Counterterrorism - Knowledge

837: 4794: 1197: 950: 2733: 2714:(ILP) efforts, the most quantitatively amenable starting point for measuring the effectiveness of any policing strategy (i.e.: Neighborhood Watch, Gun Abatement, Foot Patrols, etc.) is usually to assess total financial costs against clearance rates or arrest rates. Since terrorism is such a rare event phenomena, measuring arrests or clearance rates would be a non-generalizable and ineffective way to test enforcement policy effectiveness. Another methodological problem in assessing counterterrorism efforts in law enforcement hinges on finding operational measures for key concepts in the study of 777: 407: 521: 220: 324: 624: 1131: 580: 2654: 2557: 52: 715:

enforcement and with full respect for human rights and the rule of law. We recommend: (1) taking effective measures to make impunity impossible either for acts of terrorism or for the abuse of human rights in counter-terrorism measures. (2) the incorporation of human rights laws in all anti-terrorism programs and policies of national governments as well as international bodies."

33: 1044:(supervisory control and data acquisition) networks. Part of the vulnerability is due to deregulation, leading to much more interconnection in a grid designed for only occasional power-selling between utilities. A small number of terrorists, attacking critical power facilities when one or more engineers have infiltrated the power control centers, could wreak havoc. 723:) have suggested that more effort needs to be given to the effective inclusion of human rights protection as a crucial element in that cooperation. They argue that international human rights obligations do not stop at borders, and a failure to respect human rights in one state may undermine its effectiveness in the global effort to cooperate to combat terrorism. 3493: 2698:

Following suit from federal changes pursuant to 9/11, however, most state and local law enforcement agencies began to include a commitment to "fighting terrorism" in their mission statements. Local agencies began to establish more patterned lines of communication with federal agencies. Some scholars

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Equipping likely targets with containers of pig lard has been used to discourage attacks by suicide bombers. The technique was apparently used on a limited scale by British authorities in the 1940s. The approach stems from the idea that Muslims perpetrating the attack would not want to be "soiled" by

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This can take many forms, including the provision of clean drinking water, education, vaccination programs, provision of food and shelter and protection from violence, military or otherwise. Successful human security campaigns have been characterized by the participation of a diverse group of actors,

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Although terrorist attacks affecting Western countries generally receive a disproportionately large share of media attention, most terrorism occurs in less developed countries. Government responses to terrorism, in some cases, tend to lead to substantial unintended consequences, such as what occurred

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A particular design problem for counterterrorist systems is the uncertainty of the future: the threat of terrorism may increase, decrease or remain the same, the type of terrorism and location are difficult to predict, and there are technological uncertainties. A potential solution is to incorporate

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in Northern Ireland. From 1974 to 1989, the temporary provisions of the act were renewed annually. Their original counterterrorism legislation was used to predict future IRA attacks and respond accordingly based on their predictions. For example, if British Security Forces attacked, they predicted

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Given the nature of operational counterterrorism tasks national military organizations do not generally have dedicated units whose sole responsibility is the prosecution of these tasks. Instead the counterterrorism function is an element of the role, allowing flexibility in their employment, with

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Some countries see preemptive attacks as a legitimate strategy. This includes capturing, killing, or disabling suspected terrorists before they can mount an attack. Israel, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Russia have taken this approach, while Western European states generally do not.

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Examples of these problems can include prolonged, incommunicado detention without judicial review or long periods of 'preventive detention'; risk of subjecting to torture during the transfer, return and extradition of people between or within countries; and the adoption of security measures that

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Again under an incident command model, local police can isolate the incident area, reducing confusion, and specialized police units can conduct tactical operations against terrorists, often using specialized counterterrorist tactical units. Bringing in such units will typically involve civil or

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United Nations experts condemned the misuse of counterterrorism powers by the Egyptian authorities following the arrest, detention, and designation of human rights activists Ramy Shaath and Zyad El-Elaimy as terrorists. The two activists were arrested in June 2019, and the first-ever renewal of

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passed new counterterrorism laws, widely criticized by local human rights groups for being vague and overbroad. Critics claim that the laws put the fundamental rights of free expression, association, and assembly at risk. Malaysia persisted in holding around 100 alleged militants without trial,

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One of the primary difficulties of implementing effective counterterrorist measures is the waning of civil liberties and individual privacy that such measures often entail, both for citizens of, and for those detained by states attempting to combat terror. At times, measures designed to tighten

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To select the effective action when terrorism appears to be more of an isolated event, the appropriate government organizations need to understand the source, motivation, methods of preparation, and tactics of terrorist groups. Good intelligence is at the heart of such preparation, as well as a

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scholars have criticized efforts of law enforcement agencies to combat terrorism as futile and expensive or as threats to civil liberties, other scholars have analyzed the most important dimensions of the policing of terrorism as an important dimension of counter-terrorism, especially in the

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Democratic principles and values are essential tools in the fight against terrorism. Any successful strategy for dealing with terrorism requires terrorists to be isolated. Consequently, the preference must be to treat terrorism as criminal acts to be handled through existing systems of law

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and border patrol) have been adapted during the last decade, to enhance counter-terror in law enforcement, there have been remarkable limitations to assessing the actual utility/effectiveness of law enforcement practices that are ostensibly preventative. Thus, while sweeping changes in

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whose role is to directly engage terrorists and prevent terrorist attacks. Such units perform both in preventive actions, hostage rescue, and responding to ongoing attacks. Countries of all sizes can have highly trained counterterrorist teams. Tactics, techniques, and procedures for

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The scope for counterterrorism systems is very large in physical terms and in other dimensions, such as type and degree of terrorist threats, political and diplomatic ramifications, and legal concerns. Ideal counterterrorist systems use technology to enable persistent

1188:. In some countries, the military may be called in as a last resort. For countries whose military is legally permitted to conduct domestic law enforcement operations, this is not an issue, and such counterterrorism operations are conducted by their military. 701:

Many argue that such violations of rights could exacerbate rather than counter the terrorist threat. Human rights activists argue for the crucial role of human rights protection as an intrinsic part to fight against terrorism. This suggests, as proponents of

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of known or suspected terrorists to obtain information about specific plots, targets, the identity of other terrorists, whether or not the interrogation subjects himself is guilty of terrorist involvement. Sometimes more extreme methods are used to increase

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While some countries with longstanding terrorism problems have law enforcement agencies primarily designed to prevent and respond to terror attacks, in other nations, counterterrorism is a relatively more recent objective of law enforcement agencies.

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A more sophisticated target-hardening approach must consider industrial and other critical industrial infrastructure that could be attacked. Terrorists do not need to import chemical weapons if they can cause a major industrial accident such as the

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remand detention for Shaath came for the 21st time in 19 months on 24 January 2021. Experts called it alarming, and demanded the urgent implementation of the Working Group's opinion and removal of the two's names from the "terrorism entities' list.

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and hostage takings that allow the counterterrorist units to assemble and respond; it is harder to deal with shorter incidents such as assassinations or reprisal attacks, due to the short warning time and the quick exfiltration of the assassins.

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into system design, allowing for flexibility when new information arrives. Flexibility can be incorporated in the design of a counter-terrorism system in the form of options that can be exercised in the future when new information is available.

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In cases where military organisations do operate in the domestic context some form of formal handover from the law enforcement community is regularly required, to ensure adherence to the legislative framework and limitations. such as the

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in the United States. It received royal assent and went into force on December 13, 2001. On December 16, 2004, the Law Lords ruled that Part 4 was incompatible with the European Convention on Human Rights. However, under the terms of the

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Kilburn, John C. Jr.; Costanza, S.E.; Metchik, Eric; Borgeson, Kevin (2011). "Policing Terror Threats and False Positives: Employing a Signal Detection Model to Examine Changes in National and Local Policing Strategy between 2001–2007".

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the lard in the moment before dying. The idea has been suggested more recently as a deterrent to suicide bombings in Israel. However, the actual effectiveness of this tactic is likely limited. A sympathetic Islamic scholar could issue a

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paradigm outlines a non-military approach that aims to address the enduring underlying inequalities which fuel terrorist activity. Causal factors need to be delineated and measures implemented which allow equal access to resources and

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in Spain." He said that Australia's counterterrorism laws "require review and, where necessary, updating if we are to have a legal framework capable of safeguarding all Australians from the scourge of terrorism." The

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All hostages murdered; 5 kidnappers and 1 West German police officer killed. 3 kidnappers captured and released. This fatal result was the reason for the foundation of the German special counterterrorism unit

1065:(ICS) may be invoked to control the various services that may need to be involved in the response. ICS has varied levels of escalation, such as might be required for multiple incidents in a given area (e.g. 614:

passed a comprehensive law against terrorism, forbidding any kind of terrorism and support of terrorism, and setting severe punishments for terrorists. The law also regulates legal efforts against terrorism.

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In Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, Yemen, and other countries, scores of people have been arrested and arbitrarily detained in connection with suspected terrorist acts or links to opposition armed groups.

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Hundreds of foreign nationals remain in prolonged indefinite detention without charge or trial in Guantánamo Bay, despite international and U.S. constitutional standards some groups believe outlaw such

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A 2017 study found that "governance and civil society aid is effective in dampening domestic terrorism, but this effect is only present if the recipient country is not experiencing a civil conflict."

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supplemented the powers of the earlier acts. The Australian legislation allows police to detain suspects for up to two weeks without charge and to electronically track suspects for up to a year. The

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In December 2003, Colombia's congress approved legislation that would give the military the power to arrest, tap telephones, and carry out searches without warrants or any previous judicial order.

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Whatever the target of terrorists, there are multiple ways of hardening the targets to prevent the terrorists from hitting their mark, or reducing the damage of attacks. One method is to place

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post-9/11 era, and have discussed how police view terrorism as a matter of crime control. Such analyses highlight the civilian police role in counterterrorism next to the military model of a

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Deflem, Mathieu and Samantha Hauptman. 2013. "Policing International Terrorism." Pp. 64–72 in Globalisation and the Challenge to Criminology, edited by Francis Pakes. London: Routledge.

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In November 2003, a Canadian-Syrian national, Maher Arar, publicly alleged that he had been tortured in a Syrian prison after being handed over to the Syrian authorities by the U.S.

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have doubted the ability of local police to help in the war on terror and suggest their limited manpower is still best utilized by engaging community and targeting street crimes.

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5 kidnappers killed, 1 kidnapper captured. 1 hostage killed prior to raid, 1 hostage killed by kidnapper during raid; 24 hostages rescued. 1 SAS operative received minor burns.

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experts, dog handlers, and intelligence officers. Most of these measures deal with terrorist attacks that affect an area or threaten to do so, or are lengthy situations such as

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invocation if national-level resources are needed. For example, a national response might be required for a nuclear, biological, radiological, or significant chemical attack.

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Kilburn, John C. Jr. and Costanza, S.E. 2009 "Immigration and Homeland Security" published in Battleground: Immigration (Ed: Judith Ann Warner); Greenwood Publishing, Ca.

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included a section on confronting terrorism in the recommendations in the Madrid Agenda arising from the Madrid Summit on Democracy and Terrorism (Madrid March 8–11, 2005):

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Images of torture and ill-treatment of detainees in U.S. custody in Iraq and other locations have encouraged international scrutiny of U.S. operations in the war on terror.

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on March 31. He described it as "a bill to strengthen Australia's counter-terrorism laws in a number of respects – a task made more urgent following the recent tragic

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counterterrorist rhetoric redefined most American post 9/11 law enforcement agencies in theory, it is hard to assess how well such hyperbole has translated into practice.

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Negotiation finished. 80 hostages released. RMN, including PASKAL navy commandos with mixed international forces patrolling the Gulf of Aden during this festive period.

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Ivan Arreguín-Toft, "How to Lose a War on Terror: A Comparative Analysis of a Counterinsurgency Success and Failure," in Jan Ångström and Isabelle Duyvesteyn, Eds.,

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Repression by the military in itself usually leads to short term victories, but tend to be unsuccessful in the long run (e.g., the French doctrine used in colonial

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in Northern Ireland. Although military action can temporarily disrupt a terrorist group's operations temporarily, it sometimes does not end the threat completely.

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Overview on the economical character of current terrorism, Strategic Impact (ROMANIA) (ISSN: 1841–5784) (eISSN: 1824–9904) 62/2017: (Issue No. 1) pp. 83–100.

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Buurman, J.; Zhang, S.; Babovic, V. (2009). "Reducing Risk Through Real Options in Systems Design: The Case of Architecting a Maritime Domain Protection System".

3269:"How to Save Face & the Fourth Amendment: Developing an Algorithmic Auditing and Accountability Industry for Facial Recognition Technology in Law Enforcement" 180:, Western governments made counterterrorism efforts a priority. This included more extensive collaboration with foreign governments, shifting tactics involving 4302:

Michael Bayer. 2010. The Blue Planet: Informal International Police Networks and National Intelligence. Washington, DC: National Intelligence Defense College.

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The United Kingdom has had counterterrorism legislation in place for more than thirty years. The Prevention of Violence Act 1938 was brought in response to an

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political and social understanding of any grievances that might be solved. Ideally, one gets information from inside the group, a very difficult challenge for

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141 Indian civilians, 30 foreigners, 15 police officers, and two NSG commandos were killed. 9 attackers killed, 1 attacker captured. 293 individuals injured

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used 160 tons of chlorine; industrial shipments of chlorine, widely used in water purification and the chemical industry, travel in 90- or 55-ton tank cars.

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2 hijackers killed, 1 passenger died from wounds during raid. 2 passengers and 1 commando injured. 2 kidnappers captured. All other 96 passengers rescued.

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or drugs. Such methods may lead captives to offer false information in an attempt to stop the treatment, or due to the confusion caused by it. In 1978 the

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Ramirez, D., J. Hoopes, and T.L. Quinlan. 2003 "Defining racial profiling in a post-September 11 world." American Criminal Law Review. 40(3): 1195–1233.

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Helms, Ronald; Costanza, S E; Johnson, Nicholas (February 1, 2012). "Crouching tiger or phantom dragon? Examining the discourse on global cyber-terror".

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March 3, The Sri Lankan cricket team attack – 6 members of the Sri Lankan cricket team were injured, 6 Pakistani police officers and 2 civilians killed.

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5 hijackers killed (2 likely killed extrajudicially after raid),1 Kopassus operative killed, 1 pilot fatally wounded by terrorist, all hostages rescued.

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2 KUD members and one special forces corpsman killed, 5 police officers wounded. 11 kidnappers killed, 5 wounded, and 1 captured. All hostages rescued.

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was established to consolidate domestic security agencies to coordinate counterterrorism and national response to major natural disasters and accidents.

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While international efforts to combat terrorism have focused on the need to enhance cooperation between states, proponents of human rights (as well as

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Sexton, Renard; Wellhausen, Rachel L.; Findley, Michael G. (2019). "How Government Reactions to Violence Worsen Social Welfare: Evidence from Peru".

792:. The bin is clear so police can easily examine its contents, preventing the potential placement of bombs or the disposal of weaponry by terrorists. 58: 2467: 1924:

8 kidnappers killed, 2 kidnappers captured. 2 hostages killed by kidnappers, 24 Hostages rescued. 5 Army Operatives killed in helicopter accident.

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programs provide outside expert assistance to a threatened government. FID can involve both non-military and military aspects of counterterrorism.

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March 30, the Manawan Police Academy in Lahore attack – 8 gunmen, 8 police personnel and 2 civilians killed, 95 people injured, 4 gunmen captured.

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91 students/militants killed, 50 militants captured. 10 SSG and 1 Ranger killed; 33 SSG, 3 Rangers, 8 soldiers wounded. 204 civilians injured.

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Stigall, Dan E.; Miller, Chris; Donnatucci, Lauren (October 7, 2019). "The 2018 National Strategy for Counterterrorism: A Synoptic Overview".

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Costanza, S.E.; Kilburn, John C. Jr. (2005). "Symbolic Security, Moral Panic and Public Sentiment: Toward a sociology of Counterterrorism".

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Juergensmeyer, Mark (2000). Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

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Human Rights News (2004): "Human Rights and Counter-Terrorism", in the Briefing to the 60th Session of the UN Commission on Human Rights.

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Aircraft cockpits are kept locked during flights and have reinforced doors, which only the pilots in the cabin are capable of opening. UK

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Plaza Cinema Chowk attack – 16 police officers, an army officer and unknown number of civilians killed. As many as 251 people injured.

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demonstrated the vulnerability of the North American electrical grid to natural disasters coupled with inadequate, possibly insecure,

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The majority of counterterrorism operations at the tactical level are conducted by state, federal, and national law enforcement or

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In The Handbook of Collective Violence: Current Developments and Understanding, eds. C.A. Ireland, et al. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.

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In some cases the legal framework within which they operate prohibits military units conducting operations in the domestic arena;

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are capable of triaging, treating, and transporting the more severely affected individuals to hospitals, which typically have

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is a great challenge with the security of cell-based systems, since the ideal, but the nearly impossible, goal is to obtain a

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Until 2005, eleven men remained in high security detention in the UK under the Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001.

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In February 2017, sources claimed that the Trump administration intends to rename and revamp the U.S. government program

474: 3720:"Preventive Counter-Terrorism Measures and Non-Discrimination in the European Union: The Need for Systematic Evaluation" 3167:"Preventive Counter-Terrorism Measures and Non-Discrimination in the European Union: The Need for Systematic Evaluation" 5242: 5100: 5081: 4674: 3694: 2727: 1250: 853: 631: 551: 4147: 981:), Israel has developed several defensive measures against artillery, rockets, and missiles. These include building a 5179: 5055: 4628: 4601: 4084: 3331: 3050: 2593: 2485: 1691: 1524: 935: 684: 17: 863:

Military intervention has not always been successful in stopping or preventing future terrorism, such as during the

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Counterterrorist forces expanded with the perceived growing threat of terrorism in the late 20th century. After the

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Judy Kuriansky (Editor), "Terror in the Holy Land: Inside the Anguish of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict" (2006,

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Savun, Burcu; Tirone, Daniel C. (2018). "Foreign Aid as a Counterterrorism Tool – Burcu Savun, Daniel C. Tirone".

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creates new offenses related to terrorism, and amends existing ones. The act was drafted in the aftermath of the

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Deflem, Mathieu. 2010. The Policing of Terrorism: Organizational and Global Perspectives. New York: Routledge.

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including five Malaysian students detained for alleged terrorist activity while studying in Karachi, Pakistan.

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Mathieu Deflem. 2010. The Policing of Terrorism: Organizational and Global Perspectives. New York: Routledge.

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Arreguín-Toft, Ivan. "Tunnel at the End of the Light: A Critique of U.S. Counter-terrorist Grand Strategy,"

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restrain the rights or freedoms of citizens and breach principles of non-discrimination. Examples include:

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Many countries have dedicated counterterrorist units trained to handle terrorist threats. Besides various

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for all people. Such activities empower citizens, providing "freedom from fear" and "freedom from want".

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All 7 hijackers, 45 Ugandan troops, 3 hostages, and 1 Israeli soldier were killed. 100 hostages rescued

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Boundaries of the Battlefield: A Critical Look at the Legal Paradigms and Rules in Countering Terrorism

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DeLone, Gregory J. 2007. "Law Enforcement Mission Statements Post September 11." Police Quarterly 10(2)

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remain in long-term detention in Pakistan or in U.S.-controlled centers in Afghanistan without trial.

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334 hostages killed and hundreds wounded. 10–21 rescuers killed. 31 kidnappers killed, 1 captured.

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to enforce protective standoff distance outside tall or politically sensitive buildings to prevent

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is an advanced interdiction force for higher risk law enforcement and counter-terrorism operations

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4+ kidnappers killed or missing (Jan 18). 8 kidnappers killed, 5 captured. All hostages rescued.

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threat, as convenient locations for depositing bombs. Scottish stations removed theirs after the

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8 US servicemen killed & 4 injured 1 Iranian civilian (alleged by Iranian Army) killed in

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5 hijackers, 1 hostage, and 1 police officer killed, 1 hostage and 1 police officer wounded.

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in countries where terrorists are said to be based. Similar justifications were used for the

849: 707: 600: 377: 344:. This act had been allowed to expire in 1953. It was repealed in 1973 to be replaced by the 337: 231: 206: 5222: 5076: 4881: 4823: 4763: 4181: 3880: 2920: 2633: 2451: 1969: 1955: 1584: 1546: 1382: 1149: 927:. Another way to reduce the impact of attacks is to design buildings for rapid evacuation. 501: 300: 177: 44: 40: 4523:

In The Handbook of Social Control, edited by Mathieu Deflem. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.

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1 hostage killed before the raid; 3 hijackers killed and 1 captured. 90 hostages rescued.

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Australia has passed several counterterrorism acts. In 2004, a bill comprising three acts

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active protection system, capable of intercepting airborne rockets and artillery shells

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China has used the "war on terror" to justify its policies in the predominantly Muslim

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U.S. legal issues surrounding this issue include rulings on the domestic employment of

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was formally introduced into the Parliament on November 19, 2001, two months after the

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Shaffer, Ryan (2015). "Counter-Terrorism Intelligence, Policy and Theory Since 9/11".

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Since 1978 the UK's terrorism laws have been regularly reviewed by a security-cleared

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have long argued, that respecting human rights may indeed help us to incur security.

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and has laws forbidding membership in such organizations and funding or helping them.

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and, like its predecessors, some of its terms have proven to be highly controversial.

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While counter-terror measures (most notably heightened airport security, immigrant

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Some counterterrorist actions of the 20th and 21st centuries are listed below. See

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Nagl, John A.; Petraeus, David H.; Amos, James F.; Sewall, Sarah (December 2006).

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de Londras, Detention in the War on Terrorism: Can Human Rights Fight Back? (2011)

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The first counterterrorism body to be formed was the Special Irish Branch of the

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Counterterrorism and Cybersecurity: Total Information Awareness (Second Edition)

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The Cambridge Handbook of Information Technology, Life Sciences and Human Rights

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for a more extended list, including hostage-takings that did not end violently.

4934: 4889: 4845: 3831: 3722:. The International Centre for Counter-Terrorism-The Hague (ICCT). July 2, 2011 3311: 2771: 1991: 1961:

2 hostages, 2 rescuers, and 1 kidnapper killed. Other 28 kidnappers captured.

1396: 1368: 1264: 1053:

proclaiming that a suicide bomber would not be polluted by the swine products.

802: 797: 741: 720: 703: 538: 494: 329: 3801:

1964 English translation by Daniel Lee with an Introduction by Bernard B. Fall

3323: 473:, requiring Presidential approval before deploying the Army or the Air Force. 289:

are often small, with all members known to one another, perhaps even related.

230:

Most counterterrorism strategies involve an increase in policing and domestic

115:" for programs that support other countries' attempts to suppress insurgency, 5211: 4813: 4783: 4281: 3814: 3754: 3681:

Amnesty International (2005): "Counter-terrorism and criminal law in the EU.

3518:

Exclusive: Trump to focus counter-extremism program solely on Islam – sources

3288: 3245: 2801: 2736: 2642: 2278: 2241: 2108: 1974: 1946: 1575: 1445: 1173: 1027:

To put this risk into perspective, the first major lethal chemical attack of

1006: 736: 412: 219: 158:

has been identified as the first international conference against terrorism.

4528:"The Fear of Counterterrorism: Surveillance and Civil Liberties Since 9/11." 1845:

4 hijackers killed. 3 hostages killed before the raid, 229 hostages rescued

1360:

Israelis and Jews. Non-Jewish hostages were released shortly after capture.

623: 437:

after the September 11 attacks, as well as a range of other legislation and

4899: 4682:

Cross-Border Terrorism in India: Counterterrorism Strategies and Challenges

4514:"Responses to Terror: Policing and Countering Terrorism in the Modern Age." 4201: 3902: 2816: 2608: 1904: 1728: 1612: 1454: 1322: 1286: 982: 888: 420: 349: 4703: 3494:"USCENTCOM Seizes Iranian Advanced Conventional Weapons Bound for Houthis" 3268: 827:

Violent extremism § Prevention of radicalization and deradicalization

156:

International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists

3531:"Proposals to further strengthen Australia s counter-terrorism laws 2005" 3441:"Counter-Terrorism Module 12 Key Issues: Surveillance & Interception" 3280: 1753: 1621: 1528: 1440: 1130: 1028: 434: 235: 116: 3943:"IDF's 'David's Sling' missile system used to shoot down rocket barrage" 3918:"How Israel Developed Such A Shockingly Effective Rocket Defense System" 3380:"The Challenges of Effective Counterterrorism Intelligence in the 2020s" 5014: 4929: 4634: 4350: 3394: 3237: 2512: 2414: 2408: 2028:

All 39 kidnappers and 129–204 hostages killed. 600–700 hostages freed.

1759: 1010: 966: 961:

Due to frequent shelling of Israel's cities, towns, and settlements by

562:

traditions, the measures are controversial and have been criticized by

250:

options for intelligence gathering. Many countries increasingly employ

120: 96: 4481:

Counterterrorism between the Wars: An International History, 1919-1937

4413: 4273: 2759:

operations being undertaken in the domestic or international context.

2229:

Ajmal Qasab and other Pakistani nationals affiliated to Laskar-e-taiba

4744: 4550:

The Human Factor: Inside the CIA's Dysfunctional Intelligence Culture

3970:"D.C. Wants Rail Hazmats Banned: S.C. Wreck Renews Fears for Capital" 2856: 2477: 2381: 2094: 2075: 1826: 1002: 994: 978: 954: 526: 258: 89: 4698: 3893: 3868: 4904: 4502:, (International Centre for Counter-Terrorism – The Hague, May 2016 3834:

is widely described as establishing many of this volume's concepts.

3456:"Counterterrorism Killings and Provisional IRA Bombings, 1970–1998" 3207:"Trade and Terror: The Impact of Terrorism on Developing Countries" 3189:"Which Countries' Terrorist Attacks Are Ignored By The U.S. Media?" 2531: 2139: 2071: 2023: 1987: 1914: 1796: 1580: 1177: 924: 677: 652: 181: 4708: 3354:"Why facial recognition use is growing amid the Covid-19 pandemic" 1714:

1 hostage killed during hijacking, 4 hijackers convicted in Italy

946:

purchased bomb-resistant barriers after the September 11 attacks.

261:

or religious groups, which are the sources of political conversy.

257:

Domestic intelligence gathering is sometimes directed to specific

3070:. Cambridge University Press. December 5, 2013. p. 131–184. 2471: 2344: 2339: 2188: 1978: 1918: 1566: 1485:

Democratic Revolutionary Movement for the Liberation of Arabistan

974: 899: 673: 611: 196: 2782:, the British police formally turned responsibility over to the 558:

included a "shoot-to-kill" clause. In a country with entrenched

4919: 4492:

Making CVE Work: A Focused Approach Based on Process Disruption

2517: 2420:

Royal Security Forces of the Sultanate of Sulu and North Borneo

2372: 2297: 2237: 2219: 2199: 2041: 1763: 1644: 1507: 1282: 1169: 1113: 880: 789: 585: 341: 210: 151:

established similar units in the United Kingdom and elsewhere.

144: 4585:(International Centre for Counter-Terrorism – The Hague, 2013) 4468:(International Centre for Counter-Terrorism – The Hague, 2012) 4398: 3066:"The first international conference on terrorism: Rome 1898". 2144:

PUK's Kurdistan Regional Government's Counter Terrorism Group

500:

External or international use of lethal force would require a

3677: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3663: 2993:

Curtis E. Lemay Center for Doctrine Development and Education

2527: 2522: 2508: 1937: 1921:'s Infantry Battalion, Penerbad (Army Aviation) Mixed Forces 1777: 1603: 1421: 1200: 1050: 1041: 970: 630:

was captured as an enemy combatant during the United States'

567: 223: 162: 4713: 4623:(Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004), 3869:"Disaster management: Design buildings for rapid evacuation" 3544:

Summary of Israeli Supreme Court Ruling on Targeted Killings

51: 3454:

Gill, Paul; Piazza, James A.; Horgan, John (May 26, 2016).

2063: 1901:

Mixed (19 Indonesians, 4 British, 2 Dutch, & 1 German)

1858: 1840: 1511: 1306: 903: 810: 36: 3660: 3038: 2283:

3 kidnappers killed and 1 captured. All hostages rescued.

299:

within the cell. Financial tracking can play a role, as a

32: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3640: 2692: 2657: 1782:

3 hijacker killed, 3 hostages killed, 8 hostages rescued

735:

Another major method of preemptive neutralization is the

143:

after it expanded its scope beyond its original focus on

4656:

Merari, Ariel. "Terrorism as a Strategy in Insurgency,"

1943:

Malaysian (2 police officers, 1 soldier and 1 civilian)

4255: 4253: 4251: 3830:

While military manuals rarely show individual authors,

3223: 2940: 2495:. One special forces officer killed during skirmishes. 356:

In 2000 the Acts were replaced with the more permanent

27:

Activity to defend against or prevent terrorist actions

4535:

Agitazione sovversiva, guerra psicologica e terrorismo

3812: 3778:

Dying to Win: The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism

3637: 1549:. Negotiation finished in 1981. 53 hostages released. 1341:

All hostages released, all kidnappers flown to Libya.

3556: 2546: 1882:

All 14 kidnappers, 1 hostage, and 2 rescuers killed.

1631:

Hostage saved, capture of the entire terrorist cell.

1465:

18 police officers rescued, all terrorists captured.

672:

Hundreds of people suspected of connections with the

360:, which contained many of their powers, and then the 123:, or to reduce the conditions under which threats to 4456:

Understanding Victory and Defeat in Contemporary War

4259: 4248: 3793:"Modern Warfare: A French View of Counterinsurgency" 2867:

International counter-terrorism operations of Russia

2786:

when the situation went beyond police capabilities.

4171: 3618:"Fighting Terrorism Without Violating Human Rights" 2540:67–100+ Palestinians killed, all hostages rescued. 1061:For a threatened or completed terrorist attack, an 384:was drafted to answer the Law Lords ruling and the 95:If an act of terrorism occurs as part of a broader 4026: 3312:"Face Recognition and the Right to Stay Anonymous" 1001:, which intercept the incoming threat in the air. 906:have yet to be seen as beneficial or ineffectual. 428:Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution 353:the IRA would target civilian areas as a response. 985:in every building and school, but also deploying 5209: 4660:, Vol. 5, No. 4 (Winter 1993), pp. 213–251. 3453: 3318:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 139–152, 2386:Ethnic Chechen, Russian, and Georgian militants 764:, and that such practices were in breach of the 103:) then counterterrorism may additionally employ 39:operators in 2015. GIGN is the counterterrorist 4466:A Fear Management Approach to Counter-Terrorism 4313: 3775: 2943:American University National Security Law Brief 2354:Republic of Korea Navy Special Warfare Flotilla 1999:Terrorism threats in the gorge were repressed. 1203:troopers disembarking from a helicopter in 1978 80:, techniques, and strategies that governments, 4010:"Swine: Secret Weapon Against Islamic Terror?" 3967: 3915: 1191: 973:, but also by other Palestinian factions) and 934:removed their garbage bins in response to the 197:Intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance 4729: 4526:Deflem, Mathieu and Shannon McDonough. 2015. 4519:Deflem, Mathieu, and Stephen Chicoine. 2019. 2847:Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism 398:Independent Reviewer of Terrorism Legislation 265:of an entire population raises objections on 161:The first tactical counterterrorist unit was 4619:, American Bar Association).* Marc Sageman, 2721: 1572:Mostly Indonesian, some Europeans/Americans 726: 511:(CVE) to focus solely on Islamist extremism. 4316:Journal of Social and Ecological Boundaries 3740: 3392: 2648: 2176:15 hostages rescued. 2 kidnappers captured 1520:Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line 1097:military authority beyond the local level. 1013:fired by Palestinians from the Gaza Strip. 535:Anti-terrorism Act, 2004, (No 2) and (No 3) 477:policy also applies this limitation to the 369:Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 242:. New technology has expanded the range of 4736: 4722: 4451:, Vol. 15, No. 3 (2002), pp. 549–563. 3866: 3386: 2986:"Introduction to Foreign Internal Defense" 2965:"Introduction to Foreign Internal Defense" 1745:6 kidnappers captured, 2 hostages rescued 1215:Representative counterterrorist operations 944:Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority 4449:Cambridge Review of International Affairs 4230: 4228: 3892: 3790: 3784: 2594:Learn how and when to remove this message 2147:5 kidnappers arrested, 1 hostage rescued 1813:1 hijacker killed, all hostages rescued. 1805:Islamic terrorist (Mohammed Yousuf Shah) 1005:has successfully intercepted hundreds of 848:Terrorism has often been used to justify 4669:(Acta Universitatis Tamperensis, 2009), 4029:"The Paradox of Terrorism in Civil Wars" 2731: 2652: 1195: 1129: 948: 871:, and most of the campaigns against the 835: 775: 622: 317:In response to the growing legislation. 226:, one of Israel's counterterrorism units 218: 188:in the above-mentioned Munich massacre. 50: 31: 3130: 1618:U.S. Army Intelligence Support Activity 14: 5210: 5041:Charities accused of ties to terrorism 4580:Jessica Dorsey, Christophe Paulussen, 4332: 4225: 3806: 3309: 3068:The Battle against Anarchist Terrorism 2167:Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia 1626:Nucleo Operativo Centrale di Sicurezza 1116:plans in place for terrorist attacks. 1056: 607:were a permitted form of self-defense. 426:Search and seizure is governed by the 234:gathering. Central techniques include 4717: 4507:Low-cost attacks, unnoticeable plots? 4167: 4165: 3815:"Field Manual 3–24 Counterinsurgency" 3395:"The Globalization of Terror Funding" 3226:American Journal of Political Science 2438:Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency 2389:Special Operations Center, SOD, KUD, 1160:These units are specially trained in 592:Israel monitors a list of designated 556:Australian Anti-Terrorism Act of 2005 340:(IRA) campaign of violence under the 3916:Robert Johnson (November 19, 2012). 3112:from the original on October 9, 2022 2550: 1996:2,400 troops, 1,000 police officers 1371:, Sayeret Tzanhanim, Sayeret Golani 1080: 643:or even violations of human rights. 4463:Bakker, Edwin, and Tinka Veldhuis. 3968:Weiss, Eric M. (January 11, 2005). 3266: 3059: 3039:Tim Newburn, Peter Neyroud (2013). 2764:United States Department of Defense 2225:Indian Nationals, Foreign tourists 1773:Palestinian Liberation Organization 1100: 914: 858:second Russian invasion of Chechnya 766:European Convention on Human Rights 537:was passed. Then Attorney-General, 99:(and insurgency is included in the 24: 5082:Victims of Acts of Terror Memorial 5046:Designated terrorist organizations 4441: 4162: 4146:. October 10, 2008. Archived from 4048:10.1023/B:JOET.0000012254.69088.41 2728:List of counter-terrorism agencies 2623: 2566:tone or style may not reflect the 2547:Designing counterterrorist systems 1868:Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement 1251:Tel Aviv-Lod International Airport 552:Australian Anti-Terrorism Act 2005 465:limits domestic employment of the 25: 5264: 4692: 4643:Springer International Publishing 3988:"Suicide bombing 'pig fat threat" 3780:. Random House. pp. 237–250. 3211:Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2486:State Security Service of Georgia 1692:Palestine Liberation Organization 1525:United States Army Special Forces 1125: 1091: 685:Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region 306: 169:, formed in response to the 1972 4792: 4667:Political Responses to Terrorism 4658:Terrorism and Political Violence 4483:(Oxford University Press, 2020) 4194:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01160.x 3460:Terrorism and Political Violence 3133:Terrorism and Political Violence 2576:guide to writing better articles 2555: 2019:Special Purpose Islamic Regiment 1481:Mostly Iranian but some British 1157:are under constant development. 942:as a precautionary measure. The 578: 519: 405: 382:Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005 362:Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005 322: 4699:U.S. Bureau of Counterterrorism 4428: 4392: 4383: 4374: 4365: 4326: 4307: 4296: 4237: 4216: 4126: 4102: 4077: 4020: 4002: 3980: 3961: 3935: 3909: 3860: 3769: 3734: 3712: 3687: 3628: 3610: 3584: 3537: 3523: 3511: 3486: 3447: 3433: 3372: 3346: 3303: 3260: 3217: 3199: 3181: 2677:Department of Homeland Security 2450:8 police officers (including 2 2202:and mixed international forces 1854:Japanese embassy hostage crisis 1537:CIA Special Activities Division 1533:75th Infantry Regiment (Ranger) 1404:Mogadishu International Airport 771: 762:inhuman and degrading treatment 618: 446:Department of Homeland Security 59:Maritime Security Response Team 4136:Ops Fajar mission accomplished 3947:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com 3743:Journal of Conflict Resolution 3393:Feiler, Gil (September 2007). 3310:Garvie, Clare (May 26, 2022), 3159: 3124: 3092: 3032: 3014: 2978: 2957: 2934: 2491:3 militants killed, including 2334:Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden 1836:Armed Islamic Group of Algeria 1036:To give one more example, the 909: 750:European Court of Human Rights 441:relating to national security. 13: 1: 4743: 4621:Understanding Terror Networks 3990:. BBC News. February 13, 2004 3564:"Terror bill passes into law" 3472:10.1080/09546553.2016.1155932 3145:10.1080/09546553.2015.1006097 2927: 2907:, Central Intelligence Agency 2747: 2669:Homeland Security Act of 2002 2442:joint counterterrorist forces 2350:Somali pirates and militants 2196:Somali pirates and militants 2015:Mixed, mostly Russian (900+) 2008:Moscow theater hostage crisis 1709:Gruppo di intervento speciale 1460:Gruppo di intervento speciale 203:Intelligence cycle management 4085:Crewmen tell of scary ordeal 3076:10.1017/cbo9781139524124.008 2754:List of special forces units 2743:(Germany) during an exercise 1439:Casa Circondariale di Trani 1328:Mixed. American and Swedish 854:U.S. invasion of Afghanistan 632:2001 invasion of Afghanistan 509:Countering Violent Extremism 423:by law enforcement agencies. 380:, it remained in force. The 346:Prevention of Terrorism Acts 76:, relates to the practices, 7: 4609:The Law of Counterterrorism 4458:(London: Frank Cass, 2007). 4110:No choice but to pay ransom 4027:Stathis N. Kalyvas (2004). 3820:. US Department of the Army 2905:Special Activities Division 2789: 2667:Pursuant to passage of the 2368:Lopota Gorge hostage crisis 1917:'s SAT-81 Gultor CT Group, 1864:Japanese and guests (800+) 1795:Hijacked between Delhi and 1654:Armenian Revolutionary Army 1558:Garuda Indonesia Flight 206 1541:1st Special Operations Wing 1317:AIA building hostage crisis 1300:German Federal Border Guard 1192:Counterterrorist operations 940:7 July 2005 London Bombings 842:707th Special Mission Group 831: 639:security have been seen as 390:7 July 2005 London bombings 287:operational terrorist cells 236:intercepting communications 191: 184:, and preventive measures. 88:use to combat or eliminate 10: 5269: 4774:Anti-terrorism legislation 4704:Counter Terrorism Policing 3549:February 23, 2013, at the 3045:. Routledge. p. 262. 2751: 2725: 2498: 2457: 2398: 2362: 2328: 2286: 2253: 2208: 2179: 2150: 2124: 2084: 2031: 2002: 1990:and Chechen rebels led by 1964: 1927: 1885: 1848: 1791:Indian Airlines Flight 427 1785: 1748: 1717: 1666: 1634: 1593: 1552: 1497: 1468: 1434: 1377: 1344: 1311: 1272: 1240: 1218: 1140:officers breaching a door. 1106:Emergency medical services 1071:2004 Madrid train bombings 1038:Northeast blackout of 2003 921:hostile vehicle mitigation 824: 760:amounted to a practice of 687:to stifle Uyghur identity. 599:On December 14, 2006, the 479:United States Marine Corps 373:September 11, 2001 attacks 313:Anti-terrorism legislation 310: 252:facial recognition systems 200: 130: 109:United States Armed Forces 5243:Private security industry 5090: 5064: 5056:Islamic terrorist attacks 5033: 5007: 4971: 4963:State-sponsored terrorism 4950: 4910:Environmental destruction 4879: 4801: 4790: 4769:International conventions 4751: 4590:October 22, 2020, at the 4122:Monday September 29, 2008 4115:December 5, 2008, at the 3791:Trinquier, Roger (1961). 3324:10.1017/9781108775038.014 2916:Terrorism Research Center 2877:Manhunt (law enforcement) 2722:Counterterrorism agencies 2712:intelligence-led policing 2104:Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan 1236: 1219: 987:active protection systems 754:Ireland v. United Kingdom 727:Preemptive neutralization 543:Anti-terrorism bill, 2004 487:Los Angeles riots of 1992 453:United States Coast Guard 56:United States Coast Guard 4577:, Taylor & Francis). 4090:October 8, 2008, at the 3776:Pape, Robert A. (2005). 3755:10.1177/0022002717704952 3358:South China Morning Post 3267:Lin, Patrick K. (2021). 2852:Industrial antiterrorism 2649:American law enforcement 2488:, police special forces 2404:2013 Lahad Datu standoff 2259:Maersk Alabama hijacking 1891:Mapenduma hostage crisis 1599:Operation Winter Harvest 817:Foreign internal defense 301:communications intercept 149:law enforcement agencies 113:foreign internal defense 68:(alternatively spelled: 4979:Clandestine cell system 4607:Lynn Zusman (Editor), " 4512:Deflem, Mathieu. 2020. 3273:SSRN Electronic Journal 2972:U.S. Air Force Doctrine 2862:Infrastructure security 2837:Extraordinary rendition 2832:Extrajudicial execution 2797:Civilian casualty ratio 2617:engineering flexibility 2446:Philippine Armed Forces 2263:Gulf of Aden, Somalia. 2234:National Security Guard 1809:National Security Guard 1685:off the Egyptian coast 1234:Counterterrorist force 1073:), or all the way to a 1063:Incident Command System 840:Counter-terrorism unit 809:including governments, 594:terrorist organizations 471:United States Air Force 101:definition of terrorism 4925:Propaganda of the deed 4686:ACDIS Occasional Paper 4604:, Praeger Publishers). 4498:July 28, 2020, at the 4473:April 2, 2015, at the 4097:Sunday October 5, 2008 3848:Cite journal requires 3421:Cite journal requires 3105:. September 19, 1972. 3042:Dictionary of Policing 2900:Sociology of terrorism 2744: 2741:North Rhine-Westphalia 2664: 2534:with support from the 2430:Malaysian Armed Forces 2347:, Myanmar, Indonesian 2316:Army Rangers Battalion 2296:Multiple locations in 2218:Multiple locations in 2138:Islamic State of Iraq 2129:Kirkuk Hostage Rescue 1822:Air France Flight 8969 1705:Italian special forces 1640:Turkish embassy attack 1209:list of hostage crises 1204: 1141: 1120:Public health agencies 1075:National Response Plan 958: 845: 793: 717: 635: 227: 62: 48: 5065:Memorials and museums 4552:(2008, revised 2010) 4521:"Policing Terrorism." 3799:on January 12, 2008. 2780:Iranian Embassy siege 2766:policy, based on the 2752:Further information: 2735: 2673:Department of Justice 2656: 2536:Israel Defense Forces 2504:Operation Golden Hand 2463:2017 Isani flat siege 2434:Royal Malaysia Police 2117:Special Service Group 1474:Iranian Embassy siege 1199: 1186:intelligence agencies 1166:close-quarters combat 1164:and are equipped for 1150:police tactical units 1135:Royal Malaysia Police 1133: 952: 850:military intervention 839: 825:Further information: 779: 712: 708:Amnesty International 626: 601:Israeli Supreme Court 475:Department of Defense 378:Human Rights Act 1998 338:Irish Republican Army 222: 207:Intelligence analysis 167:German Federal Police 86:intelligence agencies 54: 35: 5077:Topography of Terror 4764:History of terrorism 4680:Vandana, Asthana., " 4530:Society 52(1):70–79. 4339:American Sociologist 3520:, Reuters 2017-02-02 3498:U.S. Central Command 3281:10.2139/ssrn.4095525 2921:War among the people 2046:North Ossetia-Alania 1970:Pankisi Gorge crisis 1956:Pasukan Gerakan Khas 1741:Special Actions Unit 1547:Operation Eagle Claw 1383:Lufthansa Flight 181 1337:Special Actions Unit 1226:Hostage nationality 1138:Pasukan Gerakan Khas 1067:2005 London bombings 768:Article 3 (art. 3). 610:In 2016 the Israeli 502:Presidential finding 433:The U.S. passed the 178:September 11 attacks 139:, later renamed the 45:National Gendarmerie 4545:, Uniservice Books. 4533:Gagliano Giuseppe, 4186:2009RiskA..29..366B 4150:on October 24, 2008 4065:on October 11, 2006 4016:. December 9, 2007. 3974:The Washington Post 3885:2015Natur.528..333R 3867:Ronchi, E. (2015). 3598:on October 18, 2017 3360:. November 18, 2020 3002:on January 24, 2017 2974:. February 1, 2020. 2827:Explosive detection 2812:Counter-IED efforts 2784:Special Air Service 2774:or similar assets. 2768:Posse Comitatus Act 2661:Hostage Rescue Team 2391:army special forces 2292:2009 Lahore Attacks 2214:2008 Mumbai attacks 2090:Siege of Lal Masjid 2074:), Russian police ( 2037:Beslan school siege 1909:Free Papua Movement 1587:securing perimeter 1503:Iran hostage crisis 1490:Special Air Service 1426:Special Air Service 1387:Initially over the 1216: 1057:Command and control 463:Posse Comitatus Act 293:Counterintelligence 285:operations because 271:Domestic terrorists 215:Counterintelligence 147:terrorism. Various 137:Metropolitan Police 4895:Aircraft hijacking 4560:, Encounter Books. 4485:online book review 4351:10.1007/bf02692398 4333:Deflem, M (2004). 3569:The Jerusalem Post 3238:10.1111/ajps.12415 2882:Manhunt (military) 2842:Fatwa on Terrorism 2745: 2665: 2634:civil libertarians 2482:Chechen militants 2411:, Sabah, Malaysia 2246:Rapid Action Force 2172:Columbian military 1563:Don Mueang Airport 1214: 1205: 1142: 959: 846: 794: 651:In November 2003, 636: 564:civil libertarians 560:liberal democratic 547:terrorist bombings 483:United States Navy 467:United States Army 386:Terrorism Act 2006 358:Terrorism Act 2000 297:clandestine source 283:human intelligence 228: 84:, businesses, and 63: 49: 5233:National security 5205: 5204: 4951:State involvement 4779:Counter-terrorism 4665:Sinkkonen, Teemu. 4651:978-3-319-17243-9 4617:978-1-61438-037-5 4575:978-1-4398-1580-9 4558:978-1-59403-382-7 4543:978-88-6178-600-4 4479:Barton, Mary S. 4414:10.1057/sj.2009.7 4274:10.1057/sj.2011.6 4036:Journal of Ethics 3624:. March 21, 2016. 3553:December 14, 2006 3085:978-1-139-52412-4 2895:Security increase 2872:Irregular warfare 2807:Counterinsurgency 2716:homeland security 2604: 2603: 2596: 2570:used on Knowledge 2568:encyclopedic tone 2544: 2543: 2424:Jamalul Kiram III 2055:Riyad-us Saliheen 1873:Peruvian military 1758:Hijacked between 1723:Pudu Prison siege 1350:Operation Entebbe 1332:Japanese Red Army 1246:Sabena Flight 571 1146:security agencies 1081:Damage mitigation 1023:Halifax Explosion 963:artillery rockets 865:Malayan Emergency 746:sleep deprivation 628:John Walker Lindh 605:targeted killings 541:, introduced the 491:Hurricane Katrina 263:Mass surveillance 240:location tracking 125:national security 105:counterinsurgency 72:), also known as 70:counter-terrorism 18:Counter terrorism 16:(Redirected from 5260: 5218:Counterterrorism 4796: 4738: 4731: 4724: 4715: 4714: 4505:Besenyo, Janos. 4435: 4432: 4426: 4425: 4402:Security Journal 4396: 4390: 4387: 4381: 4378: 4372: 4369: 4363: 4362: 4330: 4324: 4323: 4311: 4305: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4262:Security Journal 4257: 4246: 4241: 4235: 4232: 4223: 4220: 4214: 4213: 4169: 4160: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4130: 4124: 4106: 4100: 4081: 4075: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4064: 4058:. Archived from 4033: 4024: 4018: 4017: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3984: 3978: 3977: 3965: 3959: 3958: 3956: 3954: 3939: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3922:Business Insider 3913: 3907: 3906: 3896: 3864: 3858: 3857: 3851: 3846: 3844: 3836: 3827: 3825: 3819: 3810: 3804: 3803: 3795:. Archived from 3788: 3782: 3781: 3773: 3767: 3766: 3749:(8): 1607–1635. 3738: 3732: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3716: 3710: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3691: 3685: 3679: 3658: 3652: 3635: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3614: 3608: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3560: 3554: 3541: 3535: 3534: 3527: 3521: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3451: 3445: 3444: 3437: 3431: 3430: 3424: 3419: 3417: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3399: 3390: 3384: 3383: 3382:. June 21, 2020. 3376: 3370: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3350: 3344: 3343: 3342: 3340: 3307: 3301: 3300: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3221: 3215: 3214: 3203: 3197: 3196: 3185: 3179: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3163: 3157: 3156: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3111: 3104: 3096: 3090: 3089: 3063: 3057: 3056: 3036: 3030: 3029: 3018: 3012: 3011: 3009: 3007: 3001: 2995:. Archived from 2990: 2982: 2976: 2975: 2969: 2961: 2955: 2954: 2938: 2911:Targeted killing 2890:Preventive State 2822:Deradicalization 2638:criminal justice 2599: 2592: 2588: 2585: 2579: 2578:for suggestions. 2574:See Knowledge's 2559: 2558: 2551: 2312:Police Commandos 2184:Operations Dawn 1397:the French coast 1217: 1213: 1162:military tactics 1101:Medical services 1086:Fire departments 1045: 1032: 932:railway stations 915:Target hardening 869:Mau Mau uprising 813:, and citizens. 584: 582: 581: 525: 523: 522: 439:executive orders 411: 409: 408: 348:, a response to 328: 326: 325: 78:military tactics 66:Counterterrorism 21: 5268: 5267: 5263: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5258: 5257: 5228:Law enforcement 5208: 5207: 5206: 5201: 5086: 5072:House of Terror 5060: 5029: 5020:Reign of Terror 5003: 4967: 4958:State terrorism 4946: 4875: 4829:Ethnic violence 4797: 4788: 4747: 4742: 4695: 4592:Wayback Machine 4567:James F. Pastor 4548:Ishmael Jones, 4500:Wayback Machine 4475:Wayback Machine 4444: 4442:Further reading 4439: 4438: 4433: 4429: 4397: 4393: 4388: 4384: 4379: 4375: 4370: 4366: 4331: 4327: 4312: 4308: 4301: 4297: 4258: 4249: 4242: 4238: 4233: 4226: 4221: 4217: 4170: 4163: 4153: 4151: 4132: 4131: 4127: 4117:Wayback Machine 4107: 4103: 4092:Wayback Machine 4082: 4078: 4068: 4066: 4062: 4031: 4025: 4021: 4008: 4007: 4003: 3993: 3991: 3986: 3985: 3981: 3966: 3962: 3952: 3950: 3941: 3940: 3936: 3926: 3924: 3914: 3910: 3894:10.1038/528333b 3865: 3861: 3849: 3847: 3838: 3837: 3823: 3821: 3817: 3811: 3807: 3789: 3785: 3774: 3770: 3739: 3735: 3725: 3723: 3718: 3717: 3713: 3703: 3701: 3693: 3692: 3688: 3680: 3661: 3653: 3638: 3633: 3629: 3616: 3615: 3611: 3601: 3599: 3590: 3589: 3585: 3575: 3573: 3572:. June 16, 2016 3562: 3561: 3557: 3551:Wayback Machine 3542: 3538: 3529: 3528: 3524: 3516: 3512: 3502: 3500: 3492: 3491: 3487: 3452: 3448: 3439: 3438: 3434: 3422: 3420: 3411: 3410: 3403: 3401: 3397: 3391: 3387: 3378: 3377: 3373: 3363: 3361: 3352: 3351: 3347: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3308: 3304: 3265: 3261: 3222: 3218: 3205: 3204: 3200: 3193:FiveThirtyEight 3187: 3186: 3182: 3172: 3170: 3165: 3164: 3160: 3129: 3125: 3115: 3113: 3109: 3102: 3098: 3097: 3093: 3086: 3065: 3064: 3060: 3053: 3037: 3033: 3020: 3019: 3015: 3005: 3003: 2999: 2988: 2984: 2983: 2979: 2967: 2963: 2962: 2958: 2939: 2935: 2930: 2925: 2792: 2756: 2750: 2730: 2724: 2651: 2626: 2624:Law enforcement 2600: 2589: 2583: 2580: 2573: 2564:This section's 2560: 2556: 2549: 2493:Akhmed Chatayev 2323: 2307:Lashkar-e-Taiba 2156:Operation Jaque 2012:Moscow, Russia 1958:, mixed forces 1952:Grup Gerak Khas 1802:141 passengers 1703:turned over to 1583:assault group, 1355:Entebbe airport 1295:Black September 1278:Munich massacre 1260:Black September 1230: 1194: 1128: 1103: 1094: 1083: 1059: 1035: 1026: 1019:Bhopal disaster 936:Provisional IRA 917: 912: 885:Border Campaign 877:Irish Civil War 834: 829: 786:Central Station 774: 729: 641:abuses of power 621: 579: 577: 520: 518: 406: 404: 323: 321: 315: 309: 267:civil liberties 248:law enforcement 217: 199: 194: 171:Munich massacre 133: 111:uses the term " 82:law enforcement 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5266: 5256: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5203: 5202: 5200: 5199: 5198: 5197: 5189: 5188: 5187: 5177: 5172: 5171: 5170: 5160: 5159: 5158: 5150: 5145: 5144: 5143: 5135: 5134: 5133: 5125: 5124: 5123: 5115: 5114: 5113: 5105: 5104: 5103: 5094: 5092: 5088: 5087: 5085: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5068: 5066: 5062: 5061: 5059: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5037: 5035: 5031: 5030: 5028: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5011: 5009: 5005: 5004: 5002: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4975: 4973: 4969: 4968: 4966: 4965: 4960: 4954: 4952: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4944: 4943: 4942: 4935:Suicide attack 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4890:Agro-terrorism 4886: 4884: 4877: 4876: 4874: 4873: 4867: 4862: 4853: 4848: 4846:Narcoterrorism 4843: 4842: 4841: 4836: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4805: 4803: 4799: 4798: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4755: 4753: 4749: 4748: 4741: 4740: 4733: 4726: 4718: 4712: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4694: 4693:External links 4691: 4690: 4689: 4678: 4675:978-9514478710 4662: 4661: 4654: 4641:(Switzerland: 4632: 4605: 4594: 4578: 4564: 4561: 4546: 4531: 4524: 4517: 4510: 4503: 4489:Berger, J.M. 4487: 4477: 4460: 4459: 4452: 4443: 4440: 4437: 4436: 4427: 4391: 4382: 4373: 4364: 4325: 4306: 4295: 4247: 4236: 4224: 4215: 4180:(3): 366–379. 4161: 4125: 4101: 4076: 4019: 4001: 3979: 3976:. p. B01. 3960: 3949:. May 10, 2023 3934: 3908: 3859: 3850:|journal= 3832:David Petraeus 3805: 3783: 3768: 3733: 3711: 3686: 3659: 3636: 3627: 3609: 3583: 3555: 3536: 3522: 3510: 3485: 3466:(3): 473–496. 3446: 3432: 3423:|journal= 3385: 3371: 3345: 3332: 3302: 3259: 3232:(2): 353–367. 3216: 3198: 3180: 3158: 3139:(2): 368–375. 3123: 3091: 3084: 3058: 3051: 3031: 3013: 2977: 2956: 2932: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2924: 2923: 2918: 2913: 2908: 2902: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2824: 2819: 2814: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2772:special forces 2749: 2746: 2726:Main article: 2723: 2720: 2685:Secret Service 2675:(DOJ) and the 2650: 2647: 2625: 2622: 2602: 2601: 2563: 2561: 2554: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2541: 2538: 2525: 2520: 2515: 2506: 2501: 2497: 2496: 2489: 2483: 2480: 2475: 2468:Isani district 2465: 2460: 2456: 2455: 2448: 2427: 2417: 2412: 2406: 2401: 2397: 2396: 2393: 2387: 2384: 2379: 2370: 2365: 2361: 2360: 2357: 2351: 2348: 2342: 2338:Gulf of Aden, 2336: 2331: 2327: 2326: 2318: 2309: 2304: 2301: 2294: 2289: 2285: 2284: 2281: 2272: 2270:Somali pirates 2267: 2264: 2261: 2256: 2252: 2251: 2248: 2231: 2226: 2223: 2216: 2211: 2207: 2206: 2203: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2187:Gulf of Aden, 2185: 2182: 2178: 2177: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2153: 2149: 2148: 2145: 2142: 2136: 2135:Turkman child 2133: 2130: 2127: 2123: 2122: 2119: 2106: 2100: 2098: 2092: 2087: 2083: 2082: 2079: 2057: 2052: 2049: 2039: 2034: 2030: 2029: 2026: 2021: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2005: 2001: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1992:Ibn al-Khattab 1984: 1982: 1972: 1967: 1963: 1962: 1959: 1949: 1944: 1941: 1935: 1930: 1926: 1925: 1922: 1912: 1902: 1899: 1893: 1888: 1884: 1883: 1880: 1870: 1865: 1862: 1856: 1851: 1847: 1846: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1830: 1824: 1819: 1815: 1814: 1811: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1793: 1788: 1784: 1783: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1769:11 passengers 1767: 1756: 1751: 1747: 1746: 1743: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1725: 1720: 1716: 1715: 1712: 1694: 1689: 1686: 1677: 1669: 1665: 1664: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1648: 1642: 1637: 1633: 1632: 1629: 1615: 1610: 1607: 1601: 1596: 1592: 1591: 1588: 1578: 1573: 1570: 1560: 1555: 1551: 1550: 1543: 1522: 1517: 1514: 1505: 1500: 1496: 1495: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1471: 1467: 1466: 1463: 1457: 1452: 1449: 1443: 1437: 1433: 1432: 1429: 1419: 1414: 1411: 1385: 1380: 1376: 1375: 1372: 1369:Sayeret Matkal 1366: 1361: 1358: 1352: 1347: 1343: 1342: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1326: 1321:AIA building, 1319: 1314: 1310: 1309: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1289: 1280: 1275: 1271: 1270: 1267: 1265:Sayeret Matkal 1262: 1257: 1254: 1248: 1243: 1239: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1227: 1224: 1221: 1193: 1190: 1127: 1126:Tactical units 1124: 1102: 1099: 1093: 1092:Local security 1090: 1082: 1079: 1058: 1055: 1007:Qassam rockets 916: 913: 911: 908: 844:in Middle East 833: 830: 803:sustainability 798:human security 773: 770: 742:suggestibility 728: 725: 721:human security 704:human security 699: 698: 694: 691: 688: 681: 670: 666: 663: 660: 657: 620: 617: 616: 615: 608: 597: 589: 588: 575: 572: 571: 539:Philip Ruddock 530: 529: 516: 513: 512: 505: 498: 495:Beltway Sniper 459: 449: 442: 431: 424: 416: 415: 394: 393: 365: 354: 333: 332: 330:United Kingdom 311:Main article: 308: 307:Legal contexts 305: 198: 195: 193: 190: 141:Special Branch 132: 129: 107:measures. The 74:anti-terrorism 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5265: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5248:Public safety 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5215: 5213: 5196: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5186: 5183: 5182: 5181: 5180:United States 5178: 5176: 5173: 5169: 5166: 5165: 5164: 5161: 5157: 5154: 5153: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5142: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5132: 5129: 5128: 5126: 5122: 5119: 5118: 5116: 5112: 5109: 5108: 5106: 5102: 5099: 5098: 5096: 5095: 5093: 5089: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5069: 5067: 5063: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5038: 5036: 5032: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5012: 5010: 5006: 5000: 4999:Training camp 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4976: 4974: 4970: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4955: 4953: 4949: 4941: 4938: 4937: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4878: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4831: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4806: 4804: 4800: 4795: 4785: 4784:War on Terror 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4756: 4754: 4752:Main articles 4750: 4746: 4739: 4734: 4732: 4727: 4725: 4720: 4719: 4716: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4696: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4633: 4630: 4629:0-8122-3808-7 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4603: 4602:0-275-99041-9 4599: 4595: 4593: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4579: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4565: 4562: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4529: 4525: 4522: 4518: 4515: 4511: 4508: 4504: 4501: 4497: 4494: 4493: 4488: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4476: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4462: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4450: 4446: 4445: 4431: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4395: 4386: 4377: 4368: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4329: 4322:(2): 106–124. 4321: 4317: 4310: 4304: 4299: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4245: 4240: 4231: 4229: 4219: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4174:Risk Analysis 4168: 4166: 4149: 4145: 4144: 4139: 4137: 4129: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4114: 4111: 4105: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4089: 4086: 4080: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4042:(1): 97–138. 4041: 4037: 4030: 4023: 4015: 4011: 4005: 3989: 3983: 3975: 3971: 3964: 3948: 3944: 3938: 3923: 3919: 3912: 3904: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3879:(7582): 333. 3878: 3874: 3870: 3863: 3855: 3842: 3835: 3833: 3816: 3809: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3787: 3779: 3772: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3737: 3721: 3715: 3700: 3696: 3690: 3684: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3657: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3631: 3623: 3619: 3613: 3597: 3593: 3587: 3571: 3570: 3565: 3559: 3552: 3548: 3545: 3540: 3532: 3526: 3519: 3514: 3499: 3495: 3489: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3450: 3442: 3436: 3428: 3415: 3396: 3389: 3381: 3375: 3359: 3355: 3349: 3335: 3333:9781108775038 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3306: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3263: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3220: 3212: 3208: 3202: 3194: 3190: 3184: 3168: 3162: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3127: 3108: 3101: 3095: 3087: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3062: 3054: 3052:9781134011551 3048: 3044: 3043: 3035: 3027: 3023: 3017: 2998: 2994: 2987: 2981: 2973: 2966: 2960: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2937: 2933: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2818: 2815: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2802:Civil defense 2800: 2798: 2795: 2794: 2787: 2785: 2781: 2775: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2729: 2719: 2717: 2713: 2708: 2705: 2700: 2696: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2681:Border Patrol 2678: 2674: 2670: 2662: 2659: 2655: 2646: 2644: 2643:war on terror 2639: 2635: 2630: 2621: 2618: 2612: 2610: 2598: 2595: 2587: 2577: 2571: 2569: 2562: 2553: 2552: 2539: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2526: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2510: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2494: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2453: 2452:PGK commandos 2449: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2421: 2418: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2394: 2392: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2371: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2341: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2325: 2319: 2317: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2282: 2280: 2279:SEAL Team Six 2276: 2273: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2249: 2247: 2243: 2242:Mumbai Police 2239: 2235: 2232: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2217: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2190: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2134: 2132:Kirkuk, Iraq 2131: 2128: 2125: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2109:Pakistan Army 2107: 2105: 2102:Students and 2101: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2080: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2003: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1976: 1975:Pankisi Gorge 1973: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1960: 1957: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1923: 1920: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1886: 1881: 1879:mixed forces 1878: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1816: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1727:Pudu Prison, 1726: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1713: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1697:U.S. military 1695: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1683: 1682:Achille Lauro 1678: 1676: 1674: 1673:Achille Lauro 1670: 1667: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1630: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1589: 1586: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1576:Komando Jihad 1574: 1571: 1568: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1548: 1544: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1435: 1430: 1427: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1409: 1405: 1402:subsequently 1400: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1389:Mediterranean 1386: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1308: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1233: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1212: 1210: 1202: 1198: 1189: 1187: 1182: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 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