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incrementing from 1. Another organization has a different facility code and their card set also increments from 1. Thus different organizations can have card sets with the same card numbers but since the facility codes differ, the cards only work at one organization. This idea worked early in the technology, but as there is no governing body controlling card numbers, different manufacturers can supply cards with identical facility codes and identical card numbers to different organizations. Thus there may be duplicate cards that allow access to multiple facilities in one area. To counteract this problem some manufacturers have created formats beyond 26-bit
Wiegand that they control and issue to organizations.
222:
encode any format on any track. A mag-stripe card is cheap compared to other card technologies and is easy to program. The magnetic stripe holds more data than a barcode can in the same space. While a mag-stripe is more difficult to generate than a bar code, the technology for reading and encoding data on a mag-stripe is widespread and easy to acquire. Magnetic stripe technology is also susceptible to misreads, card wear, and data corruption. These cards are also susceptible to some forms of skimming where external devices are placed over the reader to intercept the data read.
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control systems only read serial numbers of contactless smart cards and do not utilize the available memory. Card memory may be used for storing biometric data (i.e. fingerprint template) of a user. In such case a biometric reader first reads the template on the card and then compares it to the finger (hand, eye, etc.) presented by the user. In this way biometric data of users does not have to be distributed and stored in the memory of controllers or readers, which simplifies the system and reduces memory requirements.
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this method is slower, because the reader may have to perform thousands of comparison operations until it finds the match. An important technical characteristic of a 1-to-many reader is the number of comparisons that can be performed in one second, which is considered the maximum time that users can wait at a door without noticing a delay. Currently most 1-to-many readers are capable of performing 2,000–3,000 matching operations per second.
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A contactless smart card uses high frequency radio waves (13.56 MHz instead of 125 kHz), which allows the transfer of more data, and communication with several cards at the same time. A contactless card does not have to touch the reader or even be taken out of a wallet or purse. Most access
230:
Smart card readers use an electrical current to read data from embedded circuitry or magnetic features in a card. A contact smart card must physically touch contacts on a reader to connect a circuit between them. A contactless smart card uses radio waves or a magnetic field to transmit information to
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In the 1-to-many mode a user presents biometric data such as a fingerprint or retina scan and the reader then compares the live scan to all the templates stored in the memory. This method is preferred by most end-users, because it eliminates the need to carry ID cards or use PINs. On the other hand,
494:
In the 26-bit
Wiegand format, bit 1 is an even parity bit. Bits 2–9 are a facility code. Bits 10–25 are the card number. Bit 26 is an odd parity bit. 1/8/16/1. Other formats have a similar structure of a leading facility code followed by the card number and including parity bits for error checking,
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In the 1-to-1 mode a user must first either present an ID card or enter a PIN. The reader then looks up the template of the corresponding user in the database and compares it with the live scan. The 1-to-1 method is considered more secure and is generally faster as the reader needs to perform only
221:
Magnetic stripe technology, usually called mag-stripe, is so named because of the stripe of magnetic oxide tape that is laminated on a card. There are three tracks of data on the magnetic stripe. Typically the data on each of the tracks follows a specific encoding standard, but it is possible to
644:
The earliest punched card readers used pins that would dip into tiny cups of mercury when passing through a punched hole, completing an electrical circuit; in the late 1920s, IBM developed card readers that used metal brushes to make electrical contact with a roller wherever a hole passed between
527:
technology, this card must be swiped through a reader to be read. Unlike the other technologies, the identification media is embedded in the card and not susceptible to wear. This technology once gained popularity because it is difficult to duplicate, creating a high perception of security. This
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Biometric templates may be stored in the memory of readers, limiting the number of users by the reader memory size (there are reader models that have been manufactured with a storage capacity of up to 50,000 templates). User templates may also be stored in the memory of the smart card, thereby
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A common proximity format is 26-bit
Wiegand. This format uses a facility code, sometimes also called a site code. The facility code is a unique number common to all of the cards in a particular set. The idea is that an organization will have their own facility code and a set of numbered cards
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against rows of mechanical control rods to convert the data on the cards into physical positions of the loom's hooks. A hole in the card would allow the rod to pass through and remain unmoved; if there was no hole the rod would be pushed, moving its hook out of position.
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869:. The control panel then checks the permission level of the user and determines whether access should be allowed. The communication between the reader and the control panel is usually transmitted using the industry standard
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one comparison. Most 1-to-1 biometric readers are "dual-technology" readers: they either have a built-in proximity, smart card or keypad reader, or they have an input for connecting an external card reader.
1265:
402:, in which the readers are tampered with during manufacture or in the supply chain before delivery. The rogue devices capture customers' card details before transmitting them to criminals.
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in 1890, data was read from punched cards by detecting whether a hole in the card allowed an electrical circuit to connect or an unpunched section of card interrupted that circuit.
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Throughout the 20th century, punched card readers were used to tabulate and process data including census data, financial data, and government contracts.
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scheme where card readers are used to allow the card holder to verify the amount of money stored on the card and the details of the last few transactions.
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that the template in the memory is compatible with the live scan (the scan belongs to the authorized person), the ID number of that person is sent to a
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Identification cards — Integrated circuit cards — Part 3: Cards with contacts — Electrical interface and transmission protocols
535:
Proximity card readers are still referred to as "Wiegand output readers", but no longer use the
Wiegand effect. Proximity technology retains the
163:, electrical signals from connections made or interrupted by a card's punched holes or embedded circuitry, or electronic devices that can read
265:
to read data from the card. Smart card readers used for banking or identification may be connected to a keyboard to allow verification with a
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removing all limits to the number of system users (finger-only identification is not possible with this technology), or a central
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893:. Server-based systems support a large number of users but are dependent on the reliability of the central server, as well as
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Some banks have issued hand-held smartcard readers to their customers to support different electronic payment applications:
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technology is being replaced by proximity cards, however, because of the limited source of supply, the relatively better
79:
479:. When a card is presented to the reader, the reader's electrical field excites a coil in the card. The coil charges a
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873:. The only exception is the intelligent biometric reader, which does not require any panels and directly controls all
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and provides the data to a computer. Card readers can acquire data from a card via a number of methods, including:
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stored in memory to the scan obtained during the process of identification. If there is a high enough degree of
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This article is about the data input device. For the fortune-telling or divination using a deck of cards, see
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that allows physical access through access control points, typically a locked door. They can also be used in
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A contact smart card reader is an electronic device that physically connects to an integrated circuit in a
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585:(MMC). Most card readers also offer write capability, and together with the card, this can function as a
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wires strategically positioned to create a unique pattern that generates the identification number. Like
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PC can act as the template host. For systems where a central server is employed, known as "server-based
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Card readers are often used to read identification cards for the purposes of physical or electronic
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889:", readers first read the biometric data of the user and then forward it to the main computer for
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of proximity readers, and the convenience of the touch-less functionality in proximity readers.
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589:. Memory card readers can be built in to laptop computers or computer peripherals, or use a
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1143:, James L Pike, "Photoelectric punched card and document reader", issued 1971
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Readers may compare the data collected from the card, or data stored in the reader, to a
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a reader remotely (though most readers have a range of 20 in (51 cm) or less).
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Simple data, such as an ID number, name, or address, can be encoded onto a card with a
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Asynchronous half-duplex block-level transmission protocol, defined in ISO/IEC 7816-3.
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was widely used in the United States from 1965 until it was effectively banned by the
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1-to-1 and 1-to-many are the two possible modes of operation of a biometric reader:
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Smartcard readers have been targeted successfully by criminals in what is termed a
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A reader radiates a 1" to 20" electrical field around itself. Cards use a simple
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The reverse of a South
African Smart ID card, which uses both 1D and 2D barcodes
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If the card does not use any standard transmission protocol, but uses a custom/
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An IBM 80-column punched card of the type most widely used in the 20th century
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such as the 1/12/12/1 format used by some
American access control companies.
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Asynchronous half-duplex byte-level transmission protocol, defined in
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systems to control access to data. An access control reader can be a
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1/12/12/1 gives a facility code limit of 4095 and 4095 card number.
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1/8/16/1 gives as facility code limit of 255 and 65535 card number
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Wiegand was also stretched to 34 bits, 56 bits and many others.
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1084:"Chip and pin scam 'has netted millions from British shoppers'"
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A photoelectric punched card reader patent was issued in 1971.
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when used with PC/SC-compliant operating systems, because the
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protocol, it has the communication protocol designation T=14.
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and store that data in a contact database or 'electronic
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so that the new readers are compatible with old systems.
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card technology is a patented technology using embedded
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banking cards to authenticate online transactions as a
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a contactless smart card reader used for access control
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is an example of an early optical punched card reader.
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A USB card reader like this one will typically use the
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857:A card reader with a biometric system compares the
612:The earliest example of a punched card reader, the
593:interface to transfer data to and from a computer.
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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395:to work without knowledge of the reader details.
182:Card readers are used for applications including
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421:Radio-frequency identification § Readers
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325:APDU transmission via contactless interface
1115:"Early Punched Card Equipment, 1880 - 1951"
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828:fingerprint identification, access control
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429:Electronic key for RFID based lock system
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
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569:is a device for accessing the data on a
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391:tokens such as smart cards. This allows
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1119:Engineering and Technology History Wiki
715:and read from the card with an optical
653:By 1965, punched cards were read using
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357:devices with the specific device class
349:specifications define a new smart card
14:
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361:. Readers with this class do not need
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677:A business card reader is a portable
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689:to detect specific data fields on a
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65:adding citations to reliable sources
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1018:Glossary of computer hardware terms
147:that reads data from a card-shaped
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1410:Solid-state computer storage media
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782:reader, a proximity reader, or a
736:Identification and access control
383:-independent, defining a generic
179:chip, or another storage medium.
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369:supplies the driver by default.
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625:Electrical punched card readers
52:needs additional citations for
1310:(MS, MS-PRO, MS-PRO HG, MS-XC)
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406:Contactless smart card readers
267:personal identification number
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687:optical character recognition
559:USB mass storage device class
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649:Optical punched card readers
460:Proximity reader with keypad
353:. This framework works with
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1082:Henry Samuel (2008-10-10).
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945:Chip Authentication Program
934:Chip Authentication Program
920:Chip Authentication Program
673:Business card text scanners
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1347:(PCMCIA, CardBus, CardBay)
1256:Comparison of memory cards
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762:card readers are used in
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317:Reserved for future use.
309:Reserved for future use.
1400:Computer storage devices
1160:"Reading Business Cards"
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263:communications protocols
1368:Universal Flash Storage
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167:embedded with either a
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483:and in turn powers an
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1048:Unit record equipment
986:Help America Vote Act
976:Unit record equipment
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801:IP fingerprint reader
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616:, physically pressed
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537:Wiegand upstream data
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211:Magnetic card readers
1067:ISO/IEC 7816-3:2006
772:information security
608:The Jacquard machine
597:Punched card readers
508:Wiegand card readers
217:Magnetic stripe card
61:improve this article
982:Punched card voting
895:communication lines
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629:Beginning with the
543:Memory card readers
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400:supply chain attack
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155:of printed text or
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1043:Tabulating machine
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852:facial recognition
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18:Credit-card reader
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173:computer chip
170:
166:
165:plastic cards
162:
161:punched cards
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120:
109:
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78: –
77:
76:"Card reader"
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
1308:Memory Stick
1292:Express Card
1281:CompactFlash
1237:Memory cards
1192:. Retrieved
1189:IBM Heritage
1188:
1179:
1167:. Retrieved
1163:
1154:
1135:
1123:. Retrieved
1118:
1109:
1098:. Retrieved
1094:the original
1087:
1077:
1068:
1062:
1033:Punched card
979:
961:is a German
939:
899:
887:verification
879:
856:
833:
758:
739:
710:
676:
663:
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628:
611:
575:CompactFlash
564:
534:
511:
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489:
474:
409:
397:
393:applications
371:
341:
334:
322:Contactless
291:ISO/IEC 7816
281:Description
256:
229:
220:
196:data storage
181:
159:or holes on
145:input device
140:
138:
123:
117:October 2010
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
1405:Smart cards
1283:(CF, CFast)
1023:Memory card
947:(CAP) uses
863:probability
840:fingerprint
778:reader, a
571:memory card
342:The latest
337:proprietary
141:card reader
1394:Categories
1374:xD-Picture
1357:SmartMedia
1319:Microdrive
1194:25 January
1169:25 January
1125:25 January
1100:2008-10-13
1054:References
1003:Credential
932:PINsentry
891:processing
807:Media type
784:smart card
768:credential
685:that uses
683:mobile app
681:device or
573:such as a
477:LC circuit
433:See also:
259:smart card
241:Smart card
239:See also:
215:See also:
206:Mechanisms
143:is a data
87:newspapers
32:Cartomancy
1287:CFexpress
988:of 2002.
959:Geldkarte
836:biometric
587:pen drive
481:capacitor
385:interface
351:framework
269:(PIN).
1325:MiniCard
992:See also
953:phishing
930:Barclays
859:template
817:Capacity
786:reader.
780:bar code
659:IBM 2501
581:(SD) or
381:platform
157:barcodes
1345:PC Card
1339:MicroP2
1330:NT Card
914:Banking
713:barcode
695:rolodex
525:barcode
513:Wiegand
373:PKCS#11
192:banking
101:scholar
1314:miCard
1147:
936:device
883:server
645:them.
577:(CF),
375:is an
198:, and
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
1370:(UFS)
1304:(MMC)
1297:JEIDA
1274:Types
825:Usage
466:Usage
344:PC/SC
278:Name
108:JSTOR
94:books
1359:(SM)
1321:(MD)
1196:2024
1171:2024
1127:2024
928:The
848:iris
731:Uses
697:'.
439:RFID
437:and
359:0x0B
347:CCID
314:T=3
306:T=2
298:T=1
286:T=0
243:and
190:and
177:RFID
80:news
1415:USB
1379:XQD
1363:SxS
949:EMV
591:USB
523:or
387:to
377:API
355:USB
293:-3
245:EMV
63:by
1396::
1335:P2
1187:.
1162:.
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1086:.
897:.
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846:,
842:,
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1103:.
561:.
130:)
124:(
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115:(
105:·
98:·
91:·
84:·
57:.
34:.
20:)
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