426:
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possible that some of its inhabitants served with the Roman army, which often recruited mounted auxiliaries from among native peoples. The helmet may well already have been a valuable antique at the time of its burial; if the coins found nearby reflect when it was buried, it could have been over a century old by the time it was deposited. It was deliberately broken before being buried in what may have been intended as a ritual sacrifice. The identity of its owner will never be known, but it could have been that a local inhabitant who had formerly served with the Roman cavalry was responsible for the helmet's deposition.
389:. He eventually identified it as Roman by consulting auction catalogues, searching the Internet and getting advice from dealers. Find Liaison Officers from the Portable Antiquities Scheme were notified of the discovery and visited the findspot along with the finder. Christie's commissioned Darren Bradbury, an independent conservator and restorer, to restore the helmet and visor for sale. Although Christie's was asked to delay the restoration so that a full scientific examination could be carried out, this request was not granted and information about the helmet's burial may have been lost as a result. However, the
249:. The visor was originally attached to the headpiece by means of a hinge; the iron hinge pin has not survived, but its existence has been inferred from the presence of powdery deposits of iron oxide residue. The helmet would have been held in place using a leather strap attached from the wearer's neck to a decorated rivet on either side of the helmet, below the ear. Wear marks caused by opening and closing the visor are still visible, and at some point the helmet was repaired using a bronze sheet which was riveted across two splits. Only two other Roman helmets complete with visors have been found in Britain: the
554:
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on top. The helmet was found in 33 large fragments and 34 small fragments and had apparently been folded before burial. The visor was mostly intact and had been placed face down. The griffin had become detached and was found with the helmet. No other artefacts were found at the time, but the subsequent Tullie House/PAS excavations at the findspot discovered a number of copper and iron objects, a bead and two Roman coins dating to 330–337. The coins were found within the artificial stone feature in which the helmet had been deposited and may have been buried at the same time.
61:
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featuring on the cover and six more pages. Its value was put at £200,000 – £300,000. The Tullie House Museum and Art
Gallery launched an appeal with the aim of purchasing the helmet and making it the focus of a new Roman frontier gallery due to open in 2011. The campaign immediately attracted numerous donations, including £50,000 from an anonymous overseas benefactor who offered the sum if a matching sum could be raised by the public (it was); a £1 million offer from the
321:
364:. The earthworks noted earlier were found to be part of a substantial enclosure surrounded by ditches, within which buildings had once stood. The enclosure, which measures as much as 500 metres (1,600 ft) long on its southern side, combines both native British and Roman methods of fortification. A sunken area within the enclosure may possibly have served as a
197:, has described the helmet as "... an immensely interesting and outstandingly important find ... Its face mask is both extremely finely wrought and chillingly striking, but it is as an ensemble that the helmet is so exceptional and, in its specifics, unparalleled. It is a find of the greatest national (and, indeed, international) significance."
503:, cavalry tournaments that were performed in front of emperors and senior commanders. Horses and riders wore lavishly decorated clothes, armour and plumes while performing feats of horsemanship and re-enacting historical and legendary battles, such as the wars of the Greeks and Trojans. According to the Roman writer
617:, and a printed guide was produced for the occasion. It was subsequently displayed at the British Museum from 28 January to 27 April 2014. The helmet returned to Tullie House to be part of their exhibition for Hadrian's Cavalry, an exhibition spanning ten sites along Hadrian's Wall from April to September 2017.
578:. By the time of the auction three and a half weeks after the campaign had been launched, the museum had raised enough money to support a bid of up to £1.7 million. Behind the scenes, efforts were made to persuade the finder and landowner to agree a private sale with the museum, but these approaches failed.
581:
The initial estimate was passed within seconds of the auction opening. Six bidders pushed the price towards a million pounds and Tullie House was forced to drop out at £1.7 million. Two remaining bidders took the bid past £2 million; the winning bidder, an anonymous UK resident and fine art collector
531:
Combat gear was issued by and belonged to the Roman army, and had to be returned at the end of a wearer's service. Cavalry sports equipment appears to have been treated differently, as soldiers apparently privately commissioned and purchased it for their own use. They evidently retained it after they
368:
for horses, while the evidence for the buildings is concentrated in the enclosure's northern portion. The remnants of Romano-British field systems in the surrounding area show that the area was under cultivation and animal remains found on the site indicate that the inhabitants also raised livestock,
285:. The visor would originally have been a silver hue and the helmet would have had a coppery yellow appearance. The helmet's creation can be dated to the late 2nd or early 3rd century from the use of a particular type of decorated rivet as well as some of its design features, such as its pierced eyes.
544:
suggests that the feature may have been intended as a memorial of some sort. It was not buried in an isolated spot but within a long-occupied Romano-British farming settlement that had clearly adopted aspects of Roman culture. Given the settlement's proximity to Roman military locations, it is very
381:
The finder discovered the helmet and visor buried together some 25 cm (10 in) below the surface, at a site located on a ledge at the lower end of the settlement. It had been placed onto two stone slabs at the bottom of a hole which had been back-filled with soil. A stone cap had been laid
539:
The circumstances in which the Crosby Garret helmet was buried are still unclear, but the discoveries made by the post-discovery Tullie House/PAS excavations have provided much more detail about its context. It was clearly deposited within an artificial feature that had been specially constructed;
596:
noted that the circumstances of the helmet's discovery may have resulted in it being outside the scope of even a revised act. It is still possible that the helmet could come into public ownership; if the winning bidder wishes to export it, an export licence would have to be applied for and if a
565:
because single items of non-precious metal are not covered by the act. The finder and landowner were thus free to dispose of the helmet as they saw fit. The discovery was publicly announced by
Christie's in mid-September 2010; the helmet was the centrepiece of its 7 October auction catalogue,
340:
and other small artefacts. The findspot is situated not far from a Roman road. A number of earthworks are located nearby, indicating the presence of a previously unrecorded ancient settlement. The area was strategically placed on the route to the northern frontier of Roman
Britain within the
511:
hose of high rank or superior in horsemanship wear gilded helmets of iron or bronze to draw the attention of the spectators. Unlike the helmets made for active service, these do not cover the head and cheeks only but are made to fit all round the faces of the riders with apertures for the
173:
The helmet appears to have been deliberately folded up and deposited in an artificial stone structure. It is thought to have been used for ceremonial occasions rather than for combat, and may already have been an antique by the time it was buried. It is of the same type as the
536:. The Dutch historian Johan Nicolay has identified a "lifecycle" for Roman military equipment in which ex-soldiers took certain items home with them as a reminder of their service and occasionally disposed of them away from garrison sites as grave goods or votive offerings.
373:
suggests that the inhabitants had adopted some elements of the Roman lifestyle, but their community may well have been there long before the Romans arrived. Archaeological evidence from the enclosure indicates that the site may have been first settled as far back as the
532:
completed their service. Both helmets and visors have been found in graves and other contexts away from obvious military sites, as well as being deposited in forts and their vicinity. In some cases they were carefully folded up and buried, as in the case of the
437:
The helmet and visor have marked similarities to a number of other Roman cavalry helmets. The visor is a cavalry sports type C (H. Russell
Robinson classification) or type V (Maria Kohlert classification). Similar examples have been found across the
292:, the goddess of vengeance and fate. They were both seen as agents of death and were often linked with gladiatorial combat. The meaning of the face and headpiece are less clearly identifiable. Suggestions have ranged from the Greek god
276:
with a low zinc content, with which some tin had been added to improve the quality of the casting. Some of the fragments show traces of a white metal coating, indicating that the visor would originally have been
236:
The Crosby
Garrett helmet is an almost complete example of a two-piece Roman cavalry helmet. The visor portrays the face of a youthful, clean-shaven male with curly hair. The headpiece is in the shape of a
312:
identity. The
Phrygian cap was often used by the Romans as a visual motif representing the Trojans. Another interpretation believes that it could be an Amazon due to the Phrygian hat and the tap.
397:
spectrometry was carried out to determine the composition of the headpiece, visor and griffin. Bradbury's restoration work took some 240 hours and involved the repair of cracks and holes using
216:, at Tullie House in 2013–14, followed by display at the British Museum in 2014. The helmet returned to Tullie House to be displayed in the Hadrian's Cavalry exhibition in the summer of 2017.
158:, England, in May 2010. Later investigations found that a Romano-British farming settlement had occupied the site where the helmet was discovered, which was located a few miles away from a
609:
in London, and was put on display from 15 September to 9 December 2012 as part of an exhibition of bronzes. From 1 November 2013 until 26 January 2014 the helmet was on display at the
512:
eyes ... From the helmets hang yellow plumes, a matter of décor as much as utility. As the horses move forward, the slightest breeze adds to the beauty of these plumes.— Arrian,
328:
The helmet and visor were found in May 2010 in pastureland on a farm owned by Eric
Robinson at Crosby Garrett in Cumbria. The finder, an unnamed metal detectorist in his 20s from
212:
sought to purchase the helmet with the support of the
British Museum, but was outbid. The helmet has so far been publicly displayed four times, once in a 2012 exhibition at the
1102:
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and dated to the 2nd century AD. The griffin ornament is unique, though it may parallel a lost "sphinx of bronze" that may originally have been attached to the crest of the
349:
would have been present in the area and would certainly have used the nearby road. A Roman auxiliary fort stood only 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) to the north-east at
494:, dated to the second half of the 2nd century AD. Rings on the back of the helmet and on the griffin may have been used to attach colourful streamers or ribbons.
21:
360:
Following the helmet's discovery, the area around the findspot was investigated in a project sponsored by the Tullie House Museum and Art
Gallery and the
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430:
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to give the appearance of silver. The griffin was cast separately from a different alloy consisting of 68% copper, 4% zinc, 18% tin and 10%
961:
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in 1796. The headpiece is nearly unique; only one other example in the form of a
Phrygian cap has been found, in a fragmentary state, at
597:
temporary export bar was placed on it an opportunity could arise for funds to be raised by a public institution to purchase the helmet.
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186:(found in 2000), though its facial features are more akin to those of helmets found in southern Europe. Its design may allude to the
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937:
Armed Batavians: Use and Significance of Weaponry and Horse Gear from Non-military Contexts in the Rhine Delta, 50 BC to AD 450
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336:, had been detecting with his father in two adjacent fields for some years but had previously only discovered some
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There has been much debate about the symbolic meaning of the helmet's design. The griffin was the companion of
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Although the find was reported under the Portable Antiquities Scheme, it was not declared treasure under the
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The finder did not initially realise that he had found a Roman artefact and thought at first that it was a
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Since its sale in 2010, the helmet has been on public display four times. It was lent by its owner to the
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fort. It is possible that the owner of the helmet was a local inhabitant who had served with the
590:. The outcome aroused controversy and prompted calls for the Treasure Act to be revised, though
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Symonds, Matthew (February 2014). "Crosby Garrett – Exploring the helmet's burial place".
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696:; Jackson, Ralph; Mackay, Andrew; Bland, Roger; Pitts, Mike (January–February 2011).
570:; a £300,000 pledge from the Headley Trust and the Monument Trust; £200,000 from the
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1965:
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891:"Bronze parade mask: a woman's face, perhaps worn by soldiers representing Amazons"
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in 1905, and its facial features most closely parallel a helmet that was found at
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405:("Super Glue"), retouched to match the appearance of the surrounding material.
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The Amazons : lives and legends of warrior women across the ancient world
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for £2.3 million (US$ 3.6 million) to an undisclosed private buyer.
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The helmet on auction at Christie's auction house in London on 7 October 2010
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The helmet and visor were cast from an alloy consisting of an average of 82%
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470:. The rendering of the hair is similar to that of a type C helmet found at
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1045:. Pewsey: The Armatura Press, for Tullie House Museum & Art Gallery.
860:"Roman cavalry helmet found with metal detector may go abroad at auction"
143:
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2020:
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Ralph Jackson, Senior Curator of Romano-British Collections at the
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190:, whose exploits the Romans re-enacted in cavalry tournaments.
1111:". Daniel Pett, Portable Antiquities Scheme, 13 September 2010
990:"Crosby Garrett Helmet to be part of Royal Academy exhibition"
582:
bidding by phone, paid a total of £2,330,468.75 including the
178:(found in 1905) and its design also has similarities with the
1970:
1960:
1914:
1466:
1418:
1067:"Roman war games: helmets from Crosby Garrett and Ribchester"
912:
The Roman Imperial Army of the First and Second Centuries A.D
463:
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293:
273:
142:
cavalry helmet dating from the late 2nd or early 3rd century
1844:
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309:
282:
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639:"Roman Cavalry Sports helmet from Crosby Garrett, Cumbria"
587:
272:. This alloy was probably derived from melted-down scrap
269:
1092:
Roman Cavalry Sports helmet from Crosby Garrett, Cumbria
378:, at least 1,000 years before the helmet was deposited.
93:
1109:
Exceptional Roman cavalry helmet discovered in Cumbria
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was able to inspect the find during restoration and
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369:including sheep, goats and pigs. The presence of
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729:
727:
725:
953:
245:that stands with one raised foot resting on an
1130:
962:"Roman helmet found in field sells for £2.3m"
914:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 156.
722:
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315:
421:, which has a similar "Phrygian cap" design
1137:
1123:
548:
433:from a Roman tomb at Nola (British Museum)
200:On 7 October 2010, the helmet was sold at
1041:Breeze, D.J.; Bishop, M.C., eds. (2013).
788:
632:
630:
408:
1016:"Crosby Garrett Roman Helmet exhibition"
552:
519:
424:
412:
319:
223:
934:
909:
857:
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807:
636:
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959:
735:"A Roman Bronze Cavalry Parade Helmet"
627:
1118:
762:
760:
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885:
883:
241:, on the crest of which is a winged
858:Kennedy, Maev (13 September 2010).
829:. Princeton. pp. 67, n.p. 33.
766:
637:Jackson, Ralph (9 September 2010).
611:Tullie House Museum and Art Gallery
206:Tullie House Museum and Art Gallery
81:407 millimetres (16.0 in) high
13:
960:Barnes, Anthony (7 October 2010).
753:
103:By a metal detectorist in May 2010
14:
2371:
1085:
880:
822:
698:"The Crosby Garrett Roman Helmet"
16:Copper alloy Roman cavalry helmet
2350:Metal detecting finds in England
576:J Paul Getty Jr Charitable Trust
450:. It is of the same type as the
59:
2340:2010 archaeological discoveries
1059:
1034:
1008:
982:
928:
568:National Heritage Memorial Fund
939:. Amsterdam University Press.
903:
816:
219:
1:
620:
146:. It was found by an unnamed
7:
1704:Helmet Steel Airborne Troop
1144:
774:Portable Antiquities Scheme
647:Portable Antiquities Scheme
497:Such helmets were used for
362:Portable Antiquities Scheme
10:
2376:
1840:Czechoslovak Vz. 53 Helmet
600:
2360:Roman armour from Britain
2245:
2204:
2114:
2029:
1953:
1822:
1661:
1630:
1457:
1361:
1352:
1152:
1103:Christie's sale catalogue
1043:The Crosby Garrett Helmet
316:Discovery and restoration
228:The helmet on display at
121:
107:
99:
85:
77:
67:
58:
53:
910:Webster, Graham (1998).
182:(found in 1796) and the
935:Nicolay, Johan (2007).
574:; and £75,000 from the
549:Auction and controversy
417:The Ostrov Helmet from
324:Side view of the helmet
2042:Advanced Combat Helmet
769:"LANCUM-E48D73 HELMET"
558:
528:
518:
434:
422:
409:Similarities and usage
325:
233:
2345:Ancient Roman helmets
2335:3rd-century artifacts
2330:2nd-century artifacts
2134:Boxing / Martial Arts
706:(116). Archived from
607:Royal Academy of Arts
556:
523:
509:
429:A 2nd-century bronze
428:
416:
323:
227:
214:Royal Academy of Arts
133:Crosby Garrett Helmet
54:Crosby Garrett Helmet
1684:M32 (Czechoslovakia)
542:Museum of Lancashire
300:, to the Roman gods
1855:Romanian M73 helmet
1809:M1918 (Switzerland)
1729:Mk II talker helmet
1694:Stahlhelm (Germany)
1249:Henry VIII's Horned
1098:Roman Helmet Appeal
1094:by Dr Ralph Jackson
1022:on 13 November 2013
810:Current Archaeology
703:British Archaeology
593:British Archaeology
540:Stuart Noon of the
33: /
2355:Individual helmets
2092:Lightweight Helmet
1567:Lobster-tailed pot
996:. 9 September 2012
710:on 1 February 2014
559:
534:Guisborough Helmet
529:
526:Guisborough Helmet
466:and is now in the
435:
423:
395:X-ray fluorescence
387:Victorian ornament
326:
306:Jupiter Dolichenus
234:
125:Private possession
92:, 2nd–3rd century
2315:
2314:
2154:Gridiron football
2110:
2109:
1764:SSh-39 and SSh-40
1699:M1934/39 (Greece)
1052:978-0-9570261-7-9
946:978-90-5356-253-6
921:978-0-8061-3000-2
836:978-1-4008-6513-0
823:Mayor, Adrienne.
563:1996 Treasure Act
480:Ribchester Helmet
341:territory of the
255:Ribchester Helmet
180:Ribchester Helmet
148:metal detectorist
129:
128:
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1749:M1940 (Portugal)
1424:Late Roman ridge
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1358:
1139:
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1069:. British Museum
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767:Worrell, Sally.
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741:. September 2010
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500:hippika gymnasia
482:, discovered in
122:Present location
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37:54.479°N 2.420°W
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1814:Type 92 Tetsubo
1739:Netherlands M34
1689:M1923 (Denmark)
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584:buyer's premium
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452:Newstead Helmet
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251:Newstead Helmet
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184:Hallaton Helmet
176:Newstead Helmet
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403:cyanoacrylate
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371:Roman pottery
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2317:
2270:Heraldic use
2258:Helmet cover
2030:2001–present
1860:Mº 44 E.T.A.
1714:M42 Duperite
1612:Takula tofao
1562:Lamellenhelm
1460:Early Modern
1458:Medieval and
1429:Montefortino
1208:
1174:Benty Grange
1071:. Retrieved
1061:
1042:
1036:
1024:. Retrieved
1020:the original
1010:
998:. Retrieved
984:
972:. Retrieved
965:
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872:13 September
870:. Retrieved
865:The Guardian
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780:13 September
778:. Retrieved
772:
743:. Retrieved
738:
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708:the original
701:
653:14 September
651:. Retrieved
645:
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440:Roman Empire
436:
384:
380:
359:
327:
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259:
239:Phrygian cap
235:
199:
192:
172:
137:copper alloy
132:
130:
72:Copper alloy
18:
2047:BK-3 helmet
2001:Hełm wz. 93
1925:Paratrooper
1910:Modèle 1978
1905:Modèle 1951
1880:Hełm wz. 67
1875:Hełm wz. 63
1870:Hełm wz. 50
1744:Hełm wz. 31
1709:M33 (Italy)
1648:Pith helmet
1643:Pickelhaube
1631:Late Modern
1607:Spangenhelm
1592:Pickelhaube
1492:Cervelliere
1374:Boar's tusk
1234:Guisborough
1199:Coțofenești
1026:13 November
1000:9 September
514:Ars Tactica
454:, found in
431:parade mask
345:tribe. The
338:Roman coins
220:Description
40: /
2324:Categories
2181:Motorcycle
2164:Revolution
2149:Equestrian
1976:M90 (Iraq)
1557:Kulah khud
1517:Frog-mouth
1394:Corinthian
1384:Chalcidian
1314:Sutton Hoo
1299:Ribchester
1259:Iron Gates
1254:Horncastle
1224:Gjermundbu
1194:Coppergate
1184:Canterbury
1155:historical
1153:Individual
739:Christie's
621:References
484:Lancashire
376:Bronze Age
347:Roman army
230:Christie's
202:Christie's
164:Roman army
160:Roman road
100:Discovered
25:54°28′44″N
2307:Zuckerman
2263:Mitznefet
2212:Custodian
2191:Scrum cap
2159:Eyeshield
2037:A2 Helmet
1954:1980–2000
1940:Swiss M71
1823:1945–1980
1662:1914–1945
1532:Hounskull
1414:Kegelhelm
974:7 October
845:887802877
28:2°25′12″W
2285:Tarnhelm
2227:Hard hat
2176:Lacrosse
2115:Athletic
2087:KH-B2000
2062:ECH (US)
1890:M76 Para
1835:CABAL II
1507:Enclosed
1487:Burgonet
1482:Bascinet
1472:Aventail
1449:Shmarjet
1439:Phrygian
1409:Imperial
1404:Illyrian
1379:Boeotian
1334:Waterloo
1329:Venetian
1304:Shorwell
1284:Nijmegen
1279:Newstead
1239:Hallaton
1219:Gevninge
1189:Ciumeşti
1164:Agighiol
1073:28 March
994:BBC News
970:. London
868:. London
812:: 12–17.
615:Carlisle
572:Art Fund
472:Belgrade
456:Scotland
351:Verterae
343:Carvetii
330:Peterlee
210:Carlisle
68:Material
2280:Mahiole
2237:Welding
2144:Cricket
2139:Bicycle
2127:Coolflo
2122:Batting
2016:SPECTRA
1945:Type 66
1638:Dragoon
1602:Secrete
1537:Jingasa
1502:Dragoon
1477:Barbute
1362:Ancient
1294:Pioneer
1269:Meyrick
1264:Lokrume
1157:helmets
1146:Helmets
745:3 March
714:3 March
601:Display
492:Romania
444:Britain
419:Romania
366:paddock
302:Mithras
298:Perseus
290:Nemesis
268:and 8%
247:amphora
243:griffin
232:in 2010
188:Trojans
156:Cumbria
116:Cumbria
86:Created
2302:Winged
2275:Horned
2253:Flight
2217:Diving
2186:Racing
2171:Hockey
2052:QGF-03
1986:M59/85
1935:SSh-68
1930:SSh-60
1920:OR-201
1865:M59/85
1789:SSK 90
1759:SSh-36
1734:Mk III
1674:Brodie
1669:Adrian
1622:Viking
1617:Turban
1597:Sallet
1587:Paseki
1577:Morion
1552:Kettle
1547:Katapu
1542:Kabuto
1389:Coolus
1354:Combat
1289:Peretu
1274:Nemiya
1244:Hellvi
1049:
943:
918:
843:
833:
505:Arrian
488:Ostrov
476:Serbia
310:Trojan
279:tinned
264:, 10%
262:copper
162:and a
2246:Other
2011:Sfera
1996:PASGT
1981:JK 96
1971:GOLFO
1961:CG634
1915:MPC-1
1895:Mk IV
1582:Nasal
1572:Mempo
1527:Great
1497:Close
1467:Armet
1444:Pilos
1434:Negau
1419:Konos
1399:Galea
1369:Attic
1324:Veksø
1319:Tjele
1214:Emesa
1169:Agris
642:(PDF)
464:Italy
448:Syria
442:from
399:resin
294:Attis
274:brass
150:near
140:Roman
135:is a
108:Place
90:Roman
2290:Pith
2205:Work
2102:Mk 7
2097:MICH
2082:IHPS
2072:6B47
2067:FAST
1900:Mk 6
1845:GK80
1344:Yarm
1179:Broe
1075:2015
1047:ISBN
1028:2013
1002:2012
976:2010
941:ISBN
916:ISBN
874:2010
841:OCLC
831:ISBN
782:2010
747:2010
716:2011
655:2010
586:and
524:The
460:Nola
401:and
304:and
283:lead
266:zinc
253:and
131:The
78:Size
2196:Ski
2021:6B7
1991:M87
1966:M92
1885:M63
1754:RAC
1724:M1C
613:in
588:VAT
490:in
474:in
462:in
446:to
357:).
270:tin
208:in
154:in
2326::
1719:M1
992:.
964:.
893:.
882:^
862:.
839:.
790:^
771:.
755:^
737:.
724:^
700:.
663:^
644:.
629:^
516:34
507::
332:,
257:.
170:.
144:AD
114:,
94:AD
1138:e
1131:t
1124:v
1107:"
1077:.
1055:.
1030:.
1004:.
978:.
949:.
924:.
899:.
876:.
847:.
784:.
749:.
718:.
657:.
353:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
