117:) were inserted not in the mouth pipe, but in the middle of the horn. This presented the new problem of fitting the longest and shortest crooks into the same small space. Working with the Dresden instrument maker Johann Werner, Hampel perfected the Inventionshorn sometime between 1750 and 1755. The new horn was capable of the full range of transpositions and quickly became a regular member of the developing symphony orchestra. Fine-tuning of the Inventionshorn remained a problem until J. G. Haltenhof replaced the tenon and socket fittings with slides in 1776. About 4 years later the Parisian instrument makers Joseph and Lucien-Joseph Raoux, in collaboration with Carl Türrschmidt, came out with the
17:
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has a German (or
Austrian) trumpet in G (NMM 7077), ca. 1840, which includes terminal crooks, two-piston valves, and a tuning slide. The museum also has a cornet (cornopean in B-flat, Raoux, Paris, ca. 1850, NMM 6852) with terminal crooks, Stölzel valves, tuning slide, and tuning shanks, one of which
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revolutionized the playing of many brass instruments and the music that could be written for them. The name "valves" is somewhat misleading since what is involved is that the crooks have become a permanent part of the instrument, and are opened and closed in various combinations by the use of valves,
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The master crook and coupler system presented some problems. In high keys, the instrument was uncomfortably close to the face, while in low keys, so many pieces needed to be added that the instrument could become unstable, adversely affecting the accuracy of the playing. Moreover, the instrument
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Early horns had unalterable lengths and permanently attached mouthpieces. This presented problems in concert situations. A different horn was required for different keys, and the instrument could not be tuned. Around 1700 the
Leichnamschneider brothers in Vienna developed a horn with a removable
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were invented, which proved to be extremely popular. These instruments used a separate crook for each key, and the crooks maintained a fairly uniform distance between the mouthpiece and the body of the instrument. Horn players typically needed at least eight crooks, for
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and A, are very focused and penetrating in tone, and respond quickly, making rapid tonguing easy, but they soon become tiring to play because they are usually used for very high parts. At the opposite end of the spectrum, the low
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were also occasionally made, these keys were usually reached by adding couplers to the C crook. Horns constructed with the large number of crooks needed for playing in an orchestra are sometimes referred to as
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The discovery of crooks is usually a great and unexpected pleasure to performers who have previously used only modern double horns, for they differ greatly in timbre and response. The highest keys, B
180:("Orchesterhorn" in German). The main disadvantage of this system was that so many crooks needed to be transported. The large cases required for carrying them were often works of art themselves.
77:, of different lengths were inserted between the master crook and the body of the horn to change the horn's length, and thus the pitch. Fine-tuning was done with even shorter segments called
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instrument, but the change in timbre associated with stopped notes, and the length of time needed to change crooks, did greatly limit their usefulness. The addition of valves around 1815 by
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In the 19th century, brass instruments were produced which incorporated many of the features described above in one design. For instance, the
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24:" (natural horn) – Raoux, Paris, 1797 – Paris, Musée de la Musique (with a double-loop crook located within the body of the horn).
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has 18 feet (about 5.5m) of tubing — are slow to speak. Indeed, the difference in response between a horn crooked in B
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The
Inventionshorn design was also applied to other brass instruments. Some examples are a pair of
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of the
University of Edinburgh Collection of Historic Musical Instruments (items 3296 and 3297).
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rendering the switching between crooks effectively instantaneous (see also the articles on the
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The use of crooks in conjunction with hand-stopping made the horn into an almost completely
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For photographs and a detailed description of the Saurle trumpets (NMM 7131 and 7132), see
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and C crooks have a rich, dark almost muddy tone, but, because of their length — B
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basso is akin to the difference in handling between a sports car and a lorry.
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511:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
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mouthpiece that could be connected to a short piece of tubing, called a
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For pictures of horns with master crooks and couplers see the online
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University of
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To get around these problems Hampel devised a new instrument, the
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List of euphonium, baritone horn and tenor horn manufacturers
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A Brief
History of Horn Evolution. 2. Crooks and Hand Horns
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of
Dresden in about 1750, so that the horn could be played
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457:For photographs and detailed description, see
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56:which the instrument can sound, and thus the
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527:Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
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556:(archived copy). Accessed 30 May 2009.
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525:The Early Horn. A Practical Guide.
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421:See entry for Carl Türrschmidt at
386:The Natural Horn and Its Technique
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190:The Early Horn, A Practical Guide
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184:Characteristics of manual crooks
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509:Harvard Dictionary of Music
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507:Apel, Willi, ed. (1969).
83:Tutor for the French Horn
523:Humphries, John (2000).
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539:. Accessed 22 May 2009)
232:The invention of valves
1397:Long-string instrument
1024:Marching baritone horn
544:Nelson, Kayla (2007).
397:Bacon, Thomas (2008).
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146:Around 1800 in France
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1754:Guča Trumpet Festival
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567:Richard Seraphinoff,
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136:National Music Museum
73:. Additional pieces,
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1418:Keyboard instruments
403:The Cyberhorn Museum
157:-alto, A, G, F, E, E
60:in which it plays.
1320:Pedal steel guitar
1158:British brass band
1029:Marching euphonium
796:Subcontrabass tuba
535:. (See preview at
446:this archived page
432:2008-04-15 at the
408:2009-04-21 at the
345:2009-04-29 at the
297:Cité de la Musique
265:Hybrid instruments
132:invention trumpets
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1683:Arban method
1603:Mute cornett
1387:Natural horn
1355:
1250:Horn section
1204:Horn players
1163:Balkan brass
1116:
1070:Rotary valve
1065:Piston valve
996:Tibetan horn
863:Natural horn
841:Mute cornett
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537:Google books
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423:Horn History
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372:, pp. 27-31.
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279:Vienna horns
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95:Anton Hampel
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71:master crook
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44:, such as a
38:natural horn
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29:
27:
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1485:Moodswinger
1423:Split sharp
1340:Synthesizer
1335:Human voice
1296:Instrument
707:Wagner tuba
702:Vienna horn
697:German horn
692:French horn
517:0-674375017
427:performers.
251:French horn
79:tuning bits
1774:Trumpeters
1764:Repertoire
1718:Embouchure
1713:Mouthpiece
1625:Flugelhorn
1598:Cornettino
1543:Contrabass
1467:3rd bridge
1308:in any key
1298:intonation
1153:Brass band
1102:Pedal tone
1092:Mouthpiece
1087:Embouchure
1039:Sousaphone
1034:Trombonium
1019:Mellophone
954:Indigenous
945:Jazzophone
935:Saxotromba
925:Sudrophone
915:Ophicleide
836:Cornettino
819:Antiquated
770:Flugelhorn
721:Contrabass
629:Contrabass
309:References
257:, and the
115:inventions
40:(or other
1769:Concertos
1671:technique
1669:Parts and
1650:Post horn
1480:Pencilina
1475:Monochord
1402:Harmonica
1146:Ensembles
1127:Water key
1112:Valve oil
868:Post horn
801:Euphonium
780:Kuhlohorn
741:Superbone
370:Humphries
238:chromatic
1794:Category
1620:Firebird
1566:Variants
1551:Standard
1538:By range
1527:Trumpets
1439:natural
1382:Bagpipes
1325:Trombone
1122:Leadpipe
1011:Marching
971:Vuvuzela
746:Cimbasso
715:Trombone
654:Firebird
430:Archived
425:list of
406:Archived
343:Archived
291:See also
284:♭
224:♭
218:♭
212:♭
206:♭
199:♭
172:♭
166:♭
160:♭
154:♭
124:♭
119:cor solo
75:couplers
22:Cor solo
1759:History
1655:Salpinx
1640:Natural
1630:Flumpet
1615:Fanfare
1593:Cornett
1583:Clarion
1559:Piccolo
1555:Soprano
1531:cornets
1454:Đàn bầu
1330:Timpani
1224:Tubists
1187:Players
961:Alphorn
940:Bazooka
930:Saxtuba
920:Serpent
903:Helicon
898:Sackbut
883:Buccina
831:Cornett
826:Clarion
775:Fiscorn
754:Saxhorn
736:Soprano
659:Flumpet
639:Piccolo
623:Trumpet
501:Sources
277:Modern
1738:Rotary
1733:Piston
1678:Action
1645:Pocket
1588:Cornet
1097:Falset
1060:Valves
991:Sringa
986:Shofar
981:Carnyx
893:Buccin
667:Cornet
615:Modern
531:
515:
255:cornet
253:, the
1747:Other
1728:Valve
1723:Muted
1708:Keyed
1698:Crook
1660:Slide
1578:Bugle
1573:Birch
1557:>
1553:>
1549:>
1545:>
1449:Guqin
1356:Crook
1233:Other
1117:Crook
1077:Mutes
1001:Wazza
976:Nyele
966:Nabal
853:Cornu
687:Bugle
50:pitch
34:shank
30:crook
1779:Jazz
1688:Bore
1547:Bass
1529:and
1107:Bore
858:Dord
790:Tuba
731:Alto
726:Bass
681:Horn
634:Bass
529:ISBN
513:ISBN
480:here
478:and
476:here
474:See
463:here
461:and
459:here
327:Apel
244:and
52:and
1635:Lur
261:).
58:key
1796::
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377:^
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28:A
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203:B
151:B
20:"
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