127:, or the plug-in systems on which they rely. Exploiting one of these, attackers fold malicious content into the content being delivered from the compromised site. When the resulting combined content arrives at the client-side web browser, it has all been delivered from the trusted source, and thus operates under the permissions granted to that system. By finding ways of injecting malicious scripts into web pages, an attacker can gain elevated access-privileges to sensitive page content, to session cookies, and to a variety of other information maintained by the browser on behalf of the user. Cross-site scripting attacks are a case of
477:-based user authentication. Many web applications rely on session cookies for authentication between individual HTTP requests, and because client-side scripts generally have access to these cookies, simple XSS exploits can steal these cookies. To mitigate this particular threat (though not the XSS problem in general), many web applications tie session cookies to the IP address of the user who originally logged in, then only permit that IP to use that cookie. This is effective in most situations (if an attacker is only after the cookie), but obviously breaks down in situations where an attacker is behind the same
2089:
264:) XSS vulnerability is a more devastating variant of a cross-site scripting flaw: it occurs when the data provided by the attacker is saved by the server, and then permanently displayed on "normal" pages returned to other users in the course of regular browsing, without proper HTML escaping. A classic example of this is with online message boards where users are allowed to post HTML formatted messages for other users to read.
570:
opening their systems to vulnerabilities. The
Firefox NoScript extension enables users to allow scripts selectively from a given page while disallowing others on the same page. For example, scripts from example.com could be allowed, while scripts from advertisingagency.com that are attempting to run on the same page could be disallowed.
232:) cross-site scripting vulnerability is by far the most basic type of web vulnerability. These holes show up when the data provided by a web client, most commonly in HTTP query parameters (e.g. HTML form submission), is used immediately by server-side scripts to parse and display a page of results for and to that user, without properly
308:
The methods of injection can vary a great deal; in some cases, the attacker may not even need to directly interact with the web functionality itself to exploit such a hole. Any data received by the web application (via email, system logs, IM etc.) that can be controlled by an attacker could become an
569:
does not need to be reloaded). Another problem with script blocking is that many users do not understand it, and do not know how to properly secure their browsers. Yet another drawback is that many sites do not work without client-side scripting, forcing users to disable protection for that site and
552:
the user knows that they are bad, which is too late. Functionality that blocks all scripting and external inclusions by default and then allows the user to enable it on a per-domain basis is more effective. This has been possible for a long time in
Internet Explorer (since version 4) by setting up
385:
Mutated XSS happens when the attacker injects something that is seemingly safe but is rewritten and modified by the browser while parsing the markup. This makes it extremely hard to detect or sanitize within the website's application logic. An example is rebalancing unclosed quotation marks or even
247:
A reflected attack is typically delivered via email or a neutral web site. The bait is an innocent-looking URL, pointing to a trusted site but containing the XSS vector. If the trusted site is vulnerable to the vector, clicking the link can cause the victim's browser to execute the injected script.
137:
security-engineers introduced the term "cross-site scripting" in
January 2000. The expression "cross-site scripting" originally referred to the act of loading the attacked, third-party web application from an unrelated attack-site, in a manner that executes a fragment of JavaScript prepared by the
376:
in order to trick the victim into executing malicious JavaScript code in their browser. Although it is technically not a true XSS vulnerability due to the fact it relies on socially engineering a user into executing code rather than a flaw in the affected website allowing an attacker to do so, it
239:
Because HTML documents have a flat, serial structure that mixes control statements, formatting, and the actual content, any non-validated user-supplied data included in the resulting page without proper HTML encoding, may lead to markup injection. A classic example of a potential vector is a site
543:
developers require the use of JavaScript, some web applications are written to allow operation without the need for any client-side scripts. This allows users, if they choose, to disable scripting in their browsers before using the application. In this way, even potentially malicious client-side
300:
Persistent XSS vulnerabilities can be more significant than other types because an attacker's malicious script is rendered automatically, without the need to individually target victims or lure them to a third-party website. Particularly in the case of social networking sites, the code would be
296:
element, it won't be shown on the screen. Then suppose that Bob, a member of the dating site, reaches
Mallory's profile, which has her answer to the First Date question. Her script is run automatically by the browser and steals a copy of Bob's real name and email directly from his own machine.
317:
XSS vulnerabilities were originally found in applications that performed all data processing on the server side. User input (including an XSS vector) would be sent to the server, and then sent back to the user as a web page. The need for an improved user experience resulted in popularity of
603:
to mark scripts in the HTML document as safe to run instead of keeping the policy entirely separate from the page content. As long as trusted nonces only appear on trustworthy scripts, the browser will not run programs from untrusted authors. Some large application providers report having
564:
The most significant problem with blocking all scripts on all websites by default is substantial reduction in functionality and responsiveness (client-side scripting can be much faster than server-side scripting because it does not need to connect to a remote server and the page or
267:
For example, suppose there is a dating website where members scan the profiles of other members to see if they look interesting. For privacy reasons, this site hides everybody's real name and email. These are kept secret on the server. The only time a member's real name and
592:(CSP) allows HTML documents to opt in to disabling some scripts while leaving others enabled. The browser checks each script against a policy before deciding whether to run it. As long as the policy only allows trustworthy scripts and disallows
291:
To do this, for the question "Describe your Ideal First Date", Mallory gives a short answer (to appear normal), but the text at the end of her answer is her script to steal names and emails. If the script is enclosed inside a
60:. XSS effects vary in range from petty nuisance to significant security risk, depending on the sensitivity of the data handled by the vulnerable site and the nature of any security mitigation implemented by the site's owner
764:
547:
Some browsers or browser plugins can be configured to disable client-side scripts on a per-domain basis. This approach is of limited value if scripting is allowed by default, since it blocks bad sites only
399:
There are several escaping schemes that can be used depending on where the untrusted string needs to be placed within an HTML document including HTML entity encoding, JavaScript escaping, CSS escaping, and
279:
Suppose that
Mallory, an attacker, joins the site and wants to figure out the real names of the people she sees on the site. To do so, she writes a script designed to run from other users' browsers when
527:
flag which allows a web server to set a cookie that is unavailable to client-side scripts. While beneficial, the feature can neither fully prevent cookie theft nor prevent attacks within the browser.
438:
large", instead of "<b>very</b> large"). Stopping an XSS attack when accepting HTML input from users is much more complex in this situation. Untrusted HTML input must be run through an
850:
On the 16th of
January, 2000, the following names were suggested and bounced around among a small group of Microsoft security engineers: The next day there was consensus – Cross Site Scripting.
240:
search engine: if one searches for a string, the search string will typically be redisplayed verbatim on the result page to indicate what was searched for. If this response does not properly
473:
Besides content filtering, other imperfect methods for cross-site scripting mitigation are also commonly used. One example is the use of additional security controls when handling
661:, it is stripped from all non-"safe" cross-origin requests (that is, requests other than GET, OPTIONS, and TRACE which have read-only semantics). The feature is implemented in
408:
426:
Many operators of particular web applications (e.g. forums and webmail) allow users to utilize a limited subset of HTML markup. When accepting HTML input from users (say,
329:
As the JavaScript code was also processing user input and rendering it in the web page content, a new sub-class of reflected XSS attacks started to appear that was called
189:
to become the most common publicly reported security vulnerability, with some researchers in 2007 estimating as many as 68% of websites are likely open to XSS attacks.
753:
452:
There are several issues with this approach, for example sometimes seemingly harmless tags can be left out which when utilized correctly can still result in an XSS
1379:
56:. During the second half of 2007, XSSed documented 11,253 site-specific cross-site vulnerabilities, compared to 2,134 "traditional" vulnerabilities documented by
1252:
1144:
404:. Most web applications that do not need to accept rich data can use escaping to largely eliminate the risk of XSS attacks in a fairly straightforward manner.
336:. In a DOM-based XSS attack, the malicious data does not touch the web server. Rather, it is being reflected by the JavaScript code, fully on the client side.
197:
There is no single, standardized classification of cross-site scripting flaws, but most experts distinguish between at least two primary flavors of XSS flaws:
150:
XSS vulnerability). The definition gradually expanded to encompass other modes of code injection, including persistent and non-JavaScript vectors (including
1405:
74:. It initially was an attack that was used for breaching data across sites, but gradually started to include other forms of data injection attacks.
1222:
343:
plugins. Prevention strategies for DOM-based XSS attacks include very similar measures to traditional XSS prevention strategies but implemented in
116:
will share these permissions. Content from URLs where any of these three attributes are different will have to be granted permissions separately.
1983:
177:
XSS vulnerabilities have been reported and exploited since the 1990s. Prominent sites affected in the past include the social-networking sites
561:
add-on which, in addition to the ability to enable scripts on a per-domain basis, provides some XSS protection even when scripts are enabled.
2576:
553:
its so called "Security Zones", and in Opera (since version 9) using its "Site
Specific Preferences". A solution for Firefox and other
2527:
1580:
1729:
789:
838:
455:
Another popular method is to strip user input of " and ' however this can also be bypassed as the payload can be concealed with
100:) is granted permission to access resources (like cookies etc.) on a web browser, then content from any URL with the same (1)
2504:
1466:
1099:
1014:
885:
2571:
2535:
863:
1383:
1256:
1976:
1512:
411:
is not always sufficient to prevent many forms of XSS attacks, security encoding libraries are usually easier to use.
2467:
960:
639:
and/or pattern matching methods to identify malicious codes potentially and secure them using methods like escaping.
635:
Another defense approach is to use automated tools that will remove XSS malicious code in web pages, these tools use
2263:
1124:
708:
34:
2517:
2561:
1805:
L. K. Shar and H. B. K. Tan, "Automated removal of cross site scripting vulnerabilities in web applications,"
620:
as trusted. As long as programs only trademark trustworthy values, an attacker who controls a JavaScript
92:
Security on the web depends on a variety of mechanisms, including an underlying concept of trust known as the
48:
into web pages viewed by other users. A cross-site scripting vulnerability may be used by attackers to bypass
2330:
1969:
629:
617:
373:
2566:
2522:
2443:
2243:
1951:
1409:
478:
155:
596:, the browser will not run programs from untrusted authors regardless of the HTML document's structure.
2499:
2457:
2113:
1194:
625:
2360:
2078:
621:
434:) will not suffice since the user input needs to be rendered as HTML by the browser (so it shows as "
288:
profile. The script then sends a quick message to her own server, which collects this information.
2345:
2223:
2118:
724:
678:
1947:
544:
scripts could be inserted unescaped on a page, and users would not be susceptible to XSS attacks.
2433:
2385:
2048:
1031:
1030:
Hydara, Isatou; Sultan, Abu Bakar Md.; Zulzalil, Hazura; Admodisastro, Novia (February 1, 2015).
636:
589:
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understand the structure of the HTML they produce and automatically pick an appropriate encoder.
1824:
1303:
1756:
566:
1006:
999:
911:
2474:
2208:
1893:
754:"Symantec Internet Security Threat Report: Trends for July–December 2007 (Executive Summary)"
554:
445:
Many validations rely on parsing out (blacklisting) specific "at risk" HTML tags such as the
331:
211:
2494:
2406:
2355:
2300:
2141:
2123:
2021:
1992:
1538:
1354:
734:
729:
714:
512:
171:
20:
2088:
1032:"Current state of research on cross-site scripting (XSS) – A systematic literature review"
8:
2278:
2053:
2011:
1584:
1328:
1278:
688:
600:
516:
415:
351:
have built-in countermeasures against this and other types of attack — for example
1879:"ScriptAlert1.com – Concise Cross-Site Scripting Explanation in Multiple Languages"
1088:
Grossman, Jeremiah; Hansen, Robert; Fogie, Seth; Petkov, Petko D.; Rager, Anton (2007).
2462:
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540:
348:
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124:
93:
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53:
45:
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2006:
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683:
504:
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233:
1607:
339:
An example of a DOM-based XSS vulnerability is the bug found in 2011 in a number of
2479:
2419:
2183:
2173:
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1679:
1145:"Cross-Site Scripting Worms and Viruses: The Impending Threat and the Best Defense"
1043:
937:
693:
648:
498:
401:
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further designed to self-propagate across accounts, creating a type of client-side
241:
61:
1781:
1704:
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2350:
2248:
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2063:
1089:
1047:
186:
120:
38:
1166:
816:
386:
adding quotation marks to unquoted parameters on parameters to CSS font-family.
377:
still poses the same risks as a regular XSS vulnerability if properly executed.
322:) working on the client-side that pulled data, on-demand, from the server using
2540:
2438:
2288:
2238:
2213:
2178:
2158:
2038:
2026:
1943:
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128:
57:
49:
42:
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2450:
2411:
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2228:
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520:
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applications that had a majority of the presentation logic (maybe written in
302:
2484:
2340:
2043:
1654:
1516:
347:
code and contained in web pages (i.e. input validation and escaping). Some
244:
or reject HTML control characters, a cross-site scripting flaw will ensue.
83:
972:
2424:
2258:
2233:
2198:
2033:
1453:"A page should work, even if in a degraded form, without JavaScript." in
1208:
474:
468:
456:
163:
113:
1223:"Self-XSS Facebook scam attempts to trick users into hacking themselves"
657:
parameter, it is stripped from all cross-origin requests. When set with
2489:
2305:
2253:
2136:
2016:
1961:
1458:
Practical JavaScript, DOM Scripting and Ajax
Projects via Amazon Reader
1128:
344:
319:
101:
1957:
XSSed: Database of
Websites Vulnerable to Cross-Site Scripting Attacks
394:
2365:
2320:
2315:
2163:
2131:
1554:
1180:
968:
701:, an open-source penetration testing tool that includes tests for XSS
486:
482:
352:
134:
105:
886:"Twitter users including Sarah Brown hit by malicious hacker attack"
2325:
2283:
2146:
1730:"How Google Is Using Content Security Policy to Mitigate Web Flaws"
558:
369:
364:
182:
159:
71:
2335:
2310:
2273:
1760:
1091:
XSS Attacks: Cross Site
Scripting Exploits and Defense (Abstract)
666:
613:
536:
508:
178:
151:
1633:
1029:
2193:
2108:
718:
446:
340:
312:
1878:
170:
scripts), causing some confusion to newcomers to the field of
1939:
1581:""Using client-side events" in DataWindow Programmer's Guide"
794:
760:
273:
269:
67:
790:"Cross Site Scripting Prevention - OWASP Cheat Sheet Series"
721:
to reduce susceptibility to XSS vulnerabilities in websites.
704:
593:
323:
167:
119:
Cross-site scripting attacks use known vulnerabilities in
1087:
836:
624:
cannot cause XSS. Trusted types are designed to be
421:
1956:
961:"Software Vulnerability Disclosure: The Chilling Effect"
1898:
Lock Me Down | Security for the Everyday Developer
938:"Vulnerability Type Distributions in CVE (version 1.1)"
1380:"ModSecurity: Features: PDF Universal XSS Protection"
96:. This states that if content from one site (such as
485:
as the victim, or the victim is changing his or her
442:
engine to ensure that it does not contain XSS code.
205:. Some sources further divide these two groups into
1605:73% of sites relied on JavaScript in late 2006, in
1253:"XSS (Cross Site Scripting) Prevention Cheat Sheet"
936:Christey, Steve; Martin, Robert A. (May 22, 2007).
395:
Contextual output encoding/escaping of string input
1850:"Can I use... Support tables for HTML5, CSS3, etc"
1680:"Can I use... Support tables for HTML5, CSS3, etc"
998:
607:
185:. Cross-site scripting flaws have since surpassed
2553:
1490:"How to use security zones in Internet Explorer"
573:
70:considers the term cross-site scripting to be a
1005:. Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly Media, Inc. p.
1374:
1372:
992:
990:
935:
372:is a form of XSS vulnerability that relies on
142:of the targeted domain (taking advantage of a
1977:
432:<b>very</b> large
219:
1430:
1061:
1059:
1057:
642:
604:successfully deployed nonce-based policies.
407:Performing HTML entity encoding only on the
313:Server-side versus DOM-based vulnerabilities
1823:Mark, Goodwin; Mike, West (April 6, 2016).
1369:
1069:. Web Application Security Consortium. 2005
996:
987:
864:"The origins of Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)"
839:"Happy 10th birthday Cross-Site Scripting!"
817:"Same Origin Policy - Web Security. W3.org"
1984:
1970:
1757:"[CSP] On Reporting and Filtering"
1555:"Should Mac Users Run Antivirus Software?"
578:
19:"XSS" redirects here. For other uses, see
2528:Security information and event management
1054:
272:are in the browser is when the member is
251:
1991:
1822:
1454:
1279:"template - The Go Programming Language"
1250:
1246:
1244:
1142:
958:
861:
1918:The Web Application Security Consortium
1755:Akhawe, Devdatta (September 21, 2015).
1355:"Prevent a cross-site scripting attack"
855:
209:(caused by server-side code flaws) and
2554:
1754:
1705:"Strict CSP - Content Security Policy"
1552:
1352:
1346:
1195:"DOM based XSS prevention cheat sheet"
1122:
909:
884:Arthur, Charles (September 21, 2010).
883:
830:
422:Safely validating untrusted HTML input
389:
2505:Host-based intrusion detection system
1965:
1894:"Preventing XSS in ASP.NET Made Easy"
1876:
1241:
1081:
837:"dross" on MSDN (December 15, 2009).
380:
1807:Information and Software Technology,
1748:
1583:. Sybase. March 2003. Archived from
1511:Lie, Håkon Wium (February 7, 2006).
1431:O'Reilly, Tim (September 30, 2005).
1143:Grossman, Jeremiah (November 2020).
862:Grossman, Jeremiah (July 30, 2006).
746:
530:
276:, and they can't see anyone else's.
2536:Runtime application self-protection
1510:
1408:. OpenAjax Alliance. Archived from
1251:Williams, Jeff (January 19, 2009).
1123:Alcorn, Wade (September 27, 2005).
1036:Information and Software Technology
959:Berinato, Scott (January 1, 2007).
557:-based browsers is the open source
492:
13:
2087:
1870:
1608:"'Most websites' failing disabled"
1455:Zammetti, Frank (April 16, 2007).
1353:Sharma, Anand (February 3, 2004).
770:from the original on June 25, 2008
462:
41:. XSS attacks enable attackers to
14:
2588:
2577:Client-side web security exploits
2468:Security-focused operating system
1933:
1655:"Content Security Policy Level 3"
1382:. Breach Security. Archived from
997:Paco, Hope; Walther, Ben (2008).
2264:Insecure direct object reference
1515:. Opera Software. Archived from
1125:"The Cross-site Scripting Virus"
709:web application security scanner
599:Modern CSP policies allow using
104:(e.g. ftp, http, or https), (2)
2518:Information security management
1842:
1816:
1799:
1774:
1722:
1697:
1672:
1647:
1626:
1599:
1573:
1553:Mogull, Rich (March 18, 2008).
1531:
1504:
1482:
1447:
1424:
1398:
1321:
1296:
1271:
1215:
1201:
1187:
1173:
1159:
1147:. WhiteHat Security. p. 20
1127:. BindShell.net. Archived from
1115:
1023:
616:to check that values have been
608:Emerging defensive technologies
409:five XML significant characters
16:Computer security vulnerability
1513:"Opera 9 Technology Preview 2"
1492:. Microsoft. December 18, 2007
1435:. O'Reilly Media. pp. 4–5
1094:. Syngress. pp. 70, 156.
952:
929:
903:
877:
809:
782:
653:When a cookie is set with the
503:Another mitigation present in
1:
1001:Web Security Testing Cookbook
910:Leyden, John (May 23, 2008).
740:
574:Selectively disabling scripts
428:<b>very</b> large
77:
1209:"Strict Contextual Escaping"
1048:10.1016/j.infsof.2014.07.010
912:"Facebook poked by XSS flaw"
763:. April 2008. pp. 1–3.
430:), output encoding (such as
7:
2572:Hacking (computer security)
2523:Information risk management
2444:Multi-factor authentication
2000:Related security categories
971:. p. 7. Archived from
672:
449:, link and the script tag.
358:
334:-based cross-site scripting
98:https://mybank.example1.com
10:
2593:
2500:Intrusion detection system
2458:Computer security software
2114:Advanced persistent threat
1406:"Ajax and Mashup Security"
1329:"pug-plugin-trusted-types"
646:
582:
496:
466:
362:
220:Non-persistent (reflected)
81:
37:that can be found in some
18:
2399:
2099:
2085:
2079:Digital rights management
1999:
643:SameSite cookie parameter
511:(since version 2.0.0.5),
402:URL (or percent) encoding
2224:Denial-of-service attack
2119:Arbitrary code execution
1782:"Trusted Types Spec WIP"
725:Cross-document messaging
679:Web application security
519:(since version 9.5) and
192:
33:) is a type of security
2434:Computer access control
2386:Rogue security software
2049:Electromagnetic warfare
1541:. Mozilla. May 30, 2008
1255:. OWASP. Archived from
590:Content Security Policy
585:Content Security Policy
579:Content Security Policy
216:(in client-side code).
2480:Obfuscation (software)
2209:Browser Helper Objects
2093:
1952:Reviewing Code for XSS
1914:"Cross Site Scripting"
1461:. Apress. p. 36.
1067:"Cross-site Scripting"
612:Trusted types changes
252:Persistent (or stored)
121:web-based applications
2562:Web security exploits
2475:Data-centric security
2356:Remote access trojans
2091:
1121:Viruses and worms in
665:since version 63 and
467:Further information:
349:JavaScript frameworks
2407:Application security
2301:Privilege escalation
2169:Cross-site scripting
2022:Cybersex trafficking
1993:Information security
1561:. TidBITS Publishing
735:Parameter validation
730:Samy (computer worm)
715:free and open source
594:dynamic code loading
416:web template systems
172:information security
27:Cross-site scripting
21:XSS (disambiguation)
2054:Information warfare
2012:Automotive security
1877:MacKenzie, Thomas.
1825:"Same-site Cookies"
1634:"NoScript Features"
1304:"Google Developers"
940:. MITRE Corporation
689:XML external entity
515:(since version 4),
507:(since version 6),
390:Preventive measures
46:client-side scripts
2567:Injection exploits
2463:Antivirus software
2331:Social engineering
2296:Polymorphic engine
2249:Fraudulent dialers
2154:Hardware backdoors
2094:
1920:. October 13, 2005
1900:. February 6, 2015
1813:pp. 467-478, 2012.
1709:csp.withgoogle.com
1614:. December 6, 2006
1227:www.majorgeeks.com
1181:"JQuery bug #9521"
699:Metasploit Project
669:since version 60.
381:Mutated XSS (mXSS)
374:social engineering
309:injection vector.
94:same-origin policy
88:Same-origin policy
54:same-origin policy
2549:
2548:
2511:Anomaly detection
2416:Secure by default
2269:Keystroke loggers
2204:Drive-by download
2092:vectorial version
2059:Internet security
2007:Computer security
1468:978-1-59059-816-0
1433:"What Is Web 2.0"
1386:on March 23, 2008
1308:Google Developers
1259:on March 18, 2017
1101:978-1-59749-154-9
1016:978-0-596-51483-9
975:on April 18, 2008
707:, an open-source
684:Internet security
531:Disabling scripts
505:Internet Explorer
440:HTML sanitization
2584:
2420:Secure by design
2351:Hardware Trojans
2184:History sniffing
2174:Cross-site leaks
2069:Network security
1986:
1979:
1972:
1963:
1962:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1909:
1907:
1905:
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1741:
1736:. April 22, 2019
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1597:
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1592:
1587:on June 18, 2008
1577:
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1412:on April 3, 2008
1402:
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802:
786:
780:
779:
777:
775:
769:
758:
750:
717:code library by
694:Browser security
660:
656:
649:Same-site cookie
499:Http-only cookie
493:Http-only cookie
433:
429:
295:
187:buffer overflows
140:security context
138:attacker in the
39:web applications
2592:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2395:
2095:
2083:
2074:Copy protection
2064:Mobile security
1995:
1990:
1948:Testing for XSS
1936:
1923:
1921:
1912:
1903:
1901:
1892:
1883:
1881:
1873:
1871:Further reading
1868:
1858:
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1848:
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1843:
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1817:
1804:
1800:
1790:
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1590:
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1579:
1578:
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1564:
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1544:
1542:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1522:
1520:
1519:on May 17, 2008
1509:
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1471:
1469:
1452:
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1232:
1230:
1229:. July 29, 2014
1221:
1220:
1216:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1167:"DOM based XSS"
1165:
1164:
1160:
1150:
1148:
1134:
1132:
1131:on May 16, 2008
1120:
1116:
1106:
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1086:
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1055:
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771:
767:
756:
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751:
747:
743:
675:
658:
655:SameSite=Strict
654:
651:
645:
637:static analysis
610:
587:
581:
576:
533:
501:
495:
471:
465:
463:Cookie security
431:
427:
424:
397:
392:
383:
367:
361:
315:
293:
254:
222:
195:
90:
82:Main articles:
80:
50:access controls
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2590:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2541:Site isolation
2538:
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2532:
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2525:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2497:
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2482:
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2465:
2455:
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2453:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2439:Authentication
2431:
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2414:
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2401:
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2292:
2291:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2239:Email spoofing
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2179:DOM clobbering
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2159:Code injection
2156:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2105:
2103:
2097:
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2086:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2039:Cyberterrorism
2036:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2027:Computer fraud
2024:
2014:
2009:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1989:
1988:
1981:
1974:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1935:
1934:External links
1932:
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1930:
1910:
1890:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1841:
1829:tools.ietf.org
1815:
1798:
1786:wicg.github.io
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696:
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674:
671:
647:Main article:
644:
641:
609:
606:
583:Main article:
580:
577:
575:
572:
532:
529:
497:Main article:
494:
491:
481:IP address or
464:
461:
423:
420:
396:
393:
391:
388:
382:
379:
363:Main article:
360:
357:
314:
311:
294:<script>
253:
250:
226:non-persistent
221:
218:
199:non-persistent
194:
191:
148:non-persistent
129:code injection
79:
76:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2589:
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2451:Authorization
2449:
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2437:
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2422:
2421:
2418:
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2413:
2412:Secure coding
2410:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2381:SQL injection
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2361:Vulnerability
2359:
2357:
2354:
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2349:
2347:
2346:Trojan horses
2344:
2342:
2341:Software bugs
2339:
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2240:
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2229:Eavesdropping
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2219:Data scraping
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2189:Cryptojacking
2187:
2185:
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2177:
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2172:
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2167:
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2015:
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1247:
1245:
1233:September 20,
1228:
1224:
1218:
1211:. Angular.js.
1210:
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906:
895:September 21,
891:
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869:September 15,
865:
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791:
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728:
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723:
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713:DOMPurify, a
712:
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663:Google Chrome
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521:Google Chrome
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55:
51:
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44:
40:
36:
35:vulnerability
32:
28:
22:
2485:Data masking
2168:
2044:Cyberwarfare
1922:. Retrieved
1917:
1902:. Retrieved
1897:
1882:. Retrieved
1857:. Retrieved
1853:
1844:
1832:. Retrieved
1828:
1818:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1789:. Retrieved
1785:
1776:
1764:. Retrieved
1750:
1738:. Retrieved
1733:
1724:
1712:. Retrieved
1708:
1699:
1687:. Retrieved
1683:
1674:
1662:. Retrieved
1658:
1649:
1637:. Retrieved
1628:
1616:. Retrieved
1611:
1601:
1589:. Retrieved
1585:the original
1575:
1563:. Retrieved
1558:
1543:. Retrieved
1533:
1521:. Retrieved
1517:the original
1506:
1494:. Retrieved
1484:
1472:. Retrieved
1457:
1449:
1437:. Retrieved
1426:
1414:. Retrieved
1410:the original
1400:
1388:. Retrieved
1384:the original
1359:. Retrieved
1348:
1336:. Retrieved
1332:
1323:
1311:. Retrieved
1307:
1298:
1286:. Retrieved
1282:
1273:
1261:. Retrieved
1257:the original
1231:. Retrieved
1226:
1217:
1203:
1189:
1175:
1161:
1149:. Retrieved
1133:. Retrieved
1129:the original
1117:
1105:. Retrieved
1090:
1083:
1071:. Retrieved
1039:
1035:
1025:
1000:
977:. Retrieved
973:the original
964:
954:
942:. Retrieved
931:
919:. Retrieved
916:The Register
915:
905:
893:. Retrieved
890:The Guardian
889:
879:
867:. Retrieved
857:
849:
842:. Retrieved
832:
820:. Retrieved
811:
799:. Retrieved
793:
784:
772:. Retrieved
748:
659:SameSite=Lax
652:
634:
622:string value
611:
598:
588:
563:
549:
546:
534:
524:
502:
472:
454:
451:
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210:
206:
202:
198:
196:
176:
147:
143:
133:
118:
109:
97:
91:
84:Web security
66:
52:such as the
30:
26:
25:
2425:Misuse case
2259:Infostealer
2234:Email fraud
2199:Data breach
2034:Cybergeddon
1924:October 24,
1904:October 24,
1884:October 24,
1854:caniuse.com
1684:caniuse.com
1263:February 4,
1042:: 170–186.
844:February 9,
822:November 4,
618:trademarked
469:HTTP cookie
457:obfuscation
207:traditional
114:port number
2556:Categories
2490:Encryption
2366:Web shells
2306:Ransomware
2254:Hacktivism
2017:Cybercrime
1766:January 1,
1659:www.w3.org
1539:"NoScript"
1283:golang.org
774:January 1,
741:References
630:blue teams
447:iframe tag
345:JavaScript
320:JavaScript
258:persistent
234:sanitizing
203:persistent
166:, or even
102:URI scheme
78:Background
2321:Shellcode
2316:Scareware
2164:Crimeware
2124:Backdoors
1809:vol. 54,
969:CXO Media
801:March 19,
626:auditable
487:mobile IP
483:web proxy
353:AngularJS
274:signed in
230:reflected
144:reflected
135:Microsoft
106:host name
2495:Firewall
2400:Defenses
2326:Spamming
2311:Rootkits
2284:Phishing
2244:Exploits
1639:March 7,
1612:BBC News
1197:. OWASP.
1169:. OWASP.
765:Archived
673:See also
614:Web APIs
559:NoScript
525:HttpOnly
523:, is an
370:Self-XSS
365:Self-XSS
359:Self-XSS
183:Facebook
160:VBScript
123:, their
72:misnomer
58:Symantec
2336:Spyware
2279:Payload
2274:Malware
2214:Viruses
2194:Botnets
2101:Threats
1761:Dropbox
1618:June 4,
1591:June 4,
1565:June 4,
1559:TidBITS
1545:June 4,
1523:June 4,
1496:June 4,
1474:June 4,
1439:June 4,
1416:June 9,
1390:June 6,
1361:May 29,
1183:. 2011.
1151:June 6,
1135:May 27,
1107:May 28,
1073:May 28,
979:June 7,
944:June 7,
921:May 28,
667:Firefox
537:Web 2.0
509:Firefox
179:Twitter
152:ActiveX
125:servers
62:network
2530:(SIEM)
2507:(HIDS)
2391:Zombie
2128:Bombs
2109:Adware
1859:May 4,
1834:May 4,
1791:May 1,
1740:May 1,
1714:May 1,
1689:May 1,
1664:May 1,
1465:
1338:May 1,
1313:May 1,
1288:May 1,
1098:
1013:
719:Cure53
601:nonces
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