Cranberry - Knowledge

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first part of November. To harvest cranberries, the beds are flooded with 15 to 20 centimeters (6 to 8 in) of water above the vines. A harvester is driven through the beds to remove the fruit from the vines. For the past 50 years, water reel type harvesters have been used. Harvested cranberries float in the water and can be corralled into a corner of the bed and conveyed or pumped from the bed. From the farm, cranberries are taken to receiving stations where they are cleaned, sorted, and stored prior to packaging or processing. While cranberries are harvested when they take on their deep red color, they can also be harvested beforehand when they are still white, which is how white cranberry juice is made. Yields are lower on beds harvested early and the early flooding tends to damage vines, but not severely. Vines can also be trained through dry picking to help avoid damage in subsequent harvests.

2037: 970: 2112:). The authority for the actions taken by the Cranberry Marketing Committee is provided in Chapter IX, Title 7, Code of Federal Regulations which is called the Federal Cranberry Marketing Order. The Order is part of the Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act of 1937, identifying cranberries as a commodity good that can be regulated by Congress. The Federal Cranberry Marketing Order has been altered over the years to expand the Cranberry Marketing Committee's ability to develop projects in the United States and around the world. The Cranberry Marketing Committee currently runs promotional programs in the United States, China, India, Mexico, Pan-Europe, and South Korea. 414: 504: 254: 744: 465: 2080:. The market for cranberries collapsed and growers lost millions of dollars. However, the scare taught the industry that they could not be completely dependent on the holiday market for their products; they had to find year-round markets for their fruit. They also had to be exceedingly careful about their use of pesticides. After the aminotriazole scare, Ocean Spray reorganized and spent substantial sums on product development. New products such as cranberry-apple juice blends were introduced, followed by other juice blends. 624: 589: 70: 679: 988: 924: 246: 1802: 772: 895: 49: 3984: 234: 952:

temperatures. In cold climates like Wisconsin, New England, and eastern Canada, the winter flood typically freezes into ice, while in warmer climates the water remains liquid. When ice forms on the beds, trucks can be driven onto the ice to spread a thin layer of sand to control pests and rejuvenate the vines. Sanding is done every three to five years.

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Cranberries are harvested in the fall when the fruit takes on its distinctive deep red color, and most ideally after the first frost. Berries that receive sun turn a deep red when fully ripe, while those that do not fully mature are a pale pink or white color. This is usually in September through the

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Cranberry vines are propagated by moving vines from an established bed. The vines are spread on the surface of the sand of the new bed and pushed into the sand with a blunt disk. The vines are watered frequently during the first few weeks until roots form and new shoots grow. Beds are given frequent,

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Although most cranberries are wet-picked as described above, 5–10% of the US crop is still dry-picked. This entails higher labor costs and lower yield, but dry-picked berries are less bruised and can be sold as fresh fruit instead of having to be immediately frozen or processed. Originally performed

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Prices and production increased steadily during the 1980s and 1990s. Prices peaked at about $ 65.00 per barrel ($ 0.65 per pound or $ 1.43 per kilogram)—a cranberry barrel equals 100 pounds or 45.4 kilograms—in 1996 then fell to $ 18.00 per barrel ($ 0.18 per pound or $ 0.40 per kilogram) in 2001.

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cooperative was established in 1930 through a merger of three primary processing companies: Ocean Spray Preserving company, Makepeace Preserving Co, and Cranberry Products Co. The new company was called Cranberry Canners, Inc. and used the Ocean Spray label on their products. Since the new company

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method. Variations in extract analysis can lead to difficulties in assessing the quality of PAC extracts from different cranberry starting material, such as by regional origin, ripeness at time of harvest and post-harvest processing. Assessments show that quality varies greatly from one commercial

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and sauce. They are also sold dried and sweetened. Cranberry juice is usually sweetened or blended with other fruit juices to reduce its natural tartness. At four teaspoons of sugar per 100 grams (one teaspoon per ounce), cranberry juice cocktail is more highly sweetened than even soda drinks that

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The Cranberry Marketing Committee is an organization that was established in 1962 as a Federal Marketing Order to ensure a stable, orderly supply of good quality product. The order has been renewed and modified slightly over the years. The market order has been invoked during six crop years: 1962

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As of 2016, the European Union was the largest importer of American cranberries, followed individually by Canada, China, Mexico, and South Korea. From 2013 to 2017, U.S. cranberry exports to China grew exponentially, making China the second largest country importer, reaching $ 36 million in

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about cranberry production is that the beds remain flooded throughout the year. During the growing season cranberry beds are not flooded, but are irrigated regularly to maintain soil moisture. Beds are flooded in the autumn to facilitate harvest and again during the winter to protect against low

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In the U.S., large-scale cranberry cultivation has been developed as opposed to other countries. American cranberry growers have a long history of cooperative marketing. As early as 1904, John Gaynor, a Wisconsin grower, and A.U. Chaney, a fruit broker from Des Moines, Iowa, organized Wisconsin

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Cranberries for fresh market are stored in shallow bins or boxes with perforated or slatted bottoms, which deter decay by allowing air to circulate. Because harvest occurs in late autumn, cranberries for fresh market are frequently stored in thick walled barns without mechanical refrigeration.

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flat to provide even drainage. Beds are frequently drained with socked tile in addition to the perimeter ditch. In addition to making it possible to hold water, the dykes allow equipment to service the beds without driving on the vines. Irrigation equipment is installed in the bed to provide

2104:(12%), 1963 (5%), 1970 (10%), 1971 (12%), 2000 (15%), and 2001 (35%). Even though supply still exceeds demand, there is little will to invoke the Federal Marketing Order out of the realization that any pullback in supply by U.S. growers would easily be filled by Canadian production. 1696:

there is an account of Europeans coming ashore and being met with Native Americans bearing bark cups full of cranberries. In Plymouth, Massachusetts, there is a 1633 account of the husband of Mary Ring auctioning her cranberry-dyed petticoat for 16 shillings. In 1643,

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The Cranberry Marketing Committee, based in Wareham, Massachusetts, represents more than 1,100 cranberry growers and 60 cranberry handlers across Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Jersey, Wisconsin, Michigan, Minnesota, Oregon, Washington and New York

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National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).

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growers into a cooperative called the Wisconsin Cranberry Sales Company to receive a uniform price from buyers. Growers in New Jersey and Massachusetts were also organized into cooperatives, creating the National Fruit Exchange that marketed fruit under the

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for possible effects on the cardiovascular system, immune system and cancer. However, there is no confirmation from human studies that consuming cranberry polyphenols provides anti-cancer, immune, or cardiovascular benefits. Potential is limited by poor

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Sánchez-Patán, Fernando; Bartolomé, Begoña; Martín-Alvarez, Pedro J.; Anderson, Mark; Howell, Amy; Monagas, María (2012). "Comprehensive Assessment of the Quality of Commercial Cranberry Products. Phenolic Characterization and in Vitro Bioactivity".

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with an account of the difficulties the Pilgrims were having in using the Indians to harvest cranberries as they preferred to hunt and fish. In 1663, the Pilgrim cookbook appears with a recipe for cranberry sauce. In 1667, New Englanders sent to

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cranberries particularly in growth habit. A deciduous shrub, their flowers are borne in June of a tubular shape with reflexed petals consistent with the rest of the subgenera. They produce edible scarlet berries described as being seemingly

1728:. In 1669, Captain Richard Cobb had a banquet in his house (to celebrate both his marriage to Mary Gorham and his election to the Convention of Assistance), serving wild turkey with sauce made from wild cranberries. In the 1672 book 1897:

on the efficacy of consuming cranberry products for preventing or treating UTIs is examined with the weaker evidence that is available, large variation and uncertainty of effects are seen, resulting from inconsistencies of

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With surplus cranberries and changing American households some enterprising growers began canning cranberries that were below-grade for fresh market. Competition between canners was fierce because profits were thin. The

1746:] plant that grows in salt marshes that are overgrown with moss. The berries are of a pale yellow color, afterwards red, as big as a cherry, some perfectly round, others oval, all of them hollow with sower [ 902:

By 1900, 8,700 hectares (21,500 acres) were under cultivation in the New England region. In 2021, the total output of cranberries harvested in the United States was 360,000 metric tons (790 million pounds), with

2973: 1750:] astringent taste; they are ripe in August and September. They are excellent against the Scurvy. They are also good to allay the fervor of hoof diseases. The Indians and English use them mush, boyling [ 1789:(American cranberry) was cultivated by James Gordon in 1760. In 1796, cranberries were served at the first celebration of the landing of the Pilgrims, and Amelia Simmons (an American orphan) wrote a book entitled 3376:

Duthie SJ, Jenkinson AM, Crozier A, et al. (March 2006). "The effects of cranberry juice consumption on antioxidant status and biomarkers relating to heart disease and cancer in healthy human volunteers".

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Koo, H.; Nino de Guzman, P.; Schobel, B.D.; Vacca Smith, A.V. & Bowen W.H. (January 2006). "Influence of Cranberry Juice on Glucan-Mediated Processes Involved in Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Development".

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Cranberries are low, creeping shrubs or vines up to 2 meters (7 ft) long and 5 to 20 centimeters (2 to 8 in) in height; they have slender, wiry stems that are not thickly woody and have small

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Temperatures are regulated by opening and closing vents in the barn as needed. Cranberries destined for processing are usually frozen in bulk containers shortly after arriving at a receiving station.

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light application of nitrogen fertilizer during the first year. The cost of renovating cranberry beds is estimated to be between $ 74,000 and $ 124,000 per hectare ($ 30,000 and $ 50,000 per acre).

286:. Cranberries are low, creeping shrubs or vines up to 2 meters (7 ft) long and 5 to 20 centimeters (2 to 8 in) in height; they have slender stems that are not thickly woody and have small 3150: 1116:. Other safety concerns from consuming large quantities of cranberry juice or using cranberry supplements include potential for nausea, and increasing stomach inflammation, sugar intake or 1886:(UTIs) in women with recurrent UTIs, in children, and in people susceptible to UTIs following clinical interventions; there was little evidence of effect in elderly people, those with 1692:. In 1550, James White Norwood made reference to Native Americans using cranberries, and it was the first reference to American cranberries up until this point. In James Rosier's book 891:

planted his own crop of cranberries on Cape Cod, using the "Howes" variety. In 1847, Cyrus Cahoon planted a crop of "Early Black" variety near Pleasant Lake, Harwich, Massachusetts.

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Historically, cranberry beds were constructed in wetlands. Today's cranberry beds are constructed in upland areas with a shallow water table. The topsoil is scraped off to form

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with two-handed comb scoops, dry picking is today accomplished by motorized, walk-behind harvesters which must be small enough to traverse beds without damaging the vines.

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brand. The success of cooperative marketing almost led to its failure. With consistent and high prices, area and production doubled between 1903 and 1917 and prices fell.

486:, differing in the leaves being more triangular, and the flower stems hairless; additionally, their stems can also be smaller and produce a smaller number of flowers than 451: in) leaves, with an inrolled margin. The flowers are dark pink, with a purple central spike, produced on finely hairy stalks. The fruit is a small pale pink to red 2579: 2070: 3664:

Tarascou, Isabelle; Mazauric, Jean-Paul; Meudec, Emmanuelle; et al. (2011). "Characterisation of genuine and derived cranberry proanthocyanidins by LC–ESI-MS".

1606: 490:. They also differ in the fact that their leaves can be smaller in size, even though the main difference is their triangular shape. Some botanists include it within 3920: 1754:] them with sugar for sauce to eat with their meat; and it is a delicate sauce, especially with roasted mutton. Some make tarts with them as with gooseberries. 1917:

guidelines on UTI found that most clinical organizations felt the evidence for use of cranberry products to inhibit UTIs was conflicting, inconvincing or weak.

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that is larger than the leaves of the plant; it is initially light green, turning red when ripe. It has an acidic taste which usually overwhelms its sweetness.

2095:, Northland Cranberries Inc. (Sun Northland LLC), Clement Pappas & Co., and Decas Cranberry Products as well as a number of small handlers and processors. 2084:

The cause for the precipitous drop was classic oversupply. Production had outpaced consumption leading to substantial inventory in freezers or as concentrate.

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Vvedenskaya, Irina O; Vorsa, Nicholi (2004). "Flavonoid composition over fruit development and maturation in American cranberry, Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait".

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In 1958, Morris April Brothers—who produced Eatmor brand cranberry sauce in Tuckahoe, New Jersey—brought an action against Ocean Spray for violation of the

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Williams, Gabrielle; Stothart, Christopher I.; Hahn, Deirdre; et al. (10 November 2023). "Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections".

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In 2020, the U.S., Canada, and Chile accounted for 97% of the world production of cranberries. Most cranberries are processed into products such as

3793: 1072:(60% of Canadian production) are two of the largest producers of cranberries in the two countries. Cranberries are also a major commercial crop in 2058:

represented over 90% of the market, it would have been illegal under American antitrust laws had attorney John Quarles not found an exemption for

4185: 1761:, published in 1683, made reference to cranberry juice. In 1703, cranberries were served at the Harvard University commencement dinner. In 1787, 3420:

Zheng W, Wang SY (January 2003). "Oxygen radical absorbing capacity of phenolics in blueberries, cranberries, chokeberries, and lingonberries".

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of 50 studies concluded there is evidence that consuming cranberry products (such as juice or capsules) is effective for reducing the risk of

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ten barrels of cranberries, three barrels of codfish and some Indian corn as a means of appeasement for his anger over their local coining of

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and won $ 200,000 in real damages plus triple damages, just in time for the Great Cranberry Scare: on 9 November 1959, Secretary of the

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that is larger than the leaves of the plant; it is initially light green, turning red when ripe. It is edible, but has an acidic taste.

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Blumberg, JB; Camesano, TA; Cassidy, A; Kris-Etherton, P; Howell, A; Manach, C; Ostertag, LM; Sies, H; Skulas-Ray, A; Vita, JA (2013).

2000:(PAC) extracted from cranberries. For instance, PAC extract quality and content can be performed using different methods including the 2981:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). 1770: 3102: 458:

Widespread throughout the cool temperate Northern Hemisphere, including northern Europe, northern Asia, and northern North America.

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around the bed perimeter. Clean sand is hauled in and spread to a depth of 10 to 20 centimeters (4 to 8 in). The surface is

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Fresh cranberries can be frozen at home, and will keep up to nine months; they can be used directly in recipes without thawing.

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described cranberries, referring to them as "bearberries" because bears ate them. In 1648, preacher John Elliott was quoted in

3971: 3957: 3826: 2986: 2569: 2159: 2546: 3000: 2894:. New York: Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. 2016. 2036: 1773:. Jefferson sent back a number of books on the subject and in return asked for a gift of apples, pecans and cranberries. 2262: 836: 3625:"Effect of blackcurrant-, cranberry- and plum juice consumption on risk factors associated with kidney stone formation" 1703: 636:

They are typically found in forests and thickets within alpine areas between 1,000–2,600 metres (3,300–8,500 ft).

808: 670:. These differ in having bell-shaped flowers, petals that are not reflexed, and woodier stems, forming taller shrubs. 69: 2738: 2122: 969: 855: 4172: 2656: 815: 4226: 4023: 1903: 793: 3874: 3127: 2009: 948: 1984:

pathogens that cause tooth decay. Cranberry juice components are also being studied for possible effects on

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is cultivated throughout the northern United States, Canada and Chile. In some methods of classification,

3784: 3693:"Multi-laboratory validation of a standard method for quantifying proanthocyanidins in cranberry powders" 2891: 1809:

As fresh cranberries are hard, sour, and bitter, about 95% of cranberries are processed and used to make

1698: 880: 413: 4138: 3025: 2838: 1593: 4221: 2440: 1013: 868: 789: 24: 4164: 4040: 2728: 804: 3576:"Influence of cranberry juice on the urinary risk factors for calcium oxalate kidney stone formation" 2088: 2054: 1708: 2603:"There's only one cranberry farm in Minnesota, and it's run by a 21-year-old woman and her brother" 2059: 749: 3224:"Cranberries and Urinary Tract Infections: How Can the Same Evidence Lead to Conflicting Advice?" 1997: 1883: 1876: 1864: 1822: 782: 709: 595: 199: 31: 2178: 1857:. Less commonly, cranberries are used to add tartness to savory dishes such as soups and stews. 1490: 503: 4133: 4056: 2062:. As of 2006, about 65% of the North American industry belongs to the Ocean Spray cooperative. 2001: 1721: 4190: 3306:"Guideline of guidelines: management of recurrent urinary tract infections in women (table 2)" 3270: 2860: 2813:"Cranberry production in 2022, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)" 1451: 4203: 2905:

Pham DQ, Pham AQ (March 2007). "Interaction potential between cranberry juice and warfarin".

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resulted in many Chinese businesses cutting off ties with their U.S. cranberry suppliers.

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Cranberry sales in the United States have traditionally been associated with holidays of

1777:, a Scottish botanist, included an entry for the cranberry in volume II of his 1789 work 1669: 1605:

for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from

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announced that some of the 1959 cranberry crop was tainted with traces of the herbicide

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The Cranberry Industry and Ocean Spray Cooperative: Lessons in Cooperative Governance

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Native to Southern China, Taiwan, the Japanese archipelago, and the Korean Peninsula

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Native to northern North America across Canada, and eastern United States, south to

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leaves. The flowers are dark pink, with very distinct reflexed petals, leaving the

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had not been established between cranberry consumption and reduced risk of UTIs.

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Broussard, Melissa; Rao, Sujaya; Stephen, William P.; White, Linda (June 2011).

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in France for background information on constitutional government to use at the

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fully exposed and pointing forward. They are pollinated by bees. The fruit is a

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dinners in the U.S. and Canada, and at Christmas dinner in the United Kingdom.

291: 94: 3877:. Foreign Agricultural Service, US Department of Agriculture. 22 November 2016 3390: 3065: 3048: 2655:

Carolyn J. DeMoranville; Hilary A. Sandler & Frank L. Caruso (June 2001).

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reviewed the evidence for one brand of cranberry extract and concluded that a

1064:, with the United States and Canada together accounting for 99% of the total. 883:

around 1816. In the 1820s, Hall was shipping cranberries to New York City and

545: in) long, and flat, and in the slightly apple-like taste of the berries. 4269: 3289: 3272: 3196: 3074: 2340: 2077: 1975: 1947: 1894: 1774: 1762: 1740:

Sauce for the Pilgrims, cranberry or bearberry, is a small trayling [

1733: 1689: 1647: 1632: 1184: 1101: 1073: 908: 659: 3739: 3641: 3624: 2469: 678: 241:: Red: common cranberry. Orange: small cranberry. Green: American cranberry. 4239: 4097: 4083: 4034: 3849: 3770: 3726: 3650: 3601: 3552: 3493: 3441: 3398: 3335: 3271:

EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) (May 2014).

3257: 3208: 2996: 2926: 2607: 2549:. Economic Research Service, US Department of Agriculture. 24 November 2021 2547:"Cranberry production in top-producing States to increase modestly in 2021" 2012: 1985: 1623:

and fat (table). In a 100 gram reference amount, raw cranberries supply 46

1616: 1542: 1160: 1117: 987: 725: 349: 3475: 3239: 2939: 2748: 1688:, the Narragansett people may have introduced cranberries to colonists in 923: 3921:"How The Trade War Crushed A Growing Chinese Market For U.S. Cranberries" 2812: 2263:"Garden Tips: Give thanks for cranberries, grown with a taste of Florida" 2147: 2109: 1974:

material that is under research for its potential to affect formation of

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Raw cranberries, cranberry juice and cranberry extracts are a source of

4151: 2918: 2447:. Research Guides, University of Wisconsin Libraries, Madison, WI. 2017 2403: 1931: 1350: 1299: 1077: 1046: 941: 796: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 717: 651: 614:

Native to southeastern United States at high altitudes in the southern

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This article is about a group of plant species. For the rock band, see

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An overhead view of a cranberry farm near Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin

3101:. Chicago's Restaurant & Entertainment Guide, Inc. Archived from 2092: 1943: 1907: 1639: 1628: 1409: 1396: 1383: 1065: 904: 497:

Occurs in northern North America, northern Europe and northern Asia.

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is regarded as a genus in its own right. Cranberries can be found in

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Kwok M, McGeorge S, Mayer-Coverdale J, et al. (November 2022).

2395: 1801: 771: 728:. The traditional English name for the plant more common in Europe, 4234: 4118: 4092: 4077: 2416: 1955: 1939: 1681: 1282: 1113: 1105: 876: 381: 272: 143: 133: 120: 2788:"Fresh Fruit Production BMP: Publications UMass Cranberry Station" 1996:

Problems may arise with the lack of validation for quantifying of

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Cranberry research at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey

4011: 3303: 3151:"Cranberry industry seeks to avoid school ban - The Boston Globe" 1951: 1914: 1818: 1624: 1620: 1262: 894: 736:, originated from plants with small red berries found growing in 1841:) as well as English dinners. The berry is also used in baking ( 48: 3983: 3898:"Beyond Thanksgiving: The Humble Cranberry Takes Root in China" 3691:

Prior, Ronald L; Fan, Ellen; Ji, Hongping; et al. (2010).

3049:"Native Bees, Honeybees, and Pollination in Oregon Cranberries" 1850: 1846: 1842: 1366: 1081: 1069: 912: 884: 370: 333:

bogs throughout the cooler regions of the Northern Hemisphere.

233: 3460:"Cranberries and their bioactive constituents in human health" 2504:"Cranberries: The Most Intriguing Native North American Fruit" 2501: 3663: 2662:. University of Massachusetts, Cranberry Experiment Station. 2657:"Planting New Cranberry Beds: Recommendations and management" 1174: 1061: 716:

used the word, cranberry, to represent the expanding flower,

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may be increased by consuming cranberry juice, resulting in

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for vine growth and for spring and autumn frost protection.

30:"Wild cranberry" redirects here. The term may also refer to 2209:"How Cranberries Grow: "Cranberries 101" – An Introduction" 330: 3095:"Eat this! Cranberries more than a thanksgiving condiment" 2967: 2945:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels" 2071:

United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare

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as the largest state producer (59% of total), followed by

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is a traditional accompaniment to turkey at Christmas and

3128:"The American Cranberry-Basic Information on Cranberries" 1742: 1656:

are commonly processed with up to 10 times their natural

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design and inadequate numbers of subjects. In 2014, the

1829:. Such preparations are traditionally served with roast 1660:. The drying process also eliminates vitamin C content. 887:

from which shipments were also sent to Europe. In 1843,

3375: 3028:. FoodData Central, US Department of Agriculture. 2018 2689:"Alternative 4 – Bog Renovation for Cranberry Growing" 2189:. Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team 724:, and petals resembling the neck, head, and bill of a 4012:

University of Massachusetts Amherst Cranberry Station

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There are several alcoholic cocktails, including the

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in 1647. Around 1694, German and Dutch colonists in

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is cultivated in central and northern Europe, while

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Hosted by the University of Massachusetts – Amherst

3875:"Cranberries: No Longer Just an American Tradition" 2472:. Online Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper. 2017 1060:In 2022, world production of cranberry was 582,924 428:(common cranberry, northern cranberry or cranberry) 3622: 2978:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium 2260: 380:There are 4–5 species of cranberry, classified by 290:leaves. The flowers are dark pink. The fruit is a 3574:McHarg T, Rodgers A, Charlton K (November 2003). 1853:). In baking it is often combined with orange or 1441: 1272: 56:Cranberry bush with fruit partially submerged in 4267: 3850:"About CMC » Cranberry Marketing Committee" 3690: 3348: 2634:Center for Agriculture, Food and the Environment 2098: 518:(large cranberry, American cranberry, bearberry) 3895: 3222:Liska, D. J.; Kern, H. J.; Maki, K. C. (2016). 2733:. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books. p. 66. 2211:. Cape Cod Cranberry Growers' Association. 2014 1817:Usually cranberries as fruit are cooked into a 1684:for food and for dye. Calling the red berries, 237:Approximate ranges of the cranberries in sect. 3697:Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 2933: 2316:"Cranberries: A colorful and nutritious fruit" 2040:Annual U.S. crops of cranberries, 1907 to 1935 1793:which contained a recipe for cranberry tarts. 1139:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) 606:This species differs significantly from sect. 344:, with the remainder sold fresh to consumers. 4035:University of Massachusetts Cranberry Station 4020:Hosted by the University of Wisconsin-Madison 3964:Blueberries, Cranberries and Other Vacciniums 3623:Kessler T, Jansen B, Hesse A (October 2002). 3221: 3020: 3018: 2841:. Fruit & Vegetable, Annex Business Media 3506: 3168: 1112:such as increased incidence of bleeding and 1036:Cranberry falseblossom disease, caused by a 4311:Crops originating from indigenous Americans 3453: 3451: 3177:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2836: 2502:Caruso FL; Bristow PR; Oudemans PV (2000). 2229: 1095: 918: 525:in the leaves being larger, 10–20 mm ( 3950:The Cranberry: Hard Work and Holiday Sauce 3809: 3743:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 3310:British Journal of Urology - International 3015: 2941:United States Food and Drug Administration 2353: 2173: 2019: 622: 587: 355: 47: 3995:Germplasm Resources Information Network: 3716: 3640: 3591: 3483: 3419: 3325: 3288: 3247: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3064: 2417:Faculty of Natural Resources Management. 2318:. South Dakota State University Extension 2238:. Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Archived from 2167: 1088:, as well as in the Canadian province of 856:Learn how and when to remove this message 4286:Crops originating from the United States 3448: 2904: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2832: 2830: 2087:Cranberry handlers (processors) include 2035: 1800: 986: 968: 922: 893: 742: 677: 603:(southern mountain cranberry, bearberry) 455:, with a refreshing sharp acidic flavor. 252: 244: 232: 3799:from the original on 11 September 2015. 2805: 2568:Morales, Christina (17 November 2022). 2567: 2261:Carol Cloud Bailey (19 November 2009). 2006:liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry 964: 748:The Cranberry Harvest on the Island of 4268: 3092: 3081: 2723: 2600: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2464: 2462: 2269:. Scripps Interactive Newspapers Group 2115: 4055: 4054: 4014:for information on cranberry research 3215: 3122: 3120: 2875: 2827: 2570:"How Jellied Cranberry Sauce Is Made" 2341:"Encyclopaedia Britannica: Cranberry" 2291:. Cranberry Institute. Archived from 2187:The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov) 2146: 2140: 387: 3812:"Cranberry: Botany and Horticulture" 3297: 3264: 3093:Zeldes, Leah A. (25 November 2009). 2582:from the original on 17 January 2024 2335: 2333: 1833:, as a staple of Thanksgiving (both 1680:appeared to be using cranberries in 875:first cultivated cranberries in the 794:adding citations to reliable sources 765: 3948:Cole, S. & Gifford, L. (2009). 3900:. New York: The Wall Street Journal 3896:Jennifer Levitz (4 November 2017). 3821:. New York: Wiley. pp. 215–6. 2601:Hutton, Rachel (16 November 2023). 2534: 2484: 2459: 1615:Raw cranberries are 87% water, 12% 13: 4227:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30007533-2 4047:, December 1904. Internet Archive. 3918: 3842: 3838:from the original on 14 June 2007. 3148: 3117: 2955:from the original on 27 March 2024 2236:: Small Cranberry, Technical Page" 1991: 1870: 1704:A Key into the Language of America 645: 16:Plant species bearing edible fruit 14: 4322: 4306:Medicinal plants of North America 4041:"Harvest-Time in a Cranberry Bog" 3977: 3507:Miranda Hill (23 November 2005). 2839:"Crazy for cranberries in Canada" 2730:Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants 2330: 2313: 1925: 1642:, each with more than 10% of its 3982: 3593:10.1046/j.1464-410X.2003.04472.x 3312:. 130 Suppl 3 (Suppl 3): 11–22. 2669:from the original on 29 May 2010 2024: 2016:PAC extract product to another. 1966:Cranberry juice contains a high 1867:, that include cranberry juice. 770: 502: 463: 412: 301:may refer to the native species 68: 3912: 3889: 3867: 3803: 3777: 3733: 3684: 3657: 3616: 3567: 3523: 3500: 3413: 3369: 3342: 3142: 3040: 3003:from the original on 9 May 2024 2898: 2853: 2780: 2755: 2717: 2696:Town of Carlisle, Massachusetts 2681: 2648: 2622: 2594: 2561: 2516:10.1094/APSnetFeature-2000-1100 2433: 2410: 2354:Jacquemart, Anne-Laure (1997). 1913:A 2022 review of international 1736:described cranberries, writing: 1730:New England Rarities Discovered 1044:by the blunt nosed leafhopper ( 1022:Diseases of cranberry include: 991:Cranberry harvest (wet-picking) 781:needs additional citations for 3678:10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.03.062 3363:10.1016/j.plantsci.2004.06.001 3189:10.1002/14651858.CD001321.pub7 2347: 2307: 2281: 2254: 2223: 2201: 2152:New Flora of the British Isles 1904:European Food Safety Authority 1092:(33% of Canadian production). 955: 761: 1: 4296:Crops originating from Canada 3952:. Tilbury House Publishers. 3919:Ma, Adrian (6 October 2019). 3854:Cranberry Marketing Committee 3026:"Cranberries, dried (survey)" 2128: 2123:China–United States trade war 2099:Cranberry Marketing Committee 2010:4-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde 1908:cause and effect relationship 1814:have been linked to obesity. 1055: 708:in English by the missionary 2368:(Turcz. ex Rupr.) Schmalh. ( 1950:compounds are being studied 1713:Clear Sunshine of the Gospel 1601:Percentages estimated using 1128: 673: 340:, sauce, jam, and sweetened 7: 2837:Ronda Payne (2 July 2019). 1920: 1796: 1594:Link to USDA Database entry 1068:(59% of US production) and 1007: 650:Cranberries are related to 431:It has small 5–10 mm ( 10: 4327: 3810:Roper TR, Vorsa N (1997). 1663: 1650:have low content (table). 1149:46 kcal (190 kJ) 1011: 978:Child Labor, Cranberry Bog 869:American Revolutionary War 307:, while in North America, 29: 25:Cranberry (disambiguation) 18: 4108: 4063: 3391:10.1007/s00394-005-0572-9 3066:10.21273/hortsci.46.6.885 2060:agricultural cooperatives 1771:Constitutional Convention 1759:The Compleat Cook's Guide 1619:, and contain negligible 1600: 1590: 1586: 1578: 1566: 1562: 1554: 1541: 1528: 1515: 1502: 1489: 1476: 1463: 1450: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1408: 1395: 1382: 1365: 1349: 1332: 1315: 1298: 1281: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1245: 1241: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1183: 1173: 1157: 1153: 1143: 1138: 740:(marsh) lands of England. 271:or trailing vines in the 196: 191: 65:Scientific classification 63: 55: 46: 41: 3290:10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3657 2121:cranberry products. The 1998:A-type proanthocyanidins 1884:urinary tract infections 1096:Possible safety concerns 919:Geography and bog method 482:It is highly similar to 4045:The Booklovers Magazine 3642:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601442 2861:"Cranberry cultivation" 2508:Apsnet Feature Articles 2020:Marketing and economics 1627:and moderate levels of 1603:US recommendations 1123: 601:Oxycarpus erythrocarpus 596:Vaccinium erythrocarpum 356:Description and species 200:Vaccinium erythrocarpum 32:Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 4018:Cranberry Library Page 3509:"Blocking tooth decay" 2907:Am J Health Syst Pharm 2863:. US Cranberries. 2018 2429:. Lakehead University. 2041: 2002:European Pharmacopoeia 1806: 1756: 1722:the pine tree shilling 1668:In North America, the 1607:the National Academies 992: 984: 928: 899: 758: 700:(English translation, 686: 258: 250: 242: 23:. For other uses, see 3991:at Wikimedia Commons 3819:Horticultural Reviews 3817:. In Janick J (ed.). 3476:10.3945/an.113.004473 3464:Advances in Nutrition 3240:10.3945/an.115.011197 3228:Advances in Nutrition 3149:Calvan, Bobby Caina. 2443:Vaccinium macrocarpon 2441:"American Cranberry ( 2421:Oxycoccus microcarpus 2370:Oxycoccus Microcarpus 2366:Vaccinium Microcarpum 2181:Vaccinium macrocarpon 2093:Cliffstar Corporation 2067:Sherman Antitrust Act 2039: 1963:and rapid excretion. 1804: 1786:Vaccinium macrocarpon 1738: 1247:Vitamins and minerals 990: 972: 926: 897: 746: 681: 616:Appalachian Mountains 516:Oxycoccus macrocarpus 511:Vaccinium macrocarpon 477:Oxycoccus microcarpus 472:Vaccinium microcarpum 256: 248: 236: 218:Vaccinium microcarpum 212:Vaccinium macrocarpon 3962:Trehane, J. (2009). 1981:Streptococcus mutans 1893:When the quality of 1839:in the United States 1694:The Land of Virginia 1635:, and the essential 965:Ripening and harvest 949:common misconception 790:improve this article 552:at high altitudes). 3709:2010JSFA...90.1473P 2388:1997JEcol..85..381J 2362:Oxycoccus Palustris 2358:Vaccinium Oxycoccos 2289:"About Cranberries" 2234:Vaccinium oxycoccos 2116:International trade 1890:or pregnant women. 1888:urination disorders 1670:Narragansett people 1334:Pantothenic acid (B 1135: 1027:Cranberry fruit rot 730:Vaccinium oxycoccos 683:Vaccinium oxycoccos 631:Vaccinium japonicum 426:Oxycoccus palustris 421:Vaccinium oxycoccos 323:V. macrocarpon 319:Vaccinium oxycoccos 304:Vaccinium oxycoccos 224:Vaccinium oxycoccos 206:Vaccinium japonicum 3130:. Library.wisc.edu 3105:on 1 February 2010 2919:10.2146/ajhp060370 2575:The New York Times 2522:on 8 December 2017 2376:Journal of Ecology 2343:. 23 October 2023. 2074:Arthur S. Flemming 2042: 1807: 1676:in the regions of 1568:Other constituents 1133: 1032:Cranberry root rot 993: 985: 929: 900: 759: 704:), first named as 687: 259: 251: 243: 4263: 4262: 4199:Open Tree of Life 4057:Taxon identifiers 3987:Media related to 3972:978-1-60469-072-9 3966:. Timber Press. 3958:978-0-88448-316-8 3828:978-0-471-18907-7 3755:10.1021/jf204912u 3718:10.1002/jsfa.3966 3545:10.1159/000088901 3434:10.1021/jf020728u 3422:J Agric Food Chem 3318:10.1111/bju.15756 2988:978-0-309-48834-1 2767:Stone Bridge Farm 2372:Turcz. ex Rupr.)" 2295:on 9 January 2010 2242:on 23 August 2011 2230:Steven Clemants. 2161:978-0-521-70772-5 1936:proanthocyanidins 1900:clinical research 1880:systematic review 1805:Dried cranberries 1674:Algonquian nation 1654:Dried cranberries 1613: 1612: 1558: 1557: 927:Cranberry harvest 866: 865: 858: 840: 695:Middle Low German 693:derives from the 643: 642: 556: 555: 488:V. ocycoccos 479:(small cranberry) 342:dried cranberries 257:Cranberry harvest 231: 230: 187: 4318: 4256: 4255: 4243: 4242: 4230: 4229: 4217: 4216: 4211:Panartic Flora: 4207: 4206: 4194: 4193: 4181: 4180: 4168: 4167: 4155: 4154: 4142: 4141: 4129: 4128: 4127: 4101: 4100: 4088: 4087: 4086: 4068: 4052: 4051: 3986: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3916: 3910: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3893: 3887: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3846: 3840: 3839: 3837: 3816: 3807: 3801: 3800: 3798: 3791: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3749:(13): 3396–408. 3737: 3731: 3730: 3720: 3688: 3682: 3681: 3661: 3655: 3654: 3644: 3620: 3614: 3613: 3595: 3571: 3565: 3564: 3527: 3521: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3504: 3498: 3497: 3487: 3455: 3446: 3445: 3417: 3411: 3410: 3373: 3367: 3366: 3346: 3340: 3339: 3329: 3301: 3295: 3294: 3292: 3268: 3262: 3261: 3251: 3219: 3213: 3212: 3203: 10636779. 3183:(11): CD001321. 3172: 3166: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3124: 3115: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3090: 3079: 3078: 3068: 3044: 3038: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3022: 3013: 3012: 3010: 3008: 2971: 2965: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2902: 2896: 2895: 2888: 2873: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2857: 2851: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2834: 2825: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2809: 2803: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2784: 2778: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2759: 2753: 2752: 2725:Angier, Bradford 2721: 2715: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2704: 2698:. Archived from 2693: 2685: 2679: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2668: 2661: 2652: 2646: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2626: 2620: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2598: 2592: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2565: 2559: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2543: 2532: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2518:. Archived from 2499: 2482: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2466: 2457: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2437: 2431: 2430: 2427:borealforest.org 2423:Small Cranberry" 2414: 2408: 2407: 2351: 2345: 2344: 2337: 2328: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2314:Keith, Gabriel. 2311: 2305: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2285: 2279: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2258: 2252: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2227: 2221: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2205: 2199: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2171: 2165: 2164: 2144: 2008:, or a modified 1968:molecular weight 1791:American Cookery 1783:. He notes that 1767:Thomas Jefferson 1709:Thomas Shepard's 1445: 1370: 1354: 1337: 1320: 1303: 1286: 1276: 1243: 1242: 1136: 1134:Cranberries, raw 1132: 1090:British Columbia 974:Arthur Rothstein 861: 854: 850: 847: 841: 839: 798: 774: 766: 626: 591: 570: 569: 544: 543: 539: 534: 533: 529: 521:It differs from 506: 467: 450: 449: 445: 440: 439: 435: 416: 395: 394: 185: 180: 73: 72: 51: 39: 38: 4326: 4325: 4321: 4320: 4319: 4317: 4316: 4315: 4266: 4265: 4264: 4259: 4251: 4246: 4238: 4233: 4225: 4220: 4212: 4210: 4202: 4197: 4189: 4184: 4176: 4171: 4163: 4158: 4150: 4145: 4137: 4132: 4123: 4122: 4117: 4104: 4096: 4091: 4082: 4081: 4076: 4066: 4059: 3980: 3943:Further reading 3940: 3939: 3929: 3927: 3917: 3913: 3903: 3901: 3894: 3890: 3880: 3878: 3873: 3872: 3868: 3858: 3856: 3848: 3847: 3843: 3835: 3829: 3814: 3808: 3804: 3796: 3789: 3783: 3782: 3778: 3738: 3734: 3689: 3685: 3662: 3658: 3629:Eur J Clin Nutr 3621: 3617: 3572: 3568: 3533:Caries Research 3528: 3524: 3514: 3512: 3505: 3501: 3456: 3449: 3418: 3414: 3374: 3370: 3347: 3343: 3302: 3298: 3269: 3265: 3220: 3216: 3173: 3169: 3159: 3157: 3155:BostonGlobe.com 3147: 3143: 3133: 3131: 3126: 3125: 3118: 3108: 3106: 3091: 3082: 3045: 3041: 3031: 3029: 3024: 3023: 3016: 3006: 3004: 2989: 2972: 2968: 2958: 2956: 2938: 2934: 2903: 2899: 2890: 2889: 2876: 2866: 2864: 2859: 2858: 2854: 2844: 2842: 2835: 2828: 2818: 2816: 2811: 2810: 2806: 2796: 2794: 2786: 2785: 2781: 2771: 2769: 2761: 2760: 2756: 2741: 2722: 2718: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2691: 2687: 2686: 2682: 2672: 2670: 2666: 2659: 2653: 2649: 2639: 2637: 2636:. 7 August 2015 2630:"The Cranberry" 2628: 2627: 2623: 2613: 2611: 2599: 2595: 2585: 2583: 2566: 2562: 2552: 2550: 2545: 2544: 2535: 2525: 2523: 2500: 2485: 2475: 2473: 2468: 2467: 2460: 2450: 2448: 2439: 2438: 2434: 2415: 2411: 2396:10.2307/2960511 2352: 2348: 2339: 2338: 2331: 2321: 2319: 2312: 2308: 2298: 2296: 2287: 2286: 2282: 2272: 2270: 2259: 2255: 2245: 2243: 2228: 2224: 2214: 2212: 2207: 2206: 2202: 2192: 2190: 2172: 2168: 2162: 2145: 2141: 2131: 2118: 2101: 2033:and Christmas. 2027: 2022: 1994: 1992:Extract quality 1928: 1923: 1873: 1871:Health benefits 1827:cranberry sauce 1811:cranberry juice 1799: 1780:Hortus Kewensis 1666: 1637:dietary mineral 1596: 1591: 1549: 1536: 1523: 1510: 1497: 1484: 1471: 1458: 1446: 1416: 1403: 1390: 1377: 1368: 1360: 1352: 1344: 1335: 1327: 1318: 1310: 1301: 1293: 1284: 1277: 1248: 1237: 1232: 1213: 1208: 1169: 1164: 1131: 1126: 1110:adverse effects 1098: 1058: 1020: 1010: 982:Brooklyn Museum 967: 958: 921: 862: 851: 845: 842: 799: 797: 787: 775: 764: 755:Eastman Johnson 676: 648: 646:Similar species 568: 541: 537: 536: 531: 527: 526: 447: 443: 442: 437: 433: 432: 393: 358: 346:Cranberry sauce 264:are a group of 249:Raw cranberries 221: 215: 209: 203: 184: 178: 67: 35: 28: 21:The Cranberries 17: 12: 11: 5: 4324: 4314: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4257: 4253:wfo-4000027552 4244: 4231: 4218: 4208: 4195: 4182: 4169: 4156: 4143: 4130: 4114: 4112: 4106: 4105: 4103: 4102: 4089: 4073: 4071: 4061: 4060: 4049: 4048: 4038: 4032: 4027: 4021: 4015: 4009: 3979: 3978:External links 3976: 3975: 3974: 3960: 3938: 3937: 3911: 3888: 3866: 3841: 3827: 3802: 3776: 3732: 3683: 3666:Food Chemistry 3656: 3635:(10): 1020–3. 3615: 3566: 3522: 3499: 3447: 3412: 3368: 3341: 3296: 3263: 3234:(3): 498–506. 3214: 3167: 3141: 3116: 3099:Dining Chicago 3080: 3059:(6): 885–888. 3039: 3014: 2987: 2966: 2932: 2897: 2874: 2852: 2826: 2804: 2779: 2754: 2739: 2716: 2680: 2647: 2621: 2593: 2560: 2533: 2483: 2458: 2432: 2409: 2382:(3): 381–396. 2346: 2329: 2306: 2280: 2253: 2222: 2200: 2166: 2160: 2138: 2137: 2130: 2127: 2117: 2114: 2100: 2097: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 1993: 1990: 1927: 1926:Phytochemicals 1924: 1922: 1919: 1872: 1869: 1798: 1795: 1699:Roger Williams 1665: 1662: 1648:micronutrients 1611: 1610: 1598: 1597: 1592: 1588: 1587: 1584: 1583: 1580: 1576: 1575: 1570: 1564: 1563: 1560: 1559: 1556: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1547: 1545: 1539: 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554: 553: 550:North Carolina 546: 519: 507: 499: 498: 495: 480: 468: 460: 459: 456: 429: 417: 409: 408: 405: 402: 399: 392: 386: 357: 354: 314:V. macrocarpon 229: 228: 194: 193: 189: 188: 173: 169: 168: 161: 157: 156: 151: 147: 146: 141: 137: 136: 131: 124: 123: 118: 111: 110: 105: 98: 97: 92: 85: 84: 79: 75: 74: 61: 60: 53: 52: 44: 43: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4323: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4273: 4271: 4254: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4209: 4205: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4135: 4131: 4126: 4120: 4116: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4107: 4099: 4094: 4090: 4085: 4079: 4075: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4062: 4058: 4053: 4046: 4042: 4039: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4025: 4022: 4019: 4016: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4007: 4001: 4000: 3994: 3993: 3992: 3990: 3985: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3946: 3945: 3944: 3926: 3922: 3915: 3899: 3892: 3876: 3870: 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