59:
132:, a return to a more positive attitude towards work emerged with the rise of Christianity. Veblen said the social value of workmanship in Europe reached its peak with the "Era of handicraft". The era began as workmanship flourished in response to the relative peace and security of property rights that Europe had achieved by the
210:
argued that the world of work needs to be reformed to make it more fulfilling and less stressful. In particular, workers need to be able to make a deeply felt, imaginative connection between their own efforts and the end product. McGonigal argues that computer games can be a source of ideas for doing
192:
writes that the displacement of workmanship continued into the late 20th century. He writes that since World War II especially, there has been "an enormous intensification of interest in design" at the expense of workmanship. Industrial processes are increasingly designed to minimize the skill needed
77:
Workmanship and craftsmanship are sometimes considered synonyms, but many draw a distinction between the two terms, or at least consider craftsmanship to mean "workmanship of the better sort". Among those who consider workmanship and craftsmanship to be different, the word "workmanlike" is sometimes
143:
Workmanship was so central during the handicraft era, that, according to Veblen, even key theological questions were re-framed from "What has God ordained?" to "What has God wrought?". The high value placed on workmanship could sometimes be oppressive. For example, one explanation for the origin of
82:
Sing clear-voiced Muse, of
Hephaestus famed for skill. With bright-eyed Athena he taught men glorious crafts throughout the worldāmen who before used to dwell in caves in the mountains like wild beasts. But now that they have learned craftsmanship through Hephaestus famous for his art they live a
261:
Veblen is among those who now believe that work can be inherently joyful and satisfying. Veblen acknowledges that people tend towards idleness, but asserts that they also value work for its own sake, as is demonstrated by the vast amount of work that people do without obvious external pressure.
201:
is now being displaced by similar technological developments to those that caused manual workers to be made redundant from the late 19th to early 20th century. For those jobs that remain, cognitive aspects of the jobs are taken away from workers as knowledge is centralized. Crawford calls for a
184:
argued that the opportunity to engage in workmanship used to be a great source of fulfillment for the working class. The arts and crafts movement has since been interpreted as a palliative, which unintentionally reduced resistance to the displacement of workmanship.
156:. When workers accustomed to practicing high standards of workmanship were first recruited to work on production lines in factories, it was common for them to walk out, as the new roles were relatively monotonous, giving them little scope to use their skills. After
202:
revaluing of workmanship, saying that certain manual roles like mechanics, plumbers, and carpenters have been resistant to further automation, and are among the most likely to continue offering the worker the chance for independent thought. Writers like
78:
even used as a pejorative, for example to suggest that while an author might understand the basics of their craft, they lack flair. David Pye wrote that no one can definitively state where workmanship ends and craftsmanship begins.
171:
arose in the late 19th and early 20th century, as workmanship was being displaced by emphases on process, machine work, and the separation of design and planning skills from the execution of work. Founders of the movement like
265:
Psychologist
Pernille Rasmussen believes that the tendency to value work can become so strong that it stops being a positive source of motivation, contributing instead to some people losing balance and becoming workaholics.
246:("...Cursed is the ground because of you; through painful toil you will eat food from it all the days of your life.") contribute to the view that labor is a necessary evil, a punishment for
164:
in 1913, had to recruit about ten men to find one willing to stay in the job. Over time, and with Ford offering high rates of pay, aversion to the new ways of working was reduced.
93:
During the Middle Ages, smiths and especially armor smiths developed unique symbols of workmanship to distinguish the quality of their work. These are comparable to the
109:, the sense of workmanship is the single most important attribute governing the material well-being of a people, with the parental instinct coming a close second.
152:
members who were expelled due to poor workmanship were forced to move to
Coventry, which used to be a guild-free town. But workmanship was widely appreciated by
239:
Older economic writings hold that people are averse to labor and can only be motivated to work by means of incentives like rewards and punishments.
167:
Workmanship began to receive attention from scholars after its place in society came under threat by the rise of industrialization. The
986:
478:
1033:
1975:
511:
105:
Workmanship was likely a valued human attribute even in prehistoric times. In the opinion of the economist and sociologist
1018:
776:
670:
568:
886:
855:
784:
753:
692:
651:
625:
802:
Smith, Kate (2012). "Sensing Design and
Workmanship: The Haptic Skills of Shoppers in Eighteenth-Century London".
1328:
298:
296:
971:
603:
293:
228:
223:
The reliability of electronic devices is greatly affected by the quality of the workmanship. Therefore, the
17:
833:
England's
Eighteenth Century Demand for High-Quality Workmanship: Evidence from Apprenticeship, 1710ā1770
595:
1835:
1353:
1141:
847:
643:
536:
703:
531:
58:
1069:
224:
255:
243:
1852:
1420:
1028:
953:
168:
136:. The era ended as machine-driven processes began to displace the need for workmanship after the
30:
is a human attribute relating to knowledge and skill at performing a task. Workmanship is also a
1762:
1500:
1286:
1191:
909:
275:
1435:
879:
635:
189:
137:
1655:
839:
796:
The Potter's Skill: perceptions of workmanship in the
English ceramic industries, 1760-1800
181:
31:
262:
Veblen also notes the near universal tendency for people to approve of others' good work.
242:
Christianity is generally approving of workmanship, though certain Bible passages such as
8:
1490:
1430:
1291:
1023:
926:
587:
198:
1455:
1084:
991:
920:
723:
112:
There have been periods in history when workmanship was looked down on; for example in
66:
258:ā"Yahweh God took the man and put him in the garden of Eden to work it and keep it.")
231:
to provide guidance on how products should be designed, built, inspected, and tested.
1796:
1790:
1548:
1541:
1410:
1251:
1109:
851:
819:
780:
749:
727:
688:
666:
647:
621:
599:
564:
212:
62:
1719:
378:
376:
374:
1980:
1556:
1450:
1303:
1003:
976:
966:
872:
811:
741:
715:
194:
145:
133:
120:, where it had become associated with slavery. This was not always the caseāin the
113:
106:
1917:
1630:
1564:
1485:
914:
680:
556:
371:
215:
being so popular is the sense of "blissful productivity" that its players enjoy.
203:
129:
395:
393:
391:
1676:
1054:
613:
207:
173:
121:
1969:
1861:
1475:
1460:
1440:
1241:
1226:
1211:
1124:
1119:
1013:
997:
936:
388:
161:
153:
125:
1803:
1727:
1697:
1533:
1495:
1445:
1415:
1383:
1373:
1368:
1281:
1261:
1181:
981:
960:
931:
823:
247:
117:
1405:
1323:
1246:
1196:
1099:
815:
251:
177:
1828:
1637:
1605:
1470:
1395:
1363:
1343:
1216:
1206:
1166:
1146:
1104:
193:
for workers to produce quality products. 21st century scholars such as
157:
70:
35:
1876:
1622:
1620:
1613:
1611:
1588:
1465:
1298:
1276:
1266:
1221:
1201:
1171:
1161:
1136:
1059:
1008:
663:
When Work Takes
Control: The Psychology and Effects of Work Addiction
47:
1748:
34:
imparted to a product. The type of work may include the creation of
1869:
1690:
1598:
1480:
1400:
1358:
1333:
1308:
1256:
1186:
1131:
1094:
1089:
1079:
1074:
1064:
719:
1948:
1810:
771:
Risatti, Howard (2009). "Design, Workmanship, and
Craftsmanship".
305:, Chpt 2: The workmanship of risk and the workmanship of certainty
1924:
1910:
1843:
1776:
1741:
1669:
1425:
1348:
1318:
1271:
1231:
1156:
1114:
43:
1783:
1704:
746:
The
Instinct of Workmanship and the State of the Industrial Arts
1892:
1884:
1755:
1734:
1683:
1662:
1505:
1236:
895:
580:
The
Armourer and His Craft: From the XIth to the XVIth Century
341:
Japanese Design Motifs: 4,260 Illustrations of Japanese Crests
1769:
1711:
1590:
1582:
1378:
1338:
1176:
1038:
433:, Chpt 2: The figure of the artisan: arts and crafts ideology
149:
1940:
1932:
1390:
1313:
1151:
864:
704:"The Instinct of Workmanship and the Irksomeness of Labor"
1510:
338:
39:
1717:
1554:
1531:
773:
A Theory of Craft: Function and Aesthetic Expression
234:
124:Greeks had valued workmanship, celebrating it in
83:peaceful life in own houses the whole year round.
1967:
53:
445:, Chpt 1: Design proposes: Workmanship disposes
343:. Translated by Adachi, Fumie. New York: Dover.
148:is that it reflects the practice where London
1946:
1930:
880:
586:
430:
88:from a Homeric hymn celebrating craftsmanship
510:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFVeblin1898 (
479:"WS-000: Workmanship Standards Introduction"
218:
1882:
1859:
1850:
1841:
412:
410:
408:
987:Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues
887:
873:
426:
424:
250:. (Though work did not originate with the
660:
612:
555:
465:
454:
382:
100:
577:
529:
416:
405:
326:
188:In a book on the nature of workmanship,
57:
1034:Values in Action Inventory of Strengths
679:
421:
365:
314:
14:
1968:
740:
701:
506:
399:
353:
211:this; she says the primary reason for
868:
530:Crawford, Matthew B. (Summer 2006).
1019:Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers
634:
442:
339:Matsuya Piece-Goods Store (1972) .
302:
24:
777:University of North Carolina Press
764:
25:
1992:
640:The Nature and Art of Workmanship
561:The Pleasures and Sorrows of Work
235:Workmanship and aversion to labor
500:
471:
459:
448:
436:
402:, Chpt 6: The era of handicraft
385:, Ch. 2: Work Curse or Blessing
227:industry has developed several
972:Catalogue of Vices and Virtues
468:, Chpt 3: More satisfying work
359:
347:
332:
320:
308:
13:
1:
831:Van der Beek, Karine (2013),
708:American Journal of Sociology
281:
229:voluntary consensus standards
197:argued that office and other
73:, the Greek God of Craftsmen.
54:Workmanship and craftsmanship
1976:Production and manufacturing
1621:
1612:
1589:
661:Rasmussen, Pernille (2008).
69:, the Roman counterpart of
7:
1718:
1555:
1532:
894:
596:University of Chicago Press
269:
10:
1997:
848:Cambridge University Press
702:Veblen, Thorstein (1898).
644:Cambridge University Press
1902:
1820:
1647:
1574:
1524:
1047:
945:
902:
844:Shakespeare's Workmanship
804:Journal of Design History
532:"Shop Class as Soulcraft"
225:electronics manufacturing
219:Electronics manufacturing
169:Arts and Crafts movement
97:family crests of Japan.
578:Ffoulkes, John (1988).
1947:
1931:
1883:
1860:
1851:
1842:
356:, Chpt 1: Introduction
276:Software craftsmanship
101:Workmanship in society
91:
74:
1436:Righteous indignation
840:Quiller-Couch, Arthur
160:introduced the first
138:Industrial Revolution
80:
65:'s 1536 rendition of
61:
954:BodhipakkhiyÄ dhammÄ
794:Smith, Kate (2010),
182:Charles Eliot Norton
50:and other products.
1024:Theological virtues
927:Positive psychology
748:. Transaction Pub.
144:the English phrase
1456:Self-transcendence
1048:Individual virtues
992:Nine Noble Virtues
921:Nicomachean Ethics
816:10.1093/jdh/epr053
588:Jackson Lears, T.J
431:Jackson Lears 1994
75:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1110:Conscientiousness
977:Epistemic virtues
742:Veblen, Thorstein
665:. Karnack books.
618:Reality is Broken
592:No Place of Grace
213:World of Warcraft
199:white-collar work
16:(Redirected from
1988:
1952:
1936:
1888:
1865:
1856:
1847:
1723:
1626:
1617:
1594:
1560:
1537:
1522:
1521:
1451:Self-cultivation
1004:Prussian virtues
967:Cardinal virtues
889:
882:
875:
866:
865:
861:
835:
827:
798:
790:
759:
737:
735:
734:
698:
681:Sennett, Richard
676:
657:
631:
620:. Random House.
609:
583:
574:
557:de Botton, Alain
552:
550:
549:
537:The New Atlantis
516:
515:
504:
498:
497:
495:
493:
483:
475:
469:
463:
457:
452:
446:
440:
434:
428:
419:
414:
403:
397:
386:
380:
369:
363:
357:
351:
345:
344:
336:
330:
324:
318:
312:
306:
300:
195:Matthew Crawford
146:sent to Coventry
134:Late Middle Ages
114:Classical Greece
107:Thorstein Veblen
89:
21:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1955:
1898:
1816:
1643:
1570:
1520:
1043:
1029:Three Treasures
946:Virtue families
941:
915:Moral character
898:
893:
858:
838:
830:
801:
793:
787:
770:
767:
765:Further reading
762:
756:
732:
730:
695:
673:
654:
628:
614:McGonigal, Jane
606:
571:
547:
545:
520:
519:
509:
505:
501:
491:
489:
481:
477:
476:
472:
464:
460:
453:
449:
441:
437:
429:
422:
415:
406:
398:
389:
381:
372:
364:
360:
352:
348:
337:
333:
325:
321:
313:
309:
301:
294:
284:
272:
237:
221:
204:Alain de Botton
103:
90:
87:
56:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1994:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1944:
1937:
1928:
1921:
1914:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1889:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1857:
1848:
1839:
1832:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1766:
1759:
1752:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1715:
1708:
1701:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1659:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1634:
1627:
1618:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1586:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1561:
1552:
1545:
1538:
1528:
1526:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1055:Accountability
1051:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
957:
949:
947:
943:
942:
940:
939:
934:
929:
924:
917:
912:
906:
904:
900:
899:
892:
891:
884:
877:
869:
863:
862:
856:
836:
828:
799:
791:
785:
766:
763:
761:
760:
754:
738:
720:10.1086/210791
714:(2): 187ā201.
699:
693:
677:
672:978-1855755932
671:
658:
652:
632:
626:
610:
604:
584:
575:
570:978-0141027913
569:
553:
526:
518:
517:
499:
470:
466:McGonigal 2011
458:
455:de Botton 2010
447:
435:
420:
404:
387:
383:Rasmussen 2008
370:
358:
346:
331:
319:
307:
291:
290:
283:
280:
279:
278:
271:
268:
236:
233:
220:
217:
208:Jane McGonigal
174:William Morris
122:archaic period
102:
99:
85:
55:
52:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1993:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1476:Sportsmanship
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1441:Righteousness
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1354:Nonattachment
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1014:Seven virtues
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
999:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
962:
961:BrahmavihÄrÄs
958:
956:
955:
951:
950:
948:
944:
938:
937:Virtue ethics
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
922:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
907:
905:
903:About virtues
901:
897:
890:
885:
883:
878:
876:
871:
870:
867:
859:
857:9780521736817
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
834:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
800:
797:
792:
788:
786:9780807889077
782:
778:
774:
769:
768:
757:
755:9780887388071
751:
747:
743:
739:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
700:
696:
694:9780141022093
690:
686:
685:The Craftsman
682:
678:
674:
668:
664:
659:
655:
653:9780521060165
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
627:9780099540281
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
576:
572:
566:
562:
558:
554:
543:
539:
538:
533:
528:
527:
525:
524:
513:
508:
503:
487:
480:
474:
467:
462:
456:
451:
444:
439:
432:
427:
425:
418:
417:Crawford 2006
413:
411:
409:
401:
396:
394:
392:
384:
379:
377:
375:
367:
362:
355:
350:
342:
335:
328:
327:Ffoulkes 1988
323:
316:
311:
304:
299:
297:
292:
289:
288:
277:
274:
273:
267:
263:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
240:
232:
230:
226:
216:
214:
209:
205:
200:
196:
191:
186:
183:
179:
175:
170:
165:
163:
162:assembly line
159:
155:
154:common people
151:
147:
141:
139:
135:
131:
130:Western world
127:
126:Homeric hymns
123:
119:
115:
110:
108:
98:
96:
84:
79:
72:
68:
64:
60:
51:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
19:
1939:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1891:
1875:
1868:
1834:
1827:
1809:
1802:
1795:
1789:
1782:
1775:
1768:
1761:
1754:
1747:
1740:
1733:
1726:
1710:
1703:
1698:Brahmacharya
1696:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1636:
1629:
1604:
1597:
1581:
1563:
1547:
1540:
1515:
1496:Tranquillity
1446:Self-control
1416:Renunciation
1374:Philanthropy
1369:Perspicacity
1329:Magnificence
1282:Intelligence
1262:Impartiality
1182:Faithfulness
1070:Authenticity
996:
982:Five virtues
959:
952:
932:Trait theory
919:
843:
832:
807:
803:
795:
772:
745:
731:. Retrieved
711:
707:
687:. Penguine.
684:
662:
639:
617:
591:
579:
560:
546:. Retrieved
541:
535:
522:
521:
502:
490:. Retrieved
485:
473:
461:
450:
438:
366:Sennett 2009
361:
349:
340:
334:
322:
315:Sennett 2009
310:
286:
285:
264:
260:
256:Genesis 2:15
248:original sin
244:Genesis 3:17
241:
238:
222:
187:
166:
142:
118:Ancient Rome
111:
104:
94:
92:
81:
76:
27:
26:
18:Craftmanship
1516:Workmanship
1406:Punctuality
1324:Magnanimity
1247:Hospitality
1197:Forgiveness
1142:Discernment
1100:Cleanliness
810:(1): 1ā10.
563:. Penguin.
507:Veblin 1898
400:Veblen 1914
368:, pp. 22ā23
354:Veblen 1914
329:, pp. 62-72
252:fall of man
178:John Ruskin
28:Workmanship
1970:Categories
1829:Auctoritas
1677:Aparigraha
1656:Adhiį¹į¹hÄna
1638:Sophrosyne
1606:Eutrapelia
1491:Temperance
1471:Solidarity
1461:Simplicity
1421:Resilience
1396:Politeness
1364:Patriotism
1344:Moderation
1217:Good faith
1207:Generosity
1167:Equanimity
1147:Discipline
1105:Compassion
733:2013-08-26
636:Pye, David
605:0226469700
548:2013-06-13
488:. L3Harris
282:References
158:Henry Ford
71:Hephaestus
36:handcrafts
1877:Humanitas
1623:Phronesis
1614:Philotimo
1466:Sincerity
1431:Reverence
1299:Judgement
1287:Emotional
1277:Integrity
1267:Innocence
1222:Gratitude
1202:Frugality
1192:Foresight
1172:Etiquette
1162:Endurance
1137:Diligence
1060:Alertness
1009:Scout Law
910:Endowment
728:145426319
287:Citations
190:David Pye
128:. In the
48:machinery
1870:Gravitas
1853:Dignitas
1599:Ataraxia
1481:Sympathy
1411:Religion
1401:Prudence
1359:Patience
1334:Meekness
1309:Kindness
1257:Humility
1252:Humanity
1187:Fidelity
1132:Courtesy
1095:Chivalry
1090:Chastity
1080:Charisma
1075:Calmness
1065:Altruism
842:(2008).
824:22530251
744:(1914).
683:(2009).
638:(1968).
616:(2011).
590:(1994).
582:. Dover.
559:(2010).
486:L3Harris
443:Pye 1968
303:Pye 1968
270:See also
86:ā
1981:Quality
1925:Sadaqah
1911:Ganbaru
1844:Decorum
1836:Caritas
1791:ÅraddhÄ
1777:Shaucha
1742:Kshanti
1670:Akrodha
1525:Chinese
1426:Respect
1349:Modesty
1319:Loyalty
1304:Justice
1272:Insight
1232:Honesty
1227:Heroism
1157:Empathy
1115:Courage
1085:Charity
998:PÄramÄ«s
896:Virtues
523:Sources
492:June 1,
317:, p. 21
44:writing
32:quality
1893:Virtus
1885:Pietas
1804:Upekį¹£Ä
1797:SaddhÄ
1763:PrajƱÄ
1756:MuditÄ
1735:Kshama
1728:Karuį¹Ä
1691:Asteya
1684:Ärjava
1663:Ahimsa
1648:Indian
1631:Sophia
1506:Wisdom
1384:Filial
1292:Social
1237:Honour
854:
822:
783:
752:
726:
691:
669:
650:
624:
602:
567:
544:: 7ā24
254:, see
67:Vulcan
63:Rubens
1949:VirtĆ¹
1903:Other
1862:Fides
1821:Latin
1811:VÄ«rya
1770:Satya
1749:MettÄ
1712:Dhį¹ti
1591:Arete
1583:Agape
1575:Greek
1501:Trust
1486:Taste
1379:Piety
1339:Mercy
1212:Glory
1177:Faith
1125:Moral
1120:Civil
1039:Yamas
724:S2CID
482:(PDF)
150:guild
1941:Sisu
1933:Seny
1918:Giri
1784:SevÄ
1705:DÄna
1542:Jing
1391:Pity
1314:Love
1242:Hope
1152:Duty
852:ISBN
820:PMID
781:ISBN
750:ISBN
689:ISBN
667:ISBN
648:ISBN
622:ISBN
600:ISBN
565:ISBN
512:help
494:2010
206:and
180:and
116:and
1720:Hrī
1557:Ren
1511:Wit
812:doi
716:doi
95:mon
40:art
1972::
1565:Yi
1549:Li
1534:De
850:.
846:.
818:.
808:25
806:.
779:.
775:.
722:.
710:.
706:.
646:.
642:.
598:.
594:.
542:13
540:.
534:.
484:.
423:^
407:^
390:^
373:^
295:^
176:,
140:.
46:,
42:,
38:,
1794:/
888:e
881:t
874:v
860:.
826:.
814::
789:.
758:.
736:.
718::
712:4
697:.
675:.
656:.
630:.
608:.
573:.
551:.
514:)
496:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
