562:
145:
881:
822:
495:
42:
1329:
1114:
In the middle of the 13th century, the
Curonian army included lightly armed soldiers who fought with spears, shields, fighting knives and axes, formed into an infantry platoon. Archers constituted a separate segment of an army. A heavily armed soldier could have a sword, a helmet, a shield and a wide
1078:... gold is very plentiful there, the horses are of the best. All the houses are full of pagan soothsayers, diviners, and necromancers, who are even arrayed in a monastic habit. Oracular responses are sought there from all parts of the world, especially by Spaniards and Greeks.
1012:
before besieging Apuolė. According to
Rimbert, 15,000 locals defended themselves for eight days but then agreed to surrender: the Curonians paid a silver ransom for each man in the fortress, pledged their loyalty to Sweden, and gave 30 hostages to guarantee future payments.
1241:, one of the biggest battles in Livonia in the 13th century. They were forced to fight on the crusader side. When the battle started, the Curonians abandoned the knights because the knights did not agree to free any Curonians captured from the Samogitian camp.
1181:
and besieged the city. However, after a day of fighting, the
Curonians were unable to break through the city walls. They crossed to the other bank of the Daugava to burn their dead and mourn for three days. Later they lifted the siege and returned to Courland.
896:
The historical
Curonians were described in contemporary sources as warriors, sailors and pirates. They are on the record having been involved in several wars and alliances with Swedish, Danish and Icelandic
1313:
Curonia, as reported, had its own language, different from the
Latvian and Estonian, which is extirpated and prohibited, so that nobody has the right to talk it, and instead has to speak Latvian.
1226:
The
Curonians did not lay down their arms at that time. They used the famine as a pretext for claiming economical weakness and actually did not permit the monks to enter the country. Later, the
1004:
fortress was first attacked by the Danes, who were hoping to make the town pay tribute to
Denmark. The locals were victorious and gained much war loot. After learning of Danish failure, King
1276:
Southern
Curonians from Megowa, Pilsaten and Ceclis lands gradually assimilated and ceased to be known as a distinct ethnos by the 16th century. An intense period of Samogitian-Curonian
680:
675:
670:
868:
The ethnic origin of the
Curonians has been disputed in the past. Some researchers place the Curonians in the eastern Baltic group. Others hold that the Curonians were related to
1299:
The
Russians protected themselves boldly, and they knocked out a Curonian peasant Fenrich (who, although only a peasant, is called by them the Curonian king) from his horse.
467:
663:
758:
1472:
743:
650:
1570:
Matthews, W. K. "Nationality and Language in the East Baltic Area", American Slavic and East European Review, Vol. 6, No. 1/2 (May, 1947), pp. 62–78
2119:
850:
937:
Sigurd Ring (Sigurðr) was not there, since he had to defend his land, Sweden (Svíþjóð), since Curonians (Kúrir) and Kvænir were raiding there.
2069:
748:
738:
1201:
523:
1368:
1600:
2195:
1432:
1066:
1497:
1450:
2205:
1826:
447:
2127:
1264:
Curonian resistance was finally subdued in 1266 when the whole of Courland was partitioned between the Livonian Order and the
2180:
1965:
1653:
Matthews, W. K. "Medieval Baltic Tribes". American Slavic and East European Review, Vol. 8, No. 2 (Apr., 1949), pp. 126–136.
753:
635:
437:
379:
1162:. In 1210, the Curonians, with eight ships, were attacked by a German crusader fleet on the Baltic Sea, near the coast of
2200:
432:
1257:. It was a heavy defeat for the Order and uprisings against the crusaders soon afterwards broke out in the Curonian and
892:. The Eastern Balts are shown in a brown hue while the Western Balts are shown in green. The boundaries are approximate.
2225:
2001:
843:
685:
2220:
2161:
2058:
1742:
1706:
452:
417:
733:
341:
723:
516:
2210:
1189:
again attacked Riga. Although they were again unsuccessful in storming the city, they destroyed a monastery in
790:
255:
427:
1728:
836:
541:
472:
1893:
Zemītis, G. Vendu jautājums un Arheoloģijas avotu iespējas tā risinājumā //Akadēmiskā Dzīve, Nr.46, 2009
1035:
799:
794:
718:
483:
422:
1894:
1144:
who lived in northern Courland. They then formed a new ethnic group, the so-called Curonised Livonians.
1039:
1118:
It is still not known what type of ships Curonians used: there are only guesses that it was similar to
1020:
and are considered to be eastern Baltic by some researchers, while others believe they were related to
509:
124:
17:
1952:
1842:
1234:, but Curonians were reluctant in this forced cooperation and revolted as a result in several cases.
1158:
There are many sources that mention the Curonians in the 13th century when they were involved in the
1104:
785:
728:
1295:, although downgraded to peasant status, fought the Russians, as Johann Renner's chronicle reports:
1544:
640:
1249:
and other local people soon followed the Curonians and abandoned the Knights and that allowed the
1856:
457:
442:
323:
240:
235:
2070:"Settlements and piracy on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea: the Middle Ages to modern times"
1087:
It was common for the Curonians to carry out joint raids and campaigns together with Estonians (
965:
1906:
1672:
912:
364:
346:
2077:
1966:"Valdas Petrulis "The spatial structure of the region of Samogitian ethnic self-consciousnes""
947:
2215:
1341:
1265:
763:
270:
265:
1215:, signed a peace treaty with the Germans, and the lands they inhabited thus became known as
1008:
organized a large expedition into Curonian lands. Olof first attacked, captured, and burned
1608:
1487:
810:
690:
645:
550:
369:
313:
1857:"Žemaičių ir kuršių ginkluotė bei kovos būdai XVII a. viduryje – Durbės mūšio laikotarpiu"
1483:
8:
591:
412:
374:
331:
169:
66:
1629:
1166:. The Curonians were victorious and German sources claim that 30 crusaders were killed.
1536:
1281:
1103:, resulting in a joint attack against Riga in 1228. In the same time, according to the
1005:
462:
336:
303:
2176:
2157:
2094:
2054:
1738:
1702:
1242:
1159:
781:
713:
695:
133:
113:
2137:
Nils Blomkvist. East Baltic Vikings - With Particular Consideration To The Curonians
1821:
1140:, the Curonians started to move from southern Courland to the north, assimilating a
929:, a legendary king of Denmark and Sweden, fought against the invading Curonians and
2124:
2086:
2050:
1231:
1148:
1131:
1096:
1047:
1000:. In 854, Curonians rebelled and refused to pay tribute to Sweden. The rebellious
826:
617:
402:
308:
250:
58:
2136:
2047:: The Role of the Eastern Baltic in Viking Age Communication across the Baltic Sea
1976:
2131:
1830:
1769:
1528:
1238:
1017:
318:
187:
1884:Šturms, E. Zur Vorgeshichte der Liven, 1936, Eurasia Septentrionalis Antiqua, 10
1292:
1280:
is posited because a Curonian linguistic substratum is evident in the Northern
1254:
1227:
1061:
280:
260:
1091:). According to some opinions, they took part in attacking Sweden's main city
2189:
2098:
1482:
was the smallest region of around 200 km, in the western part of modern
1386:
1258:
1178:
1051:
1021:
869:
586:
581:
576:
499:
275:
164:
159:
2012:
1196:
In 1230, the Curonians in the northern part of Courland, under their ruler (
885:
561:
1349:
1288:
1277:
1210:
1186:
1141:
1100:
1031:
992:
926:
298:
217:
183:
93:
2090:
1748:
1477:
1250:
1206:
1190:
1152:
1108:
384:
144:
101:
1245:
alleged that the Curonians even attacked the Knights from the rear. The
1817:
1043:
961:
957:
889:
880:
608:
202:
174:
81:
33:
1440:
1418:
1404:
1009:
92:. They eventually merged with other Baltic tribes contributing to the
1508:
1502:
1390:
1246:
1223:. The southern Curonians, however, continued to resist the invaders.
1088:
601:
212:
89:
1371:
was the land in the northeast of Courland, today in the district of
1001:
245:
1462:
1436:
1137:
1119:
1027:
Some of the most important written sources about the Curonians are
981:
930:
407:
105:
97:
74:
1732:
1727:
Butrimas, Adomas; Jovaiša, Eugenijus; Malonaitis, Arvydas (2002).
1458:
1414:
1400:
1382:
1337:
1174:
1163:
1092:
1028:
997:
987:
977:
898:
2175:). Klaipėda: Mažosios Lietuvos istorijos muziejus, 2018. 23 p.
1356:) and gave the names of the administrative districts or lands (
1345:
973:
953:
85:
1507:– the largest land of 1500 km west of the river Venta in
1284:, an important part of Samogitian ethnic self-identification.
1115:
blade axe. Heavily armed troops would make a cavalry platoon.
968:
in Courland. Curonians established temporary settlements near
41:
1372:
612:
596:
197:
191:
178:
77:
1328:
84:
in the 5th–16th centuries, in what are now western parts of
1170:
969:
964:
describes one Viking expedition by the Vikings Thorolf and
915:
1457:
in chronicles) 500 km, was in the environs of modern
1309:
The Curonian language became extinct by the 16th century.
1304:
Johann Renner, Lievländische Historien, 1556–1561, C. 124v
956:(Grobiņa) was the main centre of the Curonians during the
1726:
946:
Curonians are mentioned among other participants of the
1737:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Elektroninės leidybos namai.
1701:(in Lithuanian). Mažosios Lietuvos istorijos muziejus.
1318:
Johann Renner, Lievländische Historien, 1556–1561, 207v
933:(Kvænir) in the southern part of what today is Sweden:
1662:
Norna-Gests þáttr, c. 1157, Níkulás Bergsson, Iceland.
1907:"Euratlas Periodis Web – Map of Livonia in Year 1500"
1417:, also south of Bandava, is today in the district of
884:
Curonians in the context of the other Baltic tribes,
1799:
1673:"Euratlas Periodis Web – Map of Grobina in Year 700"
1352:
described the territory inhabited by the Curonians (
1177:. A huge Curonian fleet arrived in the mouth of the
996:
described early conflicts between the Curonians and
1787:
1770:"Adamus: Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum"
1630:"Euratlas Periodis Web – Map of Europe in Year 800"
1155:who accepted Christianity with a light opposition.
1584:The Circum-Baltic Languages: Typology and Contact,
1729:"Seniausios rašytinės žinios apie Rytų Pabaltijį"
1601:"Chapter 7: The Balts before the Dawn of History"
2187:
1403:) south of Vindava, is today in the district of
691:Partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1598:
104:. Curonians gave their name to the region of
2125:Rimbert: Life of Ansgar, Apostle of the North
844:
517:
1237:In 1260, the Curonians were involved in the
1607:. London: Thames and Hudson. Archived from
1385:was the land around the mouth of the river
45:Curonian lands by the start of 13th century
1594:
1592:
1169:Also in July 1210, the Curonians attacked
1024:who belonged in the western Baltic group.
972:and in overseas regions including eastern
872:who belonged in the western Baltic group.
851:
837:
524:
510:
1696:
1185:In 1228, the Curonians together with the
1067:Gesta Hammaburgensis Ecclesiae Pontificum
2156:). Vilnius: Versus Aureus, 2004. 254 p.
1941:Die Estlandliste des Liber Census Daniae
1327:
1099:, Curonians formed an alliance with the
879:
40:
1589:
14:
2188:
2067:
1854:
1811:
1805:
1578:
1576:
1511:, up to the Lithuanian-Latvian border.
1147:The Curonians tightly resisted to the
1072:Deeds of Bishops of the Hamburg Church
36:are also sometimes known as Curonians.
1734:Gimtoji istorija. Nuo 7 iki 12 klasės
1722:
1720:
1718:
1344:(lived before 888 AD) in his life of
1230:tried to use Curonian cavalry in the
2040:
1793:
1293:descendants of the Curonian nobility
754:Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic
380:The First Latvian National Awakening
1573:
1125:
24:
2142:
1715:
1173:, the main crusader stronghold in
1074:) as world-famous pagan diviners:
80:tribe living on the shores of the
25:
2237:
2113:
1151:for a long time, contrary to the
453:Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic
418:Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic
2196:Medieval ethnic groups of Europe
2154:Curonians in the Baltic sea area
1271:
1193:and killed all the monks there.
1111:were known as "bad neighbours".
820:
560:
493:
342:Duchy of Courland and Semigallia
143:
1994:
1958:
1946:
1933:
1924:
1899:
1887:
1878:
1848:
1836:
1762:
1287:On the Latvian side during the
1064:described the Curonians in his
2150:Kuršiai Baltijos jūros erdvėje
1833:Haridus, 2007 (7–8), pp. 38–41
1690:
1665:
1656:
1647:
1622:
1564:
1522:
791:List of early Lithuanian dukes
686:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
256:Livonian Brothers of the Sword
13:
1:
2206:Medieval history of Lithuania
1930:Chronicle of Henry of Livonia
1557:
1435:was a land further south in
1055:
919:
905:
473:2008 Latvian financial crisis
2173:Castles of the Pilsotas land
1323:
7:
1697:Nikitenka, Denisas (2018).
1439:, today in the district of
1389:, today in the district of
1036:Livonian Chronicle of Henry
1016:The Curonians had a strong
800:List of Lithuanian monarchs
795:List of rulers of Lithuania
468:Restoration of Independence
10:
2242:
2201:Medieval history of Latvia
2034:
1895:Academic Life Nr.46 (2009)
1548:
1129:
875:
2226:Historical Baltic peoples
1953:Livonian Rhymed Chronicle
1943:. 1933. pp. 720, 724–725.
1843:Livonian Rhymed Chronicle
1486:and northwestern part of
1253:to gain victory over the
1105:Livonian Rhymed Chronicle
863:
786:Coat of arms of Lithuania
749:1944 Soviet re-occupation
448:1944 Soviet re-occupation
2221:Social history of Latvia
1599:Marija Gimbutas (1963).
1515:
1040:Livländische Reimchronik
641:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
428:1934 Latvian coup d'état
2068:Žulkus, Vladas (2011).
1845:. 6794–6800, 9095–9100.
1582:Östen Dahl (ed.) 2001,
1540:
671:Early elective monarchy
458:Popular Front of Latvia
443:The Holocaust in Latvia
241:Principality of Koknese
236:Principality of Jersika
1855:Girininkas, Algirdas.
1532:
1333:
1321:
1307:
1085:
944:
893:
739:1940 Soviet occupation
433:1940 Soviet occupation
365:Governorate of Livonia
347:Couronian colonization
112:), and they spoke the
70:
62:
46:
2211:Prehistory of Prussia
2041:Mägi, Marika (2018).
1331:
1311:
1297:
1076:
935:
883:
764:Republic of Lithuania
759:Independence restored
734:Independence declared
729:Lithuanian–Soviet War
271:Bishopric of Courland
266:Archbishopric of Riga
44:
27:Medieval Baltic tribe
2091:10.15181/ab.v16i0.34
2078:Archaeologia Baltica
1095:in 1187. During the
966:Egill Skallagrímsson
827:Lithuania portal
724:Wars of Independence
719:Kingdom of Lithuania
646:Kingdom of Lithuania
370:Courland Governorate
324:Polish–Swedish Wars
314:Inflanty Voivodeship
2169:Pilsoto žemės pilys
2018:on 22 December 2014
1699:Pilsoto žemės pilys
1453:(mentioned also as
976:and the islands of
948:Battle of Brávellir
651:Jagiellonian period
592:Corded Ware culture
423:War of Independence
413:United Baltic Duchy
375:Vitebsk Governorate
332:Second Northern War
293:Early modern period
170:Corded Ware culture
2130:2014-11-08 at the
2120:Die Kuren (German)
1829:2017-10-11 at the
1823:Sigtuna hukkumine.
1334:
1282:Samogitian dialect
1266:Archbishop of Riga
894:
676:Deluge and decline
636:Duchy of Lithuania
463:Singing Revolution
359:National Awakening
337:Great Northern War
304:Kingdom of Livonia
47:
2181:978-9986-31-505-6
1484:Klaipėda district
1243:Peter von Dusburg
1160:Northern Crusades
913:Norna-Gests þáttr
861:
860:
782:Name of Lithuania
696:Swedish Lithuania
534:
533:
500:Latvia portal
408:German occupation
327:
326:(1600–1629)
114:Curonian language
16:(Redirected from
2233:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2074:
2064:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2017:
2011:. Archived from
2006:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1981:
1975:. Archived from
1970:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1937:
1931:
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1774:Hbar.phys.msu.ru
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1747:. Archived from
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1132:Livonian Crusade
1126:Livonian Crusade
1107:, Curonians and
1097:Livonian crusade
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1048:Saxo Grammaticus
960:. Chapter 46 of
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924:
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618:Lithuania proper
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403:Latvian Riflemen
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2143:Further reading
2132:Wayback Machine
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2004:
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1983:
1982:on 22 July 2011
1979:
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1939:Paul Johansen.
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1831:Wayback Machine
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1488:Šilutė district
1475:
1332:Map of Courland
1326:
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1303:
1274:
1239:Battle of Durbe
1204:
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911:, according to
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744:Nazi occupation
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438:Nazi occupation
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319:Swedish Livonia
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2114:External links
2112:
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1993:
1957:
1945:
1932:
1923:
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1796:, p. 362.
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1255:Livonian Order
1228:Teutonic Order
1221:Peace Courland
1130:Main article:
1127:
1124:
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1062:Adam of Bremen
1006:Olof of Sweden
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746:
741:
736:
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703:
702:
699:
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693:
688:
683:
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673:
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629:
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621:
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584:
579:
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531:
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489:
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405:
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377:
372:
367:
361:
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334:
329:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
295:
292:
291:
288:
287:
284:
283:
281:Baltic Germans
278:
273:
268:
263:
261:Livonian Order
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
232:
229:
228:
225:
224:
221:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
181:
172:
167:
162:
156:
154:Ancient Latvia
153:
152:
149:
148:
140:
139:
130:
129:
122:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2238:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2167:Nikitenka D.
2166:
2163:
2162:9955-601-08-6
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2060:9789004363816
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2038:
2014:
2010:
2009:Uni-klu.ac.at
2003:
1997:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1961:
1954:
1949:
1942:
1936:
1927:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1881:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1839:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1808:, p. 62.
1807:
1802:
1795:
1790:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1751:on 2008-03-03
1750:
1746:
1744:9986-9216-9-4
1740:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1710:
1708:9789986315056
1704:
1700:
1693:
1678:
1674:
1668:
1659:
1650:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1611:on 2012-01-10
1610:
1606:
1602:
1595:
1593:
1585:
1579:
1577:
1567:
1563:
1546:
1542:
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1521:
1510:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1465:and Šventoji.
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1445:
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1434:
1430:
1426:
1423:
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1398:
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1380:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1350:Vita Ansgarii
1347:
1343:
1339:
1330:
1314:
1310:
1300:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1272:Later history
1269:
1267:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1208:
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1199:
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1188:
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1180:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1142:Finnic people
1139:
1138:late Iron Age
1133:
1123:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1079:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1053:
1052:Gesta Danorum
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1032:Vita Ansgarii
1030:
1025:
1023:
1022:Old Prussians
1019:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
994:
989:
985:
983:
979:
975:
971:
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951:
949:
938:
934:
932:
928:
917:
914:
902:
900:
891:
887:
882:
873:
871:
870:Old Prussians
854:
849:
847:
842:
840:
835:
834:
832:
831:
828:
818:
817:
814:
813:
809:
808:
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798:
796:
792:
789:
787:
783:
780:
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747:
745:
742:
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727:
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712:
711:
705:
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697:
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669:
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634:
633:
627:
626:
619:
616:
614:
610:
607:
603:
600:
599:
598:
597:Baltic tribes
595:
593:
590:
588:
587:Neman culture
585:
583:
582:Narva culture
580:
578:
577:Kunda culture
575:
574:
568:
567:
563:
559:
558:
555:
549:
548:
543:
538:
537:
527:
522:
520:
515:
513:
508:
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505:
504:
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491:
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461:
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431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
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411:
409:
406:
404:
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397:Modern Latvia
394:
393:
386:
383:
381:
378:
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373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
362:
356:
355:
348:
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328:
322:
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315:
312:
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290:
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276:Terra Mariana
274:
272:
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201:
199:
196:
193:
189:
185:
182:
180:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
165:Narva culture
163:
161:
160:Kunda culture
158:
157:
151:
150:
146:
142:
141:
138:
132:
131:
126:
121:
120:
117:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
43:
37:
35:
30:
29:
19:
2216:Gulf of Riga
2172:
2168:
2153:
2149:
2102:. Retrieved
2082:
2076:
2046:
2042:
2020:. Retrieved
2013:the original
2008:
1996:
1984:. Retrieved
1977:the original
1972:
1960:
1955:. 5605–5660.
1948:
1940:
1935:
1926:
1914:. Retrieved
1911:Euratlas.net
1910:
1901:
1889:
1880:
1868:. Retrieved
1863:
1850:
1838:
1822:
1813:
1801:
1789:
1777:. Retrieved
1773:
1764:
1753:. Retrieved
1749:the original
1733:
1698:
1692:
1680:. Retrieved
1677:Euratlas.net
1676:
1667:
1658:
1649:
1637:. Retrieved
1634:Euratlas.net
1633:
1624:
1613:. Retrieved
1609:the original
1604:
1583:
1566:
1524:
1493:
1468:
1454:
1446:
1428:
1424:
1410:
1396:
1378:
1365:Vredecuronia
1364:
1357:
1353:
1335:
1312:
1308:
1298:
1289:Livonian War
1286:
1278:bilingualism
1275:
1263:
1236:
1225:
1220:
1217:Vredecuronia
1216:
1197:
1195:
1187:Semigallians
1184:
1168:
1157:
1146:
1135:
1117:
1113:
1101:Semigallians
1086:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1026:
1015:
993:Vita Ansgari
991:
986:
952:
945:
936:
903:
895:
867:
811:
776:Other topics
714:Russian rule
484:
299:Livonian War
218:Semigallians
207:
184:Baltic Finns
109:
94:ethnogenesis
54:
50:
48:
31:
2022:24 November
1986:24 November
1916:24 November
1864:briai.ku.lt
1806:Žulkus 2011
1779:24 November
1682:24 November
1639:24 November
1501: [
1476: [
1251:Samogitians
1205: [
1191:Daugavgriva
1153:Latgallians
1136:During the
1109:Samogitians
1059: 1075
927:Sigurd Ring
923: 1157
630:Middle ages
551:History of
385:New Current
230:Middle Ages
134:History of
102:Lithuanians
2190:Categories
2148:Žulkus V.
2002:"Curonian"
1818:Enn Tarvel
1755:2010-07-18
1615:2012-01-17
1558:References
1411:Bihavelanc
1346:St. Ansgar
1202:Lammekinus
1044:Egils Saga
962:Egils Saga
958:Vendel Age
909: 750
812:Chronology
708:Modern era
609:Amber Road
571:Prehistory
485:Chronology
203:Latgalians
175:Amber Road
82:Baltic Sea
67:Lithuanian
34:Kursenieki
18:Couronians
2099:1392-5520
2085:: 58–71.
2045:Austrvegr
1794:Mägi 2018
1605:The Balts
1537:Old Norse
1509:Samogitia
1391:Ventspils
1358:civitates
1324:Geography
1247:Estonians
1089:Oeselians
1029:Rimbert's
602:Yotvingia
553:Lithuania
213:Selonians
208:Curonians
188:Livonians
90:Lithuania
73:) were a
51:Curonians
2128:Archived
1827:Archived
1820:(2007).
1473:Pilsotas
1469:Pilsaten
1463:Kretinga
1437:Courland
1369:Vanemane
1316:—
1302:—
1259:Prussian
1081:—
982:Bornholm
940:—
542:a series
540:Part of
125:a series
123:Part of
106:Courland
98:Latvians
75:medieval
2104:19 July
2035:Sources
1870:23 June
1459:Palanga
1455:Negouwe
1441:Liepāja
1433:Duvzare
1429:Dovsare
1425:Powsare
1419:Liepāja
1415:Piemare
1405:Kuldīga
1401:Bandava
1397:Bandowe
1383:Ventava
1338:Rimbert
1336:Bishop
1261:lands.
1179:Daugava
1175:Livonia
1164:Gotland
1093:Sigtuna
1010:Grobiņa
998:vikings
990:in his
988:Rimbert
978:Gotland
899:Vikings
876:History
110:Kurzeme
71:kuršiai
59:Latvian
2179:
2160:
2097:
2057:
1973:Geo.lt
1741:
1705:
1586:vol. 1
1529:German
1498:Ceklis
1494:Ceclis
1451:Megava
1447:Megowa
1342:Bremen
1291:, the
1120:drakar
1046:, and
1038:, the
1034:, the
1002:Apuolė
974:Sweden
954:Grobin
864:Origin
544:on the
246:Tālava
136:Latvia
127:on the
86:Latvia
78:Baltic
2073:(PDF)
2051:BRILL
2016:(PDF)
2005:(PDF)
1980:(PDF)
1969:(PDF)
1860:(PDF)
1549:кърсь
1541:Kúrir
1533:Kuren
1516:Notes
1505:]
1480:]
1431:) or
1387:Venta
1379:Wynda
1373:Talsi
1213:]
1054:. In
931:Kvens
918:from
888:1200
886:circa
613:Aesti
198:Balts
192:Vends
179:Aesti
63:kurši
2177:ISBN
2158:ISBN
2106:2022
2095:ISSN
2055:ISBN
2024:2018
1988:2018
1918:2018
1872:2019
1781:2018
1739:ISBN
1703:ISBN
1684:2018
1641:2018
1354:Cori
1171:Riga
980:and
970:Riga
916:saga
100:and
88:and
55:Kurs
49:The
32:The
2087:doi
2043:In
1496:or
1471:or
1449:or
1413:or
1381:or
1367:or
1360:):
1340:of
1219:or
1198:rex
1050:'s
904:In
901:.
116:.
53:or
2192::
2093:.
2083:16
2081:.
2075:.
2053:.
2049:.
2007:.
1971:.
1909:.
1862:.
1772:.
1731:.
1717:^
1675:.
1632:.
1603:.
1591:^
1575:^
1547::
1543:;
1539::
1535:;
1531::
1503:lt
1478:lt
1461:,
1348:,
1268:.
1211:lt
1209:;
1207:lv
1200:)
1122:.
1056:c.
1042:,
984:.
950:.
925:,
920:c.
906:c.
890:CE
611:/
190:,
177:/
69::
65:;
61::
2171:(
2164:.
2152:(
2108:.
2089::
2063:.
2026:.
1990:.
1920:.
1874:.
1783:.
1758:.
1711:.
1686:.
1643:.
1618:.
1490:.
1443:.
1427:(
1421:.
1407:.
1399:(
1393:.
1375:.
1070:(
852:e
845:t
838:v
525:e
518:t
511:v
194:)
186:(
108:(
57:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
