7505:, Dodd, Mead and Company: New York (p. 9): "We have seen the many ties which at one time or another have joined the inhabitants of the Western islands, and even in Ireland itself offered a tolerable way of life to Protestants and Catholics alike. Upon all of these Cromwell's record was a lasting bane. By an uncompleted process of terror, by an iniquitous land settlement, by the virtual proscription of the Catholic religion, by the bloody deeds already described, he cut new gulfs between the nations and the creeds. "Hell or Connaught" were the terms he thrust upon the native inhabitants, and they for their part, across three hundred years, have used as their keenest expression of hatred "The Curse of Cromwell on you". The consequences of Cromwell's rule in Ireland have distressed and at times distracted English politics down even to the present day. To heal them baffled the skill and loyalties of successive generations. They became for a time a potent obstacle to the harmony of the English-speaking people throughout the world. Upon all of us there still lies 'the curse of Cromwell'.
3535:. However, the Parliament was quickly dominated by those pushing for more radical, properly republican reforms. Later, the Parliament initiated radical reform. Rather than opposing Parliament's bill, Cromwell dissolved them on 22 January 1655. The First Protectorate Parliament had a property franchise of ÂŁ200 per annum in real or personal property value set as the minimum value in which a male adult was to possess before he was eligible to vote for the representatives from the counties or shires in the House of Commons. The House of Commons representatives from the boroughs were elected by the burgesses or those borough residents who had the right to vote in municipal elections, and by the aldermen and councilors of the boroughs.
3368:, Cromwell began to contemplate taking the Crown for himself around this time, though the evidence for this is retrospective and problematic. Ultimately, he demanded that the Rump establish a caretaker government in April 1653 of 40 members drawn from the Rump and the army, and then abdicate; but the Rump returned to debating its own bill for a new government. Cromwell was so angered by this that he cleared the chamber and dissolved the Parliament by force on 20 April 1653, supported by about 40 musketeers. Several accounts exist of this incident; in one, Cromwell is supposed to have said "you are no Parliament, I say you are no Parliament; I will put an end to your sitting". At least two accounts agree that he snatched up the
3836:
3437:
2915:, agreed that Charles should be tried for treason. Cromwell was still in the north of England, dealing with Royalist resistance, when these events took place, but then returned to London. On the day after Pride's Purge, he became a determined supporter of those pushing for the King's trial and execution, believing that killing Charles was the only way to end the civil wars. Cromwell approved Thomas Brook's address to the House of Commons, which justified the trial and the King's execution on the basis of the Book of Numbers, chapter 35 and particularly verse 33 ("The land cannot be cleansed of the blood that is shed therein, but by the blood of him that shed it.").
3449:
3754:
4188:. In a war fought mostly by amateurs, these strengths were significant and most likely contributed to the discipline of his cavalry. Cromwell introduced close-order cavalry formations, with troopers riding knee to knee; this was an innovation in England at the time and a major factor in his success. He kept his troops close together after skirmishes where they had gained superiority, rather than allowing them to chase opponents off the battlefield. This facilitated further engagements in short order, which allowed greater intensity and quick reaction to battle developments. This style of command was decisive at both Marston Moor and Naseby.
1052:. This move, a significant step down in society for the Cromwells, also had significant emotional and spiritual impact on Cromwell; an extant 1638 letter from him to his cousin, the wife of Oliver St John, gives an account of his spiritual awakening at this time. In the letter, Cromwell, describing himself as having been the "chief of sinners", describes his calling as among "the congregation of the firstborn". The letter's language, particularly the inclusion of numerous biblical quotations, shows Cromwell's belief that he was saved from his previous sins by God's mercy, and indicates his religiously
2935:
2679:
7383:, and the parliamentary legislation which succeeded it the following year, is the nearest thing on paper in the English, and more broadly British, domestic record, to a programme of state-sanctioned and systematic ethnic cleansing of another people. The fact that it did not include 'total' genocide in its remit, or that it failed to put into practice the vast majority of its proposed expulsions, ultimately, however, says less about the lethal determination of its makers and more about the political, structural and financial weakness of the early modern English state.
4077:. The refusal of the garrison at Drogheda to do this, even after the walls had been breached, was to Cromwell justification for the massacre. Where Cromwell negotiated the surrender of fortified towns, as at Carlow, New Ross, and Clonmel, some historians argue that he respected the terms of surrender and protected the townspeople's lives and property. At Wexford, he again began negotiations for surrender. The captain of Wexford Castle surrendered during the negotiations and, in the confusion, some of Cromwell's troops began indiscriminate killing and looting.
4215:
9953:
4073:
smaller. Cromwell himself said of the slaughter at
Drogheda in his first letter back to the Council of State: "I believe we put to the sword the whole number of the defendants. I do not think thirty of the whole number escaped with their lives." Cromwell's ordersâ"in the heat of the action, I forbade them to spare any that were in arms in the town"âfollowed a request for surrender at the start of the siege, which was refused. The military protocol of the day was that a town or garrison that rejected the chance to surrender was not entitled to
3743:
4039:
stemmed less from its military origin or the participation of army officers in civil government than from his constant commitment to the interest of the people of God and his conviction that suppressing vice and encouraging virtue constituted the chief end of government. Historians such as John
Morrill, Blair Worden, and J. C. Davis have developed this theme, revealing the extent to which Cromwell's writing and speeches are suffused with biblical references, and arguing that his radical actions were driven by his zeal for godly reformation.
3018:
64:
4061:, were carried out under the command of other generals after Cromwell had left for England. Some point to his actions on entering Ireland. Cromwell demanded that no supplies be seized from civilian inhabitants and that everything be fairly purchased; "I do hereby warn ... all Officers, Soldiers and others under my command not to do any wrong or violence toward Country People or any persons whatsoever, unless they be actually in arms or office with the enemy ... as they shall answer to the contrary at their utmost peril."
3312:
3893:
3564:
7323:
land possessed by
Catholics born in Ireland dropped from sixty to twenty. In a decade, the ownership of two-fifths of the land mass was transferred from several thousand Irish Catholic landowners to British Protestants. The gap between Irish and the English views of the seventeenth-century conquest remains unbridgeable and is governed by G.K. Chesterton's mirthless epigram of 1917, that 'it was a tragic necessity that the Irish should remember it; but it was far more tragic that the English forgot it'.
3241:
405:
893:
9958:
2926:. Thus, even after a trial, it was difficult to get ordinary men to go along with it: "None of the officers charged with supervising the execution wanted to sign the order for the actual beheading, so they brought their dispute to Cromwell...Oliver seized a pen and scribbled out the order, and handed the pen to the second officer, Colonel Hacker who stooped to sign it. The execution could now proceed." Although Fairfax conspicuously refused to sign, Charles I was executed on 30 January 1649.
879:
4202:. Marshall also argues that Cromwell was not truly revolutionary in his war strategies. Instead, he observes Cromwell as a courageous and energetic commander, with an eye for discipline and logistics. However, Marshall also suggests that Cromwell's military proficiency had improved significantly by 1644â45âand that he operated efficiently during the operations of those years. Marshall also points out that Cromwell's political career was shapen by his military career advance.
4173:, such as Manchester, to choose between civil office and military command. All of themâexcept Cromwell, whose commission was given continued extensions and was allowed to remain in parliamentâchose to renounce their military positions. The Ordinance also decreed that the army be "remodelled" on a national basis, replacing the old county associations; Cromwell contributed significantly to these military reforms. In April 1645 the New Model Army finally took to the field, with
2451:
3544:
2804:
2654:
the war. Manchester later accused
Cromwell of recruiting men of "low birth" as officers in the army, to which he replied: "If you choose godly honest men to be captains of horse, honest men will follow them ... I would rather have a plain russet-coated captain who knows what he fights for and loves what he knows than that which you call a gentleman and is nothing else". At this time, Cromwell also fell into dispute with Major-General
9936:
3417:, was tasked with finding a permanent constitutional and religious settlement (Cromwell was invited to be a member but declined). However, the revelation that a considerably larger segment of the membership than had been believed were the radical Fifth Monarchists led to its members voting to dissolve it on 12 December 1653, out of fear of what the radicals might do if they took control of the Assembly.
4003:, an annotated collection of his letters and speeches in which he described English Puritanism as "the last of all our Heroisms" while taking a negative view of his own era. By the late 19th century, Carlyle's portrayal of Cromwell had become assimilated into Whig and Liberal historiography, stressing the centrality of puritan morality and earnestness. Oxford civil war historian
4198:" style which usually brought swift victory but also contained high risk. Marshall notes Cromwell's shortcomings in Ireland, highlighting his defeat at Clonmel and condemning his act at Drogheda as "an appalling atrocity, even by seventeenth-century standards". Marshall and other historians saw Cromwell as was less proficient in the field of manoeuvre, attrition warfare and at
3608:âinstated in September 1656âvoted down for fear of a permanent military state. Ultimately, however, Cromwell's failure to support his men, sacrificing them to his opponents, caused their demise. Their activities between November 1655 and September 1656 had, however, reopened the wounds of the 1640s and deepened antipathies to the regime. In late 1654, Cromwell launched the
2567:. At this stage, the group had an agenda of reformation: the executive checked by regular parliaments, and the moderate extension of liberty of conscience. Cromwell appears to have taken a role in some of this group's political manoeuvres. In May 1641, for example, he put forward the second reading of the Annual Parliaments Bill, and he later took a role in drafting the
2597:. Before he joined Parliament's forces, Cromwell's only military experience was in the trained bands, the local county militia. He recruited a cavalry troop in Cambridgeshire after blocking a valuable shipment of silver plate from Cambridge colleges that was meant for the King. Cromwell and his troop then rode to, but arrived too late to take part in, the indecisive
3054:
Royalist alliance, and
Protestant Royalist forces that were gradually moving towards Parliament. Cromwell said in a speech to the army Council on 23 March that "I had rather be overthrown by a Cavalierish interest than a Scotch interest; I had rather be overthrown by a Scotch interest than an Irish interest and I think of all this is the most dangerous".
2892:âthat God was actively directing the affairs of the world, through the actions of "chosen people" (whom God had "provided" for such purposes). During the Civil Wars, Cromwell believed that he was one of these people, and he interpreted victories as indications of God's approval and defeats as signs that God was pointing him in another direction.
3635:, in the hope that they would help speed up the recovery of the country after the disruption of the Civil Wars. There was a longer-term motive for Cromwell's decision to allow the Jews to return to England, and that was the hope that they would convert to Christianity and therefore hasten the Second Coming of Jesus Christ, ultimately based on
3364:
polity, and to put in place a broad-brush, tolerant national church. However, the Rump vacillated in setting election dates, although it put in place a basic liberty of conscience, but it failed to produce an alternative for tithes or to dismantle other aspects of the existing religious settlement. According to the parliamentarian lawyer
840:. As a younger son with many siblings, Robert inherited only a house at Huntingdon and a small amount of land. This land would have generated an income of up to ÂŁ300 a year, near the bottom of the range of gentry incomes. In 1654, Cromwell said, "I was by birth a gentleman, living neither in considerable height, nor yet in obscurity."
3355:
Highlands was the scene of another pro-Royalist uprising in 1653â55, which was put down with deployment of 6,000 English troops there. Presbyterianism was allowed to be practised as before, but the Kirk (the
Scottish Church) did not have the backing of the civil courts to impose its rulings, as it had previously.
3278:, urging them to see the error of the royal allianceâ"I beseech you, in the bowels of Christ, think it possible you may be mistaken." The Scots' reply was robust: "would you have us to be sceptics in our religion?" This decision to negotiate with Charles II led Cromwell to believe that war was necessary.
3951:. Clarendon famously declares that Cromwell "will be looked upon by posterity as a brave bad man". He argues that Cromwell's rise to power had been helped by his great spirit and energy, but also by his ruthlessness. Clarendon was not one of Cromwell's confidantes, and his account was written after the
4477:
Henry VIII believed that the Welsh should adopt surnames in the
English style rather than taking their fathers' names as Morgan ap William and his male ancestors had done. Henry suggested to Sir Richard Williams, who was the first to use a surname in his family, that he adopt the surname of his uncle
4123:
upon all of these
Cromwell's record was a lasting bane. By an uncompleted process of terror, by an iniquitous land settlement, by the virtual proscription of the Catholic religion, by the bloody deeds already described, he cut new gulfs between the nations and the creeds. 'Hell or Connaught' were the
4052:
in 1641, calling the massacre "the righteous judgement of God on these barbarous wretches, who have imbrued their hands with so much innocent blood". But the rebels had not held
Drogheda in 1641; many of its garrison were in fact English royalists. On the other hand, the worst atrocities committed in
3408:
beliefsâwhich saw a sanhedrin as the starting point for Christ's rule on earthâhe was attracted by the idea of an assembly made up of men chosen for their religious credentials. In his speech during the assembly on 4 July, Cromwell thanked God's providence that he believed had brought
England to this
3110:
I am persuaded that this is a righteous judgment of God upon these barbarous wretches, who have imbrued their hands in so much innocent blood and that it will tend to prevent the effusion of blood for the future, which are satisfactory grounds for such actions, which otherwise cannot but work remorse
2871:
During 1648, Cromwell's letters and speeches started to become heavily based on biblical imagery, many of them meditations on the meaning of particular passages. For example, after the battle of Preston, study of Psalms 17 and 105 led him to tell Parliament that "they that are implacable and will not
2751:
settlement of the church. Cromwell rejected the Scottish model of Presbyterianism, which threatened to replace one authoritarian hierarchy with another. The New Model Army, radicalised by Parliament's failure to pay the wages it was owed, petitioned against these changes, but the Commons declared the
2701:
on 10 July, Cromwell participated in the defeat of the last sizeable Royalist field army. Naseby and Langport effectively ended the King's hopes of victory, and the subsequent Parliamentarian campaigns involved taking the remaining fortified Royalist positions in the west of England. In October 1645,
2641:
of horse in Manchester's army. His cavalry's success in breaking the ranks of the Royalist cavalry and then attacking their infantry from the rear at Marston Moor was a major factor in the Parliamentarian victory. Cromwell fought at the head of his troops in the battle and was slightly wounded in the
4269:
was a noted Cromwell enthusiast and collector of Cromwell manuscripts and memorabilia. His collection included many rare manuscripts and printed books, medals, paintings, objets d'art, and a bizarre assemblage of "relics". This includes Cromwell's Bible, button, coffin plate, death mask, and funeral
4132:
of January 1650. In this he was scathing about Catholicism, saying, "I shall not, where I have the power... suffer the exercise of the Mass." But he also wrote: "as for the people, what thoughts they have in the matter of religion in their own breasts I cannot reach; but I shall think it my duty, if
3334:
To fight the battle, Cromwell organised an envelopment followed by a multi-pronged coordinated attack on Worcester, his forces attacking from three directions with two rivers partitioning them. He switched his reserves from one side of the river Severn to the other and then back again. The editor of
7031:
Lenihan 2000, p. 1022; "After Cromwell returned to England in 1650, the conflict degenerated into a grindingly slow counter-insurgency campaign punctuated by some quite protracted sieges...the famine of 1651 onwards was a man-made response to stubborn guerrilla warfare. Collective reprisals against
3875:
Many people began to question whether the body mutilated at Tyburn and the head seen on Westminster Hall were Cromwell's. These doubts arose because it was assumed that Cromwell's body was reburied in several places between his death in September 1658 and the exhumation of January 1661, in order to
3681:
In 1657, Cromwell was offered the crown by Parliament as part of a revised constitutional settlement, presenting him with a dilemma since he had been "instrumental" in abolishing the monarchy. Cromwell agonised for six weeks over the offer. He was attracted by the prospect of stability it held out,
3080:
Parliament had planned to re-conquer Ireland since 1641 and had already sent an invasion force there in 1647. Cromwell's invasion of 1649 was much larger and, with the civil war in England over, could be regularly reinforced and re-supplied. His nine-month military campaign was brief and effective,
2763:
seized the King from Parliament's imprisonment. With the King now present, Cromwell was eager to find out what conditions the King would acquiesce to if his authority was restored. The King appeared to be willing to compromise, so Cromwell employed his son-in-law, Henry Ireton, to draw up proposals
2746:
In February 1647, Cromwell suffered from an illness that kept him out of political life for over a month. By the time he recovered, the Parliamentarians were split over the issue of the King. A majority in both Houses pushed for a settlement that would pay off the Scottish army, disband much of the
7322:
Of course, this has never been the Irish view of Cromwell. Most Irish remember him as the man responsible for the mass slaughter of civilians at Drogheda and Wexford and as the agent of the greatest episode of ethnic cleansing ever attempted in Western Europe as, within a decade, the percentage of
4205:
Cromwell's conquest left no significant legacy of bitterness in Scotland. The rule of the Commonwealth and Protectorate was largely peaceful, apart from the Highlands. Moreover, there were no wholesale confiscations of land or property. Three out of every four Justices of the Peace in Commonwealth
3587:
Cromwell's second objective was reforms on the field of morality and religion. As a Protectorate, he established trials for the future parish ministers, and dismissed unqualified ministers and rectors. These triers and the ejectors were intended to be at the vanguard of Cromwell's reform of parish
2653:
in October meant that by the end of 1644 the war still showed no sign of ending. Cromwell's experience at Newbury, where Manchester had let the King's army slip out of an encircling manoeuvre, led to a serious dispute with Manchester, whom he believed to be less than enthusiastic in his conduct of
4038:
explored the issue of "dictatorship" in depth, arguing that Cromwell was subject to two conflicting forces: his obligation to the army and his desire to achieve a lasting settlement by winning back the confidence of the nation as a whole. He argued that the dictatorial elements of Cromwell's rule
4007:
concluded that "the manâit is ever so with the noblestâwas greater than his work". Gardiner stressed Cromwell's dynamic and mercurial character, and his role in dismantling absolute monarchy, rather than his religious conviction. Cromwell's foreign policy also provided an attractive forerunner of
3473:. This made Cromwell undertake the "chief magistracy and the administration of government". Later he was sworn as Lord Protector on 16 December, with a ceremony in which he wore plain black clothing, rather than any monarchical regalia. Cromwell also changed his signature to 'Oliver P', with the
2953:
also having some executive functions. Cromwell remained a member of the Rump and was appointed a member of the council. In the early months after Charles's execution, Cromwell tried but failed to unite the original "Royal Independents" led by St John and Saye and Sele, which had fractured during
4072:
in 1645âthe seat of the prominent Catholic the Marquess of Winchesterâwhich resulted in about 100 of the garrison of 400 being killed after being refused quarter. Contemporaries also reported civilian casualties, six Catholic priests and a woman. The scale of the deaths at Basing House was much
4047:
The extent of Cromwell's brutality in Ireland has been strongly debated. Some historians argue that Cromwell never accepted responsibility for the killing of civilians in Ireland, claiming that he had acted harshly but only against those "in arms". Other historians cite Cromwell's contemporary
3723:
as the Commons could not agree on a suitable name. Furthermore, Oliver Cromwell increasingly took on more of the trappings of monarchy. In particular, he created three peerages after a Petition and advised Charles Howard to be appointed as Viscount Morpeth and Baron Gisland in July. Meanwhile,
3363:
Cromwell was away on campaign from the middle of 1649 until 1651, and the various factions in Parliament began to fight amongst themselves with the King gone as their "common cause". Cromwell tried to galvanise the Rump into setting dates for new elections, uniting the three kingdoms under one
6631:
When I told him of what I found writ in a French book of one Monsieur Sorbiere, that gives an account of his observations herein England; among other things he says, that it is reported that Cromwell did, in his life-time, transpose many of the bodies of the Kings of England from one grave to
3354:
sacked Dundee, killing up to 1,000 men and 140 women and children. Scotland was ruled from England during the Commonwealth and was kept under military occupation, with a line of fortifications sealing off the Highlands which had provided manpower for Royalist armies in Scotland. The northwest
3053:
and English royalists (signed in 1649). The Confederate-Royalist alliance was judged to be the biggest single threat facing the Commonwealth. However, the political situation in Ireland in 1649 was extremely fractured: there were also separate forces of Irish Catholics who were opposed to the
3409:
point and set out their divine mission: "truly God hath called you to this work by, I think, as wonderful providences as ever passed upon the sons of men in so short a time." The Nominated Assembly, sometimes known as the Parliament of Saints, or more commonly and denigratingly called
3626:
As Lord Protector, Cromwell was aware of the Jewish community's involvement in the economics of the Netherlands, now England's leading commercial rival. It was thisâallied to Cromwell's tolerance of the right to private worship of those who fell outside Puritanismâthat led to his
3484:
Although Cromwell stated that "Government by one man and a parliament is fundamental," he believed that social issues should be prioritised. The social priorities did not include any meaningful attempt to reform the social order. Small-scale reform such as that carried out on the
3974:
in order to remove the Puritan elements and replace them with a Whiggish brand of republicanism, and it presents the Cromwellian Protectorate as a military tyranny. Through Ludlow, Toland portrayed Cromwell as a despot who crushed the beginnings of democratic rule in the 1640s.
2535:. Cromwell was again returned as member for Cambridge. As with the Parliament of 1628â29, it is likely that he owed his position to the patronage of others, which might explain why in the first week of the Parliament he was in charge of presenting a petition for the release of
4048:
reports to London, including that of 27 September 1649, in which he lists the slaying of 3,000 military personnel, followed by the phrase "and many inhabitants". In September 1649, he justified his sacking of Drogheda as revenge for the massacres of Protestant settlers in
1088:. As a result, his income is likely to have risen to around ÂŁ300â400 per year; by the end of the 1630s Cromwell had returned to the ranks of acknowledged gentry. He had become a committed Puritan and had established important family links to leading families in London and
7260:. Cambridge University Press. 2000. In interpreting Andrew Marvell's contemporarily expressed views on Cromwell Norbrook says; "He (Cromwell) laid the foundation for a ruthless programme of resettling the Irish Catholics which amounted to large scale ethnic cleansing."
3943:, which describes how Cromwell "loved men more than books" and provides a nuanced assessment of him as an energetic campaigner for liberty of conscience who is brought down by pride and ambition. An equally nuanced but less positive assessment was published in 1667 by
3719:, a legislative instrument which replaced the Instrument of Government. Despite failing to restore the Crown, this new constitution did set up many of the vestiges of the ancient constitution including a house of life peers. In the Humble Petition it was called the
3119:
in October, another massacre took place under confused circumstances. While Cromwell was apparently trying to negotiate surrender terms, some of his soldiers broke into the town, killed 2,000 Irish troops and up to 1,500 civilians, and burned much of the town.
3077:, and Highland Scot Catholics in Ireland. These settlers had settled on land seized from former, native Catholic owners to make way for the non-native Protestants. These factors contributed to the brutality of the Cromwell military campaign in Ireland.
4027:, for example, devoted much of his career to compiling and editing a multi-volume collection of Cromwell's letters and speeches, published between 1937 and 1947. Abbott argues that Cromwell was a proto-fascist. However, subsequent historians such as
3105:
in September 1649, his troops killed nearly 3,500 people after the town's captureâaround 2,700 Royalist soldiers and all the men in the town carrying arms, including some civilians, prisoners and Roman Catholic priests. Cromwell wrote afterwards:
3528:, by his confirming the former Roman Catholic proprietorship and edict of tolerance there. Of all the English dominions, Virginia was the most resentful of Cromwell's rule, and Cavalier emigration there mushroomed during the Protectorate.
4124:
terms he thrust upon the native inhabitants, and they for their part, across three hundred years, have used as their keenest expression of hatred 'The Curse of Cromwell on you.' ... Upon all of us there still lies 'the curse of Cromwell'.
3816:. Richard had no power base in Parliament or the Army and was forced to resign in May 1659, ending the Protectorate. There was no clear leadership from the various factions that jostled for power during the reinstated Commonwealth, so
2963:. In March, the Rump chose Cromwell to command a campaign against them. Preparations for an invasion of Ireland occupied him in the subsequent months. In the latter part of the 1640s, Cromwell came across political dissidence in the
7277:, Prentice-Hall. 2002. p. 122. "As a leader Cromwell was entirely unyielding. He was willing to act on his beliefs, even if this meant killing the King and perpetrating, against the Irish, something very nearly approaching genocide"
4133:
they walk honestly and peaceably, not to cause them in the least to suffer for the same." Private soldiers who surrendered their arms "and shall live peaceably and honestly at their several homes, they shall be permitted so to do".
3481:, and soon others started to address Cromwell as "Your Highness". As Protector, he had to secure a majority vote in the Council of State. As the Lord Protector he was paid ÂŁ100,000 a year (equivalent to ÂŁ20,500,000 in 2023).
3600:, Cromwell (influenced by Lambert) divided England into military districts ruled by army major generals who answered only to him. The 15 major generals and deputy major generalsâcalled "godly governors"âwere central not only to
2958:
in 1642 and had been closely associated with them during the 1640s. Only St John was persuaded to retain his seat in Parliament. The Royalists, meanwhile, had regrouped in Ireland, having signed a treaty with the Irish known as
7343:
The draconian laws applied by Oliver Cromwell in Ireland were an early version of ethnic cleansing. The Catholic Irish were to be expelled to the northwestern areas of the island. Relocation rather than extermination was the
5216:
Although there is debate over whether Cromwell and Ireton were the authors of the Heads of Proposals or acting on behalf of Saye and Sele: Adamson, John (1987). "The English Nobility and the Projected Settlement of 1647", in
3604:, but also viewed as Cromwell's serious effort in exerting his religious conviction. Their position was further harmed by a tax proposal by Major General John Desborough to provide financial backing for their work, which the
1060:
had not gone far enough, that much of England was still living in sin, and that Catholic beliefs and practices must be fully removed from the church. It appears that in 1634 Cromwell attempted to emigrate to what became the
1021:
minister, suggests that he had yet to be influenced by radical Puritanism. But there is evidence that Cromwell underwent a personal crisis during the late 1620s and early 1630s. In 1628 he was elected to Parliament from the
4690:
4068:, although there are few comparable incidents during the Civil Wars in England or Scotland, which were fought mainly between Protestant adversaries, albeit of differing denominations. One possible comparison is Cromwell's
3867:
until 1685. Afterwards, it was owned by various people, including a documented sale in 1814 to Josiah Henry Wilkinson, and it was publicly exhibited several times before being buried beneath the floor of the antechapel at
3089:. When he departed Ireland, they occupied most of the eastern and northern parts of the country. After he landed at Dublin on 15 August 1649 (itself only recently defended from an Irish and English Royalist attack at the
710:, firmly established the Commonwealth and Cromwell's dominance of the new regime. In December 1653, he was named Lord Protector, a position he retained until his death in September 1658, when he was succeeded by his son
6961:
4080:
Although Cromwell's time spent on campaign in Ireland was limited and he did not take on executive powers until 1653, he is often the central focus of wider debates about whether, as historians such as Mark Levene and
3879:
The Cromwell vault was later used as a burial place for Charles II's illegitimate descendants. In Westminster Abbey, the site of Cromwell's burial was marked during the 19th century by a floor stone in what is now the
5140:
A Survey of the Spirituall Antichrist Opening the Secrets of Familisme and Antinomianisme in the Antichristian Doctrine of John Saltmarsh and Will. del, the Present Preachers of the Army Now in England, and of Robert
3682:
but in a speech on 13 April 1657 he made clear that God's providence had spoken against the office of King: "I would not seek to set up that which Providence hath destroyed and laid in the dust, and I would not build
4089:
in Ireland. Faced with the prospect of an Irish alliance with Charles II, Cromwell carried out a series of massacres to subdue the Irish. Then, once Cromwell had returned to England, the English Commissary, General
3218:
In the wake of the Commonwealth's conquest of the island of Ireland, public practice of Roman Catholicism was banned and Catholic priests were killed when captured. All Catholic-owned land was confiscated under the
4297:, and she allegedly consented on the condition that the statue be removed. The statue remained, Victoria declined, and the town hall was opened by the Lord Mayor. During the 1980s, the statue was relocated outside
3686:
again". The reference to Jericho harks back to a previous occasion on which Cromwell had wrestled with his conscience when the news reached England of the defeat of an expedition against the Spanish-held island of
2787:, thought this was not enough and demanded full political equality for all men, leading to tense debates in Putney during the autumn of 1647 between Fairfax, Cromwell and Ireton on the one hand, and Levellers like
3286:
His appeal rejected, Cromwell's veteran troops went on to invade Scotland. At first, the campaign went badly, as Cromwell's men were short of supplies and held up at fortifications manned by Scottish troops under
748:
described Cromwell as a military dictator, while others view him a hero of liberty. He remains a controversial figure due to his use of military force to acquire and retain political power, his role in the
5352:
7083:, p. 112: "viewed in the context of the German wars that had just ended after thirty years of fighting, the massacres at Drogheda and Wexford shrink to typical casualties of seventeenth-century warfare".
3274:, some of whom had been his allies in the First English Civil War, than he was to Irish Catholics. He described the Scots as a people "fearing His name, though deceived". He made a famous appeal to the
2888:, that convinced him that God had spoken against both the King and Parliament as lawful authorities. For Cromwell, the army was now God's chosen instrument. The episode shows Cromwell's firm belief in
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The Cromwellian Catastrophe in Ireland: an Historiographical Analysis (an overview of writings/writers on the subject by Jameel Hampton pub. Gateway An Academic Journal on the Web: Spring 2003 PDF)
6998:
Barry Coward, 1991, Oliver Cromwell, Pearson Education: Rugby, p. 74: "Revenge was not Cromwell's only motive for the brutality he condoned at Wexford and Drogheda, but it was the dominant one ..."
4285:, a gift to the city by Abel Heywood in memory of her first husband. It was the first large-scale statue to be erected in the open in England, and was a realistic likeness based on the painting by
2981:. Cromwell and the rest of the "Grandees" disagreed with these sentiments in that they gave too much freedom to the people; they believed that the vote should extend only to the landowners. In the
5375:
4115:: "What about sanctimonious Cromwell and his ironsides that put the women and children of Drogheda to the sword with the Bible text 'God is love' pasted round the mouth of his cannon?" Similarly,
3319:
The following year, Charles II and his Scottish allies made an attempt to invade England and capture London while Cromwell was engaged in Scotland. Cromwell followed them south and caught them at
7798:
2975:
movement was a political movement that emphasised popular sovereignty, extended suffrage, equality before the law, and religious tolerance. These sentiments were expressed in the 1647 manifesto:
2884:
at Ain Harod. These letters suggest that it was Cromwell's faith, rather than a commitment to radical politics, coupled with Parliament's decision to engage in negotiations with the King at the
855:, then a recently founded college with a strong Puritan ethos. He left in June 1617 without taking a degree, immediately after his father's death. Early biographers claim that he then attended
6663:
11164:
870:
Cromwell probably returned home to Huntingdon after his father's death. As his mother was widowed, and his seven sisters unmarried, he would have been needed at home to help his family.
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Cromwell's hostility to the Irish was religious as well as political. He was passionately opposed to the Catholic Church, which he saw as denying the primacy of the Bible in favour of
6560:
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and given to Scottish and English settlers, Parliament's financial creditors and Parliamentary soldiers. Remaining Catholic landowners were allocated poorer land in the province of
3303:. The victory was of such a magnitude that Cromwell called it "A high act of the Lord's Providence to us one of the most signal mercies God hath done for England and His people".
10246:
3524:. Cromwell soon secured the submission of these and largely left them to their own affairs, intervening only to curb other Puritans who had seized control of Maryland Colony at
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neck, stepping away briefly to receive treatment but returning to help secure the victory. After Cromwell's nephew was killed at Marston Moor, he wrote a famous letter to his
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in which he included details of Cromwell's final illness, and he was suspicious of the rapidity of his death. The decline may have been hastened by the death of his daughter
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Charles's death warrant was signed by 59 of the trying court's members, including Cromwell (the third to sign it). Though it was not unprecedented, execution of the King, or
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after his arrest for importing religious tracts from the Netherlands. For the Long Parliament's first two years, Cromwell was linked to the godly group of aristocrats in the
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in 1653, and afterwards. 'Oliver P', standing for Oliver Protector, similar in style to English monarchs who signed their names as, for example, 'Elizabeth R' standing for
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Durston, Christopher (2000). "'Settling the Hearts and Quieting the Minds of All Good People': the Major-generals and the Puritan Minorities of Interregnum England", in
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fell only after an eight-week siege. Cromwell dealt leniently with ex-Royalist soldiers, but less so with those who had formerly been members of the parliamentary army,
7955:, 1984, pp. 160â161. The King also vetoed the name HMS "Pitt", as sailors might give the ship a nickname based on its rhyming with a "vulgar and ill-conditioned word".
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4161:
Cromwell was credited for the formation of the New Model Army. Partly in response to the failure to capitalise on their victory at Marston Moor, Parliament passed the
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Thomas Cromwell. For several generations, the Williamses added the surname of Cromwell to their own, styling themselves "Williams alias Cromwell" in legal documents (
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6076:
4289:; it showed Cromwell in battledress with drawn sword and leather body armour. It was unpopular with local Conservatives and the large Irish immigrant population.
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of 1647, the two groups debated these topics in hopes of forming a new constitution for England. Rebellions and mutinies followed the debates, and in 1649, the
7253:. Ukrainian Society of America 1944. "Therefore, we are entitled to accuse the England of Oliver Cromwell of the genocide of the Irish civilian population ⊠."
6801:"The Life and Eccentricities of the late Dr. Monsey, F.R.S, physician to the Royal Hospital at Chelsea", printed by J.D. Dewick, Aldergate street, 1804, p. 108
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in June 1645, the New Model Army smashed the King's major army. Cromwell led his wing with great success at Naseby, again routing the Royalist cavalry. At the
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801:, who would become the famous chief minister to Henry VIII. The Cromwells acquired great wealth as occasional beneficiaries of Thomas's administration of the
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After the dissolution of the Rump, power passed temporarily to a council that debated what form the constitution should take. They took up the suggestion of
620:(25 April 1599 – 3 September 1658) was an English statesman, politician, and soldier, widely regarded as one of the most important figures in
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1041:. In 1629, Cromwell became involved in a dispute among the gentry of Huntingdon involving a new charter for the town. As a result, he was called before the
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in three ranks and pressing forward, relying on impact rather than firepower. His strengths were an instinctive ability to lead and train his men, and his
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4094:, Cromwell's son-in-law and key adviser, adopted a deliberate policy of crop burning and starvation. Total excess deaths for the entire period of the
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protect it from vengeful royalists. The stories suggest that his bodily remains are buried in London, Cambridgeshire, Northamptonshire, or Yorkshire.
6989:, Penguin Books: London, p. 108: "The brutality of the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland is not one of the pleasanter aspects of our hero's career ..."
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another, and that by that means it is not known certainly whether the head that is now set up upon a post be that of Cromwell, or of one of the Kings
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Cromwell led a Parliamentary invasion of Ireland from 1649 to 1650. Parliament's key opposition was the military threat posed by the alliance of the
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11039:
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Failure to resolve the issues before the Long Parliament led to armed conflict between Parliament and Charles I in late 1642, the beginning of the
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and his second wife Elizabeth, daughter of William Steward. The family's estate derived from Oliver's great-great-grandfather Morgan ap William, a
7802:
7285:
7247:. Cambridge University Press 1995. p. 248. "Oliver Cromwell offered Irish Catholics a choice between genocide and forced mass population transfer"
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4312:
forced the withdrawal of a motion to seek public funding for the project; the statue was eventually erected, but it had to be funded privately by
3847:
Cromwell's body was exhumed from Westminster Abbey on 30 January 1661, the 12th anniversary of the execution of Charles I, and was subjected to a
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during this time. His grandfather, his father, and two of his uncles had attended Lincoln's Inn, and Cromwell sent his son Richard there in 1647.
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occurred with similar results. Cromwell led the charge in quelling these rebellions. After quelling Leveller mutinies within the English army at
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Ireland, such as mass evictions, killings and deportation of over 50,000 men, women and children as prisoners of war and indentured servants to
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The Parliamentarian conquest of Ireland dragged on for almost three years after Cromwell's departure. The campaigns under Cromwell's successors
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3781:. This was followed directly by illness symptomatic of a urinary or kidney complaint. The Venetian ambassador wrote regular dispatches to the
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as he wore many royal regalia, such as a purple robe, a sword of justice and a sceptre. Cromwell's new rights and powers were laid out in the
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attached to Manchester's army, who objected to Cromwell's encouragement of unorthodox Independents and Anabaptists. He was also charged with
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86:
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pp. 55â57. A sample quote describes the Cromwellian campaign and settlement as "a conscious attempt to reduce a distinct ethnic population".
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defeat after bringing plunder back to camp after the capture of Jericho. Instead, Cromwell was re-installed as Lord Protector on 26 June at
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3343:, which the English parliamentary armies were unable to execute at the start of the war, and he suggests that it was a prototype for the
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article of the EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica (eleventh edition) notes that Worcester was a battle of manoeuvre compared to the early Civil War
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9873:
5459:
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5844:
5120:
5815:"'To settle a governement without somthing of Monarchy in it': Bulstrode Whitelocke's Memoirs and the Reinvention of the Interregnum"
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2706:, later to be accused of killing 100 of its 300-man Royalist garrison after its surrender. He also took part in successful sieges at
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leave troubling the land may be speedily destroyed out of the land". A letter to Oliver St John in September 1648 urged him to read
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9743:(2000), shows how people compared Cromwell to King Ahab, King David, Elijah, Gideon and Moses, as well as Brutus and Julius Caesar.
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Oliver Cromwell â autograph letters and historical documents 1646â1658, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University
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In 1631, likely as a result of the dispute, Cromwell sold most of his properties in Huntingdon and moved to a farmstead in nearby
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An Interview with a conservator from the Library of Congress who conserved a document that bears the signature of Oliver Cromwell
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because of his personal feelings and because he felt that it was unwise to give such a name to an expensive warship at a time of
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were outweighed by attempts to restore order to English politics. Tax slightly decreased, and he prioritise peace and ending the
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in 1648, when the King tried to regain power by force of arms. Cromwell first put down a Royalist uprising in south Wales led by
2493:
2036:
652:
173:
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927:. A place in this influential network proved crucial to Cromwell's military and political career. The couple had nine children:
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the civilian population included forcing them out of designated 'no man's lands' and the systematic destruction of foodstuffs".
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Scotland were Scots and the country was governed jointly by the English military authorities and a Scottish Council of State.
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Cromwell, in contrast to Fairfax, had no formal training in military tactics, and followed the common practice of ranging his
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against Spain. Cromwell pledged to supply France with 6,000 troops and war ships. In accordance with the terms of the treaty,
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Patrick Comerford: my thoughts on Anglicanism, theology, spirituality, history, architecture, travel, poetry and beach walks
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The massacres at Drogheda and Wexford were in some ways typical of the day, especially in the context of the recently ended
3069:. This rebellion, although intended to be bloodless, was marked by massacres of English and Scottish Protestant settlers by
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Cromwell left Ireland in May 1650 and several months later invaded Scotland after the Scots had proclaimed Charles I's son
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8, in which the kingdom falls and only the godly survive. On four occasions in letters in 1648 he referred to the story of
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2260:
993:
911:, Fore Street, London. Elizabeth's father, Sir James Bourchier, was a London leather-merchant who owned extensive lands in
8647:
Morrill, John; Baker, Phillip (2008), "Oliver Cromwell, the Regicide and the Sons of Zeruiah", in Smith, David Lee (ed.),
6022:
2868:, in sole command for the first time and with an army of 9,000, he won a decisive victory against an army twice as large.
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11154:
11054:
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5644:"Act for the Settlement of Ireland, 12 August 1652, Henry Scobell, ii. 197. See Commonwealth and Protectorate, iv. 82â85"
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In 1965 the Irish minister for lands stated that his policies were necessary to "undo the work of Cromwell"; circa 1997,
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1956:
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EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica 11th ed., article "Great Rebellion" Sections "4. Battle of Edgehill" and "59. The Crowning Mercy
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Memoirs of the Protectorate-house of Cromwell: Deduced from an Early Period, and Continued Down to the Present Time,...
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Victorian imperial expansion, with Gardiner stressing his "constancy of effort to make England great by land and sea".
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1564â1654), probably in 1591. They had ten children, but Oliver, the fifth child, was the only boy to survive infancy.
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4339:, especially given the anger caused by the statue outside Parliament. Churchill was eventually told by First Sea Lord
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The sieges of Drogheda and Wexford have been prominently mentioned in histories and literature up to the present day.
2520:, lack of funds forced him to call a Parliament again in 1640. Cromwell was returned to this Parliament as member for
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806:
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on 23 October 1642. The troop was recruited to be a full regiment in the winter of 1642â43, making up part of the
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began in August 1642, and quickly demonstrated his military abilities. In 1645, he was appointed commander of the
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demanded that a portrait of Cromwell be removed from a room in the Foreign Office before he began a meeting with
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2768:" pleased Cromwell in principle and allowed for further negotiations. It was designed to check the powers of the
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for a constitutional settlement. Proposals were drafted multiple times with different changes until finally the "
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During the first half of the 20th century, Cromwell's reputation was often influenced by the rise of fascism in
3859:. (The body of Cromwell's daughter was allowed to remain buried in the abbey.) His body was hanged in chains at
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and had strong connections with Puritan gentry families there. The marriage brought Cromwell into contact with
802:
3797:. The night of his death, a great storm swept England and all over Europe. The most likely cause of death was
3580:, translated as "Oliver, by the Grace of God of the Republic of England, Scotland and Ireland etc. Protector".
3299:, killing 4,000 Scottish soldiers, taking another 10,000 prisoner, and then capturing the Scottish capital of
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4020:
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1602:
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though it did not end the war in Ireland. Before his invasion, Parliamentarian forces held outposts only in
2646:. Marston Moor secured the north of England for the Parliamentarians but failed to end Royalist resistance.
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The Perfect Politician: Or, a Full View of the Life and Actions (Military and Civil) of O. Cromwell, 1660
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Late 20th-century historians re-examined the nature of Cromwell's faith and of his authoritarian regime.
3801:(blood poisoning) following his urinary infection. He was buried with great ceremony, at what is now the
3789:
in August. He died at age 59 at Whitehall on 3 September 1658, the anniversary of his great victories at
3651:, in contrast to the Congregationalist Cromwell, was strongly opposed to the latter's pro-Jewish policy.
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2162:
656:
17:
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4252:, as one of the first American naval vessels, before being captured in battle in 1779 being renamed the
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worship. This second objective is also the context in which to see the constitutional experiment of the
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Little evidence exists of Cromwell's religion in his early years. His 1626 letter to Henry Downhall, an
82:
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3872:, in 1960. The exact position was not publicly disclosed, but a plaque marks the approximate location.
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3380:, later one of his Major Generals and one of his most trusted advisors, to whom he entrusted the mace.
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1966:
1637:
882:
625:
544:
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3291:. Sickness began to spread in the ranks. Cromwell was on the brink of evacuating his army by sea from
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2142:
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1807:
1424:
731:
659:, much of Cromwell's life prior to 1640 was marked by failure. He briefly contemplated emigration to
35:
7669:"History of Maritime Connecticut During the American Revolution 1773 - 1783 Vol. 1, Oliver Cromwell"
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and clerical authority, and which he blamed for suspected tyranny and persecution of Protestants in
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of chickens and sheep, selling eggs and wool to support himself, his lifestyle resembling that of a
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One of Cromwell's major victories in Ireland was diplomatic rather than military. With the help of
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in the New Model Army and the Independents. Thus weakened, the remaining body of MPs, known as the
2865:
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ruled without a Parliament for the next 11 years. When Charles faced the Scottish rebellion in the
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2192:
1767:
1170:
1033:. Later that year, he sought treatment for a variety of physical and emotional ailments, including
574:
559:
109:
9391:
McKeiver, Philip (2007). "A New History of Cromwell's Irish Campaign", Advance Press, Manchester,
9179:
McKeiver, Philip (2007). "A New History of Cromwell's Irish Campaign", Advance Press, Manchester,
8198:
7999:
7338:
6734:
4709:
4102:, the 17th-century economist, to be 600,000 out of a total Irish population of 1,400,000 in 1641.
3900:
During his lifetime, some tracts painted Cromwell as a hypocrite motivated by power. For example,
3448:
2825:
The failure to conclude a political agreement with the King led eventually to the outbreak of the
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and leading members of London's merchant community, and behind them the influence of the Earls of
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Cromwell's paternal grandfather, Sir Henry Williams, was one of the two wealthiest landowners in
684:
637:
595:
69:
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9798:
9783:
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Worden, Blair (1985). "Oliver Cromwell and the sin of Achan", in Beales, D. and Best, G. (eds.)
6941:
6312:
Worden, Blair (1985). "Oliver Cromwell and the sin of Achan", in Beales, D. and Best, G. (eds.)
6284:
The Concise Encyclopedia of the Revolutions and Wars of England, Scotland and Ireland, 1639â1660
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The period from Cromwell's appointment in 1653 until his son's resignation in 1659 is known as
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Declaration of the lord lieutenant of Ireland for the undeceiving of deluded and seduced people
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Worden, Blair (1985), "Oliver Cromwell and the sin of Achan", in Beales, D.; Best, G. (eds.),
6097:
5545:
5094:
Letter to Sir William Spring, September 1643, quoted in Carlyle, Thomas (ed.) (1904 edition).
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1449:
1038:
805:. Morgan ap William was a son of William ap Yevan of Wales. The family line continued through
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6335:"Hereditary Succession and the Cromwellian Protectorate: The Offer of the Crown Reconsidered"
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3295:. However, on 3 September 1650, unexpectedly, Cromwell smashed the main Scottish army at the
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with whom he had established familial and religious links in the 1630s, such as the Earls of
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2016:
1897:
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1489:
1399:
1243:
1125:
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703:
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9728:
Hardacre, Paul H. "Writings on Oliver Cromwell since 1929", in Elizabeth Chapin Furber, ed.
8719:
7330:
6968:; Worden, Blair (1985). "Oliver Cromwell and the sin of Achan". In Beales, D. and Best, G.,
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described Cromwell as a brilliant statesman who "dared to oppose the tyranny of the kings."
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The posthumous execution of Cromwell, Bradshaw, and Ireton, depicted in a contemporary print
3211:, surrendered in April 1652 and the last Irish Catholic troops capitulated in April 1653 in
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on 3 September 1651, and his forces destroyed the last major Scottish Royalist army at the
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On Stage at the Theatre of State: The Monuments and Memorials in Parliament Square, London
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Adamson, John (1990). "Oliver Cromwell and the Long Parliament", in Morrill, John (ed.),
8117:
Adamson, John (1990), "Oliver Cromwell and the Long Parliament", in Morrill, John (ed.),
6098:"The South of England to Virginia: Distressed Cavaliers and Indentured Servants, 1642â75"
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4258:
4195:
3824:. Under Monck's watchful eye, the necessary constitutional adjustments were made so that
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to change sides and fight with the Parliament. At this point, word reached Cromwell that
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was not erected until 1895, most of the funds being privately supplied by Prime Minister
600:
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During the early 18th century, Cromwell's image began to be adopted and reshaped by the
2949:. The "Rump Parliament" exercised both executive and legislative powers, with a smaller
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A collection of speeches spoken by ... on subjects connected with the catholic question
7349:
6915:
6509:"MONCK, George (1608â70), of Potheridge, Merton, Devon. â History of Parliament Online"
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in May 1650 he lost up to 2,000 men in abortive assaults before the town surrendered.
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10015:
9856:
9809:
9794:
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9685:, 5 vols. (projected). A new edition of Cromwell's writings, currently in progress. (
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9485:
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9456:
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Woolrych, Austin (1990). "The Cromwellian Protectorate: a Military Dictatorship?" in
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Woolrych, Austin (1990). "The Cromwellian Protectorate: a Military Dictatorship?" in
6919:
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6785:
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6287:
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was a British medium-weight tank first used in 1944, and a steam locomotive built by
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4099:
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have criticised both Abbott's interpretation of Cromwell and his editorial approach.
3989:
During the early 19th century, Cromwell began to be portrayed in a positive light by
3962:
as part of a wider project to give their political objectives historical legitimacy.
3840:
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2504:. He made little impression: parliamentary records show only one speech (against the
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1986:
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Cromwell and the New Model Foreign Policy: England's Policy toward France, 1649â1658
3820:
was able to march on London at the head of New Model Army regiments and restore the
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1702:
1160:
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10833:
10723:
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10548:
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10216:
10184:
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9857:
Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution â In Honor of Christopher Hill 1912â2003
9651:
9406:
9197:
9092:
8481:
8343:
8258:
8144:
8135:
Adamson, John (1987), "The English Nobility and the Projected Settlement of 1647",
8051:
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7923:
7301:
7146:
6907:
6812:
5942:
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5826:
5432:
5234:
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Adamson, John (1990). "Oliver Cromwell and the Long Parliament", in Morrill, p. 57.
4915:
4465:
4298:
4271:
4243:
4223:
4086:
3864:
3863:, and then thrown into a pit. His head was cut off and displayed on a pole outside
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1627:
1557:
1464:
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1434:
1341:
1321:
1306:
1165:
954:
941:
856:
757:. The debate over his historical reputation continues. First proposed in 1856, his
711:
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564:
317:
312:
121:
63:
9209:
1747:
1657:
10583:
10413:
10365:
10355:
10349:
9972:
9921:
9909:
9897:
9885:
9863:
9851:
9523:
Morrill, John (1990). "Cromwell and his contemporaries". In Morrill, John (ed.),
9041:
8953:
8940:
8611:
Morrill, John (1990), "Cromwell and his contemporaries", in Morrill, John (ed.),
7952:
7852:"Manchester during the Reformation, Oliver Cromwell & the English Civil Wars"
7356:
7270:
7099:
6965:
6715:
Morrill, John (1990). "Cromwell and his contemporaries", in Morrill, pp. 263â264.
6378:
6101:
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4608:
4407:
4185:
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2147:
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1772:
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1587:
1567:
1514:
1499:
1351:
1346:
1215:
1210:
1200:
1155:
1130:
1023:
833:
821:
1524 â 6 January 1604), then to Oliver's father Robert Williams, alias Cromwell (
798:
782:
735:
680:
584:
373:
356:
9969:
The Big Question: Was Cromwell a revolutionary hero or a genocidal war criminal?
7075:, in Morrill, John (ed.), Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution (Longman),
7044:"Oliver Cromwell's Letters and Speeches II: Letters from Ireland, 1649 and 1650"
5643:
4177:
in command and Cromwell as Lieutenant-General of cavalry and second-in-command.
4128:
A key surviving statement of Cromwell's views on the conquest of Ireland is his
3979:
I hope to render the English name as great and formidable as ever the Roman was.
2908:
1552:
1379:
10936:
10823:
10780:
10734:
10519:
10145:
10125:
10087:
9997:
9330:
9216:
Morrill, John (1990). "The Making of Oliver Cromwell", in Morrill, John (ed.),
9054:
8629:
Morrill, John (1990), "The Making of Oliver Cromwell", in Morrill, John (ed.),
8347:
6381:
6026:
5989:
5541:
5044:
4953:
4737:
4715:
4290:
4266:
4170:
4156:
3994:
3860:
3782:
3747:
3648:
3647:
10:12â15 on the need to send Christian preachers to the Jews. The Presbyterian
3609:
3563:
3550:
3331:
and fled to exile in France and the Netherlands, where he remained until 1660.
3315:
Citadel Archway built by Cromwell soldiers in 1656 in Leith, Edinburgh Scotland
3240:
3065:. Cromwell's association of Catholicism with persecution was deepened with the
2994:
2990:
2982:
2964:
2873:
2792:
2753:
2752:
petition unlawful. In May 1647 Cromwell was sent to the army's headquarters in
2544:
2385:
2112:
2078:
1877:
1867:
1822:
1782:
1777:
1722:
1712:
1707:
1692:
1622:
1607:
1592:
1582:
1494:
1394:
1384:
1374:
963:
958:
916:
892:
860:
692:
688:
641:
473:
322:
9351:
The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland, and Ireland 1638â1660
9201:
8485:
8452:
The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland, and Ireland 1638â1660
8148:
6911:
5156:
The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland, and Ireland 1638â1660
5138:
4615:, online article, 17 September 2015. (Requires library access or subscription)
3939:
Several biographies were published soon after Cromwell's death. An example is
3896:
A contemporaneous satirical view of Cromwell as a usurper of monarchical power
3178:) had landed in Scotland from exile in France and been proclaimed King by the
3143:
but was eventually forced to surrender on terms, as did many other towns like
1677:
10998:
10064:
10044:
8961:
8886:
8355:
7092:
6958:
6600:. Vol. 329, no. 1971. Harper's Magazine Foundation. pp. 22â25.
6437:
5840:
4344:
4313:
4278:
4199:
3967:
3696:
3194:
2954:
1648. Cromwell had been connected to this group since before the outbreak of
2784:
2536:
2509:
2222:
2056:
2026:
1936:
1842:
1837:
1812:
1792:
1632:
1504:
1479:
1454:
1439:
1429:
1414:
1369:
1135:
1111:
1085:
981:
935:
864:
837:
621:
7828:
3592:
that followed the dissolution of the first Protectorate Parliament. After a
878:
10961:
10718:
9806:
Roundhead Reputations: the English Civil Wars and the passions of posterity
9718:(2001). 243 pp; a biographical study that covers sources and historiography
9133:
Hirst, Derek (1990). "The Lord Protector, 1653â8", in Morrill, John (ed.),
8414:
Hirst, Derek (1990), "The Lord Protector, 1653â8", in Morrill, John (ed.),
7944:
6782:
Roundhead Reputations: The English Civil Wars and the Passions of Posterity
6612:
4348:
4140:
4091:
4016:
3856:
3817:
3531:
Cromwell famously stressed the quest to restore order in his speech to the
3501:
3351:
3271:
3212:
3190:
2900:
2772:, to set up regularly elected parliaments, and to restore a non-compulsory
2760:
2730:. Charles I surrendered to the Scots on 5 May 1646, effectively ending the
2703:
2531:
A second Parliament was called later the same year and became known as the
1892:
1872:
1857:
1817:
1802:
1762:
1697:
1682:
1572:
1474:
1140:
1069:
945:
715:
51:
10313:
9730:
Changing views on British history: essays on historical writing since 1939
9416:
Woolrych, Austin (1990). "Cromwell as a soldier", in Morrill, John (ed.),
8778:
Woolrych, Austin (1990), "Cromwell as a soldier", in Morrill, John (ed.),
7466:
Dark Vanishings: Discourse on the Extinction of Primitive Races, 1800â1930
5831:
3809:
based on that of James I, his daughter Elizabeth also being buried there.
3643:. At the Whitehall conference of December 1655, he quoted from St. Paul's
10966:
10951:
10536:
9304:
Durston, Christopher (1998). "The Fall of Cromwell's Major-Generals", in
7305:
6217:
4411:, a 1970 British historical drama film written and directed by Ken Hughes
4324:
4106:
3990:
3963:
3929:
3913:
3892:
3774:
3692:
3554:
3521:
3167:
2618:
2610:
2505:
2370:
1907:
1847:
1797:
1742:
1537:
1469:
1195:
1190:
1057:
1026:
660:
252:
9988:
9688:"A New Critical Edition of the Writings and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell"
9233:
The Lord Protector: Religion And Politics In The Life Of Oliver Cromwell
8542:"Oliver Cromwell â Soldier: The Military Life of a Revolutionary at War"
4761:
John Morrill, (1990). "The Making of Oliver Cromwell", in Morrill, ed.,
4601:
4270:
escutcheon. On Tangye's death, the entire collection was donated to the
4119:(writing in 1957) described Cromwell's impact on Anglo-Irish relations:
3773:, and it is thought that he may have rejected the only known treatment,
3201:
in the countryside, with English troops suffering from attacks by Irish
2702:
Cromwell besieged and took the wealthy and formidable Catholic fortress
2450:
10941:
10931:
10921:
10508:
10370:
9721:
Gaunt, Peter. "The Reputation of Oliver Cromwell in the 19th century",
8798:
Soldiers and Statesmen: the General Council of the Army and its Debates
5239:
Soldiers and Statesmen: the General Council of the Army and its Debates
4286:
4144:
4074:
3881:
3802:
3728:
being appointed as Baron Burnell of East Wittenham in April next year.
3712:
3700:
3688:
3671:
3636:
3401:
3248:
3179:
2850:
2842:
2719:
2707:
2659:
2572:
2410:
2400:
1862:
1827:
1752:
1737:
1672:
1597:
1542:
1444:
1389:
1268:
1253:
1030:
778:
380:
232:
9786:. Full text online at JSTOR. Examines the Carlyle and Abbott editions.
9774:
Morrill, John (1990). "Textualizing and Contextualizing Cromwell", in
9691:
8816:
God's Instruments: Political Conduct in the England of Oliver Cromwell
8541:
8524:
Consolidating Conquest: Ireland 1603â1727 (Longman History of Ireland)
7258:
Writing the English Republic: Poetry, Rhetoric and Politics, 1627â1660
6023:"Cromwell, At the Opening of Parliament Under the Protectorate (1654)"
4783:
667:
in the 1630s and thereafter believed his successes were the result of
10956:
10926:
10513:
10488:
9379:
Oliver Cromwell: Soldier: The Military Life of a Revolutionary at War
6972:; Davis, J.C. (1990). "Cromwell's religion", in Morrill, John (ed.),
6428:
4137:
3909:
3659:
3640:
3574:
of Oliver Cromwell, dated 1656; on the obverse the Latin inscription
3543:
3486:
3393:
3300:
3252:
3152:
2972:
2922:, was controversial, if for no other reason than the doctrine of the
2803:
2780:
2711:
1882:
1562:
1258:
1150:
790:
629:
442:
10614:
8982:
Oliver Cromwell and the Puritan revolt; failure of a man or a faith?
1076:
farmer. In 1636 Cromwell inherited control of various properties in
10946:
10887:
10493:
10318:
9930:
9756:
Morrill, John. "Rewriting Cromwell: A Case of Deafening Silences".
8726:, vol. 2, Institute of Historical Research, pp. 516â530,
6898:
Morrill, John (1990). "Textualising and Contextualising Cromwell".
6735:"RPO â John Milton : Sonnet XVI: To the Lord General Cromwell"
4332:
4058:
3350:
In the final stages of the Scottish campaign, Cromwell's men under
3224:
3203:
3144:
3132:
3094:
2968:
2919:
2861:
2857:
2727:
1727:
1484:
1248:
1185:
1065:
in the Americas, but was prevented by the government from leaving.
1018:
863:
concludes that it is likely that he did train at one of the London
7854:. Manchester2002-uk.com. Archived from the original on 23 May 2011
3916:
figure. John Spittlehouse presented a more positive assessment in
2945:
After the King's execution, a republic was declared, known as the
836:. Cromwell's father was of modest means but still a member of the
10864:
10770:
9868:
9834:
7892:
7013:
6877:. Honolulu, Hawaii: University Press of the Pacific. p. 29.
4181:
4054:
3925:
3770:
3762:
3683:
3667:
3663:
3373:
3359:
Return to England and dissolution of the Rump Parliament: 1651â53
3183:
3136:
3098:
3006:
3002:
2715:
2622:
9683:
Writings and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell: A New Critical Edition
8434:
Explaining the English Revolution: Hobbes and His Contemporaries
7503:
A History of the English Speaking Peoples: The Age of Revolution
7102:: "R. J. Rummel: 11.5M total deaths in the war (half democides)"
6151:, Oxford and New York, 1990 Oxford University Paperback, p. 169.
5262:, Texts selected and annotated by Philip Baker, Introduction by
4662:
Speech to the First Protectorate Parliament, 4 September 1654, (
4580:
Lauder-Frost, Gregory, F.S.A. Scot., "East Anglian Stewarts" in
2512:), which was poorly received. After dissolving this Parliament,
10656:
10604:
10328:
10323:
4049:
3798:
3790:
3778:
3383:
3292:
3208:
3148:
3124:
3082:
2881:
2877:
2853:
eventually being executed in London after the drawing of lots.
2735:
2734:. Cromwell and Fairfax took the Royalists' formal surrender at
1404:
1073:
970:(in office: 1657â1659), married Elizabeth Russell (daughter of
957:(1626â1712), his father's successor as Lord Protector, married
794:
786:
727:
9891:
Biography at the British Civil Wars & Commonwealth website
9741:
Constructing Cromwell: Ceremony, Portrait and Print, 1645â1661
8681:
God's Executioner: Oliver Cromwell and the Conquest of Ireland
7657:. pp. 74â101. Naval Institute Press, Annapolis Maryland, 2000.
6594:
Larson, Frances (August 2014). "Severance Package". Readings.
4085:
suggest, the Commonwealth conducted a deliberate programme of
10576:
9903:
London Gazette report on the trial and execution of Charles I
9769:
6260:, London, Chapman and Hall Ltd, 1897, pp. 109â113 and 114â115
6218:"Cromwell and the 'readmission' of the Jews to England, 1656"
3921:
3397:
3086:
2838:
2723:
2722:, then spent the first half of 1646 mopping up resistance in
2524:, but it lasted for only three weeks and became known as the
1089:
1081:
912:
738:, where it remained for 30 years, and ultimately reburied at
632:
army and latterly as a politician. A leading advocate of the
9835:
Well established informational website about Oliver Cromwell
9117:
God's Englishman: Oliver Cromwell And The English Revolution
8873:
Worden, Blair (2000). "Thomas Carlyle and Oliver Cromwell".
7920:"The Cromwell Statue at Westminster â Icons of England"
7628:
7626:
7624:
7622:
7620:
7618:
7616:
7240:
Citations for genocide, near genocide and ethnic cleansing:
6987:
God's Englishman: Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution
4679:
British Civil Wars, Commonwealth and Proctectorate 1638â1660
3828:
could be invited back from exile in 1660 to be king under a
1095:
1080:
from his uncle on his mother's side, and his uncle's job as
11165:
Parliamentarian military personnel of the English Civil War
10360:
9992:
9642:â The standard academic reference for Cromwell's own words.
9492:. Political, religious, and diplomatic overview of the era.
9190:
Morrill, John (May 2008) . "Cromwell, Oliver (1599â1658)".
8992:
Oliver Cromwell: the lessons and legacy of the Protectorate
7827:. Public Monument and Sculpture Association. Archived from
7213:
5739:, by Antonia Fraser, London 1973, Weidenfeld and Nicolson,
5548:"Oliver Cromwell's letters and speeches, with elucidations"
5277:"Spartacus: Rowland Laugharne at Spartacus.Schoolnet.co.uk"
4724:. Vol. 13. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 156.
3678:
attacking English merchant shippingâwere ceded to England.
3070:
3058:
2670:
in response to his letter to the House of Commons in 1645.
10254:
9840:
The Oliver Cromwell Project at the University of Cambridge
6614:
The Diary of Samuel Pepys: Diary entries from October 1664
4194:
was critical for Cromwell's approach to warfare i.e. the "
3884:
reading: "The burial place of Oliver Cromwell 1658â1661".
2929:
2798:
2617:
on 28 July. He was subsequently appointed governor of the
797:
and married Katherine Cromwell (born 1482), the sister of
9647:
Oliver Cromwell's letters and speeches, with elucidations
8252:
Oliver Cromwell's letters and speeches, with elucidations
7613:
5098:, vol I, p. 154; also quoted in Young and Holmes (2000).
5096:
Oliver Cromwell's letters and speeches, with elucidations
4327:, and he twice suggested naming a British battleship HMS
4000:
Oliver Cromwell's Letters and Speeches: With Elucidations
1001:(1638â1720), married (1) Robert Rich (1634â1658), son of
9789:
Worden, Blair. "Thomas Carlyle and Oliver Cromwell", in
9365:
Old Ironsides: The Military Biography of Oliver Cromwell
6456:
6258:
Oliver Cromwell's Letters and Speeches with Elucidations
3197:
consisted mostly of long sieges of fortified cities and
2528:. Cromwell moved his family from Ely to London in 1640.
7990:
5768:
Constructing the Past: Writing Irish History, 1600â1800
4535:
4523:
4511:
4343:
that the King's decision must be treated as final. The
3924:
rescuing the English by taking them safely through the
3372:, symbol of Parliament's power, and demanded that the "
3123:
After taking Drogheda, Cromwell sent a column north to
644:
from December 1653 until his death in September 1658.
636:
in January 1649, which led to the establishment of the
8724:
Diary of Thomas Burton esq, April 1657 â February 1658
6394:
5376:"Oliver Cromwell Destroys the "Divine Right of Kings""
4733:
4731:
4319:
Cromwell controversy continued into the 20th century.
2845:
was destroyed by burning; the much stronger castle at
2837:
on 25 May and six days later forcing the surrender of
2747:
New Model Army, and restore Charles I in return for a
2609:. Cromwell gained experience in successful actions in
2084:
9915:
London Gazette report on the death of Oliver Cromwell
8336:"The Fall of Cromwell's Major-Generals (CXIII (450))"
6660:"Westminster Abbey reveals Cromwell's original grave"
6648:. Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers Inc. p. 4.
6106:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 219â220.
5924:
3997:
continued this reassessment in the 1840s, publishing
2895:
In December 1648, in an episode that became known as
10133:
Captain General and Commander-in-Chief of the Forces
9879:
Chronology of Oliver Cromwell World History Database
8984:(1966) excerpts from primary and secondary sources.
8649:
Cromwell and the Interregnum: The Essential Readings
8083:"Is Cromwell's head buried in Sidney Sussex Chapel?"
8056:"Statue of Oliver Cromwell, Bridge Street (1139417)"
6550:
3812:
Cromwell was succeeded as Lord Protector by his son
3400:. Although Cromwell did not subscribe to Harrison's
3270:
as King. Cromwell was much less hostile to Scottish
3235:
3182:
regime. Cromwell therefore returned to England from
8050:
8020:
7286:"Rewriting Cromwell â A Case of Deafening Silences"
6953:Morrill (2004). "Cromwell, Oliver (1599â1658)", in
6195:
The Story of Jamaica from Prehistory to the Present
5206:. London: Collier- Macmillan Ltd. pp. 187â190.
4728:
4209:
2496:in the Parliament of 1628â1629, as a client of the
503:
Lieutenant-General of Horse (bef. 1644 â 1645)
9668:To Honour God: The Spirituality of Oliver Cromwell
8678:
8026:"Statue of Oliver Cromwell, Market Hill (1161588)"
7530:
7528:
5221:, 30, 3; Kishlansky, Mark (1990). "Saye What?" in
3949:History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England
3631:in 1657, over 350 years after their banishment by
3207:(guerilla fighters). The last Catholic-held town,
3127:to secure the north of the country and went on to
2993:'s execution by firing squad. The next month, the
1068:Along with his brother Henry, Cromwell had kept a
859:, but the Inn's archives retain no record of him.
30:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see
9349:Kenyon, John & Ohlmeyer, Jane (eds.) (2000).
7655:Ships of the American Revolution and their Models
7361:Genocide in the Age of the Nation State: Volume 2
6074:Lieutenant Governors of Newfoundland and Labrador
5723:
5721:
5602:
5600:
5526:
5524:
5293:Gardiner (1901), pp. 144â147; Gaunt (1997) 94â97.
5154:Kenyon, John & Ohlmeyer, Jane (eds.) (2000).
4842:
4840:
4838:
4304:During the 1890s, Parliamentary plans to erect a
3731:
3166:, he persuaded the Protestant Royalist troops in
3101:to secure logistical supply from England. At the
843:Oliver Cromwell was baptised on 29 April 1599 at
27:English military and political leader (1599â1658)
10996:
8232:This Sceptred Isle â The Execution of Charles I.
4301:, which had been occupied by Cromwell's troops.
2817:High Court of Justice for the trial of Charles I
2637:in July 1644, Cromwell had risen to the rank of
1037:(depression), from the Swiss-born London doctor
706:, followed by military victories in Ireland and
10175:Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland
9943:"Archival material relating to Oliver Cromwell"
8606:, vol. 5 (7 volumes ed.), p. 354
7525:
6103:Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America
5765:
5121:"Sermons of Rev Martin Camoux: Oliver Cromwell"
4674:
4672:
4447:, a booklet Cromwell issued to his army in 1643
4109:, for example, mentioned Drogheda in his novel
2856:Cromwell then marched north to deal with a pro-
722:, after which Cromwell's body was removed from
9678:. Excerpts from Cromwell's religious writings.
8672:, vol. 2, Printed by Pearson and Rollason
8449:
8074:
7687:
7433:
6589:
6587:
5766:Williams, Mark; Forrest, Stephen Paul (2010).
5718:
5597:
5521:
4835:
3654:On 23 March 1657, the Protectorate signed the
3376:" be taken away. His troops were commanded by
2759:In June 1647, a troop of cavalry under Cornet
683:. He joined the Parliamentarian army when the
10240:
9637:The writings and speeches of Oliver Cromwellp
9634:—— (1937). —— (ed.).
9623:—— (1937). —— (ed.).
9612:—— (1937). —— (ed.).
9162:Kerlau, Yann (1989) "Cromwell", Perrin/France
8162:
4042:
3777:, because it had been discovered by Catholic
3769:. In 1658, he was struck by a sudden bout of
3230:
3093:), Cromwell took the fortified port towns of
2756:to negotiate with them, but failed to agree.
2492:Cromwell became the Member of Parliament for
2473:
931:Robert (1621â1639), died while away at school
448:Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland
87:Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland
9626:The writings and speeches of Oliver Cromwell
9615:The writings and speeches of Oliver Cromwell
9604:The writings and speeches of Oliver Cromwell
9196:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
9039:Oliver Cromwell and the Rule of the Puritans
8960:excerpts from primary and secondary sources
8646:
7401:. Whitston Publishing Company. p. 191.
7231:Schama, Simon, "A History of Britain", 2000.
7025:
5801:Empire, War and Faith in Early Modern Europe
4669:
3465:put forward a new constitution known as the
3420:
3384:Establishment of Barebone's Parliament: 1653
99:16 December 1653 â 3 September 1658
10807:Monarchs of England and Scotland after the
9543:Religion, the Reformation and Social Change
9413:. Full text online at Wiley Online Library.
8893:
8539:
8450:Kenyon, John; Ohlmeyer, Jane, eds. (2000),
7632:
7557:. Royal Historical Society, Boydell Press.
6584:
6473:
6471:
6366:
5812:
5457:
4584:, Dec. 2004, vol. LI, no. 4., pp. 158â159.
3461:After Barebone's Parliament was dissolved,
2578:
825:1560â1617), who married Elizabeth Steward (
671:. In 1640, Cromwell was returned as MP for
527:Eastern Association (bef. 1644 â 1645)
11105:People convicted under a bill of attainder
11025:Alumni of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge
10984:Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.
10247:
10233:
9951:
9629:. Vol. III. Harvard University Press.
9525:Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution
9418:Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution
9218:Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution
9135:Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution
8928:Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution
8780:Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution
8631:Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution
8613:Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution
8471:
8416:Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution
8119:Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution
7799:"Greater Manchester Photographic Memories"
7552:
7009:A New History of Cromwell's Irish Campaign
6974:Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution
6684:
6424:"Winds of change on the death of Cromwell"
6271:Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution
6149:Rebellion or Revolution? England 1640â1660
5705:Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution
5615:Fraser, pp. 321â322; Lenihan 2000, p. 113.
5462:. British-civil-wars.co.uk. Archived from
4988:. British-civil-wars.co.uk. Archived from
4763:Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution
4558:. British-civil-wars.co.uk. Archived from
4165:in early 1645. This forced members of the
3932:called Cromwell "our chief of men" in his
3908:are parts of an attack on Cromwell by the
3761:Cromwell is thought to have suffered from
3276:General Assembly of the Church of Scotland
3012:
2480:
2466:
938:while serving as a Parliamentarian officer
624:history. He came to prominence during the
62:
9640:. Vol. IV. Harvard University Press.
9618:. Vol. II. Harvard University Press.
9477:. Survey of political history of the era.
9430:Young, Peter and Holmes, Richard (2000).
8676:
8431:
8371:History of the Great Civil War, 1642â1649
8288:
8225:
8080:
7234:
7219:
7093:The Thirty Years' War (1618â48) 7 500 000
7019:
5830:
4529:
4517:
4360:Other public statues of Cromwell are the
3221:Act for the Settlement of Ireland of 1652
2907:all those who were not supporters of the
2673:
1096:Member of Parliament: 1628â29 and 1640â42
986:James (b. & d. 1632), died in infancy
628:, initially as a senior commander in the
506:Lieutenant-General of Cavalry (1645â1646)
144:29 February 1640 â 20 April 1653
9607:. Vol. I. Harvard University Press.
9165:Mason, James and Angela Leonard (1998).
8795:
8777:
8759:
8582:, University Press of Kentucky, p.
8568:
8377:
8365:
7516:Writings and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell
7329:Lutz, James M.; Lutz, Brenda J. (2004).
7328:
6955:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography,
6872:
6468:
6083:at geni.com. Retrieved 22 September 2019
5539:
5179:. Saffron Walden Reporter. 10 May 2007.
4689:
4308:turned controversial. Pressure from the
4213:
3891:
3834:
3752:
3741:
3310:
3239:
3016:
2933:
2899:, a troop of soldiers headed by Colonel
2802:
2795:broke up without reaching a resolution.
2677:
891:
877:
702:The death of Charles I and exile of his
11040:Chancellors of the University of Oxford
9725:, Oct 2009, Vol. 28 Issue 3, pp 425â428
9465:Coward, Barry and Peter Gaunt. (2017).
9193:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
9189:
8628:
8610:
8577:
8521:
8499:
8472:Kishlansky, Mark (1990), "Saye What?",
8333:
8293:, Dodd, Mead & Company, p. 314
8249:
8134:
8116:
7666:
7462:
7394:
7376:Genocide in the Age of the Nation-State
7280:
7041:
6897:
6810:
6551:Terri Schlichenmeyer (21 August 2007).
6400:
6092:
5400:
4983:
4864:
4624:
4613:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
4502:
4439:, painted several portraits of Cromwell
4323:was First Lord of the Admiralty before
3887:
3577:OLIVAR D G RP ANG SCO ET HIB &c PRO
3186:on 26 May 1650 to counter this threat.
2930:Establishment of the Commonwealth: 1649
2799:Second Civil War & King's execution
2037:Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch
695:, and played a key role in winning the
186:31 January 1628 â 3 March 1629
14:
11170:Military personnel from Cambridgeshire
11030:Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom
10997:
10207:Chancellor of the University of Oxford
9845:Oliver Cromwell World History Database
9645:Carlyle, Thomas (ed.) (1904 edition),
8894:Young, Peter; Holmes, Richard (2000),
8872:
8850:
8832:
8813:
8730:from the original on 24 September 2011
8599:
8315:
8297:
7900:from the original on 20 September 2011
6814:Oliver Cromwell's Letters and Speeches
6767:
6765:
6593:
6563:from the original on 15 September 2020
6421:
6273:, 1990, pp. 137â138, 190, and 211â213.
5407:. Macmillan Distribution Ltd. p.
5201:
4956:, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London 1973
4910:
4908:
4906:
4904:
4902:
4900:
4790:from the original on 12 September 2017
4628:Oliver Cromwell's letters and speeches
4372:, refers to the end of the travels of
4281:was erected in Manchester outside the
4220:statue of Oliver Cromwell, Westminster
4150:
3912:after 1647, and both present him as a
3306:
1012:
873:
289:
10228:
8741:
8699:
8664:
8413:
8395:
8291:A History of English Speaking Peoples
8196:
7753:from the original on 25 February 2021
6741:from the original on 5 September 2015
6643:
6553:"Missing body parts of famous people"
6171:The Fall of Cromwell's Major-Generals
5930:
5770:. Boydell & Brewer. p. 160.
5439:from the original on 22 February 2018
5266:QC. London and New York: Verso, 2007.
4707:
4663:
4594:
4541:
4505:A Child's History of England volume 3
4479:
4425:, a corvette launched in 1776 by the
4366:Statue of Oliver Cromwell, Warrington
4306:statue of Cromwell outside Parliament
3629:encouraging Jews to return to England
3549:Cromwell's signature before becoming
3005:in May, he departed for Ireland from
2686:in 1645 as depicted in a portrait by
2628:
2188:1946 Italian institutional referendum
2128:Spanish American wars of independence
11180:Perpetrators of Indigenous genocides
10179:16 December 1653 â 3 September 1658
9750:(Manchester University Press, 2012)
9666:Haykin, Michael A. G. (ed.) (1999).
8720:"Cromwell's death and funeral order"
8717:
8271:from the original on 2 November 2006
8206:(PHD). Nottingham Trent University.
7996:"Oliver Cromwell on the move again!"
6875:The Autobiography of Calvin Coolidge
6827:from the original on 2 November 2006
6462:
5022:from the original on 13 January 2019
4331:. The suggestion was vetoed by King
2741:
994:Thomas Belasyse, 1st Earl Fauconberg
9831:â A digitised copy by John Geraghty
9539:Oliver Cromwell and his Parliaments
9467:The Stuart Age: England, 1603â1714,
9283:
9239:Oliver Cromwell and the Interregnum
8342:. Vol. CXIII. pp. 18â37.
8213:from the original on 18 August 2022
7050:from the original on 14 August 2017
6762:
6621:from the original on 21 August 2017
6345:from the original on 15 August 2022
6215:
5847:from the original on 16 August 2022
5484:Quoted in Lenihan, Padraig (2000).
4897:
4432:Republicanism in the United Kingdom
4256:, before being commissioned as the
3839:Burial place of Oliver Cromwell in
3281:
1957:The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates
1056:beliefs, chief among them that the
24:
9791:Proceedings of the British Academy
9591:
9411:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1990.tb01515.x
8915:
8875:Proceedings of the British Academy
8603:The Life of John Milton: 1654â1660
8318:The Stuart Age: England, 1603â1714
8081:Comerford, Patrick (6 July 2009).
8061:National Heritage List for England
8031:National Heritage List for England
7779:from the original on 10 April 2010
7598:, by Antonia Fraser, London 1973,
7561:from the original on 17 April 2013
7483:from the original on 19 March 2023
7444:from the original on 19 March 2023
7415:from the original on 19 March 2023
6238:from the original on 20 April 2017
6197:(London: Collins, 1965), pp. 48â50
6120:from the original on 19 March 2023
5986:A History of Britain â The Stuarts
5590:pp. 344â346; and Austin Woolrych,
5556:from the original on 19 March 2023
5552:. William H. Colyer. p. 128.
5355:from the original on 6 August 2017
5260:The Levellers: The Putney Debates
5183:from the original on 6 August 2017
5076:from the original on 30 April 2015
4922:from the original on 9 August 2017
4876:from the original on 20 March 2019
4635:from the original on 19 March 2023
4507:. Bradbury and Evans. p. 239.
4362:Statue of Oliver Cromwell, St Ives
3945:Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon
734:was placed on a spike outside the
25:
11191:
9959:Works by or about Oliver Cromwell
9874:The Cromwell Museum in Huntingdon
9820:
9708:
9511:The British Revolution, 1629â1660
9445:
9270:History, Society and the Churches
8835:History, Society and the Churches
8238:from the original on 28 June 2008
8093:from the original on 26 July 2014
7553:Cunningham, John (4 March 2012).
6970:History, Society and the Churches
6811:Carlyle, Thomas (December 1843).
6666:from the original on 6 April 2012
6610:
6515:from the original on 6 March 2016
6444:from the original on 24 June 2021
6422:Simons, Paul (3 September 2018).
6386:How Mosquitoes Changed Everything
6314:History, Society and the Churches
6286:, Scarecrow Press, 2004, 613 p.,
6055:from the original on 15 July 2017
5912:from the original on 7 March 2016
5349:"Death Warrant of King Charles I"
4986:"1643: Civil War in Lincolnshire"
4553:
4417:, a contemporary satirical ballad
4392:wealth of England, Scotland &
4277:In 1875, a statue of Cromwell by
3236:Scots proclaim Charles II as king
907:(1598â1665) on 22 August 1620 at
807:Richard Williams (alias Cromwell)
9934:
9601:(1937). Abbot, W. Cortez (ed.).
9499:University of California Press,
9293:2000 85(278): pp. 247â267,
9079:Gardiner, Samuel Rawson (1901).
8945:The Greatness of Oliver Cromwell
8556:from the original on 2 June 2018
8378:Gardiner, Samuel Rawson (1901),
8184:from the original on 11 May 2015
8044:
8014:
7984:
7958:
7938:
7912:
7880:
7849:
7843:
7817:
7791:
7765:
7727:
7660:
7647:
7638:
7589:
7573:
7546:
7537:
7508:
7495:
7456:
7427:
7388:
7225:
7187:
7174:
7165:
7156:
7140:
7127:
7114:
7111:Gardiner (1886), Vol. II, p. 345
7105:
7086:
7062:
7046:. Chapman and Hall Ltd, London.
7035:
7001:
6992:
6979:
6947:
6926:
6891:
6866:
6857:
6848:
6839:
6804:
6795:
6774:
6753:
6727:
6718:
6709:
6678:
6652:
6637:
6604:
6575:
6544:
6527:
6501:
6415:
6406:
6357:
6327:
6306:
6297:
6025:. Strecorsoc.org. Archived from
5458:David Plant (14 December 2005).
5435:. The Brish Civil wars Project.
5373:
5302:Morrill and Baker (2008), p. 31.
5204:The Greatness of Oliver Cromwell
4808:Gardiner, Samuel Rawson (1901).
4721:Dictionary of National Biography
4370:Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge
4210:Monuments and posthumous honours
3870:Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge
3746:Oliver Cromwell's death mask at
3562:
3542:
3447:
3442:Coat of arms of the Protectorate
3435:
3141:Kilkenny put up a fierce defence
2449:
1977:Discourses Concerning Government
1003:Robert Rich, 3rd Earl of Warwick
853:Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge
740:Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge
403:
386:Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge
264:Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge
32:Oliver Cromwell (disambiguation)
11175:Cambridgeshire Militia officers
11120:People from Ely, Cambridgeshire
11085:English people of Welsh descent
11080:English people of Irish descent
10284:Monarchs of Scotland until 1603
10065:Parliament suspended since 1629
10045:Parliament suspended until 1640
9578:Britain in Revolution 1625â1660
9337:Portrait of a Soldier: Cromwell
9308:1998 113(450): pp. 18â37,
8994:Charenton Reformed Publishing,
8920:
8718:Rutt, John Towill, ed. (1828),
8546:The Journal of Military History
7998:(Press release). Archived from
7893:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
7801:. Francis Frith. Archived from
6697:from the original on 3 May 2020
6276:
6263:
6250:
6209:
6200:
6187:
6163:
6154:
6141:
6132:
6086:
6067:
6041:
6015:
6006:
5978:
5969:
5960:
5936:
5898:
5889:
5880:
5859:
5806:
5793:
5784:
5759:
5750:
5730:
5693:
5684:
5675:
5666:
5654:from the original on 9 May 2008
5636:
5627:
5618:
5609:
5568:
5533:
5512:
5503:
5478:
5451:
5425:
5394:
5367:
5341:
5332:
5323:
5314:
5305:
5296:
5287:
5269:
5252:
5228:
5210:
5195:
5169:
5148:
5131:
5113:
5088:
5062:
5034:
5004:
4977:
4968:
4959:
4943:
4934:
4888:
4858:
4849:
4802:
4776:
4755:
4708:Firth, Charles Harding (1888).
4701:
4683:
4656:
4647:
4618:
4368:in Cheshire. An oval plaque at
3805:, with an elaborate funeral at
3594:Royalist uprising in March 1655
3164:Roger Boyle, 1st Earl of Orrery
3045:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
2243:Barbadian Republic Proclamation
815:Henry Williams (alias Cromwell)
500:Colonel (1642 â bef. 1644)
285:
11150:Critics of the Catholic Church
10281:Monarchs of England until 1603
9793:(2000) 105: pp. 131â170.
9778:1990 33(3): pp. 629â639.
9752:online review by Timothy Cooke
9681:Morrill, John, et al. (eds.).
9633:
9622:
9611:
9597:
8837:, Cambridge University Press,
8373:, Longmans, Green, and Company
7922:. Icons.org.uk. Archived from
7644:Kenyon & Ohlmeyer, p. 320.
7555:"Conquest and Land in Ireland"
7243:Albert Breton (Editor, 1995).
7197:Cromwell â An Honourable Enemy
7182:Cromwell, Scotland and Ireland
6737:. Tspace.library.utoronto.ca.
6051:. British Civil Wars project.
5908:. British Civil Wars Project.
5869:(Cambridge University Press),
5813:Fitzgibbons, Jonathan (2022).
5790:Kenyon & Ohlmeyer, p. 306.
5701:Cromwell, Scotland and Ireland
5633:Kenyon & Ohlmeyer, p. 314.
5606:Kenyon & Ohlmeyer, p. 100.
4918:. British Civil Wars Project.
4574:
4547:
4496:
4471:
4458:
4274:, where it can still be seen.
3732:Death and posthumous execution
3606:second Protectorate parliament
3151:, but Cromwell failed to take
2864:) who had invaded England. At
2779:Many in the army, such as the
2649:The indecisive outcome of the
2178:1935 Greek coup d'Ă©tat attempt
2158:German Revolution of 1918â1919
803:Dissolution of the Monasteries
753:and the brutality of his 1649
718:. This culminated in the 1660
13:
1:
11020:17th-century English Puritans
9455:Manchester University Press,
9149:The Making of Oliver Cromwell
8334:Durston, Christopher (1998).
8250:Carlyle, Thomas, ed. (1845),
7735:"Death of Sir Richard Tangye"
7463:Patrick, Brantlinger (2013).
7337:. London: Routledge. p.
6685:pixeltocode.uk, PixelToCode.
6169:Durston, Christopher (1998).
5819:The English Historical Review
5727:Kenyon & Ohlmeyer, p. 66.
5530:Kenyon & Ohlmeyer, p. 98.
4820:, p. 4; Gaunt, Peter (1996).
4691:"Cromwell, Oliver (CRML616O)"
4625:Carlyle, Thomas, ed. (1887).
4489:
4390:Lord Protector of the Common-
3695:in 1655âcomparing himself to
3533:first Protectorate parliament
3390:Major-General Thomas Harrison
3022:
1007:Sir John Russell, 3rd Baronet
826:
822:
818:
810:
11145:English MPs 1653 (Barebones)
11060:17th-century English farmers
9564:Commonwealth to Protectorate
9482:The Early Stuarts, 1603â1660
9453:The Cromwellian Protectorate
9301:. Full text online at Ebsco.
9210:UK public library membership
9063:Cromwell: the Lord Protector
8762:Commonwealth to Protectorate
8580:The Death of Oliver Cromwell
8502:Confederate Catholics at War
8228:"The Execution of Charles I"
8226:BBC staff (3 October 2014),
7501:Winston S. Churchill, 1957,
7469:. Cornell University Press.
6687:"Oliver Cromwell and Family"
6617:. Thursday 13 October 1664.
5947:Commonwealth to Protectorate
5580:Cromwell: the Lord Protector
5486:Confederate Catholics at War
5177:"A lasting place in history"
5070:"The Battle of Marston Moor"
4786:. The Cromwell Association.
4384:on 25 March 1960 the head of
4293:was invited to open the new
4098:in Ireland was estimated by
2625:in the Eastern Association.
2428:Republic without republicans
2173:11 September 1922 Revolution
2168:Mongolian Revolution of 1921
934:Oliver (1622â1644), died of
909:St Giles-without-Cripplegate
896:Portrait of Cromwell's wife
772:
40:Cromwellian (disambiguation)
7:
11160:Lords Lieutenant of Ireland
10891:British monarchs after the
9933:(public domain audiobooks)
9758:Canadian Journal of History
9537:Trevor-Roper, Hugh (1967).
9339:Weidenfeld & Nicolson,
9237:Smith, David (ed.) (2003).
9091:. Classic older biography.
9007:The Devil from over the Sea
8702:Speeches of Oliver Cromwell
8677:Ă SiochrĂș, MicheĂĄl (2008).
8289:Churchill, Winston (1956),
7888:"Statue of Oliver Cromwell"
7434:O' Connell, Daniel (1828).
7298:University of Toronto Press
7290:Canadian Journal of History
7245:Nationalism and Rationality
6177:1998 113 (450): pp. 18â37,
5158:(Oxford University Press),
4695:A Cambridge Alumni Database
4631:. Vol. 1. p. 17.
4556:"Oliver Cromwell 1599â1658"
4400:
3953:Restoration of the monarchy
3051:Irish Confederate Catholics
2539:, who had become a Puritan
2163:Turkish War of Independence
2085:
10:
11196:
11155:Lords Protector of England
11055:English Congregationalists
9550:Cromwellian Foreign Policy
9059:Cromwell, Our Chief of Men
8857:Cambridge University Press
8109:
7596:Cromwell: Our Chief of Men
7586:, in Morrill, pp. 117â118.
7395:Faolain, Turlough (1983).
6957:(Oxford University Press)
5737:Cromwell: Our Chief of Men
5703:, in Morrill, John (ed.),
5576:Cromwell, Our Chief of Men
5041:Cromwell: Our Chief of Men
4950:Cromwell: Our Chief of Men
4742:Cromwell: Our Chief of Men
4697:. University of Cambridge.
4444:The Souldiers Pocket Bible
4364:in Cambridgeshire and the
4265:19th-century engineer Sir
4236:American Revolutionary War
4234:During the opening of the
4154:
4096:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
4043:Irish campaign controversy
3918:A Warning Piece Discharged
3735:
3717:Humble Petition and Advice
3477:being an abbreviation for
3469:, closely modelled on the
3424:
3413:after one of its members,
3251:, Cromwell's residence in
3231:Scottish campaign: 1650â51
3038:
2903:forcibly removed from the
2814:
2582:
2218:1970 Cambodian coup d'Ă©tat
1967:The Commonwealth of Oceana
714:, whose weakness led to a
626:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
545:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
530:New Model Army (1645â1653)
487:Pre-1642 (militia service)
362:Elizabeth Steward (mother)
29:
11075:Heads of state of England
10979:
10902:
10886:
10882:
10819:
10802:
10798:
10275:
10271:
10213:
10204:
10196:
10191:
10181:
10172:
10160:
10139:
10130:
10122:
10117:
10098:
10077:Member of Parliament for
10075:
10059:
10039:
10024:Member of Parliament for
10022:
10012:
10005:
9580:Oxford University Press,
9576:Woolrych, Austin (2002).
9562:Woolrych, Austin (1982).
9548:Venning, Timothy (1995).
9495:Korr, Charles P. (1975).
9484:Oxford University Press,
9353:Oxford University Press,
9306:English Historical Review
9151:. Yale University Press,
9051:; classic older biography
9009:Oxford University Press,
9005:Covington, Sarah (2022).
8796:Woolrych, Austin (1987),
8760:Woolrych, Austin (1982),
8746:, Heinemann, p. 60,
8651:, John Wiley & Sons,
8522:Lenihan, Padraig (2007),
8500:Lenihan, Padraig (2000),
8486:10.1017/S0018246X00013819
8340:English Historical Review
8259:"All five volumes (1872)"
8149:10.1017/S0018246X00020896
7872:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
7702:Warship Histories, vol ii
7195:"Eugene Coyle. Review of
6964:13 September 2019 at the
6912:10.1017/S0018246X0001356X
6873:Coolidge, Calvin (1929).
6175:English Historical Review
6079:22 September 2019 at the
5799:Parker, Geoffrey (2003).
5699:Stevenson, David (1990).
5672:Lenihan 2007, pp. 135â136
5540:Cromwell, Oliver (1846).
4503:Dickens, Charles (1854).
3902:The Machiavilian Cromwell
3851:, as were the remains of
3506:New England Confederation
3454:Banner of Oliver Cromwell
3421:The Protectorate: 1653â58
3139:in Ireland's south-east.
3034:National Portrait Gallery
2666:by Scottish Presbyterian
2391:The Emperor's New Clothes
2143:5 October 1910 revolution
2138:French Revolution of 1848
1161:Liberty as non-domination
944:(1624â1662), married (1)
851:. He went on to study at
849:Huntingdon Grammar School
663:, but became a religious
611:
537:
513:
493:
483:
454:
433:
428:
411:
399:
391:
379:
369:
349:
299:
270:
259:
242:
219:
214:
210:
198:
190:
179:
169:
159:
148:
137:
127:
115:
103:
92:
81:
77:
61:
49:
36:Cromwell (disambiguation)
11130:English MPs 1640 (April)
9927:Works by Oliver Cromwell
9896:14 November 2019 at the
9869:The Cromwell Association
9739:Lunger Knoppers, Laura.
9734:Harvard University Press
9509:Macinnes, Allan (2005).
9480:Davies, Godfrey (1959).
8569:Macaulay, James (1891),
8432:Jendrysik, Mark (2002),
8348:10.1093/ehr/CXIII.450.18
7968:. On war. Archived from
7706:National Maritime Museum
7520:Harvard University Press
7355:16 December 2008 at the
7153:, p. 111; Gaunt, p. 117.
7042:Carlyle, Thomas (1897).
6985:Christopher Hill, 1972,
6863:Gardiner (1901), p. 318.
6845:Gardiner (1901), p. 315.
6483:Cambridge County Council
6269:Morrill, John (editor),
6225:The Cromwell Association
6012:Quoted in Hirst, p. 127.
5690:Gardiner (1901), p. 184.
5574:Fraser, Antonia (1973).
5202:Ashley, Maurice (1957).
4855:Morrill, pp. 24â33.
4711:"Cromwell, Oliver"
4582:The Scottish Genealogist
4451:
4394:Ireland, Fellow Commoner
3928:of the civil wars. Poet
3500:in this period included
3467:Instrument of Government
2827:Second English Civil War
2651:Second Battle of Newbury
2613:in 1643, notably at the
2579:English Civil War begins
2233:1987 Fijian coups d'Ă©tat
2193:1952 Egyptian revolution
1171:Political representation
793:, Wales, who settled at
110:English Council of State
11090:New Model Army generals
11070:English revolutionaries
9920:8 November 2017 at the
9884:15 October 2018 at the
9405:1990 75(244): 207â231,
9377:Marshall, Alan (2004).
9335:Gillingham, J. (1976).
9147:Hutton, Ronald (2021).
8990:Clifford, Alan (1999).
8980:Boyer, Richard E., ed.
8456:Oxford University Press
8367:Gardiner, Samuel Rawson
8361:(subscription required)
8177:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
7992:National Railway Museum
7695:"NMM, vessel ID 370602"
7600:Weidenfeld and Nicolson
7269:10 October 2012 at the
7022:, pp. 83 & 90.
7007:Philip McKeiver, 2007,
6936:1990 75(244): 207â231,
6049:"First Anglo-Dutch War"
5057:Weidenfeld and Nicolson
4396:of this College 1616â7
4310:Irish Nationalist Party
3341:Battle of Turnham Green
3067:Irish Rebellion of 1641
3013:Irish campaign: 1649â50
2978:Agreement of the People
2947:Commonwealth of England
2732:First English Civil War
2589:First English Civil War
2213:1969 Libyan coup d'Ă©tat
1997:Discourse on Inequality
1146:Consent of the governed
685:First English Civil War
638:Commonwealth of England
524:(1643 â bef. 1644)
155:(until 30 January 1649)
11100:Regicides of Charles I
11095:People from Huntingdon
9850:21 August 2020 at the
9469:5th edition, Longman,
9451:Coward, Barry (2002).
9432:The English Civil War,
9363:Kitson, Frank (2004).
8851:Worden, Blair (1977),
8814:Worden, Blair (2012).
8600:Masson, David (1877),
8578:McMains, H.F. (2015),
8552:(1). London: Brassey.
8316:Coward, Barry (2003),
8298:Coward, Barry (1991),
8197:Burch, Stuart (2003).
7667:Middlebrook, Louis F.
7385:
7378:, I.B. Tauris: London:
7275:Profiles in Leadership
7256:David Norbrook (2000).
6780:Worden, Blair (2001).
6485:. 2010. Archived from
6282:Manganiello, Stephen,
6138:Roots 1989, pp. 41â56.
6094:Fischer, David Hackett
5865:Worden, Blair (1977).
5594:(Oxford, 2002), p. 470
5100:The English Civil War,
5072:. British Civil Wars.
4427:Connecticut State Navy
4337:Irish political unrest
4240:Connecticut State Navy
4231:
4163:Self-Denying Ordinance
4126:
4005:Samuel Rawson Gardiner
3987:
3941:The Perfect Politician
3906:The Juglers Discovered
3897:
3844:
3758:
3750:
3738:Oliver Cromwell's head
3711:, he imitated a royal
3699:, who had brought the
3345:Battle of Sedan (1870)
3329:barely escaped capture
3316:
3263:
3113:
3075:Old English in Ireland
3041:Irish Confederate Wars
3036:
3032:and on display at the
2942:
2821:Execution of Charles I
2812:
2690:
2674:Battle of Naseby, 1645
2635:Battle of Marston Moor
2615:Battle of Gainsborough
2565:Viscount Saye and Sele
968:Lord Deputy of Ireland
900:
889:
751:Execution of Charles I
634:execution of Charles I
11140:English MPs 1648â1653
11135:English MPs 1640â1648
11125:English MPs 1628â1629
10007:Parliament of England
9760:2003 38(3): 553â578.
9723:Parliamentary History
9367:Weidenfeld Military,
9231:Paul, Robert (1958).
9202:10.1093/ref:odnb/6765
9097:Gaunt, Peter (1996).
9073:. Popular narrative.
9020:Davis, J. C. (2001).
8897:The English Civil War
8742:Sharp, David (2003),
8704:, Everyman Classics,
8506:Cork University Press
8396:Gaunt, Peter (1996),
8302:, Pearson Education,
7675:. The Essex Institute
7584:Cromwell as a soldier
7514:Abbott, W.C. (1929).
7381:
7184:, in Morrill, p. 151.
7162:Lenihan 2000, p. 168.
7135:Writings and Speeches
7098:11 March 2011 at the
6759:Morrill, pp. 279â281.
6724:Morrill, pp. 271â272.
6662:. Westminster Abbey.
6644:Gaunt, Peter (1996).
6535:Roundhead on the Pike
6377:7 August 2019 at the
5681:Lenihan 2000, p. 115.
5592:Britain In Revolution
5490:Cork University Press
5401:Gentles, Ian (2011).
5016:www.elystandard.co.uk
4415:Cromwell's Panegyrick
4382:this place was buried
4228:Palace of Westminster
4217:
4121:
4070:Siege of Basing House
3977:
3895:
3838:
3756:
3745:
3645:Epistle to the Romans
3520:, and islands in the
3510:Providence Plantation
3491:First Anglo-Dutch War
3411:Barebone's Parliament
3314:
3255:when he implored the
3243:
3108:
3020:
2989:resulted in Leveller
2961:Confederate Catholics
2937:
2924:divine right of kings
2806:
2681:
2571:for the abolition of
2563:, Oliver St John and
2381:Criticism of monarchy
2203:North Yemen civil war
2017:The Federalist Papers
1312:Federal parliamentary
992:(1637â1713), married
980:(1629â1658), married
895:
881:
777:Cromwell was born in
489:1642â1651 (civil war)
484:Years of service
395:Soldier and statesman
10861:William III & II
10426:Henry the Young King
10376:Edward the Confessor
10344:Ăthelred the Unready
10105:Barebones Parliament
9947:UK National Archives
9862:5 March 2021 at the
9552:Palgrave Macmillan,
9513:Palgrave Macmillan,
9318:Firth, C.H. (1921).
8700:Roots, Ivan (1989),
8540:Peter Gaunt (2006).
7715:on 27 September 2013
7374:Mark Levene (2005).
7306:10.3138/cjh.38.3.553
7209:on 21 February 2001.
6854:Worden, pp. 256â260.
6541:magazine, 6 May 1957
6229:Lancaster University
6029:on 26 September 2011
5895:Abbott, pp. 642â643.
5648:Constitution Society
5518:Fraser, pp. 326â328.
4868:(17 February 2011).
4846:Morrill, p. 34.
4607:23 July 2021 at the
4295:Manchester Town Hall
4283:Manchester Cathedral
4025:Wilbur Cortez Abbott
4023:. Harvard historian
3888:Character assessment
3849:posthumous execution
3767:kidney stone disease
3518:Province of Maryland
3498:overseas possessions
3366:Bulstrode Whitelocke
3257:Assembly of the Kirk
3009:at the end of July.
2789:Colonel Rainsborough
2569:Root and Branch Bill
2502:Hinchingbrooke House
2366:Classical radicalism
2108:Republic of Florence
2047:Democracy in America
1206:Separation of powers
1181:Public participation
781:on 25 April 1599 to
763:Houses of Parliament
255:, Kingdom of England
170:Member of Parliament
128:Member of Parliament
11050:Deaths from malaria
11045:Cromwellian Ireland
10809:Union of the Crowns
10103:Not represented in
9975:, 4 September 2008.
9908:3 June 2017 at the
9736:, 1966), pp 141â159
8853:The Rump Parliament
8800:, Clarendon Press,
8764:, Clarendon Press,
8685:. Faber and Faber.
8436:, Lexington Books,
7746:. 15 October 1906.
7635:, pp. 222â223)
7251:Ukrainian Quarterly
7151:Cromwell as soldier
7073:Cromwell as soldier
6465:, pp. 516â530.
6303:Roots 1989, p. 128.
5949:(Clarendon Press),
5867:The Rump Parliament
5832:10.1093/ehr/ceac126
5311:Adamson, pp. 76â84.
5283:on 25 October 2008.
5241:(Clarendon Press),
5018:. 7 December 2006.
4992:on 11 December 2008
4940:Morrill, pp. 25â26.
4784:"Cromwell's family"
4544:, pp. 228â284.
4196:War of annihilation
4151:Military assessment
3993:artists and poets.
3920:, comparing him to
3779:Jesuit missionaries
3709:King Edward's Chair
3614:Spanish West Indies
3612:armada against the
3598:Sir John Penruddock
3415:Praise-God Barebone
3325:Battle of Worcester
3307:Battle of Worcester
3259:to stop supporting
3091:Battle of Rathmines
2860:Scottish army (the
2633:By the time of the
2603:Eastern Association
2547:and Members of the
2456:Politics portal
2261:Antigua and Barbuda
2208:Zanzibar Revolution
2118:American Revolution
2007:The Social Contract
1176:Popular sovereignty
1039:Théodore de Mayerne
1035:valde melancholicus
1013:Crisis and recovery
972:Sir Francis Russell
966:(1628â1674), later
905:Elizabeth Bourchier
898:Elizabeth Bourchier
874:Marriage and family
755:campaign in Ireland
468:Eastern Association
277:Elizabeth Bourchier
10893:Acts of Union 1707
10856:James II & VII
10549:Kenneth I MacAlpin
10334:Edgar the Peaceful
10161:Political offices
10150:Title next held by
10109:Title next held by
10069:Title last held by
10049:Title next held by
9776:Historical Journal
9109:. Short biography.
9002:. Religious study.
8571:Cromwell Anecdotes
8474:Historical Journal
8137:Historical Journal
8002:on 18 January 2009
7831:on 9 February 2012
7805:on 11 January 2012
7743:The New York Times
6900:Historical Journal
6216:Coulton, Barbara.
5509:Fraser, pp. 74â76.
5382:on 7 November 2015
5338:Coward 1991, p. 65
5264:Geoffrey Robertson
5223:Historical Journal
5219:Historical Journal
4351:in 1951 was named
4341:Admiral Battenberg
4232:
4175:Sir Thomas Fairfax
3898:
3845:
3787:Elizabeth Claypole
3759:
3751:
3616:, and in May 1655
3471:Heads of Proposals
3317:
3264:
3063:continental Europe
3037:
2987:Bishopsgate mutiny
2943:
2813:
2811:on 4 January 1649.
2791:on the other. The
2766:Heads of Proposals
2699:Battle of Langport
2691:
2639:lieutenant general
2629:Marston Moor, 1644
2607:Earl of Manchester
2599:Battle of Edgehill
2422:Primus inter pares
2238:Nepalese Civil War
2228:Iranian Revolution
2198:14 July Revolution
2153:Russian Revolution
2148:Chinese Revolution
2098:Republic of Venice
1947:Discourses on Livy
1063:Connecticut Colony
901:
890:
720:Stuart Restoration
691:cavalry under Sir
591:Siege of Waterford
438:Kingdom of England
328:Elizabeth Cromwell
237:Kingdom of England
38:, and
10992:
10991:
10975:
10974:
10878:
10877:
10794:
10793:
10789:
10788:
10339:Edward the Martyr
10223:
10222:
10214:Succeeded by
10192:Academic offices
10182:Succeeded by
10144:Cromwell elected
10118:Military offices
10083:1640â1653
10030:1628â1629
10019:John Goldsborough
10016:Arthur Mainwaring
9808:(2001), 387 pp.;
9748:Cromwell's Legacy
9746:Mills, Jane, ed.
9657:. 6 October 2023.
9586:978-0-19-927268-6
9566:Clarendon Press,
9397:978-0-9554663-0-4
9322:Greenhill Books,
9208:(Subscription or
9185:978-0-9554663-0-4
9157:978-0-300-25745-8
9113:Hill, Christopher
9015:978-0-198-84831-8
8966:Bennett, Martyn.
8753:978-0-435-32756-9
8692:978-0-571-24121-7
8593:978-0-8131-5910-2
8172:"Oliver Cromwell"
7966:"Cromwell Mark I"
7896:. 25 April 1899.
7825:"Oliver Cromwell"
7633:Peter Gaunt (2006
7398:Blood On The Harp
7369:978-1-84511-057-4
7284:(December 2003).
7222:, pp. 83â93.
7137:, vol II, p. 124.
6691:Westminster Abbey
6597:Harper's Magazine
6479:"Cromwell's head"
6256:Carlyle, Thomas,
5906:"Charles Worsley"
5582:(Phoenix Press),
5418:978-0-333-71356-3
5351:. UK Parliament.
4916:"Oliver Cromwell"
4870:"A unique leader"
4482:, pp. 11â13)
4321:Winston Churchill
4117:Winston Churchill
4100:Sir William Petty
4066:Thirty Years' War
3843:from 1658 to 1661
3841:Westminster Abbey
3830:restored monarchy
3807:Westminster Abbey
3707:, and sitting on
3602:national security
3579:
3199:guerrilla warfare
3129:besiege Waterford
3103:Siege of Drogheda
2886:Treaty of Newport
2880:'s defeat of the
2831:Rowland Laugharne
2742:Politics: 1647â49
2668:Samuel Rutherford
2656:Lawrence Crawford
2595:English Civil War
2585:English Civil War
2490:
2489:
2433:Republican empire
2406:List of republics
2255:National variants
2183:Spanish Civil War
2123:French Revolution
2103:Republic of Genoa
1987:The Spirit of Law
1920:Theoretical works
1264:Neo-republicanism
950:Charles Fleetwood
903:Cromwell married
746:Winston Churchill
726:and displayed at
724:Westminster Abbey
697:English Civil War
669:divine providence
647:Although elected
615:
614:
580:Siege of Drogheda
205:Arthur Mainwaring
16:(Redirected from
11187:
11065:English generals
11035:Anti-monarchists
10884:
10883:
10844:Richard Cromwell
10834:The Protectorate
10824:James I & VI
10800:
10799:
10381:Harold Godwinson
10301:Edward the Elder
10294:Alfred the Great
10278:
10277:
10273:
10272:
10249:
10242:
10235:
10226:
10225:
10217:Richard Cromwell
10200:Earl of Pembroke
10197:Preceded by
10185:Richard Cromwell
10168:Council of State
10123:Preceded by
10072:Thomas Purchase
10013:Preceded by
10003:
10002:
9963:Internet Archive
9955:
9950:
9938:
9937:
9703:
9701:
9699:
9694:on 14 April 2014
9690:. Archived from
9662:
9658:
9656:
9641:
9630:
9619:
9608:
9599:Cromwell, Oliver
9284:Military studies
9213:
9205:
8910:
8890:
8869:
8847:
8829:
8810:
8792:
8774:
8756:
8738:
8737:
8735:
8714:
8696:
8684:
8673:
8661:
8643:
8625:
8607:
8596:
8574:
8573:, London: Hodder
8565:
8563:
8561:
8536:
8518:
8496:
8468:
8446:
8428:
8410:
8392:
8374:
8362:
8359:
8330:
8312:
8294:
8284:
8280:
8278:
8276:
8270:
8263:
8255:
8246:
8245:
8243:
8222:
8220:
8218:
8212:
8205:
8193:
8191:
8189:
8159:
8131:
8103:
8102:
8100:
8098:
8078:
8072:
8071:
8070:
8068:
8052:Historic England
8048:
8042:
8041:
8040:
8038:
8022:Historic England
8018:
8012:
8011:
8009:
8007:
7988:
7982:
7981:
7979:
7977:
7972:on 6 August 2017
7962:
7956:
7942:
7936:
7935:
7933:
7931:
7926:on 14 March 2009
7916:
7910:
7909:
7907:
7905:
7884:
7878:
7877:
7871:
7863:
7861:
7859:
7847:
7841:
7840:
7838:
7836:
7821:
7815:
7814:
7812:
7810:
7795:
7789:
7788:
7786:
7784:
7769:
7763:
7762:
7760:
7758:
7752:
7739:
7731:
7725:
7724:
7722:
7720:
7714:
7708:. Archived from
7699:
7691:
7685:
7684:
7682:
7680:
7664:
7658:
7653:Hahn, Harold H.
7651:
7645:
7642:
7636:
7630:
7611:
7593:
7587:
7580:Woolrych, Austin
7577:
7571:
7570:
7568:
7566:
7550:
7544:
7541:
7535:
7532:
7523:
7512:
7506:
7499:
7493:
7492:
7490:
7488:
7460:
7454:
7453:
7451:
7449:
7431:
7425:
7424:
7422:
7420:
7392:
7386:
7346:
7336:
7333:Global Terrorism
7325:
7319:
7317:
7308:. Archived from
7238:
7232:
7229:
7223:
7217:
7211:
7210:
7205:. Archived from
7191:
7185:
7178:
7172:
7169:
7163:
7160:
7154:
7147:Woolrych, Austin
7144:
7138:
7131:
7125:
7118:
7112:
7109:
7103:
7090:
7084:
7069:Woolrych, Austin
7066:
7060:
7059:
7057:
7055:
7039:
7033:
7029:
7023:
7017:
7011:
7005:
6999:
6996:
6990:
6983:
6977:
6951:
6945:
6930:
6924:
6923:
6895:
6889:
6888:
6870:
6864:
6861:
6855:
6852:
6846:
6843:
6837:
6836:
6834:
6832:
6826:
6819:
6808:
6802:
6799:
6793:
6778:
6772:
6769:
6760:
6757:
6751:
6750:
6748:
6746:
6731:
6725:
6722:
6716:
6713:
6707:
6706:
6704:
6702:
6682:
6676:
6675:
6673:
6671:
6656:
6650:
6649:
6641:
6635:
6634:
6628:
6626:
6608:
6602:
6601:
6591:
6582:
6579:
6573:
6572:
6570:
6568:
6548:
6542:
6531:
6525:
6524:
6522:
6520:
6505:
6499:
6498:
6496:
6494:
6489:on 11 March 2010
6475:
6466:
6460:
6454:
6453:
6451:
6449:
6419:
6413:
6410:
6404:
6398:
6392:
6384:, 5 August 2019
6370:
6364:
6361:
6355:
6354:
6352:
6350:
6339:academic.oup.com
6331:
6325:
6310:
6304:
6301:
6295:
6280:
6274:
6267:
6261:
6254:
6248:
6247:
6245:
6243:
6237:
6222:
6213:
6207:
6204:
6198:
6191:
6185:
6167:
6161:
6158:
6152:
6145:
6139:
6136:
6130:
6129:
6127:
6125:
6090:
6084:
6071:
6065:
6064:
6062:
6060:
6045:
6039:
6038:
6036:
6034:
6019:
6013:
6010:
6004:
6003:
5982:
5976:
5973:
5967:
5964:
5958:
5943:Woolrych, Austin
5940:
5934:
5933:, pp. 8â27.
5928:
5922:
5921:
5919:
5917:
5902:
5896:
5893:
5887:
5884:
5878:
5863:
5857:
5856:
5854:
5852:
5834:
5825:(586): 655â691.
5810:
5804:
5797:
5791:
5788:
5782:
5781:
5763:
5757:
5754:
5748:
5734:
5728:
5725:
5716:
5697:
5691:
5688:
5682:
5679:
5673:
5670:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5659:
5640:
5634:
5631:
5625:
5622:
5616:
5613:
5607:
5604:
5595:
5572:
5566:
5565:
5563:
5561:
5537:
5531:
5528:
5519:
5516:
5510:
5507:
5501:
5482:
5476:
5475:
5473:
5471:
5455:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5444:
5429:
5423:
5422:
5398:
5392:
5391:
5389:
5387:
5378:. Archived from
5371:
5365:
5364:
5362:
5360:
5345:
5339:
5336:
5330:
5327:
5321:
5320:Jendrysik, p. 79
5318:
5312:
5309:
5303:
5300:
5294:
5291:
5285:
5284:
5279:. Archived from
5273:
5267:
5256:
5250:
5235:Woolrych, Austin
5232:
5226:
5214:
5208:
5207:
5199:
5193:
5192:
5190:
5188:
5173:
5167:
5152:
5146:
5145:
5135:
5129:
5128:
5123:. Archived from
5117:
5111:
5092:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5081:
5066:
5060:
5038:
5032:
5031:
5029:
5027:
5008:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4997:
4981:
4975:
4972:
4966:
4963:
4957:
4947:
4941:
4938:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4927:
4912:
4895:
4892:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4881:
4862:
4856:
4853:
4847:
4844:
4833:
4806:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4795:
4780:
4774:
4759:
4753:
4735:
4726:
4725:
4713:
4705:
4699:
4698:
4687:
4681:
4676:
4667:
4660:
4654:
4651:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4640:
4622:
4616:
4602:Cromwell, Oliver
4598:
4592:
4578:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4551:
4545:
4539:
4533:
4527:
4521:
4515:
4509:
4508:
4500:
4483:
4475:
4469:
4466:The Protectorate
4462:
4349:British Railways
4299:Wythenshawe Hall
4272:Museum of London
4224:Hamo Thornycroft
4167:House of Commons
4087:ethnic cleansing
3985:
3865:Westminster Hall
3705:Westminster Hall
3676:commerce raiders
3575:
3566:
3555:Elizabeth Regina
3546:
3451:
3439:
3427:The Protectorate
3406:Fifth Monarchist
3297:Battle of Dunbar
3282:Battle of Dunbar
3157:siege of Clonmel
3117:Siege of Wexford
3027:
3024:
2951:Council of State
2841:. The castle at
2695:Battle of Naseby
2693:At the critical
2688:Charles Landseer
2684:Battle of Naseby
2682:Cromwell in the
2549:House of Commons
2526:Short Parliament
2482:
2475:
2468:
2454:
2453:
2438:Republican Party
2416:Peasant republic
2376:Communitarianism
2093:Classical Athens
2088:
2062:
2052:
2042:
2032:
2022:
2012:
2002:
1992:
1982:
1972:
1962:
1952:
1942:
1932:
1166:Mixed government
1100:
1099:
883:Cromwell's House
845:St John's Church
828:
824:
820:
812:
681:Long Parliaments
429:Military service
407:
341:Frances Cromwell
318:Richard Cromwell
313:Bridget Cromwell
293:
291:
287:
249:
246:3 September 1658
230:
228:
215:Personal details
201:
184:
162:
142:
122:Richard Cromwell
118:
106:
97:
66:
47:
46:
21:
11195:
11194:
11190:
11189:
11188:
11186:
11185:
11184:
11115:Cromwell family
11005:Oliver Cromwell
10995:
10994:
10993:
10988:
10971:
10898:
10874:
10839:Oliver Cromwell
10815:
10790:
10785:
10632:Constantine III
10541:
10366:Harold Harefoot
10356:Edmund Ironside
10267:
10262: and
10253:
10219:
10210:
10202:
10187:
10178:
10151:
10148:
10136:
10128:
10110:
10107:
10091:
10084:
10082:
10070:
10067:
10050:
10047:
10031:
10029:
10020:
10018:
9989:Cromwell (1970)
9973:The Independent
9967:Vallely, Paul.
9941:
9935:
9922:Wayback Machine
9910:Wayback Machine
9898:Wayback Machine
9886:Wayback Machine
9864:Wayback Machine
9852:Wayback Machine
9823:
9804:Worden, Blair.
9716:Oliver Cromwell
9711:
9697:
9695:
9686:
9660:
9654:
9650:
9594:
9592:Primary sources
9448:
9320:Cromwell's Army
9286:
9256:Oliver Cromwell
9207:
9167:Oliver Cromwell
9099:Oliver Cromwell
9081:Oliver Cromwell
9065:Phoenix Press,
9055:Fraser, Antonia
9024:Hodder Arnold,
9022:Oliver Cromwell
8968:Oliver Cromwell
8954:Ashley, Maurice
8941:Ashley, Maurice
8923:
8918:
8916:Further reading
8913:
8908:
8867:
8845:
8826:
8808:
8790:
8772:
8754:
8744:Oliver Cromwell
8733:
8731:
8712:
8693:
8659:
8641:
8623:
8594:
8559:
8557:
8534:
8516:
8466:
8444:
8426:
8408:
8398:Oliver Cromwell
8390:
8380:Oliver Cromwell
8360:
8328:
8310:
8300:Oliver Cromwell
8282:
8274:
8272:
8268:
8261:
8257:
8254:(1904 ed.)
8241:
8239:
8234:, BBC Radio 4,
8216:
8214:
8210:
8203:
8187:
8185:
8164:Ashley, Maurice
8129:
8112:
8107:
8106:
8096:
8094:
8079:
8075:
8066:
8064:
8049:
8045:
8036:
8034:
8019:
8015:
8005:
8003:
7989:
7985:
7975:
7973:
7964:
7963:
7959:
7953:Alfred A. Knopf
7943:
7939:
7929:
7927:
7918:
7917:
7913:
7903:
7901:
7886:
7885:
7881:
7865:
7864:
7857:
7855:
7848:
7844:
7834:
7832:
7823:
7822:
7818:
7808:
7806:
7797:
7796:
7792:
7782:
7780:
7771:
7770:
7766:
7756:
7754:
7750:
7737:
7733:
7732:
7728:
7718:
7716:
7712:
7697:
7693:
7692:
7688:
7678:
7676:
7673:langeonline.com
7665:
7661:
7652:
7648:
7643:
7639:
7631:
7614:
7594:
7590:
7578:
7574:
7564:
7562:
7551:
7547:
7543:Abbott, p. 205.
7542:
7538:
7534:Abbott, p. 202.
7533:
7526:
7513:
7509:
7500:
7496:
7486:
7484:
7477:
7461:
7457:
7447:
7445:
7440:. p. 317.
7432:
7428:
7418:
7416:
7409:
7393:
7389:
7357:Wayback Machine
7315:
7313:
7312:on 24 June 2015
7271:Wayback Machine
7239:
7235:
7230:
7226:
7218:
7214:
7201:History Ireland
7193:
7192:
7188:
7179:
7175:
7170:
7166:
7161:
7157:
7145:
7141:
7132:
7128:
7122:Oliver Cromwell
7119:
7115:
7110:
7106:
7100:Wayback Machine
7091:
7087:
7067:
7063:
7053:
7051:
7040:
7036:
7030:
7026:
7018:
7014:
7006:
7002:
6997:
6993:
6984:
6980:
6966:Wayback Machine
6952:
6948:
6931:
6927:
6896:
6892:
6885:
6871:
6867:
6862:
6858:
6853:
6849:
6844:
6840:
6830:
6828:
6824:
6817:
6809:
6805:
6800:
6796:
6779:
6775:
6770:
6763:
6758:
6754:
6744:
6742:
6733:
6732:
6728:
6723:
6719:
6714:
6710:
6700:
6698:
6683:
6679:
6669:
6667:
6658:
6657:
6653:
6646:Oliver Cromwell
6642:
6638:
6624:
6622:
6611:Pepys, Samuel.
6609:
6605:
6592:
6585:
6580:
6576:
6566:
6564:
6549:
6545:
6532:
6528:
6518:
6516:
6507:
6506:
6502:
6492:
6490:
6477:
6476:
6469:
6461:
6457:
6447:
6445:
6420:
6416:
6411:
6407:
6399:
6395:
6379:Wayback Machine
6371:
6367:
6362:
6358:
6348:
6346:
6333:
6332:
6328:
6311:
6307:
6302:
6298:
6281:
6277:
6268:
6264:
6255:
6251:
6241:
6239:
6235:
6220:
6214:
6210:
6205:
6201:
6193:Clinton Black,
6192:
6188:
6168:
6164:
6159:
6155:
6146:
6142:
6137:
6133:
6123:
6121:
6114:
6091:
6087:
6081:Wayback Machine
6072:
6068:
6058:
6056:
6047:
6046:
6042:
6032:
6030:
6021:
6020:
6016:
6011:
6007:
6000:
5984:
5983:
5979:
5974:
5970:
5965:
5961:
5941:
5937:
5929:
5925:
5915:
5913:
5904:
5903:
5899:
5894:
5890:
5885:
5881:
5864:
5860:
5850:
5848:
5811:
5807:
5798:
5794:
5789:
5785:
5778:
5764:
5760:
5755:
5751:
5735:
5731:
5726:
5719:
5698:
5694:
5689:
5685:
5680:
5676:
5671:
5667:
5657:
5655:
5642:
5641:
5637:
5632:
5628:
5624:Fraser, p. 355.
5623:
5619:
5614:
5610:
5605:
5598:
5573:
5569:
5559:
5557:
5538:
5534:
5529:
5522:
5517:
5513:
5508:
5504:
5483:
5479:
5469:
5467:
5460:"The Levellers"
5456:
5452:
5442:
5440:
5433:"The Regicides"
5431:
5430:
5426:
5419:
5404:Oliver Cromwell
5399:
5395:
5385:
5383:
5372:
5368:
5358:
5356:
5347:
5346:
5342:
5337:
5333:
5329:Macaulay, p. 68
5328:
5324:
5319:
5315:
5310:
5306:
5301:
5297:
5292:
5288:
5275:
5274:
5270:
5257:
5253:
5233:
5229:
5215:
5211:
5200:
5196:
5186:
5184:
5175:
5174:
5170:
5153:
5149:
5137:
5136:
5132:
5127:on 16 May 2009.
5119:
5118:
5114:
5093:
5089:
5079:
5077:
5068:
5067:
5063:
5047:, London 1973,
5039:
5035:
5025:
5023:
5012:"Fenland riots"
5010:
5009:
5005:
4995:
4993:
4982:
4978:
4974:Adamson, p. 53.
4973:
4969:
4964:
4960:
4948:
4944:
4939:
4935:
4925:
4923:
4914:
4913:
4898:
4893:
4889:
4879:
4877:
4863:
4859:
4854:
4850:
4845:
4836:
4822:Oliver Cromwell
4810:Oliver Cromwell
4807:
4803:
4793:
4791:
4782:
4781:
4777:
4760:
4756:
4736:
4729:
4716:Stephen, Leslie
4706:
4702:
4688:
4684:
4677:
4670:
4661:
4657:
4652:
4648:
4638:
4636:
4623:
4619:
4609:Wayback Machine
4599:
4595:
4579:
4575:
4565:
4563:
4562:on 31 July 2013
4552:
4548:
4540:
4536:
4532:, pp. 1â2.
4528:
4524:
4516:
4512:
4501:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4486:
4476:
4472:
4463:
4459:
4454:
4422:Oliver Cromwell
4403:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4388:
4387:OLIVER CROMWELL
4385:
4383:
4381:
4354:Oliver Cromwell
4329:Oliver Cromwell
4254:HMS Restoration
4249:Oliver Cromwell
4242:commissioned a
4212:
4186:moral authority
4159:
4153:
4045:
4036:Austin Woolrych
4010:Calvin Coolidge
3986:
3983:
3890:
3822:Long Parliament
3740:
3734:
3656:Treaty of Paris
3585:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3567:
3559:
3558:
3547:
3514:Virginia Colony
3487:judicial system
3459:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3452:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3429:
3423:
3386:
3378:Charles Worsley
3370:ceremonial mace
3361:
3337:Great Rebellion
3309:
3284:
3238:
3233:
3071:Irish ("Gaels")
3047:
3025:
3015:
2932:
2913:Rump Parliament
2905:Long Parliament
2890:Providentialism
2835:Chepstow Castle
2833:, winning back
2823:
2815:Main articles:
2801:
2744:
2676:
2631:
2591:
2583:Main articles:
2581:
2533:Long Parliament
2486:
2448:
2443:
2442:
2361:
2353:
2352:
2256:
2248:
2247:
2133:Trienio Liberal
2074:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2050:
2040:
2030:
2020:
2010:
2000:
1990:
1980:
1970:
1960:
1950:
1940:
1930:
1921:
1913:
1912:
1648:Flynn (Stephen)
1533:
1525:
1524:
1365:
1357:
1356:
1282:
1274:
1273:
1229:
1221:
1220:
1216:Social equality
1211:Social contract
1201:Self-governance
1156:Democratization
1131:Anti-corruption
1126:Anti-monarchism
1121:
1105:Politics series
1098:
1084:-collector for
1024:Huntingdonshire
1015:
876:
847:, and attended
834:Huntingdonshire
799:Thomas Cromwell
783:Robert Cromwell
775:
736:Tower of London
630:Parliamentarian
618:Oliver Cromwell
607:
585:Sack of Wexford
533:
520:Cambridgeshire
509:
488:
479:
446:
443:Parliamentarian
441:
424:
374:Cromwell family
365:
357:Robert Cromwell
345:
309:Oliver Cromwell
306:Robert Cromwell
295:
283:
279:
251:
247:
231:
226:
224:
199:
185:
180:
171:
165:Thomas Purchase
160:
143:
138:
129:
116:
104:
98:
93:
73:
57:
56:Oliver Cromwell
54:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11193:
11183:
11182:
11177:
11172:
11167:
11162:
11157:
11152:
11147:
11142:
11137:
11132:
11127:
11122:
11117:
11112:
11107:
11102:
11097:
11092:
11087:
11082:
11077:
11072:
11067:
11062:
11057:
11052:
11047:
11042:
11037:
11032:
11027:
11022:
11017:
11012:
11007:
10990:
10989:
10987:
10986:
10980:
10977:
10976:
10973:
10972:
10970:
10969:
10964:
10959:
10954:
10949:
10944:
10939:
10934:
10929:
10924:
10919:
10914:
10909:
10903:
10900:
10899:
10897:
10896:
10880:
10879:
10876:
10875:
10873:
10872:
10867:
10858:
10853:
10848:
10847:
10846:
10841:
10831:
10826:
10820:
10817:
10816:
10814:
10813:
10796:
10795:
10792:
10791:
10787:
10786:
10784:
10783:
10778:
10773:
10768:
10763:
10758:
10753:
10748:
10743:
10738:
10735:Edward Balliol
10731:
10726:
10721:
10716:
10709:
10704:
10699:
10694:
10689:
10684:
10679:
10674:
10669:
10664:
10659:
10654:
10649:
10644:
10639:
10634:
10629:
10624:
10617:
10612:
10607:
10602:
10597:
10595:Constantine II
10592:
10587:
10580:
10573:
10566:
10559:
10552:
10544:
10542:
10540:
10539:
10534:
10523:
10516:
10511:
10506:
10501:
10496:
10491:
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10476:
10471:
10466:
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10451:
10446:
10439:
10434:
10429:
10422:
10417:
10410:
10405:
10400:
10395:
10390:
10387:Edgar Ătheling
10383:
10378:
10373:
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10363:
10358:
10353:
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10341:
10336:
10331:
10326:
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10316:
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10304:
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10276:
10269:
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10252:
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10244:
10237:
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10220:
10215:
10212:
10203:
10198:
10194:
10193:
10189:
10188:
10183:
10180:
10171:
10163:
10162:
10158:
10157:
10149:
10146:Lord Protector
10143:
10138:
10129:
10126:Thomas Fairfax
10124:
10120:
10119:
10115:
10114:
10112:Richard Timbs
10108:
10102:
10097:
10088:Thomas Meautys
10074:
10068:
10063:
10057:
10056:
10053:Robert Bernard
10048:
10043:
10038:
10021:
10014:
10010:
10009:
10001:
10000:
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9986:
9981:
9976:
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9956:
9939:
9924:
9912:
9900:
9888:
9876:
9871:
9866:
9854:
9842:
9837:
9832:
9822:
9821:External links
9819:
9818:
9817:
9802:
9787:
9772:
9754:
9744:
9737:
9726:
9719:
9710:
9709:Historiography
9707:
9706:
9705:
9679:
9670:Joshua Press,
9664:
9661:(40.2 MB)
9643:
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9507:
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9478:
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9447:
9446:Surveys of era
9444:
9443:
9442:
9428:
9414:
9399:
9389:
9375:
9361:
9347:
9333:
9316:
9302:
9285:
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9281:
9280:
9266:
9252:Wedgwood, C.V.
9249:
9235:
9229:
9214:
9187:
9177:
9163:
9160:
9145:
9131:
9110:
9095:
9077:
9052:
9042:online edition
9032:
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8988:
8978:
8964:
8951:
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8922:
8919:
8917:
8914:
8912:
8911:
8906:
8900:, Wordsworth,
8891:
8870:
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8843:
8830:
8825:978-0199570492
8824:
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8806:
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8674:
8662:
8658:978-1405143141
8657:
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8608:
8597:
8592:
8575:
8566:
8537:
8533:978-0582772175
8532:
8519:
8514:
8497:
8480:(4): 917â937,
8469:
8464:
8447:
8443:978-0739121818
8442:
8429:
8424:
8411:
8406:
8393:
8388:
8375:
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8331:
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8313:
8309:978-0582553859
8308:
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8283:(40.2 MB)
8247:
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8143:(3): 567â602,
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8073:
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7957:
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7911:
7879:
7842:
7816:
7790:
7773:"War websites"
7764:
7726:
7686:
7659:
7646:
7637:
7612:
7588:
7572:
7545:
7536:
7524:
7522:, pp. 196â205.
7507:
7494:
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7455:
7426:
7407:
7387:
7380:
7379:
7372:
7347:
7326:
7278:
7261:
7254:
7248:
7233:
7224:
7220:Ă SiochrĂș 2008
7212:
7186:
7173:
7171:Gaunt, p. 116.
7164:
7155:
7139:
7126:
7124:, pp. 108â110.
7113:
7104:
7085:
7061:
7034:
7024:
7020:Ă SiochrĂș 2008
7012:
7000:
6991:
6978:
6946:
6925:
6906:(3): 629â639.
6890:
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6500:
6467:
6455:
6414:
6412:Gaunt, p. 204.
6405:
6393:
6382:The New Yorker
6365:
6363:Masson, p. 354
6356:
6326:
6324:, pp. 141â145.
6305:
6296:
6275:
6262:
6249:
6208:
6206:Hirst, p. 137.
6199:
6186:
6162:
6160:Hirst, p. 173.
6153:
6147:Aylmer, G.E.,
6140:
6131:
6112:
6085:
6066:
6040:
6014:
6005:
5998:
5977:
5975:Gaunt, p. 156.
5968:
5966:Gaunt, p. 155.
5959:
5935:
5923:
5897:
5888:
5886:Abbott, p. 643
5879:
5858:
5805:
5792:
5783:
5776:
5758:
5749:
5747:, pp. 385â389.
5729:
5717:
5692:
5683:
5674:
5665:
5635:
5626:
5617:
5608:
5596:
5567:
5542:Thomas Carlyle
5532:
5520:
5511:
5502:
5477:
5466:on 13 May 2008
5450:
5424:
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5227:
5209:
5194:
5168:
5147:
5130:
5112:
5102:(Wordsworth),
5087:
5061:
5059:, pp. 120â129.
5045:Antonia Fraser
5033:
5003:
4976:
4967:
4958:
4954:Antonia Fraser
4942:
4933:
4896:
4887:
4857:
4848:
4834:
4801:
4775:
4754:
4738:Antonia Fraser
4727:
4700:
4682:
4668:
4666:, p. 42).
4655:
4646:
4617:
4600:Morill, John.
4593:
4573:
4554:Plant, David.
4546:
4534:
4530:Ă SiochrĂș 2008
4522:
4520:, p. 314.
4518:Churchill 1956
4510:
4494:
4493:
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4456:
4455:
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4291:Queen Victoria
4267:Richard Tangye
4211:
4208:
4157:New Model Army
4155:Main article:
4152:
4149:
4044:
4041:
3995:Thomas Carlyle
3981:
3889:
3886:
3861:Tyburn, London
3783:Doge of Venice
3771:malarial fever
3748:Warwick Castle
3733:
3730:
3649:William Prynne
3610:Western Design
3590:Major Generals
3568:
3561:
3560:
3551:Lord Protector
3548:
3541:
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3283:
3280:
3237:
3234:
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3021:Cromwell in a
3014:
3011:
2995:Banbury mutiny
2991:Robert Lockyer
2983:Putney Debates
2965:New Model Army
2931:
2928:
2800:
2797:
2793:Putney Debates
2754:Saffron Walden
2743:
2740:
2675:
2672:
2644:brother-in-law
2630:
2627:
2580:
2577:
2545:House of Lords
2498:Montagu family
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1520:Wollstonecraft
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917:Oliver St John
875:
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861:Antonia Fraser
774:
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693:Thomas Fairfax
689:New Model Army
642:Lord Protector
640:, he ruled as
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474:New Model Army
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455:Branch/service
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83:Lord Protector
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10714:
10710:
10708:
10707:Alexander III
10705:
10703:
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10695:
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10690:
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10678:
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10588:
10586:
10585:
10581:
10579:
10578:
10574:
10572:
10571:
10567:
10565:
10564:
10563:Constantine I
10560:
10558:
10557:
10553:
10551:
10550:
10546:
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10080:
10073:
10066:
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10058:
10055:
10054:
10046:
10042:
10037:
10036:
10035:James Montagu
10028:
10027:
10017:
10011:
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9999:
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9889:
9887:
9883:
9880:
9877:
9875:
9872:
9870:
9867:
9865:
9861:
9858:
9855:
9853:
9849:
9846:
9843:
9841:
9838:
9836:
9833:
9830:
9829:
9825:
9824:
9815:
9814:0-14-100694-3
9811:
9807:
9803:
9800:
9796:
9792:
9788:
9785:
9781:
9777:
9773:
9771:
9767:
9763:
9759:
9755:
9753:
9749:
9745:
9742:
9738:
9735:
9731:
9727:
9724:
9720:
9717:
9714:Davis, J. C.
9713:
9712:
9693:
9689:
9684:
9680:
9677:
9676:1-894400-03-8
9673:
9669:
9665:
9653:
9648:
9644:
9639:
9638:
9632:
9628:
9627:
9621:
9617:
9616:
9610:
9606:
9605:
9600:
9596:
9595:
9587:
9583:
9579:
9575:
9573:
9572:0-19-822659-4
9569:
9565:
9561:
9559:
9558:0-333-63388-1
9555:
9551:
9547:
9544:
9540:
9536:
9534:
9533:0-582-01675-4
9530:
9526:
9522:
9520:
9519:0-333-59750-8
9516:
9512:
9508:
9506:
9505:0-520-02281-5
9502:
9498:
9494:
9491:
9490:0-19-821704-8
9487:
9483:
9479:
9476:
9472:
9468:
9464:
9462:
9461:0-7190-4317-4
9458:
9454:
9450:
9449:
9441:
9440:1-84022-222-0
9437:
9433:
9429:
9427:
9426:0-582-01675-4
9423:
9419:
9415:
9412:
9408:
9404:
9400:
9398:
9394:
9390:
9388:
9387:1-85753-343-7
9384:
9380:
9376:
9374:
9373:0-297-84688-4
9370:
9366:
9362:
9360:
9359:0-19-280278-X
9356:
9352:
9348:
9346:
9345:0-297-77148-5
9342:
9338:
9334:
9332:
9329:
9328:1-85367-120-7
9325:
9321:
9317:
9315:
9311:
9307:
9303:
9300:
9296:
9292:
9288:
9287:
9279:
9278:0-521-02189-8
9275:
9271:
9267:
9265:
9264:0-7156-0656-5
9261:
9257:
9253:
9250:
9248:
9247:0-631-22725-3
9244:
9240:
9236:
9234:
9230:
9227:
9226:0-582-01675-4
9223:
9219:
9215:
9211:
9203:
9199:
9195:
9194:
9188:
9186:
9182:
9178:
9176:
9175:0-582-29734-6
9172:
9168:
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9161:
9158:
9154:
9150:
9146:
9144:
9143:0-582-01675-4
9140:
9136:
9132:
9130:
9126:
9125:0-297-00043-8
9122:
9118:
9114:
9111:
9108:
9107:0-631-18356-6
9104:
9100:
9096:
9094:
9090:
9089:1-4179-4961-9
9086:
9082:
9078:
9076:
9072:
9071:0-7538-1331-9
9068:
9064:
9060:
9056:
9053:
9050:
9049:1-4021-4474-1
9046:
9043:
9040:
9036:
9033:
9031:
9030:0-340-73118-4
9027:
9023:
9019:
9016:
9012:
9008:
9004:
9001:
9000:0-9526716-2-X
8997:
8993:
8989:
8987:
8983:
8979:
8977:
8976:0-415-31922-6
8973:
8969:
8965:
8963:
8959:
8955:
8952:
8950:
8946:
8942:
8939:
8937:
8936:0-582-01675-4
8933:
8929:
8925:
8924:
8909:
8907:1-84022-222-0
8903:
8899:
8898:
8892:
8888:
8884:
8880:
8876:
8871:
8868:
8866:0-521-29213-1
8862:
8858:
8854:
8849:
8846:
8844:0-521-02189-8
8840:
8836:
8831:
8827:
8821:
8817:
8812:
8809:
8807:0-19-822752-3
8803:
8799:
8794:
8791:
8789:0-582-01675-4
8785:
8781:
8776:
8773:
8771:0-19-822659-4
8767:
8763:
8758:
8755:
8749:
8745:
8740:
8729:
8725:
8721:
8716:
8713:
8711:0-460-01254-1
8707:
8703:
8698:
8694:
8688:
8683:
8682:
8675:
8671:
8667:
8663:
8660:
8654:
8650:
8645:
8642:
8640:0-582-01675-4
8636:
8632:
8627:
8624:
8622:0-582-01675-4
8618:
8614:
8609:
8605:
8604:
8598:
8595:
8589:
8585:
8581:
8576:
8572:
8567:
8555:
8551:
8547:
8543:
8538:
8535:
8529:
8526:, Routledge,
8525:
8520:
8517:
8515:1-85918-244-5
8511:
8507:
8503:
8498:
8495:
8491:
8487:
8483:
8479:
8475:
8470:
8467:
8465:0-19-280278-X
8461:
8457:
8453:
8448:
8445:
8439:
8435:
8430:
8427:
8425:0-582-01675-4
8421:
8417:
8412:
8409:
8407:0-631-18356-6
8403:
8400:, Blackwell,
8399:
8394:
8391:
8389:1-4179-4961-9
8385:
8381:
8376:
8372:
8368:
8364:
8357:
8353:
8349:
8345:
8341:
8337:
8332:
8329:
8327:0-582-77251-6
8323:
8319:
8314:
8311:
8305:
8301:
8296:
8292:
8287:
8267:
8260:
8253:
8248:
8237:
8233:
8229:
8224:
8209:
8202:
8201:
8195:
8183:
8179:
8178:
8173:
8169:
8168:Morrill, John
8165:
8161:
8158:
8154:
8150:
8146:
8142:
8138:
8133:
8130:
8128:0-582-01675-4
8124:
8120:
8115:
8114:
8092:
8088:
8084:
8077:
8063:
8062:
8057:
8053:
8047:
8033:
8032:
8027:
8023:
8017:
8001:
7997:
7993:
7987:
7971:
7967:
7961:
7954:
7950:
7949:King George V
7946:
7941:
7925:
7921:
7915:
7899:
7895:
7894:
7889:
7883:
7875:
7869:
7853:
7846:
7830:
7826:
7820:
7804:
7800:
7794:
7778:
7774:
7768:
7749:
7745:
7744:
7736:
7730:
7711:
7707:
7703:
7696:
7690:
7674:
7670:
7663:
7656:
7650:
7641:
7634:
7629:
7627:
7625:
7623:
7621:
7619:
7617:
7610:, pp. 154â161
7609:
7608:0-297-76556-6
7605:
7601:
7597:
7592:
7585:
7581:
7576:
7560:
7556:
7549:
7540:
7531:
7529:
7521:
7517:
7511:
7504:
7498:
7482:
7478:
7476:9780801468674
7472:
7468:
7467:
7459:
7443:
7439:
7438:
7430:
7414:
7410:
7408:9780878752751
7404:
7400:
7399:
7391:
7384:
7377:
7373:
7370:
7366:
7362:
7358:
7354:
7351:
7348:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7334:
7327:
7324:
7311:
7307:
7303:
7299:
7295:
7291:
7287:
7283:
7282:Morrill, John
7279:
7276:
7272:
7268:
7265:
7262:
7259:
7255:
7252:
7249:
7246:
7242:
7241:
7237:
7228:
7221:
7216:
7208:
7204:
7202:
7198:
7190:
7183:
7177:
7168:
7159:
7152:
7148:
7143:
7136:
7130:
7123:
7120:J. C. Davis,
7117:
7108:
7101:
7097:
7094:
7089:
7082:
7081:0-582-01675-4
7078:
7074:
7070:
7065:
7049:
7045:
7038:
7028:
7021:
7016:
7010:
7004:
6995:
6988:
6982:
6975:
6971:
6967:
6963:
6960:
6959:Oxforddnb.com
6956:
6950:
6943:
6939:
6935:
6929:
6921:
6917:
6913:
6909:
6905:
6901:
6894:
6886:
6884:9781410216229
6880:
6876:
6869:
6860:
6851:
6842:
6823:
6816:
6815:
6807:
6798:
6791:
6790:0-14-100694-3
6787:
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6777:
6768:
6766:
6756:
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6730:
6721:
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6696:
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6607:
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6514:
6510:
6504:
6488:
6484:
6480:
6474:
6472:
6464:
6459:
6443:
6439:
6435:
6431:
6430:
6425:
6418:
6409:
6403:, p. 75.
6402:
6397:
6391:
6390:Brooke Jarvis
6387:
6383:
6380:
6376:
6373:
6369:
6360:
6344:
6340:
6336:
6330:
6323:
6322:0-521-02189-8
6319:
6315:
6309:
6300:
6293:
6292:9780810851009
6289:
6285:
6279:
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6259:
6253:
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6230:
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6219:
6212:
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6184:
6180:
6176:
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6157:
6150:
6144:
6135:
6119:
6115:
6113:9780195069051
6109:
6105:
6104:
6099:
6095:
6089:
6082:
6078:
6075:
6070:
6054:
6050:
6044:
6028:
6024:
6018:
6009:
6001:
5999:0-7214-3370-7
5995:
5991:
5987:
5981:
5972:
5963:
5956:
5955:0-19-822659-4
5952:
5948:
5944:
5939:
5932:
5927:
5911:
5907:
5901:
5892:
5883:
5876:
5875:0-521-29213-1
5872:
5868:
5862:
5846:
5842:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5824:
5820:
5816:
5809:
5802:
5796:
5787:
5779:
5777:9781843835738
5773:
5769:
5762:
5753:
5746:
5745:0-297-76556-6
5742:
5738:
5733:
5724:
5722:
5714:
5713:0-582-01675-4
5710:
5706:
5702:
5696:
5687:
5678:
5669:
5653:
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5645:
5639:
5630:
5621:
5612:
5603:
5601:
5593:
5589:
5588:0-7538-1331-9
5585:
5581:
5577:
5571:
5555:
5551:
5550:
5547:
5543:
5536:
5527:
5525:
5515:
5506:
5499:
5498:1-85918-244-5
5495:
5491:
5487:
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5465:
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5438:
5434:
5428:
5420:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5405:
5397:
5381:
5377:
5370:
5354:
5350:
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5335:
5326:
5317:
5308:
5299:
5290:
5282:
5278:
5272:
5265:
5261:
5255:
5248:
5247:0-19-822752-3
5244:
5240:
5236:
5231:
5224:
5220:
5213:
5205:
5198:
5182:
5178:
5172:
5165:
5164:0-19-280278-X
5161:
5157:
5151:
5143:
5142:
5134:
5126:
5122:
5116:
5109:
5108:1-84022-222-0
5105:
5101:
5097:
5091:
5075:
5071:
5065:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5037:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5007:
4991:
4987:
4984:David Plant.
4980:
4971:
4962:
4955:
4951:
4946:
4937:
4921:
4917:
4911:
4909:
4907:
4905:
4903:
4901:
4894:Gaunt, p. 34.
4891:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4866:Morrill, John
4861:
4852:
4843:
4841:
4839:
4831:
4830:0-631-18356-6
4827:
4824:(Blackwell),
4823:
4819:
4818:1-4179-4961-9
4815:
4811:
4805:
4789:
4785:
4779:
4773:, p. 24.
4772:
4771:0-582-01675-4
4768:
4764:
4758:
4751:
4750:0-297-76556-6
4747:
4743:
4739:
4734:
4732:
4723:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4704:
4696:
4692:
4686:
4680:
4675:
4673:
4665:
4659:
4653:Gaunt, p. 31.
4650:
4634:
4630:
4629:
4621:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4603:
4597:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4577:
4561:
4557:
4550:
4543:
4538:
4531:
4526:
4519:
4514:
4506:
4499:
4495:
4481:
4474:
4467:
4461:
4457:
4446:
4445:
4441:
4438:
4437:Robert Walker
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4424:
4423:
4419:
4416:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4405:
4404:
4397:
4377:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4350:
4346:
4345:Cromwell Tank
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4317:
4315:
4314:Lord Rosebery
4311:
4307:
4302:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4279:Matthew Noble
4275:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4261:
4260:
4255:
4251:
4250:
4245:
4241:
4238:in 1776, the
4237:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4216:
4207:
4203:
4201:
4200:siege warfare
4197:
4193:
4192:Alan Marshall
4189:
4187:
4183:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4158:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4139:
4134:
4131:
4125:
4120:
4118:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4088:
4084:
4078:
4076:
4071:
4067:
4062:
4060:
4056:
4051:
4040:
4037:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4013:
4011:
4006:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3992:
3980:
3976:
3973:
3969:
3968:Edmund Ludlow
3965:
3961:
3956:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3937:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3914:Machiavellian
3911:
3907:
3903:
3894:
3885:
3883:
3877:
3873:
3871:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3853:John Bradshaw
3850:
3842:
3837:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3755:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3729:
3727:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3685:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3578:
3573:
3572:
3565:
3556:
3552:
3545:
3536:
3534:
3529:
3527:
3526:Severn battle
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3450:
3438:
3428:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3356:
3353:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3332:
3330:
3327:. Charles II
3326:
3322:
3313:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3279:
3277:
3273:
3272:Presbyterians
3269:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3196:
3195:Edmund Ludlow
3192:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3160:
3158:
3155:, and at the
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3121:
3118:
3112:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3055:
3052:
3046:
3042:
3035:
3031:
3030:Robert Walker
3019:
3010:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2948:
2941:
2936:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2897:Pride's Purge
2893:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2818:
2810:
2807:The trial of
2805:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2785:John Lilburne
2782:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2757:
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2750:
2739:
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2709:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2689:
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2671:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2658:, a Scottish
2657:
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2647:
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2612:
2608:
2604:
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2590:
2586:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2541:cause célÚbre
2538:
2537:John Lilburne
2534:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2518:Bishops' Wars
2515:
2511:
2510:Richard Neile
2507:
2503:
2499:
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2348:United States
2346:
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2223:Metapolitefsi
2221:
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2209:
2206:
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2201:
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2106:
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2094:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2059:
2058:
2057:On Revolution
2054:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2028:
2027:Rights of Man
2024:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1938:
1937:De re publica
1934:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1909:
1906:
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1901:
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1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1743:Jones (Lynne)
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
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1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1538:Adams (Gerry)
1536:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
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1471:
1468:
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1403:
1401:
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1373:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1337:Revolutionary
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1327:Parliamentary
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
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1278:
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1262:
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1235:
1232:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1136:Civil society
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1112:Republicanism
1110:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1086:Ely Cathedral
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1043:Privy Council
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1020:
1008:
1004:
1000:
997:
995:
991:
988:
985:
983:
982:John Claypole
979:
976:
973:
969:
965:
962:
960:
956:
953:
951:
947:
943:
940:
937:
936:typhoid fever
933:
930:
929:
928:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
899:
894:
888:
884:
880:
871:
868:
866:
865:Inns of Court
862:
858:
857:Lincoln's Inn
854:
850:
846:
841:
839:
838:landed gentry
835:
830:
816:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
770:
768:
767:Lord Rosebery
764:
760:
756:
752:
747:
743:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
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700:
698:
694:
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686:
682:
678:
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662:
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643:
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623:
619:
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602:
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586:
583:
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566:
563:
561:
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553:
551:
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547:
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536:
529:
526:
523:
519:
518:
516:
512:
505:
502:
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498:
496:
492:
486:
482:
475:
472:
469:
466:
463:
460:
459:
457:
453:
449:
444:
439:
436:
432:
427:
421:Old Ironsides
420:
417:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
387:
384:
382:
378:
375:
372:
368:
361:
358:
355:
354:
352:
348:
342:
339:
337:
336:Mary Cromwell
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
308:
305:
304:
302:
298:
278:
273:
269:
265:
262:
260:Resting place
258:
254:
245:
241:
238:
234:
223:25 April 1599
222:
218:
213:
209:
206:
203:
197:
193:
189:
183:
178:
175:
168:
164:
158:
154:
151:
147:
141:
136:
133:
126:
123:
120:
114:
111:
108:
102:
96:
91:
88:
84:
80:
76:
71:
70:Samuel Cooper
65:
60:
53:
48:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
10983:
10962:Elizabeth II
10890:
10838:
10806:
10733:
10711:
10702:Alexander II
10619:
10582:
10575:
10568:
10561:
10554:
10547:
10529:
10518:
10441:
10424:
10412:
10385:
10348:
10306:
10299:
10292:
10205:
10173:
10166:
10154:George Monck
10152:
10140:
10131:
10111:
10099:
10086:
10076:
10071:
10060:
10051:
10040:
10033:
10023:
9827:
9805:
9790:
9775:
9757:
9747:
9740:
9729:
9722:
9715:
9696:. Retrieved
9692:the original
9682:
9667:
9646:
9636:
9625:
9614:
9603:
9598:
9577:
9563:
9549:
9542:
9538:
9524:
9510:
9496:
9481:
9466:
9452:
9434:Wordsworth,
9431:
9417:
9402:
9378:
9364:
9350:
9336:
9319:
9305:
9290:
9269:
9255:
9238:
9232:
9217:
9191:
9166:
9148:
9134:
9119:Dial Press,
9116:
9098:
9080:
9062:
9058:
9038:
9021:
9006:
8991:
8981:
8967:
8957:
8944:
8927:
8921:Biographical
8896:
8878:
8874:
8852:
8834:
8815:
8797:
8779:
8761:
8743:
8732:, retrieved
8723:
8701:
8680:
8669:
8648:
8630:
8612:
8602:
8579:
8570:
8558:. Retrieved
8549:
8545:
8523:
8501:
8477:
8473:
8451:
8433:
8415:
8397:
8379:
8370:
8339:
8317:
8299:
8290:
8273:. Retrieved
8251:
8240:, retrieved
8231:
8215:. Retrieved
8199:
8186:. Retrieved
8175:
8140:
8136:
8118:
8095:. Retrieved
8086:
8076:
8065:, retrieved
8059:
8046:
8035:, retrieved
8029:
8016:
8004:. Retrieved
8000:the original
7994:(May 2004).
7986:
7974:. Retrieved
7970:the original
7960:
7951:, New York:
7948:
7945:Kenneth Rose
7940:
7928:. Retrieved
7924:the original
7914:
7902:. Retrieved
7891:
7882:
7856:. Retrieved
7850:Moss, John.
7845:
7833:. Retrieved
7829:the original
7819:
7807:. Retrieved
7803:the original
7793:
7781:. Retrieved
7775:. Channel4.
7767:
7755:. Retrieved
7741:
7729:
7717:. Retrieved
7710:the original
7701:
7689:
7677:. Retrieved
7672:
7662:
7654:
7649:
7640:
7595:
7591:
7583:
7575:
7563:. Retrieved
7548:
7539:
7515:
7510:
7502:
7497:
7485:. Retrieved
7465:
7458:
7446:. Retrieved
7436:
7429:
7417:. Retrieved
7397:
7390:
7382:
7375:
7360:
7342:
7332:
7321:
7314:. Retrieved
7310:the original
7293:
7289:
7274:
7264:Alan Axelrod
7257:
7250:
7244:
7236:
7227:
7215:
7207:the original
7200:
7196:
7189:
7181:
7176:
7167:
7158:
7150:
7142:
7134:
7129:
7121:
7116:
7107:
7088:
7072:
7064:
7052:. Retrieved
7037:
7027:
7015:
7008:
7003:
6994:
6986:
6981:
6973:
6969:
6954:
6949:
6933:
6928:
6903:
6899:
6893:
6874:
6868:
6859:
6850:
6841:
6829:. Retrieved
6813:
6806:
6797:
6781:
6776:
6771:Gaunt, p. 9.
6755:
6743:. Retrieved
6729:
6720:
6711:
6699:. Retrieved
6690:
6680:
6668:. Retrieved
6654:
6645:
6639:
6630:
6623:. Retrieved
6613:
6606:
6595:
6581:Gaunt, p. 4.
6577:
6565:. Retrieved
6556:
6546:
6538:
6529:
6517:. Retrieved
6503:
6491:. Retrieved
6487:the original
6482:
6458:
6446:. Retrieved
6427:
6417:
6408:
6401:McMains 2015
6396:
6385:
6368:
6359:
6347:. Retrieved
6338:
6329:
6313:
6308:
6299:
6283:
6278:
6270:
6265:
6257:
6252:
6240:. Retrieved
6224:
6211:
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6194:
6189:
6174:
6170:
6165:
6156:
6148:
6143:
6134:
6122:. Retrieved
6102:
6088:
6069:
6057:. Retrieved
6043:
6031:. Retrieved
6027:the original
6017:
6008:
5985:
5980:
5971:
5962:
5946:
5938:
5926:
5914:. Retrieved
5900:
5891:
5882:
5877:, ch. 16â17.
5866:
5861:
5849:. Retrieved
5822:
5818:
5808:
5800:
5795:
5786:
5767:
5761:
5752:
5736:
5732:
5704:
5700:
5695:
5686:
5677:
5668:
5656:. Retrieved
5638:
5629:
5620:
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5591:
5579:
5575:
5570:
5558:. Retrieved
5549:
5546:
5535:
5514:
5505:
5485:
5480:
5468:. Retrieved
5464:the original
5453:
5441:. Retrieved
5427:
5403:
5396:
5384:. Retrieved
5380:the original
5369:
5357:. Retrieved
5343:
5334:
5325:
5316:
5307:
5298:
5289:
5281:the original
5271:
5259:
5254:
5238:
5230:
5222:
5218:
5212:
5203:
5197:
5185:. Retrieved
5171:
5155:
5150:
5139:
5133:
5125:the original
5115:
5099:
5095:
5090:
5078:. Retrieved
5064:
5040:
5036:
5024:. Retrieved
5015:
5006:
4994:. Retrieved
4990:the original
4979:
4970:
4961:
4949:
4945:
4936:
4924:. Retrieved
4890:
4878:. Retrieved
4860:
4851:
4821:
4809:
4804:
4792:. Retrieved
4778:
4762:
4757:
4741:
4719:
4703:
4694:
4685:
4678:
4658:
4649:
4637:. Retrieved
4627:
4620:
4612:
4596:
4581:
4576:
4564:. Retrieved
4560:the original
4549:
4537:
4525:
4513:
4504:
4498:
4473:
4460:
4442:
4420:
4406:
4379:
4359:
4352:
4328:
4318:
4303:
4276:
4264:
4259:HMS Loyalist
4257:
4253:
4247:
4233:
4226:outside the
4204:
4190:
4179:
4160:
4141:Bertie Ahern
4135:
4129:
4127:
4122:
4110:
4104:
4092:Henry Ireton
4083:John Morrill
4079:
4063:
4046:
4033:
4029:John Morrill
4017:Nazi Germany
4014:
3998:
3988:
3978:
3971:
3957:
3948:
3940:
3938:
3933:
3917:
3905:
3901:
3899:
3878:
3874:
3857:Henry Ireton
3846:
3818:George Monck
3811:
3760:
3726:Edmund Dunch
3680:
3670:âa base for
3653:
3625:
3586:
3576:
3569:
3530:
3502:Newfoundland
3495:
3483:
3478:
3474:
3463:John Lambert
3460:
3387:
3362:
3352:George Monck
3349:
3336:
3333:
3318:
3289:David Leslie
3285:
3265:
3217:
3213:County Cavan
3202:
3191:Henry Ireton
3188:
3161:
3122:
3114:
3109:
3079:
3056:
3048:
3028:portrait by
2976:
2944:
2940:Commonwealth
2938:Arms of the
2917:
2901:Thomas Pride
2894:
2870:
2855:
2824:
2778:
2776:settlement.
2774:episcopalian
2761:George Joyce
2758:
2749:Presbyterian
2745:
2704:Basing House
2692:
2648:
2632:
2592:
2530:
2491:
2420:
2055:
2045:
2035:
2025:
2015:
2005:
1995:
1985:
1975:
1965:
1955:
1945:
1935:
1925:
1738:Jones (Elin)
1643:Flynn (Paul)
1612:
1603:Clarke (Tom)
1598:Clark (Katy)
1543:Adams (John)
1364:Philosophers
1141:Civic virtue
1103:Part of the
1070:smallholding
1067:
1047:
1034:
1016:
946:Henry Ireton
902:
869:
842:
831:
813:1500â1544),
776:
761:outside the
744:
716:power vacuum
701:
646:
617:
616:
555:Marston Moor
550:Gainsborough
538:Battles/wars
248:(1658-09-03)
181:
139:
117:Succeeded by
94:
68:Portrait by
52:His Highness
44:
11015:1658 deaths
11010:1599 births
10967:Charles III
10952:Edward VIII
10682:Alexander I
10662:Malcolm III
10637:Kenneth III
10537:Elizabeth I
10499:Richard III
9381:Brassey's,
9258:Duckworth,
9241:Blackwell,
9101:Blackwell,
9035:Firth, C.H.
8947:Macmillan.
8881:: 131â170.
8782:, Longman,
8666:Noble, Mark
8633:, Longman,
8615:, Longman,
8418:, Longman,
8320:, Longman,
8121:, Longman,
8067:18 February
7679:16 November
7565:16 December
7350:Mark Levene
7300:: 553â578.
7180:Stevenson,
6792:, pp. 53â59
6784:(Penguin),
6567:27 November
6033:27 November
5957:, ch. 5â10.
5707:(Longman),
5658:14 February
5374:Hart, Ben.
4996:27 November
4765:(Longman),
4566:27 November
4376:and reads:
4325:World War I
4107:James Joyce
3964:John Toland
3930:John Milton
3721:Other House
3693:West Indies
3639::37â39 and
3522:West Indies
3402:apocalyptic
3245:Moray House
3111:and regret.
3026: 1649
2714:, Bristol,
2619:Isle of Ely
2611:East Anglia
2371:Common good
2311:New Zealand
2306:Netherlands
2051:(1835â1840)
2021:(1787â1788)
1931:(c. 375 BC)
1853:Robespierre
1628:Etherington
1563:Benn (Tony)
1532:Politicians
1510:Tocqueville
1470:Montesquieu
1450:Machiavelli
1196:Rule of law
1191:Res publica
1058:Reformation
1054:Independent
1027:county town
742:, in 1960.
665:Independent
661:New England
560:2nd Newbury
476:(1645â1653)
470:(1642â1645)
450:(1651â1658)
445:(1642â1651)
253:Westminster
200:Preceded by
161:Preceded by
105:Preceded by
18:Cromwellian
11110:Roundheads
10999:Categories
10942:Edward VII
10932:William IV
10922:George III
10851:Charles II
10746:Robert III
10692:Malcolm IV
10667:Donald III
10642:Malcolm II
10627:Kenneth II
10509:Henry VIII
10469:Richard II
10464:Edward III
10398:William II
10371:Harthacnut
10211:1650â1653
10137:1650â1653
10095:1640â1653
10093:John Lowry
10026:Huntingdon
9768:Fulltext:
9652:"Gasl.org"
9545:Macmillan.
9475:113894954X
9212:required.)
8734:8 November
8242:4 November
8188:7 February
8180:(online).
8037:5 February
7835:12 January
7487:15 October
7448:15 October
7419:15 October
6976:(Longman).
6745:28 October
6701:30 January
5931:Roots 1989
5560:22 January
5249:, ch. 2â5.
5053:0297765566
5026:12 January
4880:2 December
4664:Roots 1989
4542:Burch 2003
4490:References
4480:Noble 1784
4287:Peter Lely
4246:named the
4145:Robin Cook
3934:Sonnet XVI
3882:RAF Chapel
3826:Charles II
3803:RAF Chapel
3736:See also:
3713:coronation
3701:Israelites
3689:Hispaniola
3672:privateers
3637:Matthew 23
3496:England's
3425:See also:
3268:Charles II
3261:Charles II
3249:Royal Mile
3180:Covenanter
3172:Charles II
3039:See also:
2882:Midianites
2851:John Poyer
2843:Carmarthen
2720:Winchester
2708:Bridgwater
2660:Covenanter
2605:under the
2573:episcopacy
2494:Huntingdon
2411:Monarchism
2401:Liberalism
2396:Jacobinism
2086:Gaáčasaáč
gha
1941:(54â51 BC)
1425:Harrington
1302:Democratic
1292:Capitalist
1287:Autonomous
1269:Venizelism
1254:Khomeinism
1031:Huntingdon
779:Huntingdon
653:Huntingdon
464:(pre-1642)
440:(pre-1642)
434:Allegiance
392:Occupation
381:Alma mater
233:Huntingdon
227:1599-04-25
174:Huntingdon
10957:George VI
10927:George IV
10917:George II
10829:Charles I
10811:from 1603
10761:James III
10741:Robert II
10697:William I
10672:Duncan II
10600:Malcolm I
10590:Donald II
10514:Edward VI
10504:Henry VII
10489:Edward IV
10459:Edward II
10449:Henry III
10432:Richard I
10393:William I
10314:Ăthelstan
10079:Cambridge
9799:0068-1202
9784:0018-246X
9766:0008-4107
9541:, in his
9527:Longman,
9420:Longman,
9314:0013-8266
9299:0018-2648
9220:Longman,
9169:Longman,
9137:Longman,
8930:Longman,
8887:0068-1202
8494:248823719
8356:0013-8266
8275:5 October
8217:18 August
8157:154769885
6942:0018-2648
6920:159813568
6831:5 October
6463:Rutt 1828
6438:0140-0460
6429:The Times
6349:15 August
6294:, p. 539.
6183:0013-8266
6096:(1991) .
5851:16 August
5841:0013-8266
5803:, p. 281.
5715:, p. 155.
5500:, p. 115.
5110:, p. 107.
4590:0300-337X
4230:in London
4138:Taoiseach
3910:Levellers
3795:Worcester
3660:Louis XIV
3641:Romans 11
3596:, led by
3479:Protector
3394:sanhedrin
3321:Worcester
3301:Edinburgh
3253:Edinburgh
3176:Charles I
3153:Waterford
2956:civil war
2809:Charles I
2781:Levellers
2770:executive
2738:in June.
2712:Sherborne
2522:Cambridge
2514:Charles I
2266:Australia
1898:Venizelos
1888:Spadolini
1878:Slaughter
1823:McDonnell
1788:Mackenzie
1733:Jefferson
1688:Griffiths
1668:de Gaulle
1663:Garibaldi
1623:Drakeford
1515:Warburton
1435:Jefferson
1430:Honderich
1410:Condorcet
1297:Christian
1259:Nasserism
1234:Classical
1151:Democracy
1045:in 1630.
978:Elizabeth
791:Glamorgan
773:Biography
673:Cambridge
601:Worcester
522:Ironsides
412:Nicknames
400:Signature
370:Relatives
194:Charles I
182:In office
153:Charles I
140:In office
132:Cambridge
95:In office
10947:George V
10937:Victoria
10912:George I
10781:James VI
10766:James IV
10756:James II
10729:David II
10724:Robert I
10713:Margaret
10647:Duncan I
10556:Donald I
10494:Edward V
10484:Henry VI
10474:Henry IV
10454:Edward I
10420:Henry II
10319:Edmund I
10308:Ălfweard
10266:monarchs
10260:Scottish
9931:LibriVox
9918:Archived
9906:Archived
9894:Archived
9882:Archived
9860:Archived
9848:Archived
9698:13 April
9254:(1939).
9115:(1970).
9057:(1973).
9037:(1900).
8970:(2006),
8958:Cromwell
8956:(1969).
8943:(1958).
8728:archived
8668:(1784),
8560:18 March
8554:Archived
8369:(1886),
8266:Archived
8236:archived
8208:Archived
8182:Archived
8170:(1999).
8091:Archived
8006:13 April
7976:6 August
7898:Archived
7868:cite web
7777:Archived
7748:Archived
7582:(1990).
7559:Archived
7481:Archived
7442:Archived
7413:Archived
7359:(2005).
7353:Archived
7273:(2002).
7267:Archived
7149:(1990).
7133:Abbott,
7096:Archived
7071:(1990).
7054:6 August
7048:Archived
6962:Archived
6822:Archived
6739:Archived
6695:Archived
6664:Archived
6625:4 August
6619:Archived
6561:Archived
6533:Staff. "
6513:Archived
6442:Archived
6375:Archived
6343:Archived
6242:23 April
6233:Archived
6124:6 August
6118:Archived
6077:Archived
6059:6 August
6053:Archived
5992:. 1991.
5990:Ladybird
5945:(1982).
5916:6 August
5910:Archived
5845:Archived
5652:Archived
5554:Archived
5443:6 August
5437:Archived
5386:6 August
5359:6 August
5353:Archived
5237:(1987).
5187:6 August
5181:Archived
5166:, p. 141
5074:Archived
5020:Archived
4926:6 August
4920:Archived
4874:Archived
4832:, p. 23.
4794:6 August
4788:Archived
4752:, p. 24.
4744:(1973),
4633:Archived
4605:Archived
4408:Cromwell
4401:See also
4374:his head
4333:George V
4244:corvette
4169:and the
4059:Barbados
3991:Romantic
3984:Cromwell
3982:â
3966:rewrote
3633:Edward I
3618:captured
3225:Connacht
3204:torĂĄidhe
3174:(son of
3145:New Ross
3133:Kilkenny
3095:Drogheda
2973:Agitator
2969:Leveller
2920:regicide
2909:Grandees
2862:Engagers
2858:Royalist
2847:Pembroke
2728:Cornwall
2664:familism
2506:Arminian
2336:Scotland
2276:Barbados
1927:Republic
1843:Prescott
1813:Naysmith
1803:McKechin
1763:La Malfa
1758:Khomeini
1718:Iorwerth
1683:Griffith
1658:Gambetta
1653:Galloway
1638:Ferguson
1618:Davidson
1613:Cromwell
1608:Connolly
1588:Campbell
1505:Sunstein
1490:Rousseau
1485:Polybius
1420:Franklin
1400:Chappell
1395:Cattaneo
1332:People's
1317:Imperial
1249:Kemalism
1186:Republic
1120:Concepts
1019:Arminian
732:His head
708:Scotland
570:Langport
514:Commands
418:Old Noll
359:(father)
300:Children
10865:Mary II
10771:James V
10751:James I
10687:David I
10652:Macbeth
10584:Eochaid
10479:Henry V
10414:Matilda
10408:Stephen
10403:Henry I
10264:British
10258:,
10256:English
9961:at the
9403:History
9291:History
8818:. OUP.
8110:Sources
8097:16 July
7930:29 July
7904:29 July
7858:29 July
7809:29 July
7719:7 April
7316:23 June
6934:History
6670:29 July
6519:30 July
6448:21 June
5544:(ed.).
5470:14 June
5144:. 1648.
5080:21 June
4872:. BBC.
4718:(ed.).
4380:Near to
4182:cavalry
4112:Ulysses
4075:quarter
4055:Bermuda
4019:and in
3972:Memoirs
3947:in his
3926:Red Sea
3814:Richard
3775:quinine
3763:malaria
3691:in the
3684:Jericho
3668:Dunkirk
3664:Mardyck
3621:Jamaica
3392:for a "
3247:on the
3184:Youghal
3137:Clonmel
3115:At the
3099:Wexford
3007:Bristol
3003:Burford
2999:Andover
2866:Preston
2783:led by
2716:Devizes
2623:colonel
2561:Bedford
2557:Warwick
2508:Bishop
2301:Morocco
2291:Jamaica
2286:Ireland
2271:Bahamas
2073:History
1893:Taverne
1868:Skinner
1848:Ritchie
1793:Madison
1773:Lincoln
1723:Jackson
1713:Huppert
1708:Hopkins
1633:Fabiani
1593:Chapman
1578:BolĂvar
1568:Bennett
1558:Bartley
1548:AtatĂŒrk
1460:Mazzini
1455:Madison
1385:Bentham
1375:Baggini
1342:Secular
1322:Islamic
1307:Federal
1244:Federal
1228:Schools
1050:St Ives
999:Frances
955:Richard
942:Bridget
925:Holland
921:Warwick
712:Richard
675:in the
622:British
575:Preston
462:Militia
350:Parents
294:
282:
225: (
191:Monarch
149:Monarch
85:of the
10776:Mary I
10657:Lulach
10621:AmlaĂb
10615:Cuilén
10605:Indulf
10531:Philip
10526:Mary I
10329:Eadwig
10324:Eadred
10141:Vacant
10100:Vacant
10085:With:
10061:Vacant
10041:Vacant
10032:With:
9812:
9797:
9782:
9764:
9674:
9659:
9584:
9570:
9556:
9531:
9517:
9503:
9488:
9473:
9459:
9438:
9424:
9395:
9385:
9371:
9357:
9343:
9331:online
9326:
9312:
9297:
9276:
9262:
9245:
9224:
9206:
9183:
9173:
9155:
9141:
9129:online
9123:
9105:
9093:online
9087:
9075:online
9069:
9061:, and
9047:
9028:
9013:
8998:
8986:online
8974:
8962:online
8949:online
8934:
8904:
8885:
8863:
8841:
8822:
8804:
8786:
8768:
8750:
8708:
8689:
8655:
8637:
8619:
8590:
8530:
8512:
8492:
8462:
8440:
8422:
8404:
8386:
8354:
8324:
8306:
8281:
8166:&
8155:
8125:
7783:5 June
7757:5 June
7606:
7473:
7405:
7367:
7079:
6940:
6918:
6881:
6788:
6493:5 July
6436:
6320:
6290:
6181:
6110:
5996:
5953:
5873:
5839:
5774:
5743:
5711:
5646:. the
5586:
5578:, and
5496:
5415:
5245:
5225:33, 4.
5162:
5106:
5051:
4828:
4816:
4769:
4748:
4639:6 July
4588:
4050:Ulster
3799:sepsis
3791:Dunbar
3516:, the
3512:, the
3508:, the
3504:, the
3398:saints
3374:bauble
3293:Dunbar
3209:Galway
3149:Carlow
3125:Ulster
3083:Dublin
2967:. The
2878:Gideon
2874:Isaiah
2736:Oxford
2718:, and
2621:and a
2326:Sweden
2316:Norway
2281:Canada
2061:(1963)
2041:(1794)
2031:(1791)
2011:(1762)
2001:(1755)
1991:(1748)
1981:(1698)
1971:(1656)
1961:(1649)
1951:(1531)
1903:Wilson
1873:Slater
1863:Skates
1818:Mannin
1808:Mullin
1783:Mackay
1748:JuĂĄrez
1703:HĂ©bert
1698:Hatton
1693:Harvie
1583:Burgon
1500:Sidney
1495:Sandel
1480:Pettit
1405:Cicero
1370:Arendt
1352:Soviet
1347:Sister
1239:Modern
1074:yeoman
1005:, (2)
948:, (2)
795:Putney
787:brewer
759:statue
728:Tyburn
596:Dunbar
589:First
565:Naseby
288:
271:Spouse
266:(head)
72:, 1656
34:,
10677:Edgar
10577:Giric
10443:Louis
10350:Sweyn
9770:Ebsco
9655:(PDF)
8490:S2CID
8269:(PDF)
8262:(PDF)
8211:(PDF)
8204:(PDF)
8153:S2CID
7751:(PDF)
7738:(PDF)
7713:(PDF)
7698:(PDF)
7344:goal.
7296:(3).
6916:S2CID
6825:(PDF)
6818:(PDF)
6236:(PDF)
6221:(PDF)
5043:, by
4952:, by
4714:. In
4452:Notes
4218:1899
4171:Lords
4021:Italy
3960:Whigs
3922:Moses
3697:Achan
3658:with
3571:Broad
3396:" of
3087:Derry
3059:papal
2839:Tenby
2724:Devon
2553:Essex
2341:Wales
2321:Spain
2296:Japan
1883:Smith
1858:Sayed
1838:Pound
1833:Nehru
1828:Nandy
1798:Magid
1778:Lucas
1768:Lewis
1678:Grévy
1673:Greer
1573:Black
1553:Azaña
1475:Paine
1445:Locke
1415:Crick
1390:Bodin
1380:Bello
1281:Types
1090:Essex
1082:tithe
964:Henry
913:Essex
789:from
677:Short
292:)
284:(
280:
10907:Anne
10870:Anne
10863:and
10719:John
10528:and
10520:Jane
10437:John
10361:Cnut
10090:1640
9993:IMDb
9810:ISBN
9795:ISSN
9780:ISSN
9762:ISSN
9700:2014
9672:ISBN
9582:ISBN
9568:ISBN
9554:ISBN
9529:ISBN
9515:ISBN
9501:ISBN
9486:ISBN
9471:ISBN
9457:ISBN
9436:ISBN
9422:ISBN
9393:ISBN
9383:ISBN
9369:ISBN
9355:ISBN
9341:ISBN
9324:ISBN
9310:ISSN
9295:ISSN
9274:ISBN
9260:ISBN
9243:ISBN
9222:ISBN
9181:ISBN
9171:ISBN
9153:ISBN
9139:ISBN
9121:ISBN
9103:ISBN
9085:ISBN
9067:ISBN
9045:ISBN
9026:ISBN
9011:ISBN
8996:ISBN
8972:ISBN
8932:ISBN
8902:ISBN
8883:ISSN
8861:ISBN
8839:ISBN
8820:ISBN
8802:ISBN
8784:ISBN
8766:ISBN
8748:ISBN
8736:2011
8706:ISBN
8687:ISBN
8653:ISBN
8635:ISBN
8617:ISBN
8588:ISBN
8562:2024
8528:ISBN
8510:ISBN
8460:ISBN
8438:ISBN
8420:ISBN
8402:ISBN
8384:ISBN
8352:ISSN
8322:ISBN
8304:ISBN
8277:2006
8244:2007
8219:2022
8190:2020
8123:ISBN
8099:2014
8069:2016
8039:2016
8008:2008
7978:2017
7932:2011
7906:2011
7874:link
7860:2011
7837:2012
7811:2011
7785:2010
7759:2010
7721:2018
7681:2017
7604:ISBN
7567:2012
7489:2018
7471:ISBN
7450:2018
7421:2018
7403:ISBN
7365:ISBN
7318:2015
7077:ISBN
7056:2017
6938:ISSN
6879:ISBN
6833:2006
6786:ISBN
6747:2015
6703:2020
6672:2011
6627:2017
6569:2008
6539:Time
6521:2016
6495:2016
6450:2021
6434:ISSN
6351:2022
6318:ISBN
6288:ISBN
6244:2017
6179:ISSN
6126:2017
6108:ISBN
6061:2017
6035:2008
5994:ISBN
5951:ISBN
5918:2017
5871:ISBN
5853:2022
5837:ISSN
5772:ISBN
5741:ISBN
5709:ISBN
5660:2008
5584:ISBN
5562:2010
5494:ISBN
5472:2012
5445:2017
5413:ISBN
5388:2017
5361:2017
5258:See
5243:ISBN
5189:2017
5160:ISBN
5141:Town
5104:ISBN
5082:2015
5049:ISBN
5028:2019
4998:2008
4928:2017
4882:2023
4826:ISBN
4814:ISBN
4796:2017
4767:ISBN
4746:ISBN
4641:2015
4586:ISSN
4568:2008
4057:and
3904:and
3855:and
3793:and
3765:and
3674:and
3666:and
3335:the
3193:and
3168:Cork
3147:and
3135:and
3097:and
3085:and
3073:and
3043:and
3001:and
2819:and
2726:and
2587:and
2559:and
1908:Wood
1753:Kane
1465:Mill
1440:Kant
990:Mary
923:and
679:and
657:1628
651:for
494:Rank
290:1620
243:Died
220:Born
172:for
130:for
10610:Dub
10570:Ăed
9991:at
9929:at
9407:doi
9198:doi
8879:105
8482:doi
8344:doi
8145:doi
7339:193
7302:doi
6908:doi
6557:CNN
6537:",
6388:by
6173:in
5827:doi
5823:137
5492:),
4611:in
4262:.
4222:by
3970:'s
2971:or
2500:of
1728:Jay
1078:Ely
1029:of
887:Ely
885:in
817:, (
809:, (
704:son
655:in
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9971:,
9945:.
9649:.
9272:,
9127:.
9083:,
8877:.
8859:,
8855:,
8722:,
8586:,
8584:75
8550:70
8548:.
8544:.
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8504:,
8488:,
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8476:,
8458:,
8454:,
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8350:.
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8264:.
8256:â
8230:,
8174:.
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8141:30
8139:,
8089:.
8085:.
8058:,
8054:,
8028:,
8024:,
7947:,
7890:.
7870:}}
7866:{{
7740:.
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7320:.
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