20:
2035:
1769:
1159:
1120:
1083:
1194:. It was so named because it was a hybrid of these two machines. The mule consisted of a fixed frame containing a creel of bobbins holding the roving, connected through the headstock to a parallel carriage containing the spindles. It used an intermittent process: On the outward traverse, the rovings were paid out, and twisted, and the return traverse, the roving was clamped and the spindles reversed taking up the newly spun thread. The rival machine, the
1036:
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105:
1262:
1332:
For many purposes, the threads as spun by the ring frame or the mule are ready for the manufacturer; but where extra strength or smoothness is required, as in threads for sewing, crocheting, hosiery, lace and carpets; also where multicoloured effects are needed, as in
Grandrelle, or some special form
1246:
The
Throstle frame was a descendant of the water frame. It used the same principles, was better engineered and driven by steam. In 1828 the Danforth throstle frame was invented in the United States. The heavy flyer caused the spindle to vibrate, and the yarn snarled every time the frame was stopped.
973:
Until the 1740s all spinning was done by hand using a spinning wheel. The state of the art spinning wheel in
England was known as the Jersey wheel however an alternative wheel, the Saxony wheel was a double band treadle spinning wheel where the spindle rotated faster than the traveller in a ratio of
1202:
was a continuous process, where the roving was drawn twisted and wrapped in one action. The spinning mule became self-acting (automatic) in 1830s. The mule was the most common spinning machine from 1790 until about 1900, but was still used for fine yarns until the 1960s. A cotton mill in 1890 would
1131:
was developed and patented by
Arkwright in the 1770s. The roving was attenuated (stretched) by drafting rollers and twisted by winding it onto a spindle. It was heavy large scale machine that needed to be driven by power, which in the late 18th century meant by a water wheel. Cotton mills were
2574:
2604:
1302:
The bobbins or tubes may be filled from "cops", "ring spools" or "hanks", but a stop motion is required for each thread, which will come into operation immediately a fracture occurs.
1024:
machine in 1748. A coat of wire slips were placed around a card, which was then wrapped around a cylinder. Lewis' invention was later developed and improved by
Richard Arkwright and
2681:
2452:
2109:
1651:
2619:
2614:
2064:
2059:
1333:
of irregularity, as in corkscrewed, and knopped yarns, two or more single threads are compounded and twisted together. This operation is known as "doubling".
2579:
2094:
1347:
2716:
2255:
2220:
2584:
1014:
in 1743, with fifty spindles turning on five of Paul and Wyatt's machines, proving more successful than their first mill; this operated until 1764.
2634:
2054:
1357:
2624:
2518:
1968:
1660:
2889:
2874:
19:
1232:
At first this machine was only used to spin coarse and low-to-medium counts, but it is now employed to spin all counts of yarn.
2341:
2589:
1247:
Not a success. It was named throstle, as the noise it made when running was compared to the song of the throstle (thrush).
970:
by 1030. It later spread to China by 1090, and then spread from the
Islamic world to Europe and India by the 13th century.
2884:
2594:
1668:
1043:
Rev John Dyer of
Northampton recognised the importance of the Paul and Wyatt cotton spinning machine in a poem in 1757:
998:
to a more even thickness, using two sets of rollers that travelled at different speeds. This principle was the basis of
1695:
2751:
2696:
2609:
2134:
1620:
1595:
1456:
1585:
1448:
Rethinking the
Industrial Revolution: Five Centuries of Transition from Agrarian to Industrial Capitalism in England
2089:
1961:
1006:
design. By 1742 Paul and Wyatt had opened a mill in
Birmingham which used their new rolling machine powered by a
2879:
2772:
2301:
2427:
2401:
2210:
1097:
The spinning jenny is a multi-spool spinning wheel. It was invented circa 1764, its invention attributed to
2391:
2270:
42:
or thread. Such machinery can be dated back centuries. During the 18th and 19th centuries, as part of the
2711:
2706:
2701:
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2124:
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2099:
2034:
1768:
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2869:
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2422:
2190:
1954:
1207:
50:
to the cotton industry. Cotton spinning machinery was installed in large factories, commonly known as
2833:
2828:
2741:
2726:
2004:
1137:
1039:
Old advertising display of items used in cotton textile manufacture during the industrial revolution
2731:
2721:
2660:
2321:
2074:
2009:
1900:
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2437:
2169:
2119:
1999:
1292:
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2483:
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2195:
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1895:
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2599:
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2159:
1352:
987:
43:
1214:
self-acting, regulating the rotation of the spindles during the inward run of the carriage.
1158:
2782:
2280:
2265:
2225:
2149:
2139:
1935:
8:
2655:
2371:
2361:
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2079:
2024:
1859:
1704:
564:
1032:
which used Paul and Wyatt's spindles. Bourn produced a similar patent in the same year.
2432:
2311:
2200:
2129:
1849:
1400:
1226:
1119:
1105:, Lancashire. The spinning jenny was essentially an adaptation of the spinning wheel.
1082:
2864:
2803:
2777:
2558:
2488:
2376:
2316:
2240:
2185:
1885:
1733:
1681:
1616:
1591:
1546:
1452:
1311:
1028:, although the design came under suspicion after a fire at Daniel Bourn's factory in
999:
1564:
2818:
2787:
2326:
2296:
2114:
2069:
1187:
1163:
1098:
2084:
1463:
The spinning jenny was basically an adaptation of its precursor the spinning wheel
994:
patented the Roller
Spinning machine and the flyer-and-bobbin system, for drawing
2808:
2665:
2533:
2417:
2230:
1994:
1905:
1793:
1179:
1133:
1025:
47:
2813:
2503:
2498:
2386:
2260:
2154:
2049:
2019:
1925:
1915:
1910:
1854:
1813:
1581:
1241:
1218:
1195:
1191:
1087:
1077:
963:
957:
2853:
2767:
2538:
2508:
2493:
2250:
2164:
1920:
1880:
1829:
1738:
1655:
1645:
1256:
1211:
1199:
1153:
967:
465:
458:
1664:. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 301–307.
1406:(First MIT Press paperback ed.). Cambridge MA: The MIT Press. pp.
2823:
2575:
Amalgamated Association of Beamers, Twisters and Drawers (Hand and Machine)
2543:
2528:
2396:
2336:
1288:
2838:
2548:
2523:
2351:
2346:
2306:
1980:
1930:
1839:
1748:
1342:
1183:
1128:
1114:
1091:
1011:
1003:
51:
2650:
2553:
2442:
2381:
1977:
1844:
1808:
1141:
1029:
1017:
991:
983:
1229:
were amongst the most prominent machine makers in this field of work.
1803:
1798:
1102:
1035:
160:
121:
56:
2605:
General Union of Lancashire and Yorkshire Warp Dressers' Association
1946:
2235:
1743:
1010:, this was not profitable and soon closed. A factory was opened in
31:
1644:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
2513:
1834:
1788:
1783:
1758:
1021:
867:
317:
236:
1753:
1728:
1222:
1007:
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35:
2014:
1723:
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257:
226:
212:
184:
175:
149:
140:
129:
111:
97:
66:
1718:
1673:
1379:"How Does a Cotton Spinning Machine Work? - Display Cloths"
631:
558:
528:
514:
489:
441:
420:
343:
264:
219:
104:
39:
1548:
Cotton Spinning: its development, principles and practice
1402:
Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-Year History
1261:
974:
8:6, drawing on both was done by the spinners fingers.
2620:
North East Lancashire Amalgamated Weavers' Association
1524:
1522:
2615:
Lancashire Amalgamated Tape Sizers' Friendly Society
2580:
Amalgamated Association of Operative Cotton Spinners
1348:
Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution
1210:
invented a mechanism that rendered all parts of the
1519:
1399:
46:cotton-spinning machinery was developed to bring
2851:
1203:contain over 60 mules, each with 1320 spindles.
1587:Recent Cotton Mill Construction and Engineering
1480:
2585:Amalgamated Textile Warehousemen's Association
1610:
1474:
1962:
1689:
1305:
1059:O'erlooks the work; the carded wool, he says,
2115:B. Hick and Sons / Hick, Hargreaves & Co
1358:Timeline of clothing and textiles technology
1287:The Ring frame is credited to John Thorp in
977:
2635:United Textile Factory Workers' Association
2625:Northern Counties Textile Trades Federation
1669:Description of life in a Mule spinning mill
1162:A fully restored & working mule at the
1065:Of upright spindles, which with rapid whirl
1063:Which gently turning, yield it to yon cirue
1051:Without the tedious toil of needless hands.
1049:In conic shape: it draws and spins a thread
1969:
1955:
1696:
1682:
1061:So smoothly lapped around those cylinders,
1316:
1291:in 1828/9 and developed by Mr. Jencks of
1260:
1157:
1118:
1081:
1067:Spin out in long extenet an even twine.
1034:
18:
1580:
1562:
1544:
1513:
1498:
1486:
1432:
1420:
1296:
1132:designed for the purpose by Arkwright,
1055:To ev'ry member of th' harmonius frame,
2852:
1509:
1507:
1444:
1182:. It was a combination of Arkwright's
2155:Yates & Thom / Yates of Blackburn
1976:
1950:
1677:
1590:. London: John Heywood. p. 284.
1397:
1376:
1144:. Water frames could only spin left.
1053:A wheel invisible, beneath the floor,
1391:
1327:
1649:
1528:
1504:
13:
2590:Amalgamated Textile Workers' Union
2135:William Roberts & Co of Nelson
1613:Cotton Mills of Greater Manchester
1057:Gives necessary motion. One intent
14:
2901:
2610:General Union of Loom Overlookers
1630:
1071:
1047:A circular machine, of new design
951:
34:which process (or spin) prepared
2890:Industrial Revolution in England
2595:Amalgamated Weavers' Association
2033:
1767:
1637:
1206:Between the years 1824 and 1830
1147:
912:
903:
894:
883:
874:
856:
847:
838:
820:
804:
795:
786:
768:
752:
743:
734:
716:
700:
691:
682:
664:
646:
637:
630:
623:
593:
584:
575:
557:
545:
534:
527:
520:
513:
506:
495:
488:
481:
447:
440:
433:
419:
403:
385:
367:
349:
342:
335:
324:
306:
297:
286:
270:
263:
256:
225:
218:
211:
183:
174:
148:
139:
128:
110:
103:
96:
65:
2875:History of the textile industry
2025:Sidney Stott (later Sir Philip)
1611:Williams, Mike; Farnie (1992).
1538:
1445:Žmolek, Michael Andrew (2013).
58:Cotton manufacturing processes
2453:Amalgamated Cotton Mills Trust
1492:
1468:
1438:
1426:
1414:
1370:
1108:
23:Platt's roving frame, c. 1858.
1:
2428:Lancashire Cotton Corporation
2402:Thomas Whitehead and Brothers
2105:W & J Galloway & Sons
1650:Fox, Thomas William (1911). "
1363:
1250:
16:Machinery used to spin cotton
2206:John Hetherington & Sons
2090:Clayton, Goodfellow & Co
1703:
1569:. Manchester: Marsden and Co
1377:Brown, Yvette (2023-05-02).
7:
2191:Butterworth & Dickinson
1551:. George Bell and Sons 1903
1336:
1235:
10:
2906:
2885:Cotton industry in England
2423:Fine Spinners and Doublers
2031:
1475:Williams & Farnie 1992
1320:
1309:
1306:Break or open-end spinning
1266:Modern ring spinning frame
1254:
1239:
1151:
1123:Arkwright's spinning frame
1112:
1075:
955:
946:
2834:John Kay (spinning frame)
2829:John Kay (flying shuttle)
2796:
2760:
2674:
2643:
2567:
2474:Cotton-spinning machinery
2461:
2410:
2289:
2246:Parr, Curtis & Madely
2196:Curtis, Parr & Walton
2178:
2075:Browett, Lindley & Co
2042:
1987:
1876:Cotton-spinning machinery
1868:
1822:
1776:
1765:
1711:
1652:Cotton-spinning Machinery
1545:Marsden, Richard (1884).
1299:) names as the inventor.
1020:invented the hand-driven
978:Lewis Paul and John Wyatt
927:
84:
80:
75:
28:Cotton-spinning machinery
2271:Textile Machinery Makers
2251:British Northrop Loom Co
2170:Woolstenhulmes & Rye
2120:John Musgrave & Sons
2000:Bradshaw Gass & Hope
815:Sizing/slashing/dressing
82:
78:
73:
2788:Quarry Bank Mill, Styal
2448:James Burton & Sons
2438:Combined Egyptian Mills
2276:Tweedales & Smalley
1661:Encyclopædia Britannica
1615:. Carnegie Publishing.
1398:Pacey, Arnold (1991) .
1293:Pawtucket, Rhode Island
1178:was created in 1779 by
2484:Magnetic ring spinning
2479:DREF friction spinning
2160:Willans & Robinson
2065:Bateman & Sherratt
1896:Magnetic ring spinning
1891:DREF friction spinning
1451:. BRILL. p. 328.
1323:DREF friction spinning
1317:DREF friction spinning
1284:
1277:5 Anti-ballooning ring
1167:
1124:
1094:
1069:
1040:
24:
2880:Industrial Revolution
2661:Mule spinners' cancer
2630:The Textile Institute
2600:Cardroom Amalgamation
2469:Textile manufacturing
2281:T. Wildman & Sons
2266:Taylor, Lang & Co
2226:Howard & Bullough
2216:John Pilling and Sons
2150:Urmson & Thompson
2060:Ashworth & Parker
1901:Mule spinners' cancer
1563:Marsden, ed. (1909).
1353:Textile manufacturing
1264:
1161:
1136:and others along the
1122:
1085:
1045:
1038:
44:Industrial Revolution
38:roving into workable
22:
2644:Employment practices
2462:Industrial processes
2080:Buckley & Taylor
2005:F.W. Dixon & Son
1936:Wool combing machine
1566:Cotton Yearbook 1910
1269:1 Draughting rollers
966:was invented in the
2656:Kissing the shuttle
2433:Bagley & Wright
2372:George Augustus Lee
2362:William Houldsworth
2332:Nathaniel Eckersley
2201:Dobson & Barlow
2145:Scott & Hodgson
2110:Benjamin Goodfellow
2095:Earnshaw & Holt
1869:Industrial spinning
1823:Hand spinning tools
1273:3 Attenuated roving
59:
2312:Hugh Hornby Birley
2256:Pemberton & Co
2241:Mather & Platt
2221:Harling & Todd
2186:Brooks & Doxey
2130:Petrie of Rochdale
2125:J & W McNaught
2070:Boulton & Watt
1285:
1283:8 Thread on bobbin
1227:Greater Manchester
1168:
1125:
1101:in Stanhill, near
1095:
1041:
194:Finishing scutcher
57:
25:
2870:Textile machinery
2860:Cotton production
2847:
2846:
2804:Richard Arkwright
2783:Weavers' Triangle
2778:Queen Street Mill
2559:Lancashire boiler
2489:Open-end spinning
2411:Limited companies
2377:Charles Macintosh
2317:Joseph Brotherton
1944:
1943:
1886:Open-end spinning
1328:Further processes
1312:Open end spinning
1090:that was used in
1000:Richard Arkwright
944:
943:
2897:
2819:James Hargreaves
2717:Oldham (borough)
2327:Peter Drinkwater
2297:Elkanah Armitage
2179:Machinery makers
2037:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1948:
1947:
1860:Spinner's weasel
1771:
1698:
1691:
1684:
1675:
1674:
1665:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1626:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1532:
1526:
1517:
1511:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1405:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1374:
1164:Quarry Bank Mill
1099:James Hargreaves
916:
907:
898:
887:
878:
860:
851:
842:
824:
808:
799:
790:
772:
756:
747:
738:
720:
704:
695:
686:
668:
650:
641:
634:
627:
597:
588:
579:
561:
549:
538:
531:
524:
517:
510:
499:
492:
485:
451:
444:
437:
423:
407:
389:
371:
353:
346:
339:
328:
310:
301:
290:
274:
267:
260:
229:
222:
215:
187:
178:
152:
143:
132:
114:
107:
100:
69:
60:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2809:Samuel Crompton
2792:
2773:Helmshore Mills
2756:
2670:
2666:Piece-rate list
2639:
2563:
2534:Lancashire Loom
2457:
2418:Oldham Limiteds
2406:
2357:Richard Howarth
2285:
2231:Geo. Hattersley
2174:
2038:
2029:
1995:David Bellhouse
1983:
1975:
1945:
1940:
1906:Piece-rate list
1864:
1818:
1772:
1763:
1707:
1702:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1623:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1582:Nasmith, Joseph
1572:
1570:
1554:
1552:
1541:
1536:
1535:
1527:
1520:
1512:
1505:
1497:
1493:
1485:
1481:
1473:
1469:
1459:
1443:
1439:
1431:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1396:
1392:
1383:
1381:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1339:
1330:
1325:
1319:
1314:
1308:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1275:4 Thread guides
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1259:
1253:
1244:
1238:
1208:Richard Roberts
1180:Samuel Crompton
1156:
1150:
1134:Jedediah Strutt
1117:
1111:
1080:
1074:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1026:Samuel Crompton
980:
960:
954:
949:
48:mass production
17:
12:
11:
5:
2903:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2814:Peter Foxcroft
2811:
2806:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2678:
2676:
2675:Lists of mills
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2504:Spinning jenny
2501:
2499:Spinning frame
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2405:
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1632:
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1646:public domain
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2824:Thomas Highs
2568:Associations
2544:Air-jet loom
2529:Roberts Loom
2473:
2397:John Rylands
2367:John Kennedy
2342:William Gray
2337:John Fielden
2322:James Burton
2140:George Saxon
2055:Ashton Frost
2010:Edward Potts
1875:
1659:
1612:
1601:. Retrieved
1586:
1571:. Retrieved
1565:
1553:. Retrieved
1547:
1539:Bibliography
1514:Marsden 1884
1499:Nasmith 1895
1494:
1487:Marsden 1884
1482:
1470:
1462:
1447:
1440:
1433:Marsden 1884
1428:
1421:Marsden 1884
1416:
1401:
1393:
1382:. Retrieved
1372:
1331:
1301:
1297:Marsden 1884
1289:Rhode Island
1286:
1279:6 Traveller
1265:
1245:
1231:
1216:
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981:
972:
961:
938:
931:
928:
923:
658:Weaving shed
657:
472:
426:Fine roving
248:Carding room
247:
86:Blowing room
85:
76:Bale breaker
52:cotton mills
27:
26:
2839:Robert Owen
2549:Rapier loom
2524:Water frame
2392:Robert Peel
2352:Samuel Greg
2347:Hannah Greg
2307:Hugh Birley
2290:Mill owners
1931:Water frame
1840:Niddy noddy
1477:, p. 8
1343:Cotton mill
1221:, based in
1184:water frame
1129:Water frame
1115:Water frame
1109:Water frame
1012:Northampton
1004:water frame
2854:Categories
2712:Manchester
2707:Lancashire
2702:Derbyshire
2651:More looms
2554:Dandy loom
2443:Courtaulds
2382:Hugh Mason
1988:Architects
1978:Lancashire
1845:Nostepinne
1809:Short draw
1777:Techniques
1603:2009-05-09
1573:2009-04-26
1555:2009-04-26
1384:2023-08-07
1364:References
1251:Ring frame
1200:ring frame
1188:Hargreaves
1176:mule jenny
1142:Derbyshire
1030:Leominster
1018:Lewis Paul
992:Birmingham
988:John Wyatt
984:Lewis Paul
281:Sliver lap
2752:Yorkshire
2737:Stockport
2682:LCC mills
2100:Fairbairn
1804:Scutching
1799:Long draw
1712:Materials
1271:2 Spindle
1103:Blackburn
1002:'s later
614:Bleaching
378:Slubbing
122:Willowing
2865:Spinning
2797:Pioneers
2742:Tameside
2727:Rochdale
2697:Cheshire
2519:Steaming
2236:Asa Lees
1794:Heckling
1705:Spinning
1584:(1895).
1529:Fox 1911
1337:See also
1236:Throstle
982:In 1738
829:Spooling
609:Bundling
565:Doubling
473:Spinning
360:Drawing
204:Teasing
167:Batting
161:scutcher
159:Breaker
32:machines
2761:Museums
2732:Salford
2722:Preston
2514:Carding
1850:Spindle
1835:Distaff
1789:Combing
1784:Carding
1759:Worsted
1658:(ed.).
1648::
1295:, who (
1281:7 Rings
1022:carding
947:History
868:Weaving
777:Gassing
763:Warping
725:Cabling
711:Beaming
673:Winding
604:Winding
554:Reeling
318:Combing
237:Carding
199:Lapping
2687:Bolton
1981:cotton
1754:Woolen
1739:Staple
1734:Sliver
1729:Roving
1654:". In
1642:
1619:
1594:
1455:
1223:Oldham
1008:donkey
996:cotton
932:Bundle
415:Roving
36:cotton
2747:Wigan
2015:Stott
1724:Rolag
1166:, UK.
924:Cloth
2692:Bury
1719:Noil
1617:ISBN
1592:ISBN
1453:ISBN
1410:-24.
1217:The
1212:mule
1186:and
1170:The
1127:The
1086:The
986:and
962:The
40:yarn
1749:Tow
1744:Top
1198:or
1174:or
1140:in
990:of
30:is
2856::
1521:^
1506:^
1461:.
1408:23
1225:,
1190:'
54:.
1970:e
1963:t
1956:v
1697:e
1690:t
1683:v
1625:.
1606:.
1576:.
1558:.
1387:.
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