694:
70:
1023:
3840:
3548:
780:
531:
788:
978:
1034:
998:. He made his first ZPC wines in Croatia in 2005. There is high demand for red grapes in the country, and the government has supported ongoing research. Figures from the department of viticulture and enology at the University of Zagreb claim that from only 22 vines of Crljenak Kaštelanski in Croatia in 2001, there were about 2,000 vines in 2008.
620:, although virus infections have delayed their release. The first Croatian ZPC wine was made by Edi Maletić in 2005. Meanwhile, plantings of Primitivo have increased in California, where it seems to grow somewhat less vigorously than its sibling. Its wines are reputed to have more blackberry and spice flavors.
426:
Joseph W. Osborne may have made the first wine from
Zinfandel in California. He planted Zinfandel from Macondray at his Oak Knoll vineyard just north of Napa, and his wine was much praised in 1857. Planting of Zinfandel boomed soon after, and by the end of the 19th century, it was the most widespread
422:
in the 1850s and took
Zinfandel with them. Prince's notebook records that the grape dried "perfectly to Raisin" and that he believed his Zinfandel was the same as the "Black Sonora" he found in California. When the vine known as "Black St. Peters" arrived in California, it was initially regarded as a
438:
years (1920–1933), but not for the obvious reason. Even during the
Prohibition, home winemaking remained effectively legal, and some vineyards embraced the sale of grapes for making wine at home. While Zinfandel grapes proved popular among home winemakers living near the vineyards, it was vulnerable
940:
DOC covers still red wine as well as sweet (Dolce
Naturale) and fortified (Liquoroso Dolce Naturale, Liquoroso Secco) wine. Falerno requires a minimum of 85% Primitivo; the others are 100% Primitivo. Gioia del Colle Rosso and Rosato contain 50–60% Primitivo, and Cilento Rosso/Rosato contains around
393:
Gibbs visited Boston in 1830, and Samuel
Perkins of that city began selling "Zenfendal" soon afterward. In 1830, Gibbs also supplied Prince with "Black St. Peters," a similar variety that may have come from England, where many vines have "St. Peters" in their names. Little is known about this vine,
270:
and surrounding regions. Croatia once had several indigenous varieties related to
Zinfandel, which formed the basis of its wine industry in the 19th century. This diversity suggests that the grapes have been grown in Croatia longer than anywhere else. These varieties were almost entirely wiped out,
1013:
area of South
Australia. South Africa has a small production of Zinfandel, including one estate rated among the country's Zinfandel producers and winner of an international prize. In France, there is a single hectare of Zinfandel grown in the CĂ´tes de Thongue region, sold by Domaine de l'Arjolle.
495:
insisted on an
English translation, so he added "White Zinfandel" to the name, and sold 220 cases. At the time, demand for white wine exceeded the availability of white wine grapes, encouraging other California producers to make "white" wine from red grapes, with minimal skin contact. However, in
577:
In 1993, Meredith used a DNA fingerprinting technique to confirm that
Primitivo and Zinfandel were clones of the same variety. Comparative field trials have found that "Primitivo selections were generally superior to those of Zinfandel, having earlier fruit maturity, similar or higher yield, and
1121:
Crljenak Kaštelanski, Gioia Del Colle, Kratošija, Locale, Morellone, Plavac Veliki, Primaticcio, Primativo, Primitivo, Primitivo Di Gioia, Primitivo Nero, Uva Della
Pergola, Uva Di Corato, Zin (informal), ZPC, Black St. Peters, Zenfendal, Zinfardel, Zinfindal, Taranto, Tribidrag, Zeinfandall,
1077:
Red Zinfandel wines have been criticized for being too "hot" (too alcoholic), although modern winemaking techniques have helped make them more approachable. On the other hand, Zinfandel producers such as Joel Peterson of Ravenswood believe that alcohol-removing technologies, such as
464:, a non-optimal environment for growing quality Zinfandel. Thus, the end of Prohibition left a shortage of quality wine grapes, and Zinfandel sank into obscurity as most was blended into undistinguished fortified wines. However, some producers remained interested in making single
609:. This Crljenak Kaštelanski ("Kaštela Red") appears to represent Primitivo/Zinfandel in its original home, although some genetic divergence may have occurred since their separation. Meredith now refers to the variety as "ZPC" – Zinfandel / Primitivo / Crljenak Kaštelanski.
960:
of thin red wines produced in those areas. When the link between Primitivo and Zinfandel began to emerge, plantings in the region and production of non-blended varietals increased. Today, most Italian Primitivo is made as a rustic, highly alcoholic red wine with up to 16%
397:
By 1835 Charles M. Hovey, Boston's leading nurseryman, was recommending "Zinfindal" as a table grape. It was soon widely grown in heated greenhouses to produce table grapes as early as June. The first reference to making wine from "Zinfindal" appears in John Fisk Allen's
993:
The Croatian form Crljenak Kaštelanski was not bottled in Croatia as a varietal in its own right before the link to Zinfandel was revealed. UCD has since sent clones of both Zinfandel and Primitivo to Professor Maletić in Croatia, which he planted on the island of
521:
saved many old vines in premium areas, which came into their own at the end of the 20th century as red Zinfandel wines came back into fashion. Although the two wines taste dramatically different, both are made from the same (red) grapes and processed differently.
512:
White Zinfandel became immensely popular. White Zinfandel still accounts for 9.9% of U.S. wine sales by volume (6.3% by value), six times the sales of red Zinfandel. Most white Zinfandel is made from grapes grown for that purpose in California's Central Valley.
443:
was less susceptible to rot, so this and similar varieties were widely planted for the home winemaking market. In 1931, 3000 cars – about 38,000 short tons (34,000 t) – of Zinfandel grapes were shipped, compared to 6000 cars of Alicante Bouschet.
675:
As of December 2007, the TTB lists both Zinfandel and Primitivo as approved grape varieties for American wines, but they are not listed as synonyms; U.S. producers, therefore, must label a wine according to whether it is Zinfandel or Primitivo. The
751:. While most vineyards are now fully segregated, California winemakers continue to use other grapes (particularly Petite Sirah) in their Zinfandel wines. Zinfandel is grown on approximately 11% of California's vineyard land area. Around 400,000
843:, known for its juicy Zinfandel with bright fruit, balanced acidity and notes of blackberry, anise, and pepper. Dry Creek Valley produces Zinfandel in a variety of styles ranging from the high-alcohol Amador style to balanced, spicy wines.
585:
Zinfandel, but that one was the parent of the other. In 2000 they discovered that Primitivo/Zinfandel was one parent of Plavac Mali. The other parent of Plavac Mali was determined by Ivan Pejić and Edi Maletić (University of Zagreb) to be
471:
By the middle of the 20th century, the origins of California Zinfandel had been forgotten. In 1972, one British wine writer wrote, "there is a fascinating Californian grape, the zinfandel, said to have come from Hungary, but apparently, a
566:. In 1991 Grgich and other producers came together as the Zinfandel Advocates and Producers (ZAP) with the objectives of promoting the varietal and wine and supporting scientific research on Zinfandel. With this support, UCD professor
309:, selected an early ("primo") ripening plant of the Zagarese variety and planted it in Liponti. This clone ripened at the end of August and became widespread throughout northern Apulia. Cuttings came to the other great Primitivo DOC (
195:, where it was introduced in the 18th century, and Kratošija in Montenegro. The grape found its way to the United States in the mid-19th century, where it became known by variations of a name applied to a different grape, likely "
562:. By 1982, Goheen had confirmed that they were similar but not identical, probably by isozyme analysis. Some Croatians, however, became convinced that Plavac Mali was the same as Zinfandel, among them Croatian-born winemaker
2546:
1044:
Zinfandel vines are quite vigorous and grow best in warm but not too hot climates because grapes may shrivel in hot weather. Zinfandel's thin-skinned grapes grow in large, tight bunches that are sometimes prone to
795:
As of 2019, there were 39,500 acres planted in Zinfandel in California. Of the state's 44 Zinfandel-growing counties, the top 10 hold some 85% of the Zinfandel growing area. However, major producing areas such as
550:
declared it identical to Zinfandel in 1972. The first wine made from these California vines in 1975 also seemed identical to Zinfandel. In 1975, Ph.D. student Wade Wolfe showed that the two varieties had identical
516:
Wine critics considered white Zinfandel to be insipid and uninteresting in the 1970s and 1980s, although modern white Zinfandels have more fruit and less cloying sweetness. Nevertheless, the success of this
663:
recognized Zinfandel as a synonym for Primitivo in January 1999, meaning that Italian Primitivos can be labeled as Zinfandel in the United States and any other country that recognizes EU labeling laws.
612:
This Croatian vineyard contained nine Crljenak Kaštelanski vines mixed with thousands of other vines. In 2002, additional vines, known locally as Pribidrag, were found in the Dalmatian coastal town of
720:. The quality and character of American Zinfandel wines largely depend on the climate, location, and age of the vineyard in which they are grown, as well as the technology employed by the winemaker.
294:, was previously thought to suggest that Primitivo was introduced to Italy from across the Atlantic; however, this hypothesis has become unlikely since the discovery of the vine's Croatian origin.
2283:
643:
detail the search for Zinfandel's origins. After years of research and DNA testing of vines from vineyards across the globe, a single 90-year-old grapevine from the garden of an elderly lady in
483:
decided to try draining some juice from the vats to impart more tannins and color to his Deaver Vineyard Zinfandel. He vinified this juice as a dry wine, and tried to sell it under the name of
2429:
1074:
the bunches, even by single berries, in multiple passes through the vineyards over several weeks. This extensively laborious practice is one component of the high cost of some Zinfandels.
919:
has some of the oldest Zinfandel vines in California. While often used for White Zinfandel production in the red style, Lodi Zinfandels have a reputation for being juicy and approachable.
2395:
546:
in 1967, he noticed how the wine made from Primitivo reminded him of Zinfandel. Others also made the connection about that time. Primitivo was brought to California in 1968, and
275:
epidemic of the late 19th century, eventually reducing Zinfandel to just nine vines of locally-known "Crljenak Kaštelanski" discovered in 2001 on the Dalmatian coast of Croatia.
534:
A vine of Crljenak Kaštelanski, in the vineyard where it was discovered. The metal tag from the University of Zagreb indicates that this vine is reserved for genetic research.
2554:
2550:
1066:
The grapes exhibit an uneven pattern of ripening: a single bunch may contain both raisin-like, over-ripe grapes, and green, unripened grapes. Some winemakers choose to
1407:
2645:
932:, a coastal region known as the "heel" of Italy, and it is estimated to be the country's 12th most widely planted grape variety. The main three DOC areas are
701:
Zinfandel is grown across the continental United States, although California grows the largest proportion. U.S. producers make wine in styles that range from
504:
dies off before all the sugar is converted to alcohol. He put the wine aside for two weeks, tasted it, and decided to sell this pinker, sugary wine. Just as
1985:
578:
similar or lower bunch rot susceptibility." This is consistent with the theory that Primitivo was selected as an early-ripening clone of a Croatian grape.
476:
now unknown there." In 1974 and 1981, American wine writers described it as "a California original, grown nowhere else" and "California's own red grape".
2249:
680:(ATF) proposed in 2002 that they be recognized as synonyms. In July 2008, the proposed regulation (RIN 1513–AA32, formerly RIN 1512-AC65) was withdrawn.
677:
290:, which refer to the grape's tendency to ripen earlier than other varieties. This name's appearance, 40 years after the first documented use of the term
2287:
605:. Eventually, a matching DNA fingerprint was found among the samples. The match came from a vine sampled in 2001 in the vineyard of Ivica Radunić in
822:
has a reputation for big, full-bodied Zinfandel. These extra-ripe wines have been called jammy, briary, and brambly, having aromas of sweet berries.
2525:
1804:
2371:
2212:
2180:
2269:
2107:
1090:
from the wine. If a wine has the tannins and other components to balance 15% alcohol, Peterson argues, it should be accepted on its terms.
394:
except that the Black St. Peters that arrived in California in the 1850s was the same as what became known as Zinfandel by the 1870s.
1185:
668:
have taken advantage of these rules and shipped Primitivo wines to the United States labeled as Zinfandels, with the approval of the
1358:"The Application of Bioinformatics Techniques in Genetic Identification and Profiling of Rare Grape Varieties Indigenous to Croatia"
1105:, though some examples can develop hints of tobacco and apple skin. At 23°Bx (the degree that most red wine is considered "ripe"),
907:. The area has mostly "old vine" Zinfandel, characterized as spicy and somewhat lower in alcohol than Zinfandel from other regions.
669:
2472:
3774:
1443:
492:
1049:. The fruit ripens reasonably early and produces juice with high sugar content. If weather conditions permit, the grapes may be
367:(1830) may have referred to one of Gibbs's 1829 acquisitions. Webster suggests that the name is a modification of the Hungarian
17:
2620:
1852:"A review of research and literature related to the origin and identity of the cultivars Plavac mali, Zinfandel and Primitivo (
2152:
1765:
1492:
2771:
2746:
2405:. California Department of Food and Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service, Pacific Regional Office. p. 5
2354:
1724:
1698:
1673:
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Local wine-labeling regulations are slowly catching up with the DNA evidence, a process that trade disputes have slowed. The
142:
3596:
311:
833:
produces Zinfandel from just 106 acres (43 ha), the Zinfandel from that region is known for its complexity and depth.
3872:
1851:
1415:
1101:
of the harvested grapes. White Zinfandel is normally harvested early at 20°Bx when the grapes have yet to develop much
846:
815:
Certain California regions are regarded as "exceptional" for Zinfandel, each with identifiable flavor characteristics:
2649:
3887:
2858:
1926:
1818:
359:
and elsewhere in Europe between 1820 and 1829. Sullivan suggests that the "Black Zinfardel of Hungary" mentioned by
2308:
457:
435:
2833:
913:
Zinfandel wines have been considered high quality, but they are less known because they are not heavily marketed.
539:
241:
notes are more common in wines made in warmer areas and in wines made from the earlier-ripening Primitivo clone.
3147:
2670:
1992:
3882:
3314:
1899:
1274:
797:
114:
3877:
3800:
801:
570:
went to Croatia and collected over 150 samples of Plavac Mali throughout Dalmatia, in collaboration with the
552:
839:
has a Zinfandel-producing land area second only to that of San Joaquin County. The county contains the warm
3805:
2050:"Performance of Zinfandel and Primitivo Grapevine Selections in the Central San Joaquin Valley, California"
1746:
434:
are now treasured for the production of premium red wine, but many were ripped up in the 1920s, during the
693:
1237:
884:
and intense, tasting of red berry fruits with cedar and vanilla. Zinfandel in Napa tends to be made in a
461:
3725:
3692:
3521:
2569:
602:
31:
3815:
3705:
819:
805:
2216:
2187:
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3589:
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3460:
3352:
2953:
2936:
896:
826:
2120:
1209:
558:
Dr. Lamberti of Bari had suggested to Goheen in 1976 that Primitivo might be the Croatian variety
3700:
3073:
2909:
1750:
1545:
936:, Gioia del Colle Primitivo (Riserva) and Falerno del Massico Primitivo (Riserva o Vecchio). The
402:(1847). Meanwhile, the fad of hothouse cultivation faded in the 1850s as attention turned to the
69:
3897:
3892:
3563:
3486:
2931:
830:
2501:
1631:
1621:
1549:
1539:
1278:
1268:
3501:
3270:
2914:
360:
38:
3152:
2904:
840:
571:
419:
301:
region in the 18th century. Don Francesco Filippo Indellicati, the priest of the church at
282:
appears in Italian governmental publications of the 1870s. The name derives from the terms
267:
2049:
2010:
1479:
356:
8:
3730:
3682:
3582:
2826:
2088:
1627:
1093:
Factors that affect the wine's flavors include the length of fermentation, length of the
945:
647:
provided the evidence to show that Zinfandel was a Croatian grape that had been known as
460:. Many vineyards that survived by supplying the home market were located in California's
215:
3132:
335:
The arrival of Zinfandel in the United States may have been via the Imperial Nursery in
3720:
3225:
2519:
2476:
2284:"27 CFR 4.91 Labeling And Advertising Of Wine Subpart J – American Grape Variety Names"
2069:
2030:
1959:
1915:
1590:
1136:
1006:
869:
836:
764:
497:
480:
348:
1513:
1447:
640:
423:
distinct variety, but by the 1870s, it was recognized as the same grape as Zinfandel.
266:
was discovered shortly after that. Cultivation of the vine subsequently spread to the
3674:
3621:
3205:
2943:
2767:
2742:
2623:. The State Library of South Australia, GPO Box 419, Adelaide SA 5001. Archived from
2350:
2008:
1922:
1720:
1694:
1669:
1635:
1578:
1553:
1369:
1333:
1282:
1094:
1050:
962:
702:
509:
440:
340:
148:
3142:
2624:
2507:
2073:
2034:
1963:
3465:
3392:
3255:
3157:
2763:
2757:
2061:
2022:
1951:
1769:
453:
2695:
2117:
Proceeds of the 1863rd Stated Meeting of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1942:
Wolfe, W (1975). "Identification of grape varieties by isozyme banding patterns".
1793:
Dunne, Mike (2005-07-29). "Wines of yesteryear still kicking". The Sacramento Bee.
759:) are crushed each year, depending on the harvest, placing Zinfandel third behind
414:
Prince and other nurseryman, such as Frederick W. Macondray (future son-in-law of
297:
Primitivo is now thought to have been introduced as a distinct clone into Italy's
3820:
3641:
3558:
3344:
3172:
3107:
3050:
3013:
2893:
2734:
1517:
1357:
1327:
1140:
1079:
1002:
953:
865:
854:
850:
744:
632:
617:
567:
525:
484:
403:
302:
222:
211:
172:
1022:
3710:
3659:
3613:
3470:
3442:
3417:
3338:
3327:
3322:
3220:
3187:
3003:
2981:
2948:
2924:
2819:
2065:
2026:
1392:
1071:
949:
748:
713:
660:
644:
629:
547:
415:
214:
has six times the sales of the red wine. The grape's high sugar content can be
84:
3715:
2009:
BOWERS, JOHN E.; Bandman, Elizabeth B; Meredith, Carole P (1 September 1993).
1955:
505:
3866:
3839:
3740:
3649:
3547:
3455:
3450:
3127:
2919:
2713:. Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof (IRZ), Siebeldingen, Germany
1156:
1131:
1083:
910:
903:. Otherwise, the grapes do not fully ripen, leaving the wines with excessive
889:
636:
587:
387:
384:
176:
2241:
1870:
3526:
3117:
3055:
3045:
2998:
1161:
1098:
1054:
1010:
705:
665:
501:
238:
3275:
1446:. Strada del vino a D.O.C. Primitivo di Manduria e Lizzano. Archived from
740:
3844:
3795:
3758:
3552:
3407:
3397:
3295:
3060:
2991:
2850:
1152:
1146:
1005:, Mexico. There are also small Zinfandel plantings in Western Australia,
957:
858:
779:
724:
625:
563:
559:
376:
352:
196:
3177:
2369:
1183:
488:
3748:
3664:
3654:
3605:
3511:
3506:
3491:
3427:
3422:
3387:
3285:
3280:
3240:
3167:
3112:
3102:
3084:
3040:
3028:
3018:
2976:
2802:
2792:
1893:
1106:
966:
760:
709:
530:
272:
263:
230:
168:
119:
3097:
1822:
1311:
Peterson, Joel. "To knock all high-alcohol wines is just simplistic".
1001:
Old vine Zinfandel plantings dating from the 1930s have been found in
606:
3626:
3516:
3496:
3432:
3412:
3402:
3362:
3182:
3122:
3023:
2868:
2674:
2594:
1070:
the bunches with these varying levels of ripeness, while others hand-
1046:
752:
717:
226:
175:. DNA analysis has revealed that it is genetically equivalent to the
2739:
Vines, Grapes and Wines: The Wine Drinker's Guide to Grape Varieties
2286:. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. 2007-12-20. Archived from
2089:"California varietal wine grape growing has become all about clones"
977:
787:
616:. Both clones are being propagated in California under the aegis of
508:
had become a huge success in Europe after World War II, this medium
473:
439:
to rot on the long journey to East Coast markets. The thick-skinned
3372:
3367:
3357:
3250:
3230:
3197:
3162:
3008:
2971:
2883:
2878:
2863:
1102:
1027:
937:
933:
916:
809:
736:
732:
598:
538:
Zinfandel was long considered "America's vine and wine," but when
465:
431:
380:
344:
324:
320:
259:
164:
127:
3092:
2708:
591:
406:
and other grape varieties that could be grown outdoors in Boston.
225:
of the grapes from which it is made. Red berry fruit flavors like
3825:
3631:
3382:
3235:
3210:
3137:
2873:
1087:
1059:
1057:. Zinfandel is often praised for its ability to reflect both its
986:
904:
900:
400:
Practical Treatise in the Culture and Treatment of the Grape Vine
107:
2986:
613:
518:
207:
3790:
3753:
3377:
3265:
3260:
2439:. CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE. April 20, 2021
2011:"DNA Fingerprint Characterization of Some Wine Grape Cultivars"
1113:
flavors appear at 24°Bx followed by blackberry notes at 25°Bx.
1110:
1067:
1038:
929:
885:
873:
768:
756:
447:
336:
298:
188:
123:
1033:
526:
Relationship to Primitivo, Crljenak Kaštelanski, and Tribidrag
3574:
3290:
3245:
3215:
1149:– winemaker advocate of Zinfandel who funded genetic research
965:(ABV). Some Italian winemakers age the wines in new American
877:
728:
543:
316:
234:
192:
187:, as well as to the Primitivo variety traditionally grown in
53:
2787:
1575:
A History of Wine in America From Prohibition to the Present
697:
Gnarly zinfandel grapes in Sonoma, California, in the winter
2842:
2798:
995:
881:
723:
Historically, California Zinfandel vines were planted as a
306:
203:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2109:
Stated Meeting Report: Science as a window to wine history
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1097:
period with skin contact, the level of oak aging, and the
1747:"White Zinfandel, now 30, once ruled the U.S. wine world"
1917:
Angels' visits: an inquiry into the mystery of Zinfandel
339:, Austria, which probably obtained the vines during the
254:
Archaeological evidence indicates that domestication of
2811:
2417:
2370:
National Agricultural Statistics Service (2007-03-10).
1849:
1524:
1329:
Ancient Wine: The Search for the Origins of Viniculture
1184:
National Agricultural Statistics Service (2007-04-13).
1155:– a grape variety descended from parents Zinfandel and
956:, where it was used as a blending grape to enhance the
597:
This discovery narrowed down the search to the central
581:
By 1998, Meredith's team realized that Plavac Mali was
330:
315:
or "denomination of controlled origin") as part of the
2709:
Maul, Erika; Töpfer, Reinhard; Eibach, Rudolf (2007).
1894:
Winkler, AJ; Cook, JA; Kliewer, WM; Lider, LA (1974).
1164:– Pugliese grape that also probably came from Dalmatia
2710:
2340:
2338:
783:
An old vine Zinfandel from the Lodi AVA of California
2646:"Blaauwklippen – The Zinfandel King of South Africa"
2551:
Ministry of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Policies
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2250:
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives
1693:(5th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
678:
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives
452:By 1930, the wine industry had weakened due to the
1914:
1688:
880:, Napa also produces Zinfandel wines described as
2473:"Origin Aside, Zinfandel Has Deep American Roots"
2315:
2242:"Changes to List of American Grape Variety Names"
1204:
1202:
590:, an ancient variety from the Adriatic island of
323:when she married Don Tommaso Schiavoni-Tafuri of
3864:
2210:
2105:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1405:
229:predominate in wines from cooler areas, whereas
30:"Primitivo" redirects here. For other uses, see
2497:
2495:
2493:
2396:"California Grape Acreage Report, 2020 Summary"
1355:
1325:
206:, although, in the United States, a semi-sweet
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1613:
1490:
1199:
3590:
2827:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2086:
1912:
1836:
1763:
1744:
1714:
1017:
857:evenings, produces Zinfandel known for being
218:into levels of alcohol exceeding 15 percent.
171:. The variety is grown in over 10 percent of
2524:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2490:
2150:
1691:Grossman's Guide to Wines, Beers and Spirits
1663:
1577:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1270:Zinfandel: A History of a Grape and Its Wine
448:Rediscovery after Prohibition (1933–present)
2430:"California Grape Acreage Report 2020 Crop"
2246:Alcohol & Tobacco Newsletter April 2002
2101:
2099:
2093:– press coverage of the Fidelibus research.
2054:American Journal of Enology and Viticulture
2048:Fidelibus; et al. (1 September 2005).
2015:American Journal of Enology and Viticulture
1983:
1970:
1944:American Journal of Enology and Viticulture
1792:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1537:
3597:
3583:
2834:
2820:
2755:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2344:
2166:
1717:Hugh Johnson's Pocket Encyclopedia of Wine
1619:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
808:produce Zinfandel primarily for blends or
249:
202:The grapes typically produce a robust red
68:
2788:Zinfandel Advocates & Producers (ZAP)
2759:Zin: The History and Mystery of Zinfandel
2561:
2047:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1461:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1232:
1230:
1179:
1177:
712:-style light reds to big hearty reds and
683:
409:
221:The taste of the red wine depends on the
2797:
2733:
2648:. Wine Times. 2011-02-14. Archived from
2388:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2096:
1941:
1788:
1786:
1595:
1387:
1385:
1351:
1349:
1266:
1032:
1021:
976:
786:
778:
692:
670:Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau
529:
3775:Clarification and stabilization of wine
2711:"Vitis International Variety Catalogue"
2614:
2612:
2532:
2502:Gaiter Dorothy J. & Brecher, John,
2470:
2451:
2186:. UC Davis. Spring 2007. Archived from
2181:"Courses in Winemaking and Viticulture"
1821:. Kaštela Tourist Board. Archived from
1295:
1251:
493:Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms
37:For the town in the United States, see
14:
3865:
2567:
2235:
2233:
1733:
1572:
1566:
1429:
1227:
1174:
542:(UCD) professor Austin Goheen visited
3578:
2815:
2796:
2570:"A Zin Oasis in Mexico's Dusty Hills"
2160:UC Davis FPS Grape Program Newsletter
2137:
1783:
1382:
1346:
1063:and its winemaker's style and skill.
969:to imitate American-style Zinfandel.
774:
496:1975, Trinchero's wine experienced a
278:The first documented use of the term
74:Zinfandel grapes ripening on the vine
2702:
2609:
2349:. Harcourt Books. pp. 287–294.
2276:
1863:Agriculturae Conspectus Scientificus
1757:
1310:
899:generally produces well during warm
355:, received shipments of grapes from
351:. George Gibbs, a horticulturist on
331:United States east coast (1829–1850)
312:denominazione di origine controllata
2230:
1991:. Zinfandel Express. Archived from
24:
2727:
2618:
1986:"Looking for Zinfandel in Croatia"
1850:Mirosevic, N; Meredith, C (2000).
1668:. New York: Drake Publishers Inc.
1267:Sullivan, Charles L (2003-09-02).
1122:Zinfardell, Zinfindel, Zinfandal.
972:
25:
3909:
2859:Annual growth cycle of grapevines
2781:
2671:"Decanter World Wine Awards 2010"
2372:"Grape Crush Report 2006 Table 1"
2239:
1143:, pioneer of California Zinfandel
651:since at least the 15th century.
375:), which derives from the German
3838:
3546:
2568:Asimov, Eric (August 16, 2006).
1491:Sweet, Nancy L (November 2007).
688:
95:Crljenak Kaštelanski, Zin, ZPC (
2688:
2663:
2638:
2621:"Grapes and Wines of the World"
2587:
2363:
2301:
2262:
2211:Valdespino, Anne (2006-01-19).
2204:
2080:
2041:
2002:
1935:
1906:
1887:
1811:
1797:
1708:
1682:
1657:
1648:
1506:
1484:
1406:Albertson, Lynda (2008-01-01).
654:
639:and Swiss grape geneticist Dr.
601:coastal strip and its offshore
540:University of California, Davis
3604:
2471:Whitley, Robert (2006-03-28).
2151:Sweet, Nancy (November 2007).
1900:University of California Press
1768:. Mead on Wine. Archived from
1399:
1332:. Princeton University Press.
1319:
1275:University of California Press
791:A Zinfandel from Amador County
708:, rosés (White Zinfandel) and
479:In 1972, Bob Trinchero of the
13:
1:
3801:Glossary of viticulture terms
2508:"Italy's Zinfandel Pretender"
2270:"Vintage Point press release"
2215:. OC Register. Archived from
1168:
96:
3806:Glossary of winemaking terms
2087:Carol, Brenda (2007-03-29).
1984:Meredith, C (January 2002).
1764:Mead, Jerry D (1997-03-13).
1745:Murphy, Linda (2003-07-03).
1573:Pinney, Thomas (July 2005).
1541:The Oxford Companion to Wine
1500:FPS Grape Program Newsletter
1315:(December 2007). UK: IPC: 8.
1009:in New South Wales and the
944:Historically, the grape was
487:, a Swiss wine made by this
7:
2547:"Banca Dati Vini DOC, DOCG"
1689:Harold J. Grossman (1974).
1240:. Wine Communications Group
1125:
1116:
928:Most Primitivo is grown in
868:is known primarily for its
853:with its hot days and cool
262:region around 6000 BC, and
10:
3914:
3873:Grape varieties of Croatia
3726:Yeast assimilable nitrogen
2762:. Da Capo Press. pp.
2756:Darlington, David (2001).
2066:10.5344/ajev.2005.56.3.284
2027:10.5344/ajev.1993.44.3.266
1869:(1): 45–49. Archived from
1623:Vintage: The Story of Wine
1395:. DiWineTaste. March 2007.
1018:Viticulture and winemaking
347:territories of the former
327:in the late 19th century.
319:of the Countess Sabini of
244:
210:(blush-style) wine called
137:Bunch rot, uneven ripening
36:
32:Primitivo (disambiguation)
29:
3834:
3816:History of the wine press
3783:
3767:
3739:
3706:Sparkling wine production
3691:
3673:
3640:
3612:
3540:
3479:
3441:
3336:
3313:
3196:
3083:
3071:
2964:
2892:
2849:
2809:
2309:"View Rule RIN 1513–AA32"
2106:Meredith, Carole (2003).
1956:10.5344/ajev.1974.27.2.68
1538:Robinson, J, ed. (2006).
500:, a problem in which the
141:
133:
113:
103:
91:
79:
67:
51:
46:
3888:Red wine grape varieties
3811:Wine tasting descriptors
3532:Wine tasting descriptors
3461:Phenolic content in wine
3353:Alternative wine closure
2937:Great French Wine Blight
2841:
1362:Essays in Bioinformatics
1356:Piljac, Jasenka (2005).
1326:McGovern, P. E. (2003).
1037:Zinfandel wine aging in
1026:Zinfandel grapes during
923:
827:Santa Cruz Mountains AVA
379:, a white grape (GrĂĽner
3701:Malolactic fermentation
2504:The Wall Street Journal
2153:"The Zinfandels of FPS"
1751:San Francisco Chronicle
1546:Oxford University Press
1493:"The Zinfandels of FPS"
1186:"Grape Acreage Reports"
427:variety in California.
250:Europe (6000 BC – 1870)
2597:. New South Wales Wine
2347:Encyclopedia of Grapes
1913:Darlington, D (1991).
1805:"White Zinfandel wine"
1766:"Mill Creek Revisited"
1715:Johnson, Hugh (1981).
1368:. IOS Press: 220–223.
1238:"U.S. wine sales 2006"
1041:
1030:
990:
792:
784:
698:
684:Distribution and wines
535:
410:California (1850–1933)
365:A Treatise on the Vine
3883:Wine grapes of Apulia
3502:Wine and food pairing
2091:. Western Farm Press.
1772:on September 21, 2007
1666:The Enjoyment of Wine
1664:Yoxall, H.W. (1974).
1514:"Zinfandel etymology"
1408:"A Multitude of Zins"
1210:"The great grapevine"
1139:– chief winemaker at
1036:
1025:
980:
948:and shipped north to
934:Primitivo di Manduria
790:
782:
696:
533:
361:William Robert Prince
39:Zinfandel, California
3878:Wine grapes of Italy
3153:Muscat of Alexandria
2741:. Mitchell Beazley.
1628:Simon & Schuster
1086:, remove a sense of
897:Russian River Valley
841:Dry Creek Valley AVA
572:University of Zagreb
553:isozyme fingerprints
420:California Gold Rush
343:'s control over the
181:Crljenak Kaštelanski
173:California vineyards
18:Crljenak Kaštelanski
3731:Yeast in winemaking
3683:Carbonic maceration
2696:"Cuvée Z-Zinfandel"
2512:Wall Street Journal
2506:(October 3, 2008).
2345:Clarke, Oz (2001).
2213:"Zin's next of kin"
1896:General Viticulture
1620:Johnson, H (1989).
849:, particularly the
47:Zinfandel/Primitivo
3721:Traditional method
3522:Wine personalities
3226:Cabernet Sauvignon
2619:Radden, Rosemary.
1921:. New York: Holt.
1103:varietal character
1042:
1031:
991:
870:Cabernet Sauvignon
831:Santa Clara Valley
798:San Joaquin County
793:
785:
775:California regions
767:and just ahead of
765:Cabernet Sauvignon
727:interspersed with
699:
666:Italian winemakers
536:
498:stuck fermentation
481:Sutter Home Winery
349:Republic of Venice
3858:
3857:
3852:
3851:
3622:Late harvest wine
3572:
3571:
3309:
3308:
3206:Alicante Bouschet
2954:Judgment of Paris
2773:978-0-306-81029-9
2748:978-1-85732-999-5
2356:978-0-15-100714-1
2240:Berry, Jennifer.
1726:978-0-671-42199-1
1700:978-0-684-13528-1
1675:978-0-87749-463-8
1641:978-0-671-68702-1
1584:978-0-520-24176-3
1559:978-0-19-860990-2
1375:978-1-58603-539-6
1339:978-0-691-07080-3
1288:978-0-520-23969-2
1109:flavors develop.
963:alcohol by volume
802:Stanislaus County
441:Alicante Bouschet
341:Habsburg monarchy
167:of black-skinned
154:
153:
16:(Redirected from
3905:
3843:
3842:
3599:
3592:
3585:
3576:
3575:
3551:
3550:
3466:Proteins in wine
3133:GrĂĽner Veltliner
3081:
3080:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2813:
2812:
2794:
2793:
2777:
2752:
2735:Robinson, Jancis
2722:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2673:. Archived from
2667:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2616:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2553:. Archived from
2543:
2530:
2529:
2523:
2515:
2499:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2475:. Archived from
2468:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2434:
2426:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2400:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2376:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2342:
2313:
2312:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2237:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2192:
2185:
2177:
2164:
2163:
2157:
2148:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2125:
2119:. Archived from
2114:
2103:
2094:
2092:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1990:
1981:
1968:
1967:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1920:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1875:
1860:
1847:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1742:
1731:
1730:
1712:
1706:
1704:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1661:
1655:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1617:
1611:
1608:
1593:
1588:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1544:(3rd ed.).
1535:
1522:
1521:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1497:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1440:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1414:. Archived from
1403:
1397:
1396:
1389:
1380:
1379:
1353:
1344:
1343:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1308:
1293:
1292:
1264:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1234:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1206:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1181:
987:Bekilli, Denizli
911:Mendocino County
731:(Petite Sirah),
716:in the style of
454:Great Depression
430:These Zinfandel
271:however, by the
258:occurred in the
199:" from Austria.
72:
61:
56:
44:
43:
27:Variety of grape
21:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3902:
3863:
3862:
3859:
3854:
3853:
3848:
3845:Wine portal
3837:
3830:
3821:History of wine
3779:
3763:
3735:
3687:
3669:
3650:Deacidification
3636:
3608:
3603:
3573:
3568:
3553:Wine portal
3545:
3536:
3475:
3437:
3342:
3332:
3305:
3192:
3173:Sauvignon blanc
3108:Cayetana blanca
3076:
3074:grape varieties
3067:
2960:
2888:
2845:
2840:
2805:
2784:
2774:
2749:
2730:
2728:Further reading
2725:
2716:
2714:
2707:
2703:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2680:
2678:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2655:
2653:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2630:
2628:
2617:
2610:
2600:
2598:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2578:
2576:
2566:
2562:
2545:
2544:
2533:
2517:
2516:
2500:
2491:
2482:
2480:
2469:
2452:
2442:
2440:
2432:
2428:
2427:
2418:
2408:
2406:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2368:
2364:
2357:
2343:
2316:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2293:
2291:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2254:
2252:
2238:
2231:
2222:
2220:
2209:
2205:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2167:
2155:
2149:
2138:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2112:
2104:
2097:
2085:
2081:
2046:
2042:
2007:
2003:
1995:
1988:
1982:
1971:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1911:
1907:
1892:
1888:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1858:
1848:
1837:
1828:
1826:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1775:
1773:
1762:
1758:
1743:
1734:
1727:
1713:
1709:
1701:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1596:
1585:
1571:
1567:
1560:
1536:
1525:
1518:Merriam-Webster
1512:
1511:
1507:
1502:. UC Davis: 11.
1495:
1489:
1485:
1477:
1462:
1453:
1451:
1442:
1441:
1430:
1421:
1419:
1404:
1400:
1391:
1390:
1383:
1376:
1354:
1347:
1340:
1324:
1320:
1309:
1296:
1289:
1265:
1252:
1243:
1241:
1236:
1235:
1228:
1219:
1217:
1214:Financial Times
1208:
1207:
1200:
1191:
1189:
1182:
1175:
1171:
1141:Ridge Vineyards
1128:
1119:
1080:reverse osmosis
1020:
1003:Baja California
975:
973:Other locations
926:
888:style like red
866:Napa Valley AVA
851:Paso Robles AVA
847:San Luis Obispo
777:
691:
686:
657:
641:José Vouillamoz
633:Jancis Robinson
630:Masters of wine
618:Ridge Vineyards
568:Carole Meredith
528:
485:Oeil de Perdrix
450:
412:
333:
303:Gioia del Colle
252:
247:
212:White Zinfandel
159:(also known as
115:Notable regions
75:
59:
52:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3911:
3901:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3856:
3855:
3850:
3849:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3787:
3785:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3771:
3769:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3745:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3711:Sugars in wine
3708:
3703:
3697:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3679:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3662:
3660:Chaptalization
3657:
3652:
3646:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3618:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3602:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3579:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3487:Classification
3483:
3481:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3471:Sugars in wine
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3447:
3445:
3443:Wine chemistry
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3418:Wine dispenser
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3349:
3347:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3319:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3221:Cabernet Franc
3218:
3213:
3208:
3202:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3188:Welschriesling
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3143:MĂĽller-Thurgau
3140:
3135:
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548:ampelographers
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2697:
2691:
2677:on 2014-12-22
2676:
2672:
2666:
2652:on 2015-06-05
2651:
2647:
2641:
2627:on 2007-08-07
2626:
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2579:September 21,
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2479:on 2006-11-10
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2290:on 2009-07-04
2289:
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2272:. 2007-12-10.
2271:
2265:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2234:
2219:on 2009-01-29
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2193:on 2007-02-21
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2126:on 2016-03-03
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1876:on 2011-05-16
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1450:on 2007-07-03
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1418:on 2011-07-16
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1132:Croatian wine
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835:
832:
828:
825:Although the
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816:
813:
811:
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806:Madera County
803:
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706:dessert wines
704:
695:
689:United States
681:
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268:Mediterranean
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55:
50:
45:
40:
33:
19:
3860:
3836:
3693:Fermentation
3544:
3527:Wine tasting
3300:
3148:Muscat blanc
3118:Chenin blanc
2915:Ancient Rome
2758:
2738:
2715:. Retrieved
2704:
2690:
2679:. Retrieved
2675:the original
2665:
2654:. Retrieved
2650:the original
2640:
2629:. Retrieved
2625:the original
2599:. Retrieved
2589:
2577:. Retrieved
2573:
2563:
2555:the original
2511:
2503:
2481:. Retrieved
2477:the original
2441:. Retrieved
2436:
2407:. Retrieved
2402:
2390:
2379:. Retrieved
2365:
2346:
2303:
2292:. Retrieved
2288:the original
2278:
2264:
2253:. Retrieved
2245:
2221:. Retrieved
2217:the original
2206:
2195:. Retrieved
2188:the original
2159:
2128:. Retrieved
2121:the original
2116:
2108:
2082:
2057:
2053:
2043:
2018:
2014:
2004:
1993:the original
1950:(2): 68–73.
1947:
1943:
1937:
1916:
1908:
1898:. Berkeley:
1895:
1889:
1878:. Retrieved
1871:the original
1866:
1862:
1853:
1827:. Retrieved
1823:the original
1813:
1799:
1774:. Retrieved
1770:the original
1759:
1716:
1710:
1690:
1684:
1665:
1659:
1650:
1622:
1615:
1574:
1568:
1540:
1508:
1499:
1486:
1452:. Retrieved
1448:the original
1420:. Retrieved
1416:the original
1412:The American
1411:
1401:
1365:
1361:
1328:
1321:
1312:
1273:. Berkeley:
1269:
1242:. Retrieved
1218:. Retrieved
1216:. 2012-10-12
1213:
1190:. Retrieved
1162:Susumaniello
1120:
1099:degrees Brix
1092:
1076:
1065:
1058:
1055:dessert wine
1043:
1011:McLaren Vale
1000:
992:
982:
943:
927:
814:
794:
722:
703:late harvest
700:
674:
658:
655:Legal issues
648:
624:
622:
611:
596:
582:
580:
576:
557:
537:
515:
491:method. The
478:
470:
451:
429:
425:
413:
399:
396:
392:
372:
368:
364:
334:
310:
296:
291:
287:
283:
279:
277:
255:
253:
220:
201:
184:
180:
160:
156:
155:
83:
58:
3796:Wine bottle
3768:Other steps
3759:Wine cellar
3716:SĂĽssreserve
3408:Wine cellar
3398:Wine bottle
3339:accessories
3337:Packaging,
3296:Tempranillo
2925:Noah's wine
2905:Phoenicians
2851:Viticulture
1819:"Zinfandel"
1654:Pinney, p10
1630:. pp.
1548:. pp.
1444:"I vitigni"
1277:. pp.
1153:Plavac Mali
1147:Mike Grgich
1137:Paul Draper
725:field blend
626:Wine Grapes
607:Kaštel Novi
564:Mike Grgich
560:Plavac Mali
506:Mateus Rosé
468:red wines.
458:Prohibition
436:Prohibition
377:Zierfandler
373:czirifandli
369:tzinifándli
353:Long Island
288:primaticcio
197:Zierfandler
92:Also called
3867:Categories
3675:Maceration
3665:Wine press
3655:Destemming
3606:Winemaking
3512:Wine fraud
3507:Wine fault
3492:Oenophilia
3428:Wine label
3423:Wine glass
3388:Port tongs
3286:Sangiovese
3281:Pinot noir
3241:Douce noir
3168:Rkatsiteli
3113:Chardonnay
3103:Catarratto
3077:by acreage
3051:Biodynamic
3014:Aromatized
2803:winemaking
2717:2007-12-16
2681:2011-09-04
2656:2011-09-03
2631:2007-12-16
2483:2008-02-29
2381:2007-12-17
2294:2007-12-22
2255:2007-12-22
2223:2007-12-17
2197:2007-12-17
2130:2006-08-17
1880:2007-12-17
1829:2008-09-08
1776:2008-09-10
1705:, page 199
1610:Pinney p26
1478:Sullivan,
1454:2007-12-17
1422:2008-09-08
1244:2007-12-17
1220:2023-01-23
1192:2007-12-17
1169:References
1107:strawberry
1095:maceration
985:wine from
864:While the
861:and round.
761:Chardonnay
753:short tons
710:Beaujolais
519:blush wine
357:Schönbrunn
284:primativus
273:phylloxera
264:winemaking
231:blackberry
169:wine grape
120:California
3627:Noble rot
3517:Winemaker
3497:Sommelier
3433:Wine rack
3413:Wine cork
3403:Wine cave
3393:Screw cap
3363:Corkscrew
3328:New World
3323:Old World
3301:Zinfandel
3276:Mourvèdre
3183:Trebbiano
3123:Colombard
3024:Noble rot
3004:Fortified
2982:Sparkling
2949:New World
2520:cite news
1591:Chapter 1
1480:Chapter 2
1047:bunch rot
983:Zinfandel
946:fermented
755:(350,000
741:Mourvèdre
649:Tribidrag
599:Dalmatian
432:old vines
385:Austria's
345:Dalmatian
292:Zinfandel
280:Primitivo
227:raspberry
216:fermented
185:Tribidrag
161:Primitivo
157:Zinfandel
3642:Pressing
3564:Glossary
3480:Industry
3373:Jug wine
3368:Decanter
3358:Box wine
3256:Isabella
3251:Grenache
3231:Carignan
3178:SĂ©millon
3163:Riesling
3158:Palomino
2901:Ancient
2884:Vineyard
2879:Veraison
2864:Oenology
2737:(1992).
2601:24 March
2595:"Mudgee"
2443:11 April
2409:11 April
2074:96799623
2035:87286096
1964:89381369
1393:"Apiula"
1313:Decanter
1157:Dobričić
1126:See also
1117:Synonyms
1053:to make
1028:veraison
954:Piedmont
938:Manduria
901:vintages
890:Bordeaux
855:maritime
810:jug wine
737:Grenache
733:Carignan
588:Dobričić
466:varietal
381:Sylvaner
325:Manduria
321:Altamura
260:Caucasus
223:ripeness
177:Croatian
128:Dalmatia
3826:Terroir
3784:Related
3632:Vintage
3614:Harvest
3559:Outline
3383:Muselet
3345:storage
3236:Cinsaut
3211:Barbera
3138:Macabeo
3098:Aligoté
3056:Organic
3046:Natural
2999:Dessert
2944:Georgia
2894:History
2874:Terroir
2869:Species
1279:167–175
1088:terroir
1072:harvest
1060:terroir
1039:barrels
950:Tuscany
905:acidity
745:Mission
672:(TTB).
603:islands
489:saignée
404:Concord
383:) from
245:History
179:grapes
165:variety
163:) is a
134:Hazards
108:Croatia
80:Species
3791:Winery
3754:Solera
3378:Kvevri
3266:Merlot
3261:Malbec
3061:Kosher
3037:Other
2992:Orange
2965:Styles
2932:France
2770:
2745:
2377:. USDA
2353:
2072:
2033:
1962:
1925:
1723:
1697:
1672:
1638:
1581:
1556:
1372:
1336:
1285:
1188:. USDA
1111:Cherry
1068:vinify
1007:Mudgee
930:Apulia
886:claret
882:plummy
876:, and
874:Merlot
820:Amador
804:, and
769:Merlot
757:tonnes
749:Muscat
474:cépage
337:Vienna
299:Apulia
239:pepper
189:Apulia
145:number
124:Apulia
104:Origin
3741:Aging
3291:Syrah
3246:Gamay
3216:Bobal
3128:Glera
3093:Airén
3085:White
3041:Table
3029:Straw
3019:Fruit
2977:White
2920:China
2799:Wines
2433:(PDF)
2399:(PDF)
2375:(PDF)
2191:(PDF)
2184:(PDF)
2156:(PDF)
2124:(PDF)
2113:(PDF)
2070:S2CID
2031:S2CID
1996:(PDF)
1989:(PDF)
1960:S2CID
1874:(PDF)
1859:(PDF)
1496:(PDF)
941:15%.
924:Italy
878:Syrah
729:Durif
592:Ĺ olta
544:Italy
510:sweet
502:yeast
317:dowry
305:near
235:anise
193:Italy
60:Vitis
54:Grape
3343:and
3072:Top
2987:Rosé
2843:Wine
2801:and
2768:ISBN
2743:ISBN
2603:2021
2581:2009
2526:link
2445:2022
2411:2022
2351:ISBN
1923:ISBN
1856:L.)"
1721:ISBN
1695:ISBN
1670:ISBN
1636:ISBN
1579:ISBN
1554:ISBN
1370:ISBN
1334:ISBN
1283:ISBN
1082:and
996:Hvar
958:body
952:and
917:Lodi
895:The
859:soft
763:and
747:and
718:port
635:and
614:Omiš
456:and
307:Bari
237:and
208:rosé
204:wine
183:and
149:9703
143:VIVC
97:more
3749:Oak
3198:Red
3009:Ice
2972:Red
2764:283
2062:doi
2023:doi
1952:doi
1632:444
1589:p2
1366:368
967:oak
829:in
583:not
363:in
286:or
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