43:
49:
2470:, a Creole of color who lived and worked in Paris for most of his adult life. Other themes approached aspects of love, and religion, and many texts were likened to French romanticism. In daily newspapers locally and abroad, pieces written by Creoles of color were prominent. Even during the ban on racial commentary during the antebellum period, pieces written by these creoles reformulated existing French themes to subtly critique race relations in Louisiana. They still gained popularity among all readers.
2338:
6354:
1916:
2084:
2562:
38:
54:
2326:. They classified all people with African ancestry or visible African features as black, associated with enslavement, and therefore categorized as second-class citizens, regardless of their education, property ownership, or previous status in French society. Former free Creoles of color were relegated to the ranks of
2322:, many Creoles of color lost their favorable social status, despite their service to the militia and their social status prior to the U.S. takeover. The territory and New Orleans became the destination of many migrants from the United States, as well as new immigrants. Migrants from the South imposed their
2228:
period, their society was structured along class lines, and they tended to marry within their group. While it was not illegal, it was a social taboo for
Creoles of color to marry slaves and it was a rare occurrence. Some of the wealthier and prosperous Creoles of color owned slaves themselves. Many
2427:
It was common for wealthy francophone gens de couleur to study in Europe, with some opting to not return to the US because of greater liberties in France. When neither educated abroad nor in whites-only schools in the United States by virtue of passing, Creoles of color were often homeschooled or
2306:
wrote to
Claiborne saying, "âŠit would be prudent not to increase the Corps, but to diminish, if it could be done without giving offenseâŠ" A decade later, the militia of color that remained volunteered to take up arms when the British began landing troops on American soil outside of New Orleans in
2160:
Though interracial relations were legally forbidden, or restricted, they were not uncommon. For a time, there were customs regulating relationships between white men and young women of
African or mixed ancestry, whose mothers would negotiate the terms. These often included freedom for an enslaved
2012:
New
Orleans Creoles of color have been named as a "vital source of U.S. national-indigenous culture." Creoles of color helped produce the historic cultural pattern of unique literature, art, music, architecture, and cuisine that is seen in New Orleans. The first black poetry works in the United
2301:
Months after the colony became part of the United States, Claiborne's administration was faced with a dilemma previously unknown in the U.S.; integration in the military by incorporating entire units of previously established "colored" militia. In a
February 20, 1804, letter, Secretary of War
2223:
is an identity marker specific to
Creoles of color. Many Creoles of color were free-born, and their descendants often enjoyed many of the same privileges that whites did, including (but not limited to) property ownership, formal education, and service in the militia. During the
2097:
is derived from Latin and means to "create", and was first used in the "New World" by the
Portuguese to describe local goods and products. The Spanish later used the term during colonial occupation to mean any native inhabitant of the New World. French colonists used the term
2001:" to refer to people born in the colony, rather than in Europe, thus drawing a distinction between Old-World Europeans and Africans from their descendants born in the New World. Today, these Creoles of color have assimilated into (and contributed to)
2394:, white Democrats regained political control of state legislatures across the former Confederate states by intimidation of blacks and other Republicans at the polls. Through the late nineteenth century, they worked to impose white supremacy under
3542:
2402:
the majority of blacks, especially by creating barriers to voter registration through devices such as poll taxes, literacy tests, grandfather clauses, etc., stripping
African Americans, including Creoles of color, of political power.
1851:
1738:
2289:
in 1803 and acquired the large territory west of the
Mississippi, the Creoles of color in New Orleans volunteered their services and pledged their loyalty to their new country. They also took an oath of loyalty to
2257:
The first wave of creole migration out of
Louisiana occurred between 1840 and 1890 with the majority of migrants fleeing to ethnic-dominant outskirts of larger U.S. cities and abroad where race was more fluid.
5726:
5721:
3546:
2419:
On June 14, 2013, Louisiana Governor Bobby Jindal signed into law Act 276, creating the "prestige" license plate stating "I'm Creole", in honor of the Creoles' contributions, culture, and heritage.
5733:
1723:
5474:
3588:
1655:
1733:
5738:
1718:
2493:
Some Creoles of color trained as classical musicians in 19th-century Louisiana. These musicians would often study with those associated with the French Opera House; some traveled to
371:
5409:
1017:
2416:
in 1896, deciding that "separate but equal" accommodations were constitutional. It permitted states to impose Jim Crow rules on federal railways and later interstate buses.
2479:
430:
382:
1728:
1680:
1690:
1685:
2399:
1956:
1700:
4088:
2445:
In 1850 it was determined that 80% of all gens de couleur libres were literate; a figure significantly higher than the white population of Louisiana at the time.
2351:. Dimitry was a Greek immigrant who married Marianne CĂ©leste Dragon, a woman of African and Greek ancestry, around 1799. Their son, Creole author and educator
1670:
6259:
6254:
5803:
4535:
4392:
2318:, many Creoles of color lost their favorable social status, despite their service to the militia and their social status prior to the U.S. takeover. After the
573:
2890:
6066:
5938:
4523:
2462:
A significant portion of these works were dedicated to describing the conditions of their enslaved compatriots. One example of such texts is the short story
1605:
1595:
414:
2044:
in 1896, Creoles of color became disenfranchised in Louisiana and other southern states. Some moved to other states, sometimes passing into white groups as
3240:
1675:
352:
1665:
1660:
4633:
4132:
3601:
5222:
4357:
1695:
1575:
5716:
4197:
3781:
6264:
5504:
891:
6333:
6308:
3421:
1930:
1831:
578:
450:
304:
6318:
6313:
5245:
4693:
2210:
of French after its systematic suppression for a period by Anglo-Americans. The approach to revitalization is somewhat controversial as many
1949:
4121:
6034:
5870:
5579:
5569:
5227:
5217:
1885:
1865:
1625:
1117:
1102:
589:
3571:
2852:
6419:
6076:
5848:
3406:
1630:
1610:
2458:
During the antebellum period, well-educated francophone gens de couleur libres contributed extensively to literary collections, such as
6394:
6296:
5240:
5235:
4154:
2767:
2241:
896:
357:
6439:
5955:
5459:
4568:
1560:
1437:
471:
6303:
5933:
5454:
4676:
4508:
1942:
1880:
1645:
1600:
6269:
6229:
6071:
5975:
5904:
5509:
3465:
2240:, another Creole of color, emancipated all of his slaves in 1863. He organized them into a company in the Second Regiment of the
2041:
1846:
1590:
1585:
1570:
2266:
The reclassification of Creoles of color as black prompted the second migratory wave of Creoles of color between 1920 and 1940.
6328:
6323:
6291:
6061:
5965:
5928:
5875:
5709:
1565:
1550:
1457:
2580:
Creoles of color from the New Orleans area were active in defining the earliest days of jazz. Some of the most notable names:
2428:
enrolled in private schools. These private schools were often financed and staffed by affluent Creoles of color. For example,
6414:
6286:
6244:
6056:
4604:
4470:
4465:
4350:
4110:
3695:
3091:
1517:
594:
583:
445:
399:
394:
367:
244:
3261:
Barnett, C. Brian. ââLa Francophonie En Louisianeâ: Problems and Recommendations to Strengthen the French Immersion Model.â
6234:
6219:
6083:
5992:
5987:
5921:
4382:
4190:
2499:
1620:
1580:
1522:
1477:
337:
4062:
6409:
6209:
6046:
6016:
5798:
5377:
4589:
2067:
Creoles of color who moved to other states founded diaspora communities, which were called "Little New Orleans", such as
1507:
1487:
1332:
901:
747:
4063:
Quadroons for Beginners: Discussing the Suppressed and Sexualized History of Free Women of Color with Author Emily Clark
3525:
6199:
6093:
6009:
5853:
5634:
5434:
4585:
4563:
4254:
3508:
2390:
and served in political office during Reconstruction, helping to bring freedmen into the political system. During late
1635:
1615:
1169:
1034:
466:
6424:
6404:
6399:
6346:
4736:
4387:
3992:
3973:
3954:
3931:
3912:
3893:
3874:
3855:
3836:
3817:
3798:
3765:
3727:
3335:
3296:
3069:
2872:
515:
347:
2274:
Creoles of color had been members of the militia for decades under both French and Spanish control of the colony of
6389:
6274:
6239:
6224:
5982:
5584:
4828:
4798:
4614:
4343:
2112:
referred to people born in Louisiana whose ancestors cane from other places. Colonial documents show that the term
1925:
1861:
1472:
1122:
535:
435:
4051:
6281:
6204:
5999:
5843:
5574:
5439:
5144:
4783:
4183:
1427:
1294:
1112:
1039:
3232:
3113:
6051:
5945:
5860:
5464:
4217:
4009:
1836:
1512:
1462:
4081:
6088:
6021:
6004:
5950:
5899:
5838:
5743:
5704:
5644:
5444:
4833:
4813:
4620:
4599:
4287:
4143:
2183:
1527:
1497:
1482:
1467:
1442:
1422:
1044:
678:
545:
3688:
A Black patriot and a white priest : André Cailloux and Claude Paschal Maistre in Civil War New Orleans
5911:
5887:
5882:
5865:
5833:
5776:
4889:
4838:
4671:
4324:
4292:
4282:
4222:
3605:
3136:"Creole Is, Creole Ain't: Diachronic and Synchronic Attitudes toward Creole Identity in Southern Louisiana"
3037:
2279:
1555:
1447:
1432:
1417:
1384:
683:
362:
3358:"Migratory Movement: The Politics of Ethnic Community (Re) Construction Among Creoles of Color, 1920-1940"
2979:
Policing Intimacy: Law, Sexuality, and the Color Line in Twentieth-Century Hemispheric American Literature
2143:); a prosperous, educated group of multi-racial Creoles of European, African and Native American descent (
2132:
was historically necessary when referring to Creoles of African and mixed ancestry, as the term "Creole" (
6176:
6168:
6111:
6026:
5514:
5419:
5275:
5257:
5159:
4818:
4788:
4513:
4433:
4412:
2153:). French Law regulated interracial conduct within the colony. An example of such laws are the Louisiana
2139:
During French colonization, social order was divided into three distinct categories: Creole aristocrats (
2068:
1778:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1502:
974:
765:
735:
673:
622:
550:
440:
4023:
2374:. Some Creoles served as prominent members of the Confederate Government during the American Civil War.
2278:. For example, around 80 free Creoles of color were recruited into the militia that participated in the
6429:
6194:
6131:
6121:
5671:
5429:
5389:
4746:
4440:
1793:
1773:
1276:
1211:
984:
886:
853:
640:
525:
6384:
6103:
5916:
5748:
5309:
4808:
4646:
4453:
4319:
4206:
3924:
The Strange History of the American Quadroon: Free Women of Color in the Revolutionary Atlantic World
2797:
2747:
2430:
2331:
2327:
1748:
1492:
1452:
741:
236:
5793:
5357:
5270:
4914:
4703:
4518:
4458:
4448:
4374:
4259:
3758:
Afro-Creole Poetry in French from Louisiana's Radical Civil WarâEra Newspapers: A Bilingual Edition
2002:
1327:
1107:
954:
838:
612:
493:
321:
4089:
A Creole Melting Pot: the Politics of Language, Race, and Identity in southwest Louisiana, 1918-45
3327:
2229:
did so to free and/or reunite with once-separated family members. Other Creoles of color, such as
6379:
6126:
5676:
5330:
5299:
5079:
5019:
4884:
4627:
4269:
4227:
3315:
2752:
2685:
2291:
2207:
1974:
1841:
1783:
1246:
1206:
929:
828:
706:
520:
272:
191:
42:
3740:
6041:
5771:
5009:
4803:
4793:
4731:
4541:
4480:
3568:
2849:
2614:
2537:
2167:
2030:, and Reconstruction, the city's black elite fought against informal segregation practices and
1978:
540:
530:
510:
212:
195:
6116:
5629:
5494:
5449:
5265:
4984:
4949:
4768:
4751:
4558:
4475:
4314:
4099:
3668:
2547:
2367:
2308:
2275:
2172:
1164:
1154:
1086:
1049:
833:
823:
723:
404:
203:
199:
4264:
6358:
5766:
5529:
5340:
5292:
5164:
5054:
4959:
4726:
4716:
4688:
4553:
4407:
3635:
2644:
2504:
2330:. Free Creoles of color, regardless of wealth and position, were relegated to the ranks of
2219:
1920:
1372:
617:
409:
342:
256:
105:
8:
6141:
5499:
5414:
4894:
4683:
4573:
4503:
4309:
4244:
3810:
Cherished Memories: Snapshots of Life and Lessons from a 1950s New Orleans Creole Village
2792:
2634:
2629:
2211:
2019:
1986:
1788:
1266:
1228:
645:
476:
268:
248:
216:
6146:
4074:
I Am What I Say I Am: Racial and Cultural Identity among Creoles of Color in New Orleans
3985:
Picturing Black New Orleans: A Creole Photographer's View of the Early Twentieth Century
1271:
6214:
6151:
5894:
5352:
5119:
5099:
5004:
4929:
4756:
4661:
4651:
4639:
4530:
4427:
4402:
3943:
3775:
3387:
3213:
3171:
3163:
2836:
2824:
2787:
2772:
2412:
2407:
2391:
2366:
Andrea Dimitry's children were upper-class elite Creole. They were mostly educated at
2323:
2319:
2315:
2286:
2036:
2027:
1159:
944:
711:
688:
377:
276:
109:
48:
2175:), and were granted their free-person status by the Louisiana Supreme Court in 1810.
5661:
5382:
5044:
5014:
4609:
4366:
3988:
3969:
3966:
Revolution, Romanticism, and the Afro-Creole Protest Tradition in Louisiana 1718-1868
3950:
3927:
3908:
3889:
3870:
3851:
3832:
3813:
3794:
3761:
3723:
3701:
3691:
3391:
3379:
3331:
3292:
3205:
3175:
3155:
3065:
2669:
2512:
2487:
2352:
2053:
2006:
964:
805:
312:
284:
280:
252:
183:
1344:
145:
6434:
5817:
5788:
5783:
5649:
5622:
5347:
4964:
4934:
4924:
4919:
4486:
3369:
3323:
3147:
2777:
2762:
2757:
2664:
2654:
2527:
2295:
2237:
2225:
2214:
argue the prioritization of Standard French education deprioritizes Louisianisms.
2199:
2195:
2103:
2072:
1339:
1024:
959:
939:
848:
288:
232:
171:
149:
141:
137:
117:
3083:
2966:. Center for Louisiana Studies, University of Louisiana at Lafayette. p. 136.
2467:
5812:
5639:
5549:
5544:
5475:
Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)
5325:
5280:
5134:
5124:
5104:
5089:
4989:
4864:
4854:
4493:
3575:
3543:"First Greek Couple of North America: Andrea Dimitry and Marianne Celeste Dragon"
2876:
2856:
2710:
2695:
2675:
2659:
2639:
2584:
2371:
2203:
2179:
2102:
to distinguish themselves from foreign-born settlers, and later as distinct from
2088:
2061:
1367:
1174:
924:
843:
292:
264:
3791:
Finding Octave: The Untold Story of Two Creole Families and Slavery in Louisiana
3672:
2355:, was the first person of color to represent the United States as Ambassador to
6249:
5654:
5617:
5607:
5367:
5362:
5304:
5139:
5069:
4999:
4994:
4498:
4422:
2742:
2715:
2700:
2599:
2573:
2542:
2439:
2348:
2337:
2303:
1998:
1990:
1826:
1251:
1221:
979:
969:
800:
163:
3423:
The Territorial Papers of the United States, Vol. IX, The Territory of Orleans
3151:
6373:
5207:
5189:
5179:
5149:
5094:
5049:
5034:
4979:
4969:
4954:
4904:
4899:
4869:
4666:
4594:
4417:
4302:
3383:
3374:
3357:
3209:
3159:
2624:
2619:
2594:
2589:
2565:
2483:
2435:
2395:
2049:
1994:
1895:
1890:
125:
4165:
3867:
Louisiana Creoles: Cultural Recovery and Mixed-Race Native American Identity
3705:
2406:
Creoles of color were among the African Americans who were limited when the
5519:
5287:
5212:
5184:
5169:
5154:
5109:
5084:
5064:
4974:
4944:
4939:
4909:
4859:
4711:
4397:
4297:
4249:
2705:
2609:
2604:
2387:
2191:
2125:
2117:
2083:
1379:
1191:
919:
782:
2869:
2497:
to complete their studies. Creole composers of that time are discussed in
2005:, while some retain their distinct identiy as a subset within the broader
5539:
5524:
5372:
5335:
5174:
5129:
5114:
4879:
4874:
4721:
4175:
3470:. Mississippi Dept. of Archives & History. pp. Vol II, p. 54â55.
2828:
2725:
2720:
2690:
2649:
2230:
2161:
woman and any children of the union, property settlement, and education.
2145:
2136:) did not convey any racial connotation until after the colonial period.
1982:
1545:
1201:
1054:
934:
718:
260:
121:
89:
77:
3217:
3193:
5074:
5059:
5029:
5024:
4773:
4741:
4580:
4548:
4277:
3589:
Race & Democracy: The Civil Rights Struggle in Louisiana, 1915-1972
3167:
3135:
2356:
2187:
2162:
2121:
650:
389:
167:
5410:
Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)
3194:"Louisiana's "Creoles of Color": Ethnicity, Marginality, and Identity"
5688:
5534:
5039:
4823:
4761:
4656:
4073:
4033:
3289:
Exiles at Home: The Struggle to Become American in Creole New Orleans
2561:
2360:
2154:
2048:, or integrating into Black groups. Creole of color artists, such as
1875:
1216:
949:
728:
555:
81:
37:
4335:
2964:
Visions and Revisions: Perspectives on Louisiana Society and Culture
2934:
Before Obama: A Reappraisal of Black Reconstruction Era Politicians
6161:
6156:
5666:
3530:. Chicago And New York: The Lewis Publishing Company. p. 1104.
3484:"1811 Slave Uprising-Governor on Trial: Claiborne in His Own Words"
3483:
3439:
2891:"When Louisiana Creoles Arrived in Texas, Were They Black or White"
2730:
2569:
2383:
2149:); and the far larger class of African slaves and Creole peasants (
2064:, the "beloved Creole gentleman", contributed to rhythm and blues.
2031:
1261:
1186:
1179:
228:
97:
5425:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
3886:
American Creoles: The Francophone Caribbean and the American South
3848:
Creole: the history and legacy of Louisiana's free people of color
3062:
Creole: The History and Legacy of Louisiana's Free People of Color
3009:
Conjure Women: Betye Saar and Rituals of Transformation, 1960-1990
2782:
224:
4778:
2680:
2363:. He was also the first superintendent of schools in Louisiana.
2017:, was created by New Orleans Creoles of color. The centuries old
1349:
655:
113:
101:
93:
4036:("An organization dedicated to preserving the Creole Heritage.")
2879:, "KnowLA Encyclopedia of Louisiana". Retrieved October 19, 2011
2233:, used their social position to support the abolitionist cause.
5612:
4239:
4040:
3038:"The Creole Community in The United States of America, a story"
2832:
2382:
With the advantage of having been better educated than the new
2165:
Creoles of color became identified as a distinct ethnic group,
1256:
240:
187:
3945:
White by Definition: Social Classification in Creole Louisiana
3661:
Massachusetts Teacher and Journal of Home and School Education
5424:
4133:
After Katrina, transplanted Creoles vow to keep culture alive
3269:, http://www.jstor.org/stable/44078091. Accessed 8 Mar. 2024.
2820:
2494:
1029:
85:
3755:
3720:
Subversive Sounds: Race and the Birth of Jazz in New Orleans
2919:
The Strangers Book: The Human of African American Literature
2294:, the Louisiana Territorial Governor appointed by President
1977:
that developed in the former French and Spanish colonies of
5469:
3883:
2994:
Jazz Ă la Creole: French Creole Music and the Birth of Jazz
2816:
2057:
1059:
4111:
Michelle Covington: The Great Migration and Creole Cooking
3659:"EDUCATION OF FREEDMEN.: COLORED SCHOOLS IN NEW ORLEANS".
4144:
Bay Area Grammy Nominee Represents Local Creole Community
3807:
2949:
The Story of French New Orleans: History of a Creole City
2478:
2178:
Social markers of creole identity have included being of
53:
3905:
The Free People of Color of New Orleans: An Introduction
3488:
Salon Publique, Pitot House, November 7, 2011, Pp. 11-13
2386:, many Creoles of color were active in the struggle for
3316:"Poetry by Mid-Nineteenth-Century Free People of Color"
2206:
in school, particularly in Louisiana. There has been a
3569:
The Creole Community and the Struggle for Civil Rights
3545:. Ethinkos Kirikas The National Herald. Archived from
2370:. One of his daughters married into the English royal
2850:
The Term "Creole" in Louisiana : An Introduction
2518:
1997:. French colonists in Louisiana first used the term "
3636:"Afro-creole literature from 19th Century Louisiana"
3467:
Official Letter Books of W.C.C. Claiborne, 1801-1816
3021:
2921:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 73, 74.
2839:, Ethnologue.com Website. Retrieved February 3, 2009
3940:
3514:
Lynchburg, VA: J.P. Bell Company Inc. 1907: p. 188
3322:, University Press of Mississippi, pp. 80â92,
3015:
2946:
1852:
Unarmed African Americans killed by police officers
3942:
2976:
2116:was used variously at different times to refer to
3982:
3963:
3864:
3722:, University of Chicago Press, 2007, pg. 98-109.
3690:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
3064:. Louisiana State University Press, 2009, p. 73.
3006:
6371:
5460:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
3826:
2940:
2307:December 1814. This was the commencement of the
5505:Black players in professional American football
5455:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
4155:Cluse: 'Creole is a lot more than people think'
4100:Beyoncé and Solange Knowles breaking boundaries
3793:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
2991:
2970:
2128:, both free-born and enslaved. The addition of
3133:
3000:
2985:
579:Education of freed people during the Civil War
4351:
4191:
3788:
3591:, University of Georgia Press, 2008, pp. 1-21
3540:
3444:Salon Publique, Pitot House, November 7, 2011
2961:
2931:
2023:was owned and operated by Creoles of color.
1950:
5218:Historically black colleges and universities
3921:
3902:
3780:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3407:History of Louisiana: The Spanish Domination
2912:
2910:
590:Historically black colleges and universities
3845:
3410:, William J. Widdleton, 1867, pp 126-132. .
3328:10.14325/mississippi/9781617039102.003.0007
3291:, Harvard University Press, 2009, pg. 162.
2955:
2925:
2916:
2448:
2182:, being a speaker of French and/or another
574:Education during the slave period in the US
4358:
4344:
4205:
4198:
4184:
3926:. The University of North Carolina Press.
3743:, wwnorton.com, Accessed November 22, 2013
3081:
2996:. Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. 248.
2981:. Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. 256.
2951:. Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. 132.
2768:Cane River Creole National Historical Park
1957:
1943:
897:National Black Caucus of State Legislators
5435:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)
4008:Henry, LaFleur, and Simien (July 2015). "
3578:, lameca.org, Accessed November 22, 2013.
3373:
3355:
2907:
353:Slavery in the colonial history of the US
3314:Brosman, Catharine Savage (2013-10-01),
3134:Dubois, Sylvie; Melançon, Megan (2000).
2936:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 67.
2859:, lameca.org. Retrieved December 5, 2013
2560:
2477:
2442:and Jonnai Questy serving as educators.
2336:
2082:
4052:Test Suggests 'Black' Man Is Really Not
3523:
3512:Some Prominent Virginia Families Vol. 4
3463:
3313:
3230:
3088:Louisiana: Cultural and Historic Vistas
2888:
6372:
6334:Topics related to the African diaspora
5440:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)
3884:Martin, Munro; Britton, Celia (2012).
3829:Living Creole and Speaking It Fluently
3630:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3517:
3502:
3419:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3191:
2842:
6314:Landmark African-American legislation
4365:
4339:
4179:
3756:Bruce, Clint, ed. and trans. (2020).
3534:
3187:
3185:
3011:. University of Michigan. p. 22.
2078:
1095:Athletic associations and conferences
584:History of African-American education
5445:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)
3968:. Louisiana State University Press.
3850:. Louisiana State University Press.
3685:
3265:, vol. 90, no. 1, 2016, pp. 101â20.
3231:Brasted, Chelsea (August 25, 2021).
3094:from the original on January 5, 2019
2500:Music and Some Highly Musical People
2347:A notable Creole family was that of
2244:, in which he served as an officer.
2217:For many, being a descendant of the
1018:Association for the Study of African
72:Regions with significant populations
5799:African-American Vernacular English
3760:. Historic New Orleans Collection.
3619:
3302:
3026:. Rotary International. p. 16.
1832:Race and ethnicity in the US census
1333:African-American Vernacular English
902:National Conference of Black Mayors
13:
6420:Ethnic groups in the United States
5717:U.S. cities with large populations
5420:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
3808:Jacques Anderson, Beverly (2011).
3749:
3182:
3082:Christophe, Landry (August 2018).
2519:Notable classical Creole musicians
2202:from familial exposure, but learn
2069:Little New Orleans, in Los Angeles
1035:National Black Chamber of Commerce
14:
6451:
6395:African-American cultural history
4590:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013
4586:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009
4393:African American founding fathers
4010:In their words: We are all Creole
4002:
3481:
3437:
3243:from the original on May 28, 2023
2556:
2285:After the United States made the
1739:Places by plurality of population
405:Civil rights movement (1954â1968)
395:Civil rights movement (1865â1896)
348:Abolitionism in the United States
6440:People of Louisiana (New France)
6352:
5470:United Negro College Fund (UNCF)
4615:Nadir of American race relations
4061:Le Melle, Stacy Parker (2013). "
3356:Jolivétte, Andrew (2005-01-01).
2073:Little New Orleans, in Galveston
1914:
436:Black Belt in the American South
52:
47:
41:
36:
4476:Civil rights movement 1954â1968
4466:Civil rights movement 1865â1896
4137:Legacy.SanDiegoUnionTribune.com
3987:. University Press of Florida.
3733:
3712:
3679:
3652:
3594:
3581:
3561:
3541:Steve Frangos (June 12, 2018).
3527:History of New Orleans Volume 3
3475:
3457:
3431:
3413:
3398:
3349:
3281:
3272:
3255:
3224:
3127:
3106:
3075:
3054:
3030:
1973:are a historic ethnic group of
1040:National Council of Negro Women
5465:Thurgood Marshall College Fund
4471:Civil right movement 1896â1954
3888:. Liverpool University Press.
3114:"(1724) Louisiana's Code Noir"
2882:
2862:
2809:
2342:Creole Marianne Celeste Dragon
2261:
1837:Racism against Black Americans
1:
5645:Cherokee freedmen controversy
4621:The Negro Motorist Green Book
3739:Scott DeVeaux, Gary Giddins,
3022:Rotary International (1958).
2889:Steptoe, Tyina (2015-12-15).
2803:
2453:
2252:
1045:National Pan-Hellenic Council
6415:Ethnic groups in Mississippi
4142:Goodrich, Juliette (2013). "
4098:Landry, Christophe (2016). "
4087:Landry, Christophe (2015). "
3949:. Rutgers University Press.
3941:Dominguez, Virginia (1986).
3524:Kendall, John Smith (1922).
3287:Shirley Elizabeth Thompson,
3233:"Reviving the Cajun dialect"
2947:Dianne Guenin-Lelle (2016).
2509:Nos Hommes et Notre Histoire
2422:
2247:
1847:School segregation in the US
1385:Black American Sign Language
1359:Languages and other dialects
7:
5515:Black players in ice hockey
5450:National Urban League (NUL)
5276:American Society of Muslims
4514:Selma to Montgomery marches
4434:Brown v. Board of Education
4109:Rosenberg, Jeremy (2012). "
3320:Louisiana Creole Literature
3237:National Geographic Society
3084:"Creole originally meant âŠ"
2977:Jenna Grace Sciuto (2021).
2736:
2377:
2269:
674:African-American businesses
10:
6456:
6410:Ethnic groups in Louisiana
5672:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
5430:Nashville Student Movement
4441:Children of the plantation
4153:Fuselier, Herman (2016). "
4131:Flaccus, Gillian (2005). "
4120:Tervalon, Jervey (2006). "
3983:Anthony, Arthe A. (2012).
3964:Cossé Bell, Caryn (2004).
3865:Jolivette, Andrew (2007).
3509:"Louise Pecquet du Bellet"
3440:"1811 Slave Uprising, etc"
3007:Jane H. Carpenter (2002).
2464:"Le Mulatre (The Mulatto)"
1212:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
887:Congressional Black Caucus
854:African Diaspora Religions
641:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
6342:
6309:Index of related articles
6187:
6102:
5826:
5759:
5697:
5597:
5558:
5490:
5483:
5398:
5318:
5310:Doctrine of Father Divine
5256:
5198:
4847:
4702:
4694:Women's suffrage movement
4647:Reconstruction Amendments
4454:Voting Rights Act of 1965
4373:
4213:
4148:SanFrancisco.CBSLocal.com
3827:Malveaux, Vivian (2009).
3686:Ochs, Stephen J. (2000).
3420:Carter, Clarence (1940).
3192:Dormon, James H. (1992).
3152:10.1017/S0047404500002037
3042:African American Registry
2855:December 4, 2013, at the
2815:; smaller populations in
2798:Magnolia Springs, Alabama
2748:List of Louisiana Creoles
1719:US states and territories
1020:American Life and History
742:Lift Every Voice and Sing
451:Treatment of the enslaved
237:French-Canadian Americans
182:
177:
161:
156:
136:
131:
76:
71:
66:
61:
33:
6425:Louisiana Creole culture
6405:Ethnic groups in Alabama
6400:African-American society
6359:United States portal
5794:African-American English
5223:Inventors and scientists
4915:George Washington Carver
4519:Chicago Freedom Movement
3464:Rowland, Dunbar (1917).
3375:10.1525/esr.2005.28.2.37
3198:Social Science Quarterly
2992:Caroline Vezina (2022).
2513:Rodolphe Lucien Desdunes
2473:
2449:Contribution to the arts
1921:United States portal
1328:African-American English
839:African-American Muslims
400:Jim Crow era (1896â1954)
6390:Louisiana Creole people
6282:African-American firsts
5331:Back-to-Africa movement
5300:Black Hebrew Israelites
5080:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
4628:Partus sequitur ventrem
4072:Duggar, Nikki (2009). "
3907:. Margaret Media, Inc.
3116:. BlackPast. 2007-07-28
2753:Louisiana Creole people
2292:William C. C. Claiborne
2242:Louisiana Native Guards
2184:French-derived language
1842:Reparations for slavery
930:Back-to-Africa movement
829:Black Hebrew Israelites
707:African-American beauty
273:Stateside Puerto Ricans
192:Louisiana Creole people
6250:Spingarn Medal winners
5739:States and territories
5510:Black NFL quarterbacks
5010:Martin Luther King Jr.
4542:Dred Scott v. Sandford
4481:Montgomery bus boycott
4207:Ethnicity in Louisiana
3789:Douglas, Nick (2013).
2962:Vaughan Baker (2000).
2932:Matthew Lynch (2012).
2875:June 12, 2011, at the
2672:(Ferdinand J. LaMothe)
2577:
2538:Charles Lucien Lambert
2490:
2431:L'Institute Catholique
2344:
2220:Gens de couleur libres
2168:Gens de couleur libres
2091:
2003:Black American culture
1312:Dialects and languages
472:Second Great Migration
5560:Athletic associations
5495:Negro league baseball
5266:African-American Jews
4985:Ketanji Brown Jackson
4950:Henry Highland Garnet
4809:Negro National Anthem
4559:George Floyd protests
4524:Postâcivil rights era
4255:Hispanics and Latinos
4122:The Creole Connection
3922:Clark, Emily (2013).
3903:Gehman, Mary (2009).
3362:Ethnic Studies Review
2564:
2548:Victor-Eugene McCarty
2482:Creole jazz musician
2481:
2410:ruled in the case of
2368:Georgetown University
2340:
2309:Battle of New Orleans
2280:Battle of Baton Rouge
2173:free persons of color
2086:
2040:and the beginning of
1993:, in what is now the
1724:US metropolitan areas
1551:List of neighborhoods
1165:Alabama Creole people
1155:African-American Jews
1087:Negro league baseball
1050:National Urban League
1002:Civic/economic groups
834:African-American Jews
724:African-American hair
586:, after the Civil War
415:Postâcivil rights era
200:Alabama Creole people
178:Related ethnic groups
5767:Afro-Seminole Creole
5293:Azusa Street Revival
5165:Booker T. Washington
4689:Underground Railroad
4554:Free people of color
4408:Atlantic slave trade
4078:ScholarWorks.UNO.edu
3846:Kein, Sybil (2009).
3667:(5): 168. May 1865.
3640:french.centenary.edu
2917:Lloyd Pratt (2016).
2895:ZĂłcalo Public Square
2645:Louis Nelson Delisle
2505:James Monroe Trotter
2486:, a virtuoso on the
2436:Madame Marie Couvent
2013:States, such as the
1991:Northwestern Florida
1881:Criminal stereotypes
1656:District of Columbia
1373:Afro-Seminole Creole
815:Non-Christian groups
410:Black power movement
374:during the Civil War
343:Atlantic slave trade
257:Portuguese Americans
209:Peoples in Louisiana
6162:Trinidad and Tobago
5777:Black American Sign
5604:By African descent
5598:Ethnic subdivisions
5585:Southwestern (SWAC)
5500:Baseball color line
5415:Black Panther Party
5319:Political movements
5236:in computer science
4895:Carol Moseley Braun
4684:Tulsa race massacre
4677:Treatment of slaves
4509:March on Washington
4504:Birmingham movement
3869:. Lexington Books.
3718:Charles B. Hersch,
3549:on October 22, 2021
3140:Language in Society
2793:Frenchtown, Houston
2635:Louis Cottrell, Jr.
2630:Louis Cottrell, Sr.
2324:binary caste system
2212:French Louisianians
2194:. Many may acquire
2020:New Orleans Tribune
1277:Sierra Leone Creole
1238:Specific ancestries
1123:Southwestern (SWAC)
646:Black History Month
477:New Great Migration
431:Agriculture history
269:Dominican Americans
249:Caribbean Americans
30:
6260:US representatives
6255:US cabinet members
6147:Dominican Republic
5734:Metropolitan areas
5575:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
5400:Civic and economic
5378:Self-determination
5199:Education, science
5120:Fred Shuttlesworth
5100:A. Philip Randolph
5005:Coretta Scott King
4930:Frederick Douglass
4757:Harlem Renaissance
4662:Separate but equal
4652:Reconstruction era
4640:Plessy v. Ferguson
4531:Cornerstone Speech
4445:Civil Rights Acts
4428:Black Lives Matter
4403:American Civil War
4067:HuffingtonPost.com
4020:History Detectives
3574:2014-11-06 at the
2868:Bernard, Shane K,
2837:"Louisiana French"
2825:Dominican Republic
2788:Little New Orleans
2773:Melrose Plantation
2578:
2491:
2413:Plessy v. Ferguson
2408:U.S. Supreme Court
2398:and customs. They
2345:
2332:emancipated slaves
2328:emancipated slaves
2320:Louisiana Purchase
2316:Louisiana Purchase
2287:Louisiana Purchase
2186:, having a strong
2092:
2087:Creole cartoonist
2079:Historical Context
2037:Plessy v. Ferguson
2028:American Civil War
1286:Sexual orientation
1160:Afro-Puerto Ricans
1113:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
748:Self-determination
712:Black is beautiful
378:Reconstruction era
277:Canarian Americans
22:
6430:Louisiana society
6367:
6366:
6195:African Americans
6067:DallasâFort Worth
5662:Black Southerners
5593:
5592:
5045:Thurgood Marshall
5015:Bernard Lafayette
4610:Million Man March
4367:African Americans
4333:
4332:
4274:Native Americans
4218:African Americans
4159:TheAdvertiser.com
4034:C.R.E.O.L.E. Inc.
3812:. iUniverse.com.
3697:978-0-8071-2531-1
3587:Adam Fairclough,
3404:Charles Gayarré,
3263:The French Review
2670:Jelly Roll Morton
2488:soprano saxophone
2353:Alexander Dimitry
2192:fan of literature
2054:Jelly Roll Morton
2042:legal segregation
1975:Louisiana Creoles
1967:
1966:
1904:
1903:
1802:
1801:
1576:Dallas-Fort Worth
1393:
1392:
1303:
1302:
1247:Americo-Liberians
1130:
1129:
1068:
1067:
993:
992:
862:
861:
806:Womanist theology
756:
755:
698:Symbols and ideas
484:
483:
363:Antebellum period
358:Revolutionary War
313:African Americans
298:
297:
285:Italian Americans
281:Mexican Americans
253:Spanish Americans
184:African Americans
29:Criollos de color
6447:
6385:Louisiana Creole
6357:
6356:
6355:
6319:Lynching victims
5818:Louisiana Creole
5789:American English
5677:Louisiana Creole
5650:Choctaw freedmen
5488:
5487:
5025:Huddie Ledbetter
4965:Fannie Lou Hamer
4935:W. E. B. Du Bois
4925:Claudette Colvin
4920:Shirley Chisholm
4737:Family structure
4605:Military history
4487:Browder v. Gayle
4360:
4353:
4346:
4337:
4336:
4200:
4193:
4186:
4177:
4176:
4041:ZydecoNation.org
3998:
3979:
3960:
3948:
3937:
3918:
3899:
3880:
3861:
3842:
3823:
3804:
3785:
3779:
3771:
3744:
3737:
3731:
3716:
3710:
3709:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3632:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3604:. Archived from
3598:
3592:
3585:
3579:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3521:
3515:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3479:
3473:
3471:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3435:
3429:
3427:
3417:
3411:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3377:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3311:
3300:
3285:
3279:
3278:Oakes pp. 47â49.
3276:
3270:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3189:
3180:
3179:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3079:
3073:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2914:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2886:
2880:
2866:
2860:
2846:
2840:
2813:
2778:Faubourg Marigny
2763:Louisiana Creole
2758:Louisiana French
2665:Lawrence Marrero
2655:Illinois Jacquet
2574:Duke Ellington's
2532:Laurent Dubuclet
2434:was financed by
2296:Thomas Jefferson
2238:Francis E. Dumas
2236:Wealthy planter
2200:Louisiana Creole
2196:Louisiana French
2151:petits habitants
2141:grands habitants
2056:, helped spread
2007:African American
1971:Creoles of color
1959:
1952:
1945:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1866:media depictions
1815:
1814:
1710:Population count
1406:
1405:
1340:Liberian English
1319:English dialects
1316:
1315:
1272:SamanĂĄ Americans
1197:Creoles of color
1143:
1142:
1081:
1080:
1025:Black conductors
1006:
1005:
875:
874:
849:Louisiana Voodoo
771:
770:
516:Family structure
499:
498:
446:Military history
441:Business history
372:military history
327:
326:
300:
299:
289:German Americans
245:Native Americans
233:French Americans
170:; some practice
150:Louisiana Creole
62:Total population
56:
51:
45:
40:
31:
23:Creoles of color
21:
6455:
6454:
6450:
6449:
6448:
6446:
6445:
6444:
6370:
6369:
6368:
6363:
6353:
6351:
6338:
6304:Historic places
6297:US state firsts
6183:
6098:
5822:
5755:
5727:2010 majorities
5722:2000 majorities
5693:
5640:Black Seminoles
5589:
5580:Southern (SIAC)
5563:
5562:and conferences
5561:
5554:
5550:Serena Williams
5545:Jackie Robinson
5479:
5403:
5401:
5394:
5314:
5281:Nation of Islam
5252:
5200:
5194:
5135:Sojourner Truth
5125:Clarence Thomas
5090:Gabriel Prosser
4990:Michael Jackson
4865:Crispus Attucks
4855:Ralph Abernathy
4843:
4799:Musical theater
4698:
4564:Great Migration
4536:COVID-19 impact
4494:Sit-in movement
4369:
4364:
4334:
4329:
4325:White Americans
4209:
4204:
4005:
3995:
3976:
3957:
3934:
3915:
3896:
3877:
3858:
3839:
3831:. AuthorHouse.
3820:
3801:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3752:
3750:Further reading
3747:
3738:
3734:
3717:
3713:
3698:
3684:
3680:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3644:
3642:
3634:
3633:
3620:
3611:
3609:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3586:
3582:
3576:Wayback Machine
3567:Kathe Managan,
3566:
3562:
3552:
3550:
3539:
3535:
3522:
3518:
3507:
3503:
3493:
3491:
3482:Eaton, Fernin.
3480:
3476:
3462:
3458:
3448:
3446:
3438:Eaton, Fernin.
3436:
3432:
3418:
3414:
3403:
3399:
3354:
3350:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3312:
3303:
3286:
3282:
3277:
3273:
3260:
3256:
3246:
3244:
3229:
3225:
3190:
3183:
3132:
3128:
3119:
3117:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3097:
3095:
3080:
3076:
3059:
3055:
3046:
3044:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3020:
3016:
3005:
3001:
2990:
2986:
2975:
2971:
2960:
2956:
2945:
2941:
2930:
2926:
2915:
2908:
2899:
2897:
2887:
2883:
2877:Wayback Machine
2867:
2863:
2857:Wayback Machine
2848:Kathe Managan,
2847:
2843:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2739:
2711:Armand J. Piron
2696:Alcide Pavageau
2676:Albert Nicholas
2660:Freddie Keppard
2640:Joe Darensbourg
2585:Vernel Fournier
2572:long a part of
2559:
2521:
2476:
2456:
2451:
2425:
2380:
2372:House of Stuart
2272:
2264:
2255:
2250:
2204:Standard French
2089:George Herriman
2081:
2062:Allen Toussaint
1989:, Alabama, and
1981:(especially in
1963:
1915:
1913:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1856:
1812:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1743:
1705:
1681:Omaha, Nebraska
1646:Historic places
1640:
1532:
1403:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1354:
1313:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1281:
1233:
1175:Black Seminoles
1140:
1139:Sub-communities
1132:
1131:
1118:Southern (SIAC)
1078:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1019:
1003:
995:
994:
989:
906:
872:
864:
863:
858:
844:Nation of Islam
810:
787:
768:
758:
757:
752:
693:
660:
627:
599:
560:
536:Musical theater
496:
486:
485:
467:Great Migration
324:
293:Irish Americans
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
265:Cuban Americans
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
219:
215:
211:
206:
57:
46:
35:
28:
26:
25:Gens de couleur
24:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6453:
6443:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6380:Creole peoples
6365:
6364:
6362:
6361:
6349:
6343:
6340:
6339:
6337:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6300:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6279:
6278:
6277:
6272:
6270:Visual artists
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6230:Mathematicians
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6191:
6189:
6185:
6184:
6182:
6181:
6180:
6179:
6171:
6166:
6165:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6136:
6135:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6108:
6106:
6100:
6099:
6097:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6080:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6054:
6049:
6047:South Carolina
6044:
6039:
6038:
6037:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6017:North Carolina
6014:
6013:
6012:
6002:
5997:
5996:
5995:
5985:
5980:
5979:
5978:
5970:
5969:
5968:
5962:Massachusetts
5960:
5959:
5958:
5948:
5943:
5942:
5941:
5931:
5926:
5925:
5924:
5914:
5909:
5908:
5907:
5897:
5892:
5891:
5890:
5880:
5879:
5878:
5873:
5863:
5858:
5857:
5856:
5851:
5841:
5836:
5830:
5828:
5824:
5823:
5821:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5809:
5808:
5807:
5806:
5804:social context
5801:
5791:
5781:
5780:
5779:
5769:
5763:
5761:
5757:
5756:
5754:
5753:
5752:
5751:
5746:
5736:
5731:
5730:
5729:
5724:
5714:
5713:
5712:
5701:
5699:
5695:
5694:
5692:
5691:
5686:
5685:
5684:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5658:
5657:
5655:Creek Freedmen
5652:
5647:
5642:
5632:
5630:Alabama Creole
5627:
5626:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5601:
5599:
5595:
5594:
5591:
5590:
5588:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5570:Central (CIAA)
5566:
5564:
5559:
5556:
5555:
5553:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5491:
5485:
5481:
5480:
5478:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5406:
5404:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5392:
5387:
5386:
5385:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5363:Pan-Africanism
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5344:
5343:
5333:
5328:
5322:
5320:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5312:
5307:
5305:Black theology
5302:
5297:
5296:
5295:
5285:
5284:
5283:
5278:
5268:
5262:
5260:
5254:
5253:
5251:
5250:
5249:
5248:
5246:in STEM fields
5243:
5238:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5204:
5202:
5201:and technology
5196:
5195:
5193:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5140:Harriet Tubman
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5070:Michelle Obama
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
5000:Barbara Jordan
4997:
4995:Harriet Jacobs
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4885:Amelia Boynton
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4851:
4849:
4848:Notable people
4845:
4844:
4842:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4784:LGBT community
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4765:
4764:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4708:
4706:
4700:
4699:
4697:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4680:
4679:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4636:
4631:
4624:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4583:
4578:
4577:
4576:
4571:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4527:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4499:Freedom Riders
4496:
4491:
4483:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4462:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4443:
4438:
4430:
4425:
4423:Black genocide
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4379:
4377:
4371:
4370:
4363:
4362:
4355:
4348:
4340:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4288:Choctaw-Apache
4285:
4280:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4236:
4235:
4225:
4220:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4203:
4202:
4195:
4188:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4162:
4151:
4140:
4129:
4118:
4107:
4096:
4085:
4070:
4059:
4056:ABCNews.Go.com
4050:(December ): "
4045:
4037:
4031:
4024:'Creole Poems'
4017:
4014:DailyWorld.com
4004:
4003:External links
4001:
4000:
3999:
3993:
3980:
3974:
3961:
3955:
3938:
3932:
3919:
3913:
3900:
3894:
3881:
3875:
3862:
3856:
3843:
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3824:
3818:
3805:
3799:
3786:
3766:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3732:
3711:
3696:
3678:
3651:
3618:
3593:
3580:
3560:
3533:
3516:
3501:
3490:. academia.edu
3474:
3456:
3430:
3426:. p. 174.
3412:
3397:
3348:
3336:
3301:
3280:
3271:
3254:
3223:
3204:(3): 615â626.
3181:
3146:(2): 237â258.
3126:
3105:
3074:
3053:
3029:
3014:
2999:
2984:
2969:
2954:
2939:
2924:
2906:
2881:
2861:
2841:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2743:Criollo people
2738:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2716:John Robichaux
2713:
2708:
2703:
2701:Alphonse Picou
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2600:Louis Barbarin
2597:
2592:
2587:
2558:
2557:Jazz musicians
2555:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2545:
2543:Sidney Lambert
2540:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2517:
2475:
2472:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2440:Armand Lanusse
2424:
2421:
2392:Reconstruction
2379:
2376:
2349:Andrea Dimitry
2304:Henry Dearborn
2271:
2268:
2263:
2260:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2190:, and being a
2180:Catholic faith
2104:Anglo-American
2080:
2077:
2009:ethnic group.
1965:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1827:Black genocide
1823:
1820:
1819:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1734:US communities
1731:
1726:
1721:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1691:South Carolina
1688:
1686:North Carolina
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1642:
1641:
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1558:
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1548:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1508:South Carolina
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1488:North Carolina
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1345:SamanĂĄ English
1342:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1295:LGBT community
1291:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1252:Creek Freedmen
1249:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1222:Carmel Indians
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1103:Central (CIAA)
1097:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1004:
1001:
1000:
997:
996:
991:
990:
988:
987:
982:
977:
972:
970:Pan-Africanism
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
916:
913:
912:
908:
907:
905:
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851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
820:
817:
816:
812:
811:
809:
808:
803:
801:Black theology
797:
794:
793:
789:
788:
786:
785:
779:
776:
775:
769:
764:
763:
760:
759:
754:
753:
751:
750:
745:
738:
733:
732:
731:
721:
716:
715:
714:
703:
700:
699:
695:
694:
692:
691:
686:
681:
676:
670:
667:
666:
665:Economic class
662:
661:
659:
658:
653:
648:
643:
637:
634:
633:
629:
628:
626:
625:
620:
615:
609:
606:
605:
604:Academic study
601:
600:
598:
597:
592:
587:
581:
576:
570:
567:
566:
562:
561:
559:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
507:
504:
503:
497:
492:
491:
488:
487:
482:
481:
480:
479:
474:
469:
461:
460:
456:
455:
454:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
425:
424:
420:
419:
418:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
386:
385:
375:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
332:
331:
325:
320:
319:
316:
315:
309:
308:
296:
295:
180:
179:
175:
174:
164:Roman Catholic
162:Predominantly
159:
158:
154:
153:
134:
133:
129:
128:
74:
73:
69:
68:
67:Indeterminable
64:
63:
59:
58:
34:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6452:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6377:
6375:
6360:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6344:
6341:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6329:Neighborhoods
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6292:Sports firsts
6290:
6288:
6285:
6284:
6283:
6280:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
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6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
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6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
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6201:
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6172:
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6167:
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6160:
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6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6139:
6137:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6114:
6113:
6110:
6109:
6107:
6105:
6101:
6095:
6094:West Virginia
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6059:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6036:
6033:
6032:
6031:Pennsylvania
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6011:
6010:New York City
6008:
6007:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5994:
5991:
5990:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5977:
5974:
5973:
5971:
5967:
5964:
5963:
5961:
5957:
5954:
5953:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5940:
5937:
5936:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5923:
5920:
5919:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5906:
5903:
5902:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5889:
5886:
5885:
5884:
5881:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5868:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5855:
5854:San Francisco
5852:
5850:
5847:
5846:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5831:
5829:
5827:By state/city
5825:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5796:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5786:
5785:
5782:
5778:
5775:
5774:
5773:
5772:American Sign
5770:
5768:
5765:
5764:
5762:
5758:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5741:
5740:
5737:
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5732:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5718:
5715:
5711:
5708:
5707:
5706:
5705:Neighborhoods
5703:
5702:
5700:
5696:
5690:
5687:
5683:
5680:
5679:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
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5663:
5660:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5637:
5636:
5635:Black Indians
5633:
5631:
5628:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5605:
5603:
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5501:
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5468:
5466:
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5441:
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5311:
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5264:
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5239:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5213:Black schools
5211:
5209:
5208:Black studies
5206:
5205:
5203:
5197:
5191:
5190:Whitney Young
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5180:Oprah Winfrey
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5150:Denmark Vesey
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5095:Joseph Rainey
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5050:Toni Morrison
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5035:Joseph Lowery
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4980:Jesse Jackson
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4970:Kamala Harris
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4955:Marcus Garvey
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4905:Blanche Bruce
4903:
4901:
4900:Edward Brooke
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4890:James Bradley
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4870:James Baldwin
4868:
4866:
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4856:
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4846:
4840:
4837:
4835:
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4825:
4822:
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4817:
4815:
4814:Neighborhoods
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
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4772:
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4695:
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4690:
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4682:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4673:
4670:
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4667:Silent Parade
4665:
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4622:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4595:Jim Crow laws
4593:
4591:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
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4444:
4442:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4418:Black cowboys
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
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4404:
4401:
4399:
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4389:
4386:
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4342:
4341:
4338:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
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4311:
4308:
4304:
4303:Tunica-Biloxi
4301:
4299:
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4286:
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4281:
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4212:
4208:
4201:
4196:
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4189:
4187:
4182:
4181:
4178:
4171:
4167:
4166:Finding Agnes
4163:
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4152:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4138:
4134:
4130:
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4123:
4119:
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4083:
4079:
4075:
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4068:
4064:
4060:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4046:
4044:(documentary)
4043:
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4035:
4032:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4018:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4006:
3996:
3994:9780813041872
3990:
3986:
3981:
3977:
3975:9780807141526
3971:
3967:
3962:
3958:
3956:9780813511092
3952:
3947:
3946:
3939:
3935:
3933:9781469607528
3929:
3925:
3920:
3916:
3914:9781508483670
3910:
3906:
3901:
3897:
3895:9781846317538
3891:
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3882:
3878:
3876:9780739118962
3872:
3868:
3863:
3859:
3857:9780807126011
3853:
3849:
3844:
3840:
3838:9781467846486
3834:
3830:
3825:
3821:
3819:9781462003198
3815:
3811:
3806:
3802:
3800:9781493522088
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3769:
3767:9780917860799
3763:
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3742:
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3728:9780226328690
3725:
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3641:
3637:
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3627:
3625:
3623:
3608:on 2021-04-11
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3337:9781617039102
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3297:9780674023512
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3070:9780807126011
3067:
3063:
3060:Kein, Sybil.
3057:
3043:
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2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2625:Barney Bigard
2623:
2621:
2620:Sidney Bechet
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2595:Paul Barbarin
2593:
2591:
2590:George Baquet
2588:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2575:
2571:
2568:, noted jazz
2567:
2566:Barney Bigard
2563:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2489:
2485:
2484:Sidney Bechet
2480:
2471:
2469:
2468:Victor SĂ©jour
2465:
2461:
2460:Les Cenelles.
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:with writers
2437:
2433:
2432:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2401:
2400:disfranchised
2397:
2396:Jim Crow laws
2393:
2389:
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2369:
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2209:
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2176:
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2170:
2169:
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2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2090:
2085:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2050:Sidney Bechet
2047:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1995:United States
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1960:
1955:
1953:
1948:
1946:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1897:
1896:Minstrel show
1894:
1892:
1891:Magical Negro
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
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1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1702:
1701:West Virginia
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
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1659:
1657:
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1653:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1637:
1636:San Francisco
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1616:New York City
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
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1602:
1599:
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1471:
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1386:
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1371:
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1357:
1351:
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1317:
1309:
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1296:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1267:Nova Scotians
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1237:
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1210:
1208:
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1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1170:Black Indians
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1136:
1135:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1108:HBCU (HBCUAC)
1106:
1104:
1101:
1100:
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1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1012:
1009:Organizations
1008:
1007:
999:
998:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
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914:
910:
909:
903:
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895:
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890:
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881:
878:Organizations
877:
876:
868:
867:
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852:
850:
847:
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840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
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822:
821:
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818:
814:
813:
807:
804:
802:
799:
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6245:Sportspeople
6215:Billionaires
6132:Sierra Leone
6035:Philadelphia
5871:Jacksonville
5698:Demographics
5681:
5530:Jack Johnson
5520:Muhammad Ali
5353:Conservatism
5288:Black church
5185:Andrew Young
5170:Ida B. Wells
5160:David Walker
5155:C. T. Vivian
5110:Paul Robeson
5105:Hiram Revels
5085:Colin Powell
5065:Barack Obama
5020:James Lawson
4975:Jimi Hendrix
4945:James Farmer
4940:Medgar Evers
4910:Ralph Bunche
4860:Maya Angelou
4834:Middle class
4712:Afrofuturism
4638:
4626:
4619:
4540:
4485:
4432:
4398:Afrocentrism
4388:Abolitionism
4232:
4170:BlogSpot.com
4169:
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4126:LAWeekly.com
4125:
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4093:Academia.edu
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3606:the original
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3041:
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3024:The Rotarian
3023:
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2894:
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2706:De De Pierce
2686:Manuel Perez
2610:Emile Barnes
2605:Danny Barker
2579:
2552:Samuel Snaër
2524:Basile BarĂšs
2508:
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2388:civil rights
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2126:black people
2124:people, and
2118:white people
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2109:
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2094:
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2066:
2045:
2035:
2025:
2018:
2014:
2011:
1970:
1968:
1794:Sierra Leone
1626:Philadelphia
1596:Jacksonville
1196:
1192:Brass Ankles
945:Conservatism
920:Afrocentrism
892:Joint Center
783:Black church
774:Institutions
689:Billionaires
679:Middle class
632:Celebrations
595:Fraternities
220:
208:
207:
152:(Kouri-Vini)
19:Ethnic group
16:Ethnic group
6265:US senators
6235:Republicans
6220:Journalists
6077:San Antonio
6042:Puerto Rico
5983:Mississippi
5876:Tallahassee
5849:Los Angeles
5540:Jesse Owens
5525:Arthur Ashe
5383:Nationalism
5373:Raised fist
5336:Black power
5241:in medicine
5175:Roy Wilkins
5130:Emmett Till
5115:Al Sharpton
4880:Julian Bond
4875:James Bevel
4839:Upper class
4829:Stereotypes
4722:Black mecca
4634:Plantations
4413:Black Codes
2829:Puerto Rico
2726:Lorenzo Tio
2721:Omer Simeon
2691:Jimmy Palao
2650:Cie Frazier
2615:Paul Barnes
2570:clarinetist
2528:Edmund Dédé
2262:Second Wave
2231:Thomy Lafon
2146:bourgeoisie
2130:"-of color"
2106:settlers.
2046:passé blanc
2034:laws. With
1987:Mississippi
1983:New Orleans
1862:Stereotypes
1789:Nova Scotia
1671:Mississippi
1631:San Antonio
1611:Los Angeles
1546:Black mecca
1473:Mississippi
1380:Negro Dutch
1202:Dominickers
1146:Multiethnic
1055:TransAfrica
965:Nationalism
935:Black power
719:Black pride
684:Upper class
383:Politicians
261:Afro Latino
122:Los Angeles
90:Mississippi
78:New Orleans
27:Mounn koulĂš
6374:Categories
6210:Astronauts
6000:New Jersey
5844:California
5348:Capitalism
5145:Nat Turner
5075:Rosa Parks
5060:Diane Nash
5030:John Lewis
4819:Newspapers
4789:Literature
4774:Juneteenth
4727:Businesses
4581:Exodusters
4549:Free Negro
4320:Vietnamese
4278:Chitimacha
4104:MyLHCV.com
3645:2021-12-06
3612:2013-06-18
3343:2021-12-13
3120:2021-11-26
3047:2021-12-06
2900:2021-03-21
2804:References
2454:Literature
2357:Costa Rica
2314:After the
2253:First Wave
2226:antebellum
2188:work ethic
2163:Mixed-race
2122:mixed-race
2026:After the
1428:California
1402:Population
975:Patriotism
960:Liberalism
940:Capitalism
911:Ideologies
792:Theologies
651:Juneteenth
623:Literature
551:Newspapers
459:Migrations
390:Juneteenth
168:Protestant
6324:Monuments
6200:Activists
6052:Tennessee
5972:Michigan
5956:Baltimore
5946:Louisiana
5939:Lexington
5922:Davenport
5861:Cleveland
5760:Languages
5689:Melungeon
5667:Blaxicans
5535:Joe Louis
5390:Socialism
5326:Anarchism
5055:Bob Moses
5040:Malcolm X
4960:Fred Gray
4824:Soul food
4762:New Negro
4747:Folktales
4657:Redlining
4293:Coushatta
4260:Hondurans
4048:Nightline
4022:, S7E2: "
3776:cite book
3673:136905107
3553:April 17,
3392:134077616
3384:1555-1881
3210:0038-4941
3176:144287855
3160:0047-4045
2870:"Creoles"
2576:orchestra
2423:Education
2361:Nicaragua
2282:in 1779.
2276:Louisiana
2248:Migration
2155:Code Noir
1979:Louisiana
1886:Hollywood
1876:Blackface
1811:Prejudice
1729:US cities
1606:Lexington
1581:Davenport
1561:Baltimore
1537:US cities
1513:Tennessee
1463:Louisiana
1409:US states
1217:Melungeon
1187:Blaxicans
985:Socialism
950:Garveyism
925:Anarchism
729:Good hair
556:Soul food
526:Folktales
204:Québécois
132:Languages
82:Louisiana
6347:Category
6138:America
6104:Diaspora
6089:Virginia
6022:Oklahoma
6005:New York
5988:Nebraska
5951:Maryland
5934:Kentucky
5900:Illinois
5839:Arkansas
5744:Illinois
5682:of color
5368:Populism
5341:Movement
5258:Religion
4600:Lynching
4383:Timeline
4310:Redbones
4270:Italians
4115:KCET.org
3706:42772101
3669:ProQuest
3572:Archived
3247:March 8,
3241:Archived
3218:42863083
3098:March 8,
3092:Archived
2873:Archived
2853:Archived
2737:See also
2731:Eddie Bo
2384:freedmen
2378:Activism
2270:Military
2032:Jim Crow
2015:Cenelles
1926:Category
1749:Diaspora
1676:Missouri
1601:Kentucky
1528:Virginia
1498:Oklahoma
1483:New York
1478:Nebraska
1468:Maryland
1443:Illinois
1423:Arkansas
1262:Merikins
1207:Freedmen
1180:Mascogos
980:Populism
871:Politics
766:Religion
736:Stepping
502:Lifeways
338:Timeline
305:a series
303:Part of
229:Acadians
157:Religion
118:New York
98:Maryland
6435:Mulatto
6275:Writers
6240:Singers
6225:Jurists
6173:Europe
6127:Liberia
6072:Houston
5976:Detroit
5912:Indiana
5905:Chicago
5888:Atlanta
5883:Georgia
5866:Florida
5834:Alabama
5784:English
5358:Leftism
5228:Museums
4779:Kwanzaa
4704:Culture
4672:Slavery
4375:History
4315:Spanish
4283:Choctaw
4265:Isleños
4250:Germans
4233:Colored
4228:Creoles
4028:PBS.org
3602:"HB147"
3494:June 7,
3449:June 7,
3168:4169003
2681:Kid Ory
2208:revival
1784:Liberia
1666:Georgia
1661:Florida
1591:Houston
1586:Detroit
1571:Chicago
1556:Atlanta
1448:Indiana
1438:Georgia
1433:Florida
1418:Alabama
1350:Tutnese
1229:Redbone
955:Leftism
656:Kwanzaa
613:Studies
565:Schools
494:Culture
423:Aspects
368:Slavery
330:Periods
322:History
217:Redbone
213:Isleños
196:Isleños
146:Spanish
138:English
114:Chicago
110:Memphis
106:Georgia
102:Florida
94:Alabama
6287:Mayors
6205:Actors
6177:France
6169:Israel
6157:Mexico
6142:Canada
6117:Gambia
6112:Africa
6062:Austin
6027:Oregon
5966:Boston
5929:Kansas
5895:Hawaii
5813:Gullah
5623:Yoruba
5613:Gullah
5484:Sports
5402:groups
5232:Women
4769:Hoodoo
4643:(1896)
4569:Second
4545:(1857)
4490:(1956)
4437:(1954)
4245:French
4240:Cajuns
4223:Asians
3991:
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2507:, and
2134:Créole
2114:Créole
2110:Créole
2100:Créole
2095:Créole
2060:; and
1999:Creole
1818:Racism
1779:Israel
1769:France
1764:Canada
1759:Africa
1566:Boston
1503:Oregon
1458:Kansas
1368:Gullah
1257:Gullah
1077:Sports
824:Hoodoo
241:Cajuns
188:Cajuns
172:Voodoo
142:French
6188:Lists
6152:Haiti
6122:Ghana
6057:Texas
5993:Omaha
5271:Islam
4804:Names
4794:Music
4732:Dance
4298:Houma
3388:S2CID
3267:JSTOR
3214:JSTOR
3172:S2CID
3164:JSTOR
2821:Haiti
2783:Tremé
2495:Paris
2474:Music
1931:Index
1774:Ghana
1696:Texas
1621:Omaha
1518:Texas
1030:NAACP
541:Names
531:Music
511:Dance
225:MĂ©tis
221:Other
86:Texas
6084:Utah
5917:Iowa
5749:Ohio
5710:list
5618:Igbo
5608:Fula
4752:Hair
4742:Film
4459:1968
4449:1964
3989:ISBN
3970:ISBN
3951:ISBN
3928:ISBN
3909:ISBN
3890:ISBN
3871:ISBN
3852:ISBN
3833:ISBN
3814:ISBN
3795:ISBN
3782:link
3762:ISBN
3741:Jazz
3724:ISBN
3702:OCLC
3692:ISBN
3555:2021
3496:2013
3451:2013
3380:ISSN
3332:ISBN
3293:ISBN
3249:2024
3206:ISSN
3156:ISSN
3100:2024
3066:ISBN
2823:and
2817:Cuba
2359:and
2071:and
2058:Jazz
2052:and
1969:The
1864:and
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