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524:, one of the twenty amino acids in the genetic code. Previously, scientists thought such processes took place in the very tenuous gas between the stars. The new discoveries, however, suggest that the chemical formation sequences for these molecules occurred not in gas, but on the surfaces of ice grains in interstellar space. NASA ALMA scientist Anthony Remijan stated that finding these molecules in an interstellar gas cloud means that important building blocks for DNA and amino acids can 'seed' newly formed planets with the chemical precursors for life.
320:(no other such complex molecules had ever been found before in outer space). This discovery was considered a confirmation of a hypothesis that as nebulae of the same type as the Red Rectangle approach the ends of their lives, convection currents cause carbon and hydrogen in the nebulae's core to get caught in stellar winds, and radiate outward. As they cool, the atoms supposedly bond to each other in various ways and eventually form particles of a million or more atoms. The scientists inferred that since they discovered
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of chemical change due to the inherent processes of the Earth and the atmosphere. This meant that studying terrestrial rocks exclusively would not yield an accurate overall picture of the chemical composition of the cosmos. Therefore, Goldschmidt concluded that extraterrestrial material must also be included to produce more accurate and robust data. This research is considered to be the foundation of modern cosmochemistry.
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graphite, diamond, or silicon carbide). They also often have isotope ratios which are not those of the rest of the Solar System (in particular, the Sun), and which differ from each other, indicating sources in a number of different explosive supernova events. Meteorites also may contain interstellar dust grains, which have collected from non-gaseous elements in the interstellar medium, as one type of composite
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and his colleagues compiled a list of what they called "cosmic abundances" based on their analysis of several terrestrial and meteorite samples. Goldschmidt justified the inclusion of meteorite composition data into his table by claiming that terrestrial rocks were subjected to a significant amount
155:
that are older than the Solar System itself, and which are derived directly from the remnants of the individual supernovae that supplied the dust from which the Solar System formed. These grains are recognizable from their exotic chemistry which is alien to the Solar System (such as matrixes of
1612:
Loomis, Ryan A.; Zaleski, Daniel P.; Steber, Amanda L.; Neill, Justin L.; Muckle, Matthew T.; Harris, Brent J.; Hollis, Jan M.; Jewell, Philip R.; Lattanzi, Valerio; Lovas, Frank J.; Martinez, Oscar; McCarthy, Michael C.; Remijan, Anthony J.; Pate, Brooks H.; Corby, Joanna F. (2013).
139:
are one of the most important tools that cosmochemists have for studying the chemical nature of the Solar System. Many meteorites come from material that is as old as the Solar System itself, and thus provide scientists with a record from the early
112:, widely considered to be one of the fathers of cosmochemistry, engaged in research that eventually led to an understanding of the origin of the elements and the chemical abundance of stars. In 1956, Urey and his colleague, German scientist
127:
determined, through the analysis of short-lived nuclides within meteorites, that the elements of the Solar System were formed before the Solar System itself which began to establish a timeline of the processes of the early Solar System.
995:
342:") were detected in nebulae. Fullerenes have been implicated in the origin of life; according to astronomer Letizia Stanghellini, "It's possible that buckyballs from outer space provided seeds for life on Earth."
1047:
Bibring, J.-P.; Taylor, M.G.G.T.; Alexander, C.; Auster, U.; Biele, J.; Finzi, A. Ercoli; Goesmann, F.; Klingehoefer, G.; Kofman, W.; Mottola, S.; Seidenstiker, K.J.; Spohn, T.; Wright, I. (31 July 2015).
504:(ISM). The chemicals, found in a giant cloud of gas about 25,000 light-years from Earth in ISM, may be a precursor to a key component of DNA and the other may have a role in the formation of an important
148:
are especially primitive; that is they have retained many of their chemical properties since their formation 4.56 billion years ago, and are therefore a major focus of cosmochemical investigations.
1003:
1876:
431:. This finding suggests that complex organic molecules may form in stellar systems prior to the formation of planets, eventually arriving on young planets early in their formation.
1563:"In-Situ Probing Of Radiation-Induced Processing Of Organics In Astrophysical Ice Analogs—Novel Laser Desorption Laser Ionization Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectroscopic Studies"
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García-Hernández, D. A.; Manchado, A.; García-Lario, P.; Stanghellini, L.; Villaver, E.; Shaw, R. A.; Szczerba, R.; Perea-Calderón, J. V. (28 October 2010).
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Kwok, Sun; Zhang, Yong (26 October 2011). "Mixed aromatic–aliphatic organic nanoparticles as carriers of unidentified infrared emission features".
681:
935:
3700:
3029:
1938:
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1137:; Toublanc, D. (2006). "Estimated IR and phosphorescence emission fluxes for specific polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Red Rectangle".
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Grotzinger, J. P.; et al. (24 January 2014). "A Habitable Fluvio-Lacustrine
Environment at Yellowknife Bay, Gale Crater, Mars".
324:(PAHs)—which may have been vital in the formation of early life on Earth—in a nebula, by necessity they must originate in nebulae.
2022:
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1103:
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2017:
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500:(ALMA Project) confirmed that researchers have discovered an important pair of prebiotic molecules in the icy particles in
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and the processes that led to those compositions. This is done primarily through the study of the chemical composition of
1931:
123:, allowed cosmochemists to perform detailed analyses of the isotopic abundances of elements within meteorites. in 1960,
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661:
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55:
38:
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In August 2009, NASA scientists identified one of the fundamental chemical building-blocks of life (the amino acid
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The most primitive meteorites also contain a small amount of material (< 0.1%) which is now recognized to be
2762:
1924:
497:
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1959:
1308:
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2903:
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1969:
1615:"The Detection of Interstellar Ethanimine (Ch3Chnh) from Observations Taken During the Gbt Primos Survey"
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2408:
2379:
2359:
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671:
943:
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1997:
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88:, cosmochemists are generally, but not exclusively, concerned with the objects contained within the
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19:
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116:, published the first table of cosmic abundances to include isotopes based on meteorite analysis.
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The continued refinement of analytical instrumentation throughout the 1960s, especially that of
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1992:
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31:
834:
McSween, Harry (August 1979). "Are
Carbonaceous Chondrites Primitive or Processed? A Review".
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2007:
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parent bodies of meteorites were some of the first solid material to condense from the early
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8:
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Educational journal with articles about cosmochemistry, meteorites, and planetary science
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489:, particularly the outer regions of cold, dense clouds or the upper molecular layers of
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2012:
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85:
1877:"Need to Track Organic Nano-Particles Across the Universe? NASA's Got an App for That"
1589:
1562:
1469:"Detection of the simplest sugar, glycolaldehyde, in a solar-type protostar with ALMA"
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that form the "rungs" in the ladder-like structure of DNA. The other molecule, called
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478:, respectively". Further, as a result of these transformations, the PAHs lose their
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419:, which is located 400 light years from Earth. Glycolaldehyde is needed to form
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1974:
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645:
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408:
373:), building blocks for life as we know it, may be formed extraterrestrially in
195:), building blocks for life as we know it, may be formed extraterrestrially in
152:
874:"Carbonaceous meteorites contain a wide range of extraterrestrial nucleobases"
820:
108:
During the 1950s and 1960s, cosmochemistry became more accepted as a science.
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1335:"Astronomers Discover Complex Organic Matter Exists Throughout the Universe"
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898:
855:
637:
223:
surface, measurements by the COSAC and
Ptolemy instruments revealed sixteen
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2002:
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89:
1674:"Discoveries Suggest Icy Cosmic Start for Amino Acids and DNA Ingredients"
207:
On 30 July 2015, scientists reported that upon the first touchdown of the
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4001:
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2093:
1151:
799:
Reynolds, John (April 1960). "Isotopic
Composition of Primordial Xenon".
513:
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463:
381:
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109:
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4275:
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508:. Researchers found a molecule called cyanomethanimine, which produces
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136:
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61:
44:
1703:"Habitability, Taphonomy, and the Search for Organic Carbon on Mars"
482:
which could be one of the reasons "for the lack of PAH detection in
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3233:
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641:
621:
471:
389:
227:, four of which were seen for the first time on a comet, including
81:
73:
1631:
1488:
1238:
1050:"Philae's First Days on the Comet – Introduction to Special Issue"
968:"DNA Building Blocks Can Be Made in Space, NASA Evidence Suggests"
644:, are widespread throughout the universe, and are associated with
613:
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590:
521:
509:
366:
362:
328:
232:
188:
184:
764:
Suess, Hans; Urey, Harold (1956). "Abundances of the
Elements".
550:
will now be searching for evidence of ancient life, including a
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4270:
4252:
3715:
3685:
3187:
625:
309:
273:
Please try to keep recent events in historical perspective and
1910:
411:, in a distant star system. The molecule was found around the
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574:
397:
396:
structure") that could be created naturally, and rapidly, by
214:
172:
1046:
996:"Philae probe finds evidence that comets can be cosmic labs"
936:"NASA Researchers: DNA Building Blocks Can Be Made in Space"
2798:
1881:
1309:"Discovery: Cosmic Dust Contains Organic Matter from Stars"
1220:"Formation Of Fullerenes In H-Containing Planetary Nebulae"
1195:
939:
872:
Callahan, M.P.; Smith, K.E.; et al. (11 August 2011).
609:
602:
598:
532:
435:
346:
217:
164:
16:
Study of the chemical composition of matter in the universe
4527:
1132:
871:
72:
is the study of the chemical composition of matter in the
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2808:
475:
428:
424:
358:
354:
180:
176:
1811:
1611:
577:
related to ancient rivers or lakes) that may have been
23:
Meteorites are often studied as part of cosmochemistry.
628:
in the universe may be associated with PAHs, possible
4516:
3044:
1327:
407:
reported the detection of a specific sugar molecule,
1561:
Gudipati, Murthy S.; Yang, Rui (September 1, 2012).
1531:"NASA Cooks Up Icy Organics to Mimic Life's Origins"
753:. Oslo: Skrifter Utgitt av Det Norske Vidensk. Akad.
1745:
1446:"Sweet! Astronomers spot sugar molecule near star"
640:. PAHs seem to have been formed shortly after the
1525:
1523:
1467:Jørgensen, J. K.; Favre, C.; et al. (2012).
763:
4564:
2925:
1696:
1694:
682:List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules
624:. According to scientists, more than 20% of the
1556:
1554:
1354:
1281:"Buckyballs Could Be Plentiful in the Universe"
388:matter ("amorphous organic solids with a mixed
1520:
1300:
751:Geochemische Verteilungsgestze der Elemente IX
3030:
2911:
1932:
1868:
1805:
1691:
1128:
1126:
929:
927:
1777:
1671:
1560:
1551:
1097:
1095:
1040:
728:(1st ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1438:
1407:
1018:
987:
933:
748:
723:
300:In 2004, scientists reported detecting the
80:and other physical samples. Given that the
3037:
3023:
2918:
2904:
1939:
1925:
1700:
1123:
1104:"Space molecules point to organic origins"
924:
867:
865:
742:
380:In October 2011, scientists reported that
1946:
1835:
1728:
1648:
1630:
1588:
1487:
1360:
1255:
1237:
1150:
1101:
1092:
1075:
907:
897:
719:
717:
715:
713:
711:
1678:The National Radio Astronomy Observatory
1278:
798:
18:
1701:Grotzinger, John P. (24 January 2014).
993:
862:
836:Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics
833:
827:
792:
520:, is thought to play a role in forming
440:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
296:List of molecules in interstellar space
4565:
1911:Planetary Science Research Discoveries
1874:
708:
569:, as well as ancient water, including
3018:
2899:
1920:
1028:. European Space Agency. 30 July 2015
962:
960:
446:conditions, are transformed, through
2854:
1875:Hoover, Rachel (February 21, 2014).
1413:
1306:
757:
527:In January 2014, NASA reported that
250:
2878:
1448:. Associated Press. August 29, 2012
1279:Atkinson, Nancy (27 October 2010).
1191:"'Life chemical' detected in comet"
1026:"Science on the Surface of a Comet"
934:Steigerwald, John (8 August 2011).
724:McSween, Harry; Huss, Gary (2010).
403:On August 29, 2012, astronomers at
13:
4409:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
1002:. Associated Press. Archived from
957:
662:Abundance of the chemical elements
427:, which is similar in function to
14:
4594:
4309:Atomic and molecular astrophysics
3046:Molecules detected in outer space
1904:
1793:(Search results). 24 January 2014
1568:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
1225:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
331:) in a comet for the first time.
4550:
4538:
4526:
4499:
4487:
4475:
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4463:
3270:
3261:
3252:
2877:
2865:
2853:
2842:
2841:
1765:(6169): 345–452. 24 January 2014
1753:"Exploring Martian Habitability"
1307:Chow, Denise (26 October 2011).
618:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
322:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
255:
4434:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
1665:
1605:
1460:
1272:
1211:
1183:
994:Jordans, Frank (30 July 2015).
462:—"a step along the path toward
571:fluvio-lacustrine environments
498:Atacama Large Millimeter Array
1:
4359:Extraterrestrial liquid water
2206:Interface and colloid science
1960:Glossary of chemical formulae
1414:Than, Ker (August 29, 2012).
702:
581:. The search for evidence of
277:related to non-recent events.
268:slanted towards recent events
131:
51: 'universe' and
878:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
749:Goldschmidt, Victor (1938).
345:In August 2011, findings by
100:In 1938, Swiss mineralogist
7:
3590:Protonated hydrogen cyanide
2483:Bioorganometallic chemistry
1970:List of inorganic compounds
1672:Finley, Dave (2013-02-28).
1590:10.1088/2041-8205/756/1/L24
1257:10.1088/2041-8205/724/1/L39
655:
246:
10:
4599:
2409:Dynamic covalent chemistry
2380:Enantioselective synthesis
2360:Physical organic chemistry
2313:Organolanthanide chemistry
1650:10.1088/2041-8205/765/1/L9
1506:10.1088/2041-8205/757/1/L4
1199:. BBC News. 18 August 2009
1169:10.1051/0004-6361:20053738
1139:Astronomy and Astrophysics
672:Extraterrestrial materials
293:
95:
54:
37:
4458:
4349:Earliest known life forms
4344:Diffuse interstellar band
4284:
4204:
4129:
4020:
3955:
3895:
3823:
3815:Protonated cyanoacetylene
3729:
3623:
3585:Protonated carbon dioxide
3545:Hydromagnesium isocyanide
3493:
3279:
3250:
3061:
3052:
2934:
2837:
2740:
2501:
2417:
2338:
2288:
2164:
2107:
1998:Electroanalytical methods
1983:
1955:
1619:The Astrophysical Journal
1476:The Astrophysical Journal
821:10.1103/PhysRevLett.4.351
766:Reviews of Modern Physics
614:greatly upgraded database
444:interstellar medium (ISM)
353:found on Earth, suggests
202:
4394:Iron–sulfur world theory
4389:Photodissociation region
4092:Methyl-cyano-diacetylene
2753:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
2669:Supramolecular chemistry
2308:Organometallic chemistry
1133:Mulas, G.; Malloci, G.;
786:10.1103/RevModPhys.28.53
4469:Category:Astrochemistry
4059:, fullerene, buckyball)
3746:Cyanobutadiynyl radical
3721:Silicon-carbide cluster
3711:Protonated formaldehyde
2969:Extragalactic astronomy
2691:Combinatorial chemistry
2602:Food physical chemistry
2565:Environmental chemistry
2449:Bioorthogonal chemistry
2375:Retrosynthetic analysis
2196:Chemical thermodynamics
2179:Spectroelectrochemistry
2122:Computational chemistry
1846:10.1126/science.1242777
1730:10.1126/science.1249944
1161:2006A&A...446..537M
1077:10.1126/science.aac5116
899:10.1073/pnas.1106493108
856:10.1029/RG017i005p01059
801:Physical Review Letters
480:spectroscopic signature
470:, the raw materials of
146:Carbonaceous chondrites
4482:Outer space portal
4324:Circumstellar envelope
3289:Aluminium(I) hydroxide
3199:Phosphorus mononitride
3076:Aluminium monofluoride
3071:Aluminium monochloride
2763:of element discoveries
2609:Agricultural chemistry
2597:Carbohydrate chemistry
2488:Bioinorganic chemistry
2353:Alkane stereochemistry
2298:Coordination chemistry
2127:Mathematical chemistry
1993:Instrumental chemistry
1416:"Sugar Found In Space"
1102:Battersby, S. (2004).
349:, based on studies of
167:, based on studies of
68: 'chemistry') or
24:
4379:Interplanetary medium
4354:Extraterrestrial life
3992:Octatetraynyl radical
3610:Tricarbon monosulfide
3157:Magnesium monohydride
2758:Timeline of chemistry
2655:Post-mortem chemistry
2640:Clandestine chemistry
2570:Atmospheric chemistry
2493:Biophysical chemistry
2325:Solid-state chemistry
2275:Equilibrium chemistry
2184:Photoelectrochemistry
692:Nucleocosmochronology
564:chemolithoautotrophic
405:Copenhagen University
22:
4506:Chemistry portal
4494:Astronomy portal
4440:RNA world hypothesis
4424:PAH world hypothesis
4117:Heptatrienyl radical
4049:Buckminsterfullerene
3937:Methylcyanoacetylene
3445:Silicon carbonitride
3420:Methylidynephosphane
3386:Magnesium isocyanide
3294:Aluminium isocyanide
3096:Carbon monophosphide
2748:History of chemistry
2703:Chemical engineering
2478:Bioorganic chemistry
2228:Structural chemistry
1965:List of biomolecules
1539:. September 20, 2012
1426:on September 1, 2012
491:protoplanetary disks
318:Red Rectangle nebula
4384:Interstellar medium
4364:Forbidden mechanism
4177:Hydrogen isocyanide
3867:Hexatriynyl radical
3450:c-Silicon dicarbide
3355:Hydrogen isocyanide
3219:Silicon monosulfide
3194:Phosphorus monoxide
3162:Methylidyne radical
3121:Fluoromethylidynium
3081:Aluminium(II) oxide
2926:Major subfields of
2771:The central science
2725:Ceramic engineering
2650:Forensic toxicology
2623:Chemistry education
2521:Radiation chemistry
2503:Interdisciplinarity
2456:Medicinal chemistry
2394:Fullerene chemistry
2270:Microwave chemistry
2139:Molecular mechanics
2134:Molecular modelling
1828:2014Sci...343A.386G
1721:2014Sci...343..386G
1641:2013ApJ...765L...9L
1581:2012ApJ...756L..24G
1498:2012ApJ...757L...4J
1420:National Geographic
1385:10.1038/nature10542
1377:2011Natur.479...80K
1248:2010ApJ...724L..39G
1068:2015Sci...349..493B
1006:on 23 December 2018
1000:The Washington Post
890:2011PNAS..10813995C
884:(34): 13995–13998.
848:1979RvGSP..17.1059M
813:1960PhRvL...4..351R
778:1956RvMP...28...53S
434:In September 2012,
302:spectral signatures
163:Recent findings by
4404:Molecules in stars
4374:Intergalactic dust
4319:Circumstellar dust
4261:Naphthalene cation
4196:Trihydrogen cation
4172:Hydrogen deuteride
4097:Methyltriacetylene
3932:Hexapentaenylidene
3751:E-Cyanomethanimine
3671:Cyclopropenylidene
3605:Tricarbon monoxide
3595:Silicon tricarbide
3565:Methylene amidogen
3555:Isothiocyanic acid
3470:Thioxoethenylidene
3430:Trihydrogen cation
3244:Titanium(II) oxide
3204:Potassium chloride
3183:Sulfur mononitride
3126:Helium hydride ion
3101:Carbon monosulfide
2984:Physical cosmology
2974:Galactic astronomy
2814:Chemical substance
2676:Chemical synthesis
2645:Forensic chemistry
2526:Actinide chemistry
2468:Clinical chemistry
2149:Molecular geometry
2144:Molecular dynamics
2099:Elemental analysis
2052:Separation process
1232:(1) L39: L39–L43.
687:Molecules in stars
630:starting materials
608:In February 2014,
512:, one of the four
502:interstellar space
458:, to more complex
102:Victor Goldschmidt
70:chemical cosmology
25:
4583:Planetary science
4514:
4513:
4429:Pseudo-panspermia
4125:
4124:
4072:Cyanodecapentayne
4012:N-Methylformamide
3987:Methyldiacetylene
3912:Aminoacetonitrile
3882:Methyl isocyanate
3800:Methyl isocyanide
3681:Isocyanoacetylene
3661:Cyanoformaldehyde
3540:Hydrogen peroxide
3425:Potassium cyanide
3381:Magnesium cyanide
3334:Disilicon carbide
3329:Dicarbon monoxide
3136:Hydrogen fluoride
3131:Hydrogen chloride
3012:
3011:
3004:Stellar astronomy
2994:Planetary science
2989:Planetary geology
2979:Orbital mechanics
2893:
2892:
2829:Quantum mechanics
2794:Chemical compound
2777:Chemical reaction
2715:Materials science
2633:General chemistry
2628:Amateur chemistry
2556:Photogeochemistry
2541:Stellar chemistry
2511:Nuclear chemistry
2432:Molecular biology
2399:Polymer chemistry
2370:Organic synthesis
2365:Organic reactions
2330:Ceramic chemistry
2320:Cluster chemistry
2250:Chemical kinetics
2238:Molecular physics
2117:Quantum chemistry
2030:Mass spectrometry
1822:(6169): 386–387.
1715:(6169): 386–387.
1343:. 26 October 2011
735:978-0-521-87862-3
697:Stellar chemistry
601:is now a primary
384:contains complex
371:organic molecules
314:ultraviolet light
292:
291:
237:methyl isocyanate
225:organic compounds
193:organic molecules
121:mass spectrometry
4590:
4555:
4554:
4553:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4531:
4530:
4522:
4504:
4503:
4502:
4492:
4491:
4490:
4480:
4479:
4478:
4467:
4466:
4414:Organic compound
4314:Chemical formula
4219:Dihydroxyacetone
4167:Hydrogen cyanide
3852:Cyanodiacetylene
3706:Propadienylidene
3600:Thioformaldehyde
3475:Titanium dioxide
3440:Sodium hydroxide
3361:Hydrogen sulfide
3349:Hydrogen cyanide
3309:Carbonyl sulfide
3274:
3265:
3256:
3214:Silicon monoxide
3147:Hydroxyl radical
3059:
3058:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3016:
3015:
2920:
2913:
2906:
2897:
2896:
2881:
2880:
2869:
2857:
2856:
2845:
2844:
2789:Chemical element
2444:Chemical biology
2303:Magnetochemistry
2280:Mechanochemistry
2233:Chemical physics
2174:Electrochemistry
2079:Characterization
1941:
1934:
1927:
1918:
1917:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1885:. Archived from
1872:
1866:
1865:
1839:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1785:"Curiosity Mars"
1781:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1732:
1698:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1652:
1634:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1592:
1558:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1527:
1518:
1517:
1491:
1473:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1422:. Archived from
1411:
1405:
1404:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1259:
1241:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1154:
1152:astro-ph/0509586
1130:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1099:
1090:
1089:
1079:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1011:
991:
985:
984:
982:
981:
964:
955:
954:
952:
951:
942:. Archived from
931:
922:
921:
911:
901:
869:
860:
859:
842:(5): 1059–1078.
831:
825:
824:
796:
790:
789:
761:
755:
754:
746:
740:
739:
721:
484:interstellar ice
421:ribonucleic acid
287:
284:
278:
275:add more content
259:
258:
251:
222:
65:
58:
48:
41:
4598:
4597:
4593:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4588:
4587:
4563:
4562:
4561:
4551:
4549:
4539:
4537:
4525:
4517:
4515:
4510:
4500:
4498:
4488:
4486:
4476:
4474:
4454:
4280:
4256:
4247:
4200:
4190:
4133:
4121:
4102:Propionaldehyde
4077:Ethylene glycol
4066:
4058:
4054:
4025:
4023:
4016:
3972:Cyanohexatriyne
3958:
3951:
3898:
3891:
3826:
3819:
3779:
3732:
3725:
3696:Methoxy radical
3626:
3619:
3615:Thiocyanic acid
3496:
3489:
3399:
3339:Ethynyl radical
3275:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3248:
3239:Sulfur monoxide
3224:Sodium chloride
3209:Silicon carbide
3116:Diatomic carbon
3106:Carbon monoxide
3048:
3043:
3013:
3008:
2999:Solar astronomy
2930:
2924:
2894:
2889:
2833:
2736:
2730:Polymer science
2686:Click chemistry
2681:Green chemistry
2575:Ocean chemistry
2551:Biogeochemistry
2497:
2413:
2385:Total synthesis
2348:Stereochemistry
2334:
2284:
2201:Surface science
2191:Thermochemistry
2160:
2103:
2074:Crystallography
1979:
1951:
1945:
1907:
1902:
1892:
1890:
1889:on May 10, 2020
1873:
1869:
1837:10.1.1.455.3973
1810:
1806:
1796:
1794:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1768:
1766:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1699:
1692:
1683:
1681:
1670:
1666:
1610:
1606:
1559:
1552:
1542:
1540:
1529:
1528:
1521:
1471:
1465:
1461:
1451:
1449:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1429:
1427:
1412:
1408:
1371:(7371): 80–83.
1359:
1355:
1346:
1344:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1319:
1317:
1305:
1301:
1291:
1289:
1277:
1273:
1216:
1212:
1202:
1200:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1131:
1124:
1114:
1112:
1100:
1093:
1045:
1041:
1031:
1029:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1009:
1007:
992:
988:
979:
977:
976:. 9 August 2011
966:
965:
958:
949:
947:
932:
925:
870:
863:
832:
828:
797:
793:
762:
758:
747:
743:
736:
722:
709:
705:
658:
529:current studies
442:, subjected to
436:NASA scientists
417:IRAS 16293-2422
316:emitted by the
298:
288:
282:
279:
272:
260:
256:
249:
241:propionaldehyde
220:
205:
153:presolar grains
134:
98:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4596:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4573:Astrochemistry
4560:
4559:
4547:
4535:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4508:
4496:
4484:
4472:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4339:Cosmochemistry
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4304:Astrochemistry
4301:
4296:
4290:
4288:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4245:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4210:
4208:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4157:Formyl radical
4154:
4149:
4143:
4137:
4135:
4127:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4087:Methyl acetate
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4030:
4028:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3977:Dimethyl ether
3974:
3969:
3963:
3961:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3949:
3944:
3942:Methyl formate
3939:
3934:
3929:
3927:Glycolaldehyde
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3903:
3901:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3862:Glycolonitrile
3859:
3857:Ethylene oxide
3854:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3837:
3831:
3829:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3756:Cyclopropenone
3753:
3748:
3743:
3737:
3735:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3656:Cyanoacetylene
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3631:
3629:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3575:Methyl radical
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3550:Isocyanic acid
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3515:Isocyanic acid
3512:
3507:
3501:
3499:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3460:Sulfur dioxide
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3435:Sodium cyanide
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3352:
3346:
3344:Formyl radical
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3304:Carbon dioxide
3301:
3296:
3291:
3285:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3152:Iron(II) oxide
3149:
3144:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3067:
3065:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3042:
3041:
3034:
3027:
3019:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2959:Cosmochemistry
2956:
2951:
2946:
2944:Astrochemistry
2941:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2923:
2922:
2915:
2908:
2900:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2875:
2863:
2851:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2774:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2755:
2750:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2642:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2614:Soil chemistry
2606:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2592:Food chemistry
2589:
2587:Carbochemistry
2584:
2582:Clay chemistry
2579:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2543:
2537:Astrochemistry
2533:Cosmochemistry
2530:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2516:Radiochemistry
2507:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2473:Neurochemistry
2470:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2423:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2404:Petrochemistry
2401:
2396:
2391:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2344:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2305:
2300:
2294:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2265:Spin chemistry
2262:
2260:Photochemistry
2257:
2252:
2247:
2245:Femtochemistry
2242:
2241:
2240:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2170:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2119:
2113:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2057:Chromatography
2054:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2000:
1995:
1989:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1975:Periodic table
1972:
1967:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1944:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1906:
1905:External links
1903:
1901:
1900:
1867:
1804:
1776:
1744:
1690:
1664:
1604:
1575:(1) L24: L24.
1550:
1519:
1459:
1437:
1406:
1353:
1326:
1299:
1286:Universe Today
1271:
1210:
1182:
1145:(2): 537–549.
1122:
1091:
1039:
1017:
986:
956:
923:
861:
826:
807:(7): 351–354.
791:
756:
741:
734:
726:Cosmochemistry
706:
704:
701:
700:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
667:Astrochemistry
664:
657:
654:
620:(PAHs) in the
597:on the planet
595:organic carbon
567:microorganisms
531:on the planet
438:reported that
409:glycolaldehyde
290:
289:
266:appears to be
263:
261:
254:
248:
245:
204:
201:
160:("stardust").
133:
130:
97:
94:
28:Cosmochemistry
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4595:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4558:
4548:
4546:
4536:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4523:
4520:
4507:
4497:
4495:
4485:
4483:
4473:
4471:
4470:
4461:
4460:
4457:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4369:Homochirality
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4283:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4251:
4249:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4224:Methoxyethane
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4203:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4107:Butyronitrile
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4082:Ethyl formate
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4061:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4019:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4007:Propionitrile
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3954:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3894:
3888:
3887:Vinyl alcohol
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3846:
3845:Vinyl cyanide
3843:
3842:
3841:
3840:Acrylonitrile
3838:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3822:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3805:Pentynylidyne
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3728:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3701:Methylenimine
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3622:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3580:Propynylidyne
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3570:Methyl cation
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3530:Fulminic acid
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3492:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3405:Nitrous oxide
3403:
3401:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3299:Amino radical
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3264:
3255:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3229:Sodium iodide
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3111:Cyano radical
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3091:Carbon cation
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3040:
3035:
3033:
3028:
3026:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2929:
2921:
2916:
2914:
2909:
2907:
2902:
2901:
2898:
2886:
2885:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2840:
2839:
2836:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2819:Chemical bond
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2709:
2708:Stoichiometry
2706:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2664:Nanochemistry
2662:
2661:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2389:Semisynthesis
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2223:Sonochemistry
2221:
2219:
2218:Cryochemistry
2216:
2212:
2211:Micromeritics
2209:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2089:Wet chemistry
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1942:
1937:
1935:
1930:
1928:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1871:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1808:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1780:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1748:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1697:
1695:
1679:
1675:
1668:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1608:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1557:
1555:
1543:September 22,
1538:
1537:
1532:
1526:
1524:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1470:
1463:
1447:
1441:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1357:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1330:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1303:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1275:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1214:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1186:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1127:
1111:
1110:
1109:New Scientist
1105:
1098:
1096:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1062:(6247): 493.
1061:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1043:
1027:
1021:
1005:
1001:
997:
990:
975:
974:
969:
963:
961:
946:on 2020-05-11
945:
941:
937:
930:
928:
919:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
868:
866:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
830:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
795:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
760:
752:
745:
737:
731:
727:
720:
718:
716:
714:
712:
707:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
659:
653:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
616:for tracking
615:
611:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
546:
545:
540:
539:
534:
530:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
496:In 2013, the
494:
492:
488:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
456:hydroxylation
453:
449:
448:hydrogenation
445:
441:
437:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
343:
341:
337:
332:
330:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
297:
286:
276:
271:
269:
264:This section
262:
253:
252:
244:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
219:
216:
212:
211:
200:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
161:
159:
154:
149:
147:
143:
138:
129:
126:
125:John Reynolds
122:
117:
115:
111:
106:
103:
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
64:
57:
53:
50:
47:
40:
36:
33:
32:Ancient Greek
29:
21:
4578:Astrophysics
4557:Solar System
4462:
4445:Spectroscopy
4338:
4299:Astrobiology
4152:Formaldehyde
4044:Benzonitrile
3835:Acetaldehyde
3790:Methanethiol
3741:Acetonitrile
3646:Carbodiimide
3525:Formaldehyde
3520:Cyanoethynyl
3371:Iron cyanide
3366:Hydroperoxyl
3167:Nitric oxide
2958:
2954:Astrophysics
2939:Astrobiology
2882:
2870:
2858:
2846:
2696:Biosynthesis
2546:Geochemistry
2532:
2461:Pharmacology
2437:Cell biology
2427:Biochemistry
2255:Spectroscopy
2154:VSEPR theory
2003:Spectroscopy
1947:Branches of
1893:February 22,
1891:. Retrieved
1887:the original
1880:
1870:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1795:. Retrieved
1788:
1779:
1767:. Retrieved
1762:
1756:
1747:
1712:
1706:
1682:. Retrieved
1677:
1667:
1625:(1) L9: L9.
1622:
1618:
1607:
1572:
1566:
1541:. Retrieved
1534:
1482:(1) L4: L4.
1479:
1475:
1462:
1450:. Retrieved
1440:
1428:. Retrieved
1424:the original
1419:
1409:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1345:. Retrieved
1340:ScienceDaily
1338:
1329:
1318:. Retrieved
1312:
1302:
1290:. Retrieved
1284:
1274:
1229:
1223:
1213:
1201:. Retrieved
1194:
1185:
1142:
1138:
1113:. Retrieved
1107:
1059:
1053:
1042:
1030:. Retrieved
1020:
1008:. Retrieved
1004:the original
999:
989:
978:. Retrieved
973:ScienceDaily
971:
948:. Retrieved
944:the original
881:
877:
839:
835:
829:
804:
800:
794:
772:(1): 53–74.
769:
765:
759:
750:
744:
725:
677:Geochemistry
612:announced a
607:
589:(related to
583:habitability
560:chemotrophic
543:
537:
526:
495:
433:
416:
413:protostellar
402:
379:
369:and related
361:components (
344:
333:
326:
299:
283:January 2017
280:
265:
208:
206:
191:and related
183:components (
162:
150:
142:solar nebula
135:
118:
107:
99:
90:Solar System
86:solar nebula
69:
62:
59:
52:
45:
42:
35:
27:
26:
4545:Spaceflight
4419:Outer space
4329:Cosmic dust
4294:Abiogenesis
4206:Unconfirmed
4162:Heavy water
4002:Ethanethiol
3917:Cyanoallene
3907:Acetic acid
3877:Methylamine
3761:Diacetylene
3676:Formic acid
3666:Cyanomethyl
3324:Diazenylium
3314:CCP radical
3190:(molecular)
3174:(molecular)
3143:(molecular)
2884:WikiProject
2109:Theoretical
2094:Calorimetry
1115:11 December
605:objective.
556:autotrophic
544:Opportunity
514:nucleobases
468:nucleotides
464:amino acids
452:oxygenation
382:cosmic dust
375:outer space
197:outer space
175:, suggests
158:cosmic dust
110:Harold Urey
4567:Categories
4334:Cosmic ray
4276:Silylidyne
4239:Hemolithin
4214:Anthracene
4131:Deuterated
4112:Pyrimidine
3922:Ethanimine
3785:Ketenimine
3641:Butadiynyl
3465:Thioformyl
3319:Chloronium
2949:Astrometry
2720:Metallurgy
2419:Biological
1985:Analytical
1797:24 January
1769:24 January
1684:2018-07-17
1680:. Nrao.edu
1478:. eprint.
1452:August 31,
1430:August 31,
1347:2011-10-27
1320:2011-10-26
1292:28 October
1135:Joblin, C.
980:2011-08-09
950:2011-08-10
703:References
650:exoplanets
518:ethanamine
506:amino acid
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340:buckyballs
336:fullerenes
306:anthracene
294:See also:
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137:Meteorites
132:Meteorites
114:Hans Suess
78:meteorites
30:(from
4266:Phosphine
4134:molecules
4067:fullerene
3967:Acetamide
3771:Formamide
3651:Cyanamide
3505:Acetylene
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3391:Methylene
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3281:Triatomic
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634:formation
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554:based on
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538:Curiosity
394:aliphatic
334:In 2010,
229:acetamide
171:found on
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4234:Graphene
4146:Ammonium
3947:Acrolein
3810:Propynal
3795:Methanol
3766:Ethylene
3635:Ammonium
3410:Nitroxyl
3234:Sulfanyl
3178:Imidogen
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3141:Hydrogen
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4286:Related
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4039:Benzene
4034:Acetone
4026:or more
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3872:Propyne
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3560:Ketenyl
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