824:
Canadians of
British ancestry generally cannot trace their ancestry as far back in Canada as French-speakers. As a result, their identification with their ethnicity is weaker tending to have a more broad based cultural identification: for example, only 50% of third generation "Canadians" strongly identify as such, bringing down the overall average. The survey report notes that 80% of Canadians whose families had been in Canada for three or more generations reported "Canadian and provincial or regional ethnic identities". These identities include "Québécois" (37% of Quebec population), "Acadian" (6% of Atlantic provinces) and "Newfoundlander" (38% of Newfoundland and Labrador).
614:
127:
105:
908:
276:
561:
461:
1830:
2540:
respondents that are in the 4th+ generations, and unlike with the
British Isles example, the difference between the 2nd and 3rd generations to the 4th+ generation is more pronounced. Since these ancestries are concentrated in the 4th+ generations, their high proportions of sense of belonging to ethnic or cultural group push up the 4th+ generational results."
2503:"Note that Canadian and Canadien have been separated since the two terms mean different things. In English, it usually means someone whose family has been in Canada for multiple generations. In French it is referring to "Les Habitant", settlers of New France during the 17th and 18th Century, who earned their living primarily from agricultural labour."
1827:
1754:
2539:
For respondents of French and New World ancestries the pattern is different. Where generational data is available, it is possible to see that not all respondents reporting these ancestries report a high sense of belonging to their ethnic or cultural group. The high proportions are focused among those
2304:
To which ethnic or cultural group(s) did this person's ancestors belong? For example, Canadian, French, English, Chinese, Italian, German, Scottish, Irish, Cree, Micmac, Metis, Inuit (Eskimo), East Indian, Ukrainian, Dutch, polish, Portuguese, Filipino, Jewish, Greek, Jamaican, Vietnamese, Lebanese,
823:
The generational profile and strength of identity of French New World ancestries contrast with those of
British or Canadian ancestries, which represent the largest ethnic identities in Canada. Although deeply rooted Canadians express a deep attachment to their ethnic identity, most English-speaking
749:
in
November 2006 showed that Canadians were deeply divided on this issue. When asked if Québécois are a nation, only 53 per cent of Canadians agreed, 47 per cent disagreed, with 33 per cent strongly disagreeing; 78 per cent of French-speaking Canadians agreed that Québécois are a nation, compared
2615:, governed for so long by "Negro-Kings" in the interest of foreign powers, economical and political, had to become masters of their destiny, had to be "Maîtres chez-nous". Scads of Parti Québécois supporters were later to echo these sentiments in chanting loudly during political rallies: "
1751:
782:"1) I would now like to ask you about your ethnic ancestry, heritage or background. What were the ethnic or cultural origins of your ancestors? 2) In addition to "Canadian", what were the other ethnic or cultural origins of your ancestors on first coming to North America?"
764:
In the 2001 Census of Canada, 98,670 Canadians, or just over 1% of the population of Quebec identified "Québécois" as their ethnicity, ranking "Québécois" as the 37th most common response. These results were based on a question on residents in each household in Canada:
650:
government renewed the push for recognition as a nation through symbolic motions that gained the support of all parties in the
National Assembly. They affirmed the right to determine the independent status of Quebec. They also renamed the area around Quebec City the
353:
most of the territory they held before 1763; the right of religion; and their right of language and culture. The
British Government did this to in order to keep their loyalty, in the face of a growing menace of independence from the 13 original British colonies.
1407:
780:, Québécois was the most common ethnic identity in Quebec, reported by 37% of Quebec's population aged 15 years and older, either as their only identity or alongside other identities. The survey, based on interviews, asked the following questions:
1970:
French speakers usually refer to their own identities with adjectives such as québécoise, acadienne, or franco-canadienne, or by some term referring to a provincial linguistic minority such as francomanitobaine, franco-ontarienne or
641:
in 1968. Nationalism reached an apex in the 1970s and 1990s, with contentious constitutional debates resulting in close to half of all of French-speaking Québécois seeking recognition of nation status through tight referendums on
2515:"The reporting of French New World ancestries (Canadien, Québécois, and French-Canadian) is concentrated in the 4th+ generations; 79% of French- Canadian, 88% of Canadien and 90% of Québécois are in the 4th+generations category."
2747:
508:
and identity that continues to this day. The emphasis on the French language and Quebec autonomy means that French-speakers across Canada now self-identify more specifically with provincial or regional identity-tags, such as
2724:
891:("Quebec for Québécois", or "Quebec for Quebecers"): slogan sometimes chanted at Quebec nationalist rallies or protests. This slogan can be controversial, as it might be interpreted both as a call for a Quebec controlled by
718:. According to Harper, the motion was of a symbolic political nature, representing no constitutional change, no recognition of Quebec sovereignty, and no legal change in its political relations within the federation. The
128:
106:
2527:"According to Table 3, the 4th+ generations are highest because of a strong sense of belonging to their ethnic or cultural group among those respondents reporting the New World ancestries of Canadien and Québécois."
819:
traced their ancestry back this far. Fourth generation
Canadiens and Québécois showed considerable attachment to their ethno-cultural group, with 70% and 61% respectively reporting a strong sense of belonging.
1382:
2321:
2014:
The latent nationalism that is the corollary of folklorization is also visible in the persistence of
Canadians in designating Québécois, Acadiens, and Fransaskois as French Canadian. Most Québécois speak
2376:
For example, in Quebec, Québécois was the most common ethnic identity and was reported by 37% of Quebec's population aged 15 years and older, either as their only identity or alongside other identities.
1403:
2219:
2782:
1476:
661:(national parks). In opposition in October 2003, the Parti Québécois tabled a motion that was unanimously adopted in the National Assembly affirming that the Quebec people formed a nation.
2190:
2739:
2716:
1648:
2164:
784:
This survey did not list possible choices of ancestry and permitted multiple answers. In census ethnic surveys, French-speaking
Canadians identify their ethnicity most often as
45:. The term is most often used in reference to either descendants of the French settlers in Quebec or people of any ethnicity who live and trace their origins in the province of
2002:
1081:
A French-speaking
Quebecker is often referred to as a Québécois (masculine) or Québécoise (feminine) written with two accented é's, although some editorial styles prefer none.
2650:
2564:
Table 3: Percentage of Selected Ancestries Reporting that Respondents have a Strong* Sense of Belonging to the Ethnic and Cultural Groups, by Generational Status, 2002 EDS"
2093:
2046:
1858:
1378:
1462:(répandu v. 1965). Du groupe ethnique et linguistique canadien français composant la majorité de la population du Québec. Littérature québécoise; cinéma québécoise."
1548:(répandu v. 1965). Du groupe ethnique et linguistique canadien français composant la majorité de la population du Québec. Littérature québécoise; cinéma québécois."
2317:
800:, with the latter three referred to by Jantzen (2005) as "French New World" ancestries because they originate in Canada. Jantzen (2005) distinguishes the English
758:
The Québécois self-identify as an ethnic group in both the English and French versions of the Canadian census and in demographic studies of ethnicity in Canada.
185:
English expressions employing the term may imply specific reference to francophones; such as "Québécois music", "a Québécois rocker" or "Québécois literature".
2244:
1601:
895:, with possible xenophobic connotations, or as a call for a Quebec controlled by the inhabitants of the province of Quebec, and free from outside interference.
2552:"As shown on Graph 3, over 30% of respondents reporting Canadian, British Isles or French ancestries are distributed across all four generational categories."
1811:
1681:
1061:
2762:
1069:
761:
In the 2016 census, 74,575 chose Québécois as one of multiple responses with 119,985 choosing it as a single response (194,555 as a combined response).
750:
with 38 per cent of English-speaking Canadians. As well, 78 per cent of 1,000 Québécois polled thought that Québécois should be recognized as a nation.
2828:
2599:
2578:
2408:
For example, 37% of Quebec's population aged 15 years and older reported Québécois, either as their only ethnic identity or alongside other identities.
2215:
1629:
537:
are still predominant. Francophones and anglophones use many terms when discussing issues of francophone linguistic and cultural identity in English.
209:, in addition to its territorial meaning, may refer specifically to francophone or French Canadian culture in Quebec. The dictionary gives as examples
631:
in the 1960s led to Québécois increasingly referring to provincial institutions as being national. This was reflected in the change of the provincial
745:
summarized the view of many of these dissenters, maintaining that it was a game of semantics that cheapened issues of national identity. A survey by
571:
2790:
2342:
1472:
733:
resigned from his position and abstained from voting, arguing that this motion was too ambiguous and had the potential of recognizing a destructive
496:, and Church-run institutions across Canada and in parts of the United States. In contrast, the modern Québécois identity is secular and based on a
1040:
2701:
2463:
2240:
815:
Those reporting "French New World" ancestries overwhelmingly had ancestors that went back at least 4 generations in Canada: specifically, 90% of
2952:
244:
3050:
729:
Despite near-universal support in the House of Commons, several important dissenters criticized the motion. Intergovernmental Affairs minister
500:
ideal of an active Quebec government promoting the French language and French-speaking culture in the arts, education, and business within the
2289:
2265:
2194:
1914:
1710:
1656:
2968:
2832:
2216:"Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables - Ethnic Origin, both sexes, age (Total), Canada, 2016 Census – 25% Sample data"
2421:
2105:... the Anglo-American culture of Canada; the French Québécois culture of Quebec; and the distinct cosmopolitan multiculture of Montreal.
2809:
2672:
are necessarily forced to admit that there are certain individuals whose status as residents of Quebec is not enough to qualify them as
2121:
1955:
1788:
1244:) Cragg, Catherine, ed., et al.; Editors Association of Canada. Toronto: Macfarlane Walter & Ross, 2000; p. 230 (item 12.125): "A
2388:
773:
or Canadian, did appear as an example on the questionnaire, and was selected by 4.9 million people or 68.2% of the Quebec population.
1984:
1885:
Seeking a New Canadian Partnership: Asymmetrical and Confederal Options Volumen 45 de Institute for Research on Public Policy Series
55:
as Québécois became dominant starting in the 1960s; prior to this, the francophone people of Quebec mostly identified themselves as
2491:"These will be called "French New World" ancestries since the majority of respondents in these ethnic categories are Francophones."
488:
of the 1960s. The predominant French Canadian nationalism and identity of previous generations was based on the protection of the
2632:
2075:
2028:
1847:
2117:
1354:
1278:
669:
scheduled a similar motion in the House of Commons for November 23, 2006, that would have recognized "Quebecers as a nation".
1782:
161:. It may also be used, with an upper- or lower-case initial, as an adjective relating to Quebec, or to the French-Canadian
2142:
1032:
82:
within a united Canada. Harper later elaborated that the motion's definition of Québécois relies on personal decisions to
150:
1224:(feminine) are also frequently used in English, but generally only to refer to the French-speaking residents of Quebec."
342:
314:
279:
2914:
2644:
2355:
2087:
2040:
1996:
1897:
1537:
1510:
1451:
1310:
1241:
1213:
1130:
1118:
1036:
1003:
600:
1590:
769:, along with a list of sample choices ("Québécois" did not appear among the various sample choices). The ethnicity
1808:
1689:
305:
chose this name in 1608 for the colonial outpost he would use as the administrative seat for the French colony of
2926:"The Advantages of analyzing ethnic attitudes across generations — Results from the Ethnic Diversity Survey"
2457:"The Advantages of analyzing ethnic attitudes across generations — Results from the Ethnic Diversity Survey"
921:
20:
2925:
1216:) Fee, Margery & McAlpine, Janice. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1997; p. 405-6: "The French words
464:
2595:
2575:
2062:
identity was born was not much different from the formation of other community identities around the world.
695:
679:
670:
617:
546:
68:
2478:
Respondents were not provided examples of ancestries and they were permitted to report multiple responses.
1133:; Fee, Margery & McAlpine, Janice; Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1997; p. 405-6): "... note that
722:
has further elaborated, stating that the motion's definition of Québécois relies on personal decisions to
3045:
2361:
637:
505:
165:. A resident or native of Quebec is often referred to in English as a Quebecer or Quebecker. In French,
2456:
941:
699:
582:
322:
64:
2944:
2693:
1366:
adjective 1. of or relating to Quebec (especially to the French speaking inhabitants or their culture)
484:
as an expression of cultural and national identity among French Canadians living in Quebec during the
946:
741:
were the most divided on the issue and represented 15 of the 16 votes against the motion. Liberal MP
1121:; p. 1265)). Yet, in the entry "Quebecker, Quebecer, Québécois(e), Franco-, French Canadian" in the
996:
The National Question: Nationalism, Ethnic Conflict, and Self-Determination in the Twentieth Century
578:
2833:"Trudeau's Legacy: A New Canadian Nationalism based on the Denial of the Québécois Heart of Canada"
1731:
719:
72:
683:
the day before the Bloc Québécois resolution came to a vote. The English version changed the word
504:. Politically, this resulted in a push towards more autonomy for Quebec and an internal debate on
173:
usually refers to any native or resident of Quebec. Its use became more prominent in the 1960s as
2907:
Appartenir au Québec : Citoyenneté, nation et société civile : Enquête à Montréal, 1995
2296:
2272:
1922:
951:
738:
330:
1421:
2972:
2855:
2428:
1889:
1883:
326:
804:, meaning "someone whose family has been in Canada for multiple generations", and the French
2746:. Département de Langues, linguistique et traduction, Faculté des Lettres, Université Laval.
2723:. Département de Langues, linguistique et traduction, Faculté des Lettres, Université Laval.
1944:
1772:
1473:"Québécois music isn't marginalized—it's English Canadians who are missing out - Macleans.ca"
1275:"Quebecois. (n.d.). The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition"
493:
157:. Sometimes, it is used more generally to refer to any inhabitant of Quebec. It can refer to
723:
224:, also published in France, as well as from French dictionaries published in Canada such as
83:
837:
647:
298:
293:
word meaning 'narrow passage' or 'strait'. The name originally referred to the area around
2396:
613:
8:
2813:
2058:
In short, apart from the historical and cultural specificities, the process by which the
845:
662:
338:
302:
52:
1499:
734:
653:
643:
628:
550:
501:
455:
306:
290:
112:
1501:
Narratology and Text: Subjectivity and Identity in New France and Québécois Literature
3023:
2910:
2893:
2847:
2640:
2351:
2168:
2083:
2036:
1992:
1893:
1778:
1558:
1533:
1527:
1506:
1447:
1441:
1237:
1209:
1126:
1114:
999:
936:
931:
926:
855:("old-stock Quebecker"): Quebecer who can trace their ancestry back to the regime of
497:
416:
363:
162:
3013:
2885:
1350:
1274:
1257:
1142:
534:
485:
174:
56:
2812:. SPQ Libre! (Syndicalistes et progressistes pour un Québec libre). Archived from
832:
French expressions employing "Québécois" often appear in both French and English.
2582:
1834:
1815:
1758:
797:
746:
530:
489:
480:
121:
99:
3018:
3001:
841:: Provincial-level political party that supports Quebec independence from Canada
2981:
1809:
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm
1677:
1644:
674:
666:
411:
318:
260:
221:
75:
63:
before anglophones started identifying as Canadians as well. A majority in the
1591:"Le Dictionnaire queb´ ecois d'aujourd'hui ´ : Enquete sur les registres"
3039:
3027:
2897:
2851:
2766:
913:
849:: Federal-level political party that supports Quebec independence from Canada
785:
730:
441:
428:
407:
371:
158:
1204:
In entry "Quebecker, Quebecer, Québécois(e), Franco-, French Canadian". In
702:
on November 27, 2006. The Prime Minister specified that the motion used the
378:. Roughly 2.3% of residents, or 184,005 people, describe their ethnicity as
2889:
2805:
1101:
201:
149:) is a word used primarily to refer to a French-speaking inhabitant of the
1952:
Language Education, Canadian Civic Identity, and the Identity of Canadians
1322:
inhabitant of Quebec; specifically: a French-speaking inhabitant of Quebec
1302:
767:"To which ethnic or cultural group(s) did this person's ancestors belong?"
275:
2873:
1068:. Public Works and Government Services Canada. 2012-02-03. Archived from
621:
424:
294:
3002:"Céline Dion, the ADISQ Controversy, and the Anglophone Press in Canada"
2662:
The increasing uneasiness that I feel each time I hear nationalists say
863:
856:
809:
742:
346:
334:
310:
1022:. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 2009. Pp. 72.
1305:
Main entry. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, Eleventh Edition
1248:(preferable to "Quebecer") is a person of or from Quebec province; a
350:
2167:. Canadian press (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation). Archived from
468:
437:
433:
367:
2637:
Talking about Identity: Encounters in Race, Ethnicity and Language
2080:
Talking about Identity: Encounters in Race, Ethnicity and Language
2033:
Talking about Identity: Encounters in Race, Ethnicity and Language
1989:
Talking about Identity: Encounters in Race, Ethnicity and Language
1406:. Travaux publics et Services gouvernementaux Canada. 2012-02-03.
691:
and added "within a united Canada" at the end of the Bloc motion.
646:
in 1980 and 1995. Having lost both referendums, the sovereigntist
2668:
illustrates this in another way. In adhering to this battle cry,
1109:– is valid in French, and appears in English publications (e.g.,
420:
375:
366:
census, 58.3% of residents of Quebec identify their ethnicity as
2789:(in French). Journal de Montréal. pp. 24–25. Archived from
1260:). As an adjective in English material, usually capped, as in
1151:
753:
154:
79:
46:
42:
2076:"Jewish, Canadian or Québécois: Notes on a Diasporic Identity"
1954:. Council of Europe, Language Policy Division. pp. 8–11.
460:
2344:
Ethnic Diversity Survey: portrait of a multicultural society
808:, used to refer to descendants of the original settlers of
2876:(2006). "The Effect of Recognizing the Québécois Nation".
2165:"Harper Pays price for victory on Québécois nation motion"
1105:
220:
However, an ethnic or linguistic sense is absent from "Le
1290:
A inhabitant of Quebec, especially a French-speaking one.
970:
English-language questionnaires listed this ethnicity as
2193:. CanWest News Service; Montreal Gazette. Archived from
1734:. Gouvernement du Québec - Commission de toponymie. 2012
1256:) is a French Canadian of or from Quebec province (see:
1338:. Toronto, Canada: Canada Publishing Corporation. 1983.
657:(national capital) region and renamed provincial parks
177:
from Quebec increasingly self-identified as Québécois.
2191:"Quebec 'nation' debate divides French, English: poll"
1848:"Study Guide Canada and Québec Language & Culture"
998:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p. 208.
2118:"House passes motion recognizing Québécois as nation"
1774:
Killing Others: A Natural History of Ethnic Violence
1532:. Montreal: Les Dictionnaires Roberts-Canada S.C.C.
1505:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. xvii + 338.
1446:. Montreal: Les Dictionnaires Roberts-Canada S.C.C.
903:
2937:Graph 1: Top Fifteen Reported Ancestries, 2002 EDS
1915:"The social-democratic nationalism: 1945 to today"
1498:
827:
726:as Québécois, and therefore is a personal choice.
86:as Québécois, and therefore is a personal choice.
2904:
2427:. Department of Canadian Heritage. Archived from
2419:
2120:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 2006-11-27.
1711:"Quebec's provincial symbols: Origin of the name"
1529:Petit Robert. Dictionnaire de la langue française
205:, published in France, states that the adjective
3037:
2462:. Department of Canadian Heritage. p. 103.
1991:. Toronto: Between the Lines. pp. 133–146.
1985:"Corridors: Language as Trap and Meeting Ground"
1443:Petit Robert. Dictionaire de la langue française
236:"francophone Quebecer" in the linguistic sense.
2884:. Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.
2593:
2145:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 2006-12-19
301:narrows to a cliff-lined gap. French explorer
188:
2082:. Toronto: Between the Lines. pp. 20–27.
2035:. Toronto: Between the Lines. pp. 28–32.
1945:"Linguistic and Cultural Identities in Canada"
1435:
1433:
1141:) requires either two accents or none. Often
341:. Quebec City remained the capital. In 1774,
2905:Helly, Denise; Van Schendel, Nicolas (2001).
1770:
867:: "true blue" or "dyed-in-the-wool" Quebecker
2318:"Ethno-Cultural Portrait of Canada, Table 1"
2241:"Ethno-Cultural Portrait of Canada, Table 1"
2188:
974:, while French-language questionnaires used
754:Québécois in census and ethnographic studies
357:
263:has referred to an ethnic sense of the word
27:
2982:"L'identité québécoise est-elle inclusive?"
2635:. In Adrienne Shadd; Carl E. James (eds.).
2078:. In Adrienne Shadd; Carl E. James (eds.).
2031:. In Adrienne Shadd; Carl E. James (eds.).
1987:. In Adrienne Shadd; Carl E. James (eds.).
1598:Canadian Association of Applied Linguistics
1430:
1425:dans la province de Québec ou qui y habite.
1167:." As well, "ometimes English writers use
1155:has only one accent and because in English
2945:"Québécois francophones de vieille souche"
2846:. London Conference for Canadian Studies.
2780:
2639:. Toronto: Between the Lines. p. 30.
993:
474:The term became more common in English as
3017:
2966:
2413:
2395:. Statistics Canada. 2003. Archived from
2162:
1942:
1764:
601:Learn how and when to remove this message
345:obtained from the British Government the
2422:"Ethnic Diversity Survey: Questionnaire"
1912:
1828:"National Household Survey: Data tables"
1777:. Cornell University Press. p. 18.
612:
459:
274:
247:mentions only a territorial meaning for
78:, which stated that the Québécois are a
2923:
2783:"Une tache noire dans la neige blanche"
2744:Trésor de la langue française au Québec
2721:Trésor de la langue française au Québec
2454:
2448:
1340:"a Quebecer, especially a Francophone."
1175:, to refer to a woman; in French, this
572:not related to the topic of the article
245:Office québécois de la langue française
226:Le Dictionnaire québécois d'aujourd'hui
41:in English) are people associated with
3038:
2979:
2827:
2700:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2007.
2630:
2143:"Who's a Québécois? Harper isn't sure"
2026:
1921:. Marianopolis College. Archived from
1881:
1713:. Natural Resources Canada. 2017-08-15
1676:
1643:
1525:
1496:
1439:
1206:Oxford Guide to Canadian English Usage
1123:Oxford Guide to Canadian English Usage
1033:"Who's a Québécois? Harper isn't sure"
885:("new Quebecers"): immigrant Quebecers
3051:French-speaking ethnicities in Canada
3012:(4). Public Knowledge Project: 1–22.
2999:
2909:. Les Presses de l'Université Laval.
2804:
2761:
2381:
1982:
1420:
449:
120:
98:
2942:
2872:
2810:"Sans nous qui est Québécois ?"
2633:"Québécitude: An Ambiguous Identity"
2073:
2029:"Québécitude: An Ambiguous Identity"
1577:Dictionnaire québécois d'aujourd'hui
1195:"a francophone inhabitant of Quebec"
554:
2781:Coudé-Lord, Michelle (1994-04-30).
2335:
1588:
1018:Michael M. Brescia, John C. Super.
1012:
540:
13:
2967:Parenteau, François (2006-11-30).
2840:London Journal of Canadian Studies
2685:
2290:"Census questionnaire (long form)"
2266:"Census questionnaire (long form)"
1277:. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2000.
1145:writers omit the second accent in
627:The political shift towards a new
14:
3062:
3006:Canadian Journal of Communication
2928:. Department of Canadian Heritage
1631:Grand dictionnaire terminologique
1037:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
241:Grand dictionnaire terminologique
2420:Statistics Canada (April 2002).
1351:"quebecois. (adj.). WordNet 3.0"
1062:"Quebecker, Quebecer, Québécois"
906:
812:in the 17th and 18th centuries.
559:
254:
230:Le Dictionnaire du français Plus
180:
2955:from the original on 2007-09-29
2750:from the original on 2008-09-21
2727:from the original on 2008-09-21
2704:from the original on 2008-02-17
2653:from the original on 2021-10-29
2624:
2602:from the original on 2008-02-02
2587:
2568:
2556:
2544:
2531:
2519:
2507:
2495:
2483:
2469:from the original on 2013-04-20
2324:from the original on 2015-09-04
2310:
2282:
2258:
2247:from the original on 2019-02-16
2233:
2222:from the original on 2021-07-06
2208:
2182:
2156:
2135:
2124:from the original on 2006-11-29
2110:
2096:from the original on 2021-10-29
2067:
2049:from the original on 2021-10-29
2020:
2005:from the original on 2021-10-29
1976:
1961:from the original on 2017-08-09
1936:
1913:Bélanger, Claude (2000-08-27).
1906:
1875:
1864:from the original on 2018-08-05
1840:
1821:
1802:
1791:from the original on 2021-10-29
1745:
1724:
1703:
1670:
1637:
1618:
1607:from the original on 2021-09-05
1582:
1565:
1551:
1519:
1490:
1479:from the original on 2021-09-05
1465:
1410:from the original on 2020-07-28
1396:
1385:from the original on 2017-09-30
1371:
1357:from the original on 2008-12-19
1343:
1327:
1313:from the original on 2007-09-29
1295:
1281:from the original on 2008-12-19
1043:from the original on 2007-01-26
964:
922:Language demographics of Quebec
828:Special terms using 'Québécois'
193:
89:
2698:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
2594:Claude Bélanger (2000-08-23).
1353:. Princeton University. 2006.
1267:
1227:
1198:
1182:
1086:
1054:
1025:
1020:North America: an introduction
987:
1:
1579:. The entry is a column long.
957:
581:or discuss this issue on the
467:(or Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day)
2943:Noel, Jacques (2007-03-31).
2611:There was no doubt that the
1649:"There's no Quebec 'nation'"
270:
267:in both English and French.
189:Ethnic designation in French
7:
3019:10.22230/cjc.1999v24n4a1124
2501:Jantzen (2005) Footnote 5:
2489:Jantzen (2005) Footnote 9:
2350:. Statistics Canada. 2003.
2189:Hubert Bauch (2006-11-11).
1752:"2016 Census Ethnic Origin"
1682:"La nation? Quelle nation?"
899:
16:Residents of Quebec, Canada
10:
3067:
1882:Seidle, F. Leslie (1994).
1191:Canadian Oxford Dictionary
1111:Canadian Oxford Dictionary
994:Berberoglu, Berch (1995).
942:English-speaking Quebecers
700:House of Commons of Canada
544:
453:
323:Royal Proclamation of 1763
65:House of Commons of Canada
21:Québécois (disambiguation)
18:
2694:"Quebecers or Québécois?"
2389:"Ethnic Diversity Survey"
1943:Churchill, Stacy (2003).
947:Quebecer (disambiguation)
358:Québécois as an ethnicity
329:formally transferred the
232:, which indicate instead
2598:. Marionapolis College.
2163:Jim Brown (2006-11-28).
1761:(consulted October 2021)
1336:Gage Canadian Dictionary
1234:Editing Canadian English
873:: "francophone Quebecer"
465:Fête Nationale du Québec
19:For other meanings, see
2980:Teboul, Victor (2007).
2924:Jantzen, Lorna (2005).
2767:"I am English Canadian"
2665:Le Québec aux Québécois
2617:Le Québec aux Québécois
2455:Jantzen, Lorna (2005).
2074:Ship, Susan J. (2001).
1589:Guillot, Marie-Cecile.
952:Quebec (disambiguation)
889:Le Québec aux Québécois
879:: "anglophone Quebecer"
778:Ethnic Diversity Survey
698:was recognized by the
680:Québécois nation motion
547:Québécois nation motion
317:was first founded as a
280:Province of Quebec 1774
159:French spoken in Quebec
2969:"LA NATION schtroumpf"
2890:10.15695/amqst.v3i1.99
2596:"The Quiet Revolution"
1983:Denis, Angèle (2001).
1855:Arts Midwest Worldfest
1771:Matthew Lange (2017).
1165:KAY BAY kwah
1161:KAY beck wah
1159:is usually pronounced
624:
471:
282:
239:The online dictionary
215:littérature québécoise
28:
3000:Young, David (1999).
2986:The Tolerance Webzine
2305:Chilean, Somali, etc.
1526:Robert, Paul (1984).
1497:Perron, Paul (2003).
1440:Robert, Paul (1984).
871:Québécois francophone
776:In the more detailed
616:
570:may contain material
494:Roman Catholic Church
463:
362:As shown by the 2016
337:to Britain after the
278:
234:Québécois francophone
2631:Bédard, Guy (2001).
2027:Bédard, Guy (2001).
1066:TERMIUM Writing Tips
893:Québécois pure laine
877:Québécois anglophone
633:Legislative Assembly
579:improve this section
299:Saint Lawrence River
1179:would be required."
1149:, probably because
853:Québécois de souche
618:Parliament Building
506:Quebec independence
386:
303:Samuel de Champlain
53:Self-identification
3046:People from Quebec
2763:Blattberg, Charles
2581:2007-01-04 at the
1919:Quebec Nationalism
1833:2021-10-29 at the
1814:2021-02-04 at the
1757:2021-09-15 at the
1171:, without a final
735:ethnic nationalism
714:sense of the word
710:as opposed to the
696:"Québécois nation"
654:Capitale-Nationale
644:Quebec sovereignty
629:Quebec nationalism
625:
551:Quebec nationalism
519:franco-manitobaine
502:Province of Quebec
478:largely replacing
472:
456:Quebec nationalism
450:Québécois identity
385:
315:Province of Quebec
283:
122:[kebekwaz]
2829:Dufour, Christian
2574:See p. 14 of the
2171:on 9 October 2012
1888:. IRPP. pp.
1837:(August 10, 2019)
1784:978-1-5017-0776-6
1559:Le Petit Larousse
1262:Québécois cooking
937:Symbols of Quebec
932:Cuisine of Quebec
927:Culture of Quebec
638:National Assembly
611:
610:
603:
523:franco-ontarienne
515:franco-canadienne
498:social democratic
447:
446:
417:Roman Catholicism
364:Statistics Canada
259:Newspaper editor
163:culture of Quebec
151:Canadian province
100:[kebekwa]
67:in 2006 approved
3058:
3031:
3021:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2976:
2971:. Archived from
2963:
2961:
2960:
2939:
2934:
2933:
2920:
2901:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2860:
2854:. Archived from
2837:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2679:
2678:
2670:indépendentistes
2659:
2658:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2608:
2607:
2591:
2585:
2572:
2566:
2562:Jantzen (2005):
2560:
2554:
2550:Jantzen (2005):
2548:
2542:
2537:Jantzen (2005):
2535:
2529:
2525:Jantzen (2005):
2523:
2517:
2513:Jantzen (2005):
2511:
2505:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2474:
2468:
2461:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2439:
2433:
2426:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2404:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2372:
2366:
2360:. Archived from
2349:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2301:
2295:. Archived from
2294:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2271:. Archived from
2270:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2101:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2055:
2054:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2011:
2010:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1960:
1949:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1863:
1852:
1844:
1838:
1825:
1819:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1768:
1762:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1732:"Quebéc (Ville)"
1728:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1688:. Archived from
1674:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1655:. Archived from
1641:
1635:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1606:
1595:
1586:
1580:
1569:
1563:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1504:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1437:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1416:
1415:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1347:
1341:
1339:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1318:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1286:
1271:
1265:
1258:French Canadians
1231:
1225:
1202:
1196:
1194:
1186:
1180:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1077:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1048:
1029:
1023:
1016:
1010:
1009:
991:
979:
968:
916:
911:
910:
909:
606:
599:
595:
592:
586:
563:
562:
555:
541:Québécois nation
535:Franco-Manitoban
529:. Terms such as
486:Quiet Revolution
387:
384:
339:Seven Years' War
211:cinéma québécois
175:French Canadians
132:
131:
130:
124:
110:
109:
108:
102:
57:French Canadians
31:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3036:
3035:
3034:
2991:
2989:
2958:
2956:
2931:
2929:
2917:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2835:
2819:
2817:
2796:
2794:
2772:
2770:
2753:
2751:
2738:
2730:
2728:
2715:
2707:
2705:
2692:
2688:
2686:Further reading
2683:
2682:
2656:
2654:
2647:
2629:
2625:
2605:
2603:
2592:
2588:
2583:Wayback Machine
2573:
2569:
2561:
2557:
2549:
2545:
2536:
2532:
2524:
2520:
2512:
2508:
2500:
2496:
2488:
2484:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2459:
2453:
2449:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2424:
2418:
2414:
2402:
2400:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2327:
2325:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2302:on 2008-04-09.
2299:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2275:
2268:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2250:
2248:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2225:
2223:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2200:
2198:
2187:
2183:
2174:
2172:
2161:
2157:
2148:
2146:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2127:
2125:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2099:
2097:
2090:
2072:
2068:
2052:
2050:
2043:
2025:
2021:
2008:
2006:
1999:
1981:
1977:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1947:
1941:
1937:
1928:
1926:
1911:
1907:
1900:
1880:
1876:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1835:Wayback Machine
1826:
1822:
1816:Wayback Machine
1807:
1803:
1794:
1792:
1785:
1769:
1765:
1759:Wayback Machine
1750:
1746:
1737:
1735:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1716:
1714:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1695:
1693:
1678:Gagnon, Lysiane
1675:
1671:
1662:
1660:
1645:Gagnon, Lysiane
1642:
1638:
1623:
1619:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1593:
1587:
1583:
1570:
1566:
1556:
1552:
1540:
1524:
1520:
1513:
1495:
1491:
1482:
1480:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1454:
1438:
1431:
1413:
1411:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1388:
1386:
1379:"Termium Plus®"
1377:
1376:
1372:
1360:
1358:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1316:
1314:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1284:
1282:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1232:
1228:
1203:
1199:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1091:
1087:
1075:
1073:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1046:
1044:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1017:
1013:
1006:
992:
988:
983:
982:
969:
965:
960:
912:
907:
905:
902:
838:Parti Québécois
830:
798:French Canadian
756:
747:Leger Marketing
673:Prime Minister
659:Parcs Nationaux
648:Parti Québécois
607:
596:
590:
587:
576:
564:
560:
553:
543:
531:Franco-Ontarian
490:French language
481:French Canadian
458:
452:
399:Related Groups
360:
327:Treaty of Paris
273:
257:
198:The dictionary
196:
191:
183:
126:
125:
104:
103:
92:
33:(also known as
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3064:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3033:
3032:
2997:
2977:
2975:on 2007-10-11.
2964:
2940:
2921:
2915:
2902:
2870:
2825:
2802:
2778:
2769:. Tolerance.ca
2759:
2736:
2713:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2645:
2623:
2586:
2567:
2555:
2543:
2530:
2518:
2506:
2494:
2482:
2447:
2412:
2380:
2356:
2334:
2309:
2281:
2278:on 2008-04-09.
2257:
2232:
2218:. 2017-10-25.
2207:
2181:
2155:
2134:
2109:
2088:
2066:
2041:
2019:
1997:
1975:
1935:
1905:
1898:
1874:
1839:
1820:
1801:
1783:
1763:
1744:
1723:
1702:
1680:(2006-11-26).
1669:
1653:Globe and Mail
1647:(2006-11-13).
1636:
1617:
1581:
1564:
1550:
1538:
1518:
1511:
1489:
1464:
1452:
1429:
1395:
1370:
1342:
1326:
1303:""Quebecois."
1294:
1266:
1226:
1197:
1181:
1085:
1053:
1039:. 2006-12-19.
1024:
1011:
1004:
985:
984:
981:
980:
962:
961:
959:
956:
955:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
918:
917:
901:
898:
897:
896:
886:
880:
874:
868:
859:
850:
846:Bloc Québécois
842:
829:
826:
755:
752:
720:Prime Minister
708:"sociological"
675:Stephen Harper
667:Gilles Duceppe
663:Bloc Québécois
609:
608:
567:
565:
558:
542:
539:
451:
448:
445:
444:
431:
414:
405:
401:
400:
397:
394:
391:
359:
356:
319:British colony
289:comes from an
272:
269:
261:Lysiane Gagnon
256:
253:
222:Petit Larousse
195:
192:
190:
187:
182:
179:
91:
88:
76:Stephen Harper
73:Prime Minister
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3063:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3029:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2941:
2938:
2927:
2922:
2918:
2916:2-89224-326-2
2912:
2908:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2861:on 2007-09-25
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2816:on 2007-03-21
2815:
2811:
2807:
2806:Dubuc, Pierre
2803:
2793:on 2007-09-28
2792:
2788:
2787:vol. 18, no 4
2784:
2779:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2652:
2648:
2646:1-896357-36-9
2642:
2638:
2634:
2627:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2601:
2597:
2590:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2553:
2547:
2541:
2534:
2528:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2479:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2444:
2434:on 2010-02-12
2430:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2399:on 2008-03-17
2398:
2394:
2390:
2384:
2377:
2367:on 2008-05-28
2363:
2359:
2357:0-662-35031-6
2353:
2346:
2345:
2338:
2323:
2319:
2313:
2306:
2298:
2291:
2285:
2274:
2267:
2261:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2197:on 2012-11-02
2196:
2192:
2185:
2170:
2166:
2159:
2144:
2138:
2123:
2119:
2113:
2106:
2095:
2091:
2089:1-896357-36-9
2085:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2061:
2048:
2044:
2042:1-896357-36-9
2038:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2016:
2004:
2000:
1998:1-896357-36-9
1994:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1972:
1971:fransaskoise.
1957:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1925:on 2007-04-11
1924:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1901:
1899:9780886451639
1895:
1891:
1887:
1886:
1878:
1860:
1857:. 2010–2011.
1856:
1849:
1843:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1824:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1805:
1790:
1786:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1767:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1748:
1733:
1727:
1712:
1706:
1692:on 2007-09-29
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1659:on 2008-07-25
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1621:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1585:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1561:
1560:
1554:
1547:
1541:
1539:2-85036-066-X
1535:
1531:
1530:
1522:
1514:
1512:0-8020-3688-0
1508:
1503:
1502:
1493:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1461:
1455:
1453:2-85036-066-X
1449:
1445:
1444:
1436:
1434:
1426:
1423:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1384:
1380:
1374:
1367:
1356:
1352:
1346:
1337:
1334:"Québécois".
1330:
1323:
1312:
1308:
1306:
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454:See also:
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