:Syncystidae
6254:Machadoella
6113:Leidyanidae
6069:Metameridae
6027:Septatorina
5992:Urosporidae
5946:Lecudinidae
5941:Ganymedidae
5804:Mackinnonia
5786:Coelotropha
5762:Coelotropha
5712:Ixorheorida
5650:Sarcocystis
5501:Eimeriorina
5429:Dactylosoma
5423:Babesiosoma
5372:Gemmocystis
5338:Conoidasida
5318:Nephromyces
5186:Apicomplexa
5080:Blepharisma
5043:Stylonychia
5025:Protocruzia
5002:Prostomatea
4990:Plagiopylea
4947:Tetrahymena
4918:Nassophorea
4911:Muranothrix
4893:Balantidium
4586:MedlinePlus
4421:27 February
3814:"Update on
3652:"Review of
3650:K. (2018).
3254:7 September
3232:7 September
2658:27 February
2470:22 February
1629:Cumbernauld
1557:Northampton
1548:, decrease.
1455:Welsh Water
1447:North Wales
1334:Before 2000
1170:thiazolides
1143:paromomycin
1094:paromomycin
915:coagulation
909:for public
838:hematoxylin
617:contain DNA
493:Apicomplexa
398:involvement
388:involvement
345:Weight loss
342:Dehydration
325:hypovolemia
319:-like with
157:Apicomplexa
8447:Categories
8183:Regulation
8166:death toll
7935:Shortening
7900:Acrylamide
7829:Food fraud
7809:Mycotoxins
7642:Pesticides
7616:Salmonella
7491:Giardiasis
7451:Amoebiasis
7395:Flavorings
7173:Ciliophora
7157:Babesiosis
6918:Filipodium
6913:Squirmidae
6905:Squirmidea
6851:Algovorida
6659:Acrocoelus
6564:Noctilucea
6541:Suessiales
6489:Peridinium
6483:Pfiesteria
6441:Histioneis
6435:Dinophysis
6384:Alphamonas
6359:Colpodella
6309:Chromerida
6236:Menzbieria
6224:Lipocystis
6218:Lipotropha
6194:Gigaductus
6121:Monoicidae
6039:Fusionidae
6035:Fusionicae
6015:Siedleckia
5892:Veloxidium
5862:Exoschizon
5822:Myriospora
5781:Grelliidae
5720:Ixorheidae
5692:Toxoplasma
5592:Cyclospora
5587:Eimeriidae
5530:Merocystis
5524:Grasseella
5477:Klossiella
5465:Karyolysus
5453:Hepatozoon
5405:Adeleorina
5278:Babesiidae
5258:Plasmodium
5122:Myrionecta
5116:Mesodinium
5111:Mesodiniea
4995:Plagiopyla
4953:Vorticella
4941:Paramecium
4852:Armophorea
4835:Ciliophora
4821:Acavomonas
4608:Patient UK
4562:DiseasesDB
4235:ABC Online
4059:25 January
2931:infection.
2589:(9): 985.
2461:"CryptoDB"
2101:11 January
2004:11 January
1842:16 January
1676:References
1661:Queenstown
1643:Skellefteå
1597:Fort Worth
1489:1302 cases
1422:region of
1252:Antibodies
1056:loperamide
981:laboratory
927:filtration
907:reservoirs
889:Prevention
851:Detecting
806:Microscopy
802:antibodies
778:C. hominis
724:Life cycle
621:C. hominis
609:Eukaryotes
525:C. hominis
508:Toxoplasma
502:Plasmodium
426:hoarseness
396:pancreatic
366:tenderness
359:Epigastric
311:leukocytes
218:organism.
142:caused by
112:Prevention
49:Micrograph
8229:ISO 22000
8191:watchdogs
8187:standards
8161:outbreaks
8062:outbreaks
7940:Trans fat
7852:Olive oil
7774:Aflatoxin
7748:Sucralose
7733:Saccharin
7721:Aspartame
7665:Malathion
7610:Rotavirus
7605:Norovirus
7233:Pythiosis
7005:Alveolate
6889:Chilovora
6738:Perkinsus
6725:Perkinsea
6636:Syndinium
6577:Noctiluca
6546:Polarella
6471:Gonyaulax
6453:Oxyphysis
6396:Voromonas
6272:Syncystis
6206:Apicystis
5668:Hammondia
5662:Besnoitia
5644:Frenkelia
5518:Aggregata
5489:Legerella
5413:Adeleidae
5295:Theileria
5217:Garniidae
5156:Colponema
5013:Holophrya
4983:Tokophrya
4761:Amoebozoa
4739:Alveolata
4727:Cryptista
4702:Eukaryota
4673:Alveolata
4665:Eukaryota
4597:eMedicine
4395:(Website)
4359:6 October
4127:Yahoo.com
3887:(1): 36.
3844:1776-1042
3780:0893-8512
3489:0022-2623
3322:8 January
3026:0019-9567
2969:0893-8512
2072:8 January
1945:1776-1042
1877:(1): 28.
1654:Roscommon
1636:Östersund
1608:Cambridge
1534:illnesses
1445:areas of
1418:, in the
1402:2001–2009
1387:Cranbrook
1352:Milwaukee
1267:protein (
1232:colostrum
1209:coccidian
1035:Treatment
792:Diagnosis
774:C. parvum
640:Infection
576:species.
569:Eimeriina
529:C. parvum
521:C. parvum
499:parasite
486:pathogens
483:protozoan
454:Hypoxemia
153:parasites
150:protozoan
120:Treatment
95:infection
68:Specialty
8468:Zoonoses
8422:Cookbook
8402:Category
8204:E number
8096:outbreak
8053:outbreak
8044:outbreak
7794:Dieldrin
7743:Sorbitol
7599:Listeria
7539:Botulism
7367:Melamine
7337:Aldicarb
7257:Algaemia
7130:knowlesi
7126:malariae
7036:Coccidia
7028:Coccidia
6864:Algovora
6700:Psammosa
6676:Oxyrrhis
6589:Syndinea
6465:Ceratium
6230:Mattesia
6093:Acutidae
5725:Ixorheis
5686:Neospora
5604:Isospora
5548:Selysina
5349:Coccidia
5037:Euplotes
4899:Dileptus
4876:Colpodea
4756:Amorphea
4734:Rhizaria
4722:Hacrobia
4712:Excavata
4697:Bacteria
4622:Q1359898
4470:Archived
4379:Elsevier
4335:RTÉ News
4317:RTÉ News
4297:19 April
4266:19 April
4240:19 April
4191:Archived
4033:19 April
4023:CBC News
4005:12702221
3913:24902957
3862:32167464
3822:Parasite
3798:14726456
3741:51933975
3733:30086806
3694:29382412
3628:23245604
3579:16837712
3538:18814694
3516:Parasite
3497:16480281
3431:26568906
3375:17253532
3316:Medscape
3186:32841562
3178:15537090
2987:10515902
2926:25311695
2835:11523340
2827:12760662
2737:12037153
2603:25115302
2568:17169283
2525:10458969
2447:15510150
2394:26434820
2386:15044751
2335:11712486
2327:10540950
2288:11388511
2194:12191657
2149:25252476
2066:Medscape
1963:32351207
1923:Parasite
1903:29316950
1865:Isospora
1809:24982322
1665:outbreak
1565:Pitsford
1561:Daventry
1538:Colorado
1532:, 1,600
1526:Meridian
1506:outbreak
1492:Archived
1443:Anglesey
1378:in 1995.
1300:zoonotic
1228:rCP15/60
1215:Research
1174:in vitro
1166:in vitro
863:assay.
853:antigens
819:auramine
782:C. muris
669:chlorine
667:such as
635:Transfer
545:C. muris
537:C. felis
533:C. canis
382:Jaundice
307:diarrhea
267:pancreas
236:Symptoms
181:HIV/AIDS
167:in both
80:Symptoms
8412:Commons
8285:(Spain)
8094:E. coli
8060:E. coli
8051:E. coli
8042:E. coli
7862:Seafood
7762:poisons
7660:Lindane
7624:E. coli
7583:O157:H7
7575:O104:H4
7377:Sudan I
7347:Cyanide
7151:Babesia
7136:Malaria
6528:Karenia
5792:Grellia
5598:Eimeria
5536:Ovivora
5283:Babesia
5175:Myzozoa
5092:Loxodes
5068:Stentor
4923:Nassula
4881:Colpoda
4857:Metopus
4771:Animals
4692:Archaea
4618:Scholia
4602:med/484
4556:D003457
4199:WFAA-TV
3996:2957981
3904:4089559
3853:7069357
3685:5801338
3658:Giardia
3636:1541253
3422:4640180
3318:. WebMD
3133:2339894
3103:Bibcode
3044:9453592
2917:4347390
2516:2627758
2425:Bibcode
2366:Bibcode
2358:Science
2243:3103738
2234:1245527
2068:. WebMD
1954:7191976
1894:5759777
1800:4135895
1546:Montana
1528:areas;
1481:diapers
1466:Ireland
1439:Gwynedd
1395:Kelowna
1203:History
1054:(e.g.,
979:in the
746:meronts
661:oocysts
497:malaria
392:Ascites
348:Fatigue
336:Crampy
317:cholera
214:of the
197:fomites
138:, is a
57:Colonic
7867:Shrimp
7804:Dioxin
7758:Toxins
7332:3-MCPD
5222:Garnia
5007:Coleps
4749:Plants
4686:Domain
4591:000617
4438:
4173:5 July
4003:
3993:
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1622:Cairns
1581:summer
1542:states
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1462:Galway
1391:Canada
1372:Torbay
1304:cattle
1224:oocyst
1145:, and
948:While
925:, and
905:, and
899:rivers
738:oocyst
672:bleach
652:animal
601:genome
543:, and
505:, and
490:phylum
273:, and
175:) and
136:crypto
89:Causes
60:biopsy
8010:]
7857:Prawn
7837:Bread
7410:Sugar
7122:ovale
7118:vivax
6647:Other
4776:Fungi
4545:007.4
4530:A07.2
3737:S2CID
3670:(4).
3632:S2CID
3355:(PDF)
3210:6 May
3182:S2CID
3074:6 May
3068:(PDF)
3061:(PDF)
2978:88924
2867:684–5
2831:S2CID
2627:6 May
2623:. CDC
2390:S2CID
2331:S2CID
1589:Texas
1576:2008.
1522:Boise
1514:Idaho
1376:Devon
1358:into
1312:goats
1308:sheep
1164:both
1003:stool
903:lakes
893:Many
842:eosin
742:spore
644:water
553:feces
460:Cause
450:Fever
441:Cough
289:, or
212:cysts
7405:Salt
6986:and
4567:3221
4551:MeSH
4540:9-CM
4515:1A32
4436:ISBN
4423:2009
4361:2023
4299:2011
4268:2011
4242:2011
4175:2008
4091:2006
4061:2008
4035:2011
4001:PMID
3941:2023
3909:PMID
3858:PMID
3840:ISSN
3794:PMID
3776:ISSN
3729:PMID
3690:PMID
3656:and
3624:PMID
3575:PMID
3534:PMID
3493:PMID
3485:ISSN
3427:PMID
3371:PMID
3324:2016
3256:2009
3234:2009
3212:2007
3174:PMID
3129:PMID
3076:2007
3040:PMID
3022:ISSN
2983:PMID
2965:ISSN
2922:PMID
2871:ISBN
2823:PMID
2733:PMID
2660:2009
2629:2007
2599:PMID
2564:PMID
2521:PMID
2472:2023
2443:PMID
2382:PMID
2323:PMID
2284:PMID
2239:PMID
2190:PMID
2145:PMID
2103:2016
2074:2016
2006:2016
1959:PMID
1941:ISSN
1899:PMID
1844:2016
1805:PMID
1530:Utah
1524:and
1441:and
1310:and
1269:CP15
1115:CD4+
1096:and
840:and
734:spp.
648:food
599:The
523:and
472:spp.
323:and
7872:Tea
7847:Egg
7655:DDT
6996:SAR
6984:SAR
4669:SAR
4536:ICD
4521:ICD
4506:ICD
4353:RNZ
4109:RTÉ
3991:PMC
3983:doi
3899:PMC
3889:doi
3848:PMC
3830:doi
3784:PMC
3768:doi
3721:doi
3717:146
3680:PMC
3672:doi
3614:hdl
3606:doi
3602:380
3565:doi
3524:doi
3477:doi
3417:PMC
3409:doi
3363:doi
3164:doi
3119:PMC
3111:doi
3030:PMC
3014:doi
2973:PMC
2957:doi
2912:PMC
2904:doi
2815:doi
2725:doi
2721:346
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2556:doi
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1787:doi
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1587:of
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