33:
1030:
1546:
357:
1041:
46:
267:
1294:
393:
376:
320:
2706:
338:
302:
2694:
282:
851:
itself diverging from its closest relative around 3.9 million years ago. The fact that these species diverged relatively recently indicates that some form of dispersal must have taken place across large bodies of water. The original plant hosts were flowering plants
2140:
1220:
on both the faces and the edges of the gills. A large number of cystidia are present, and, individually, they measure between 60 and 100 μm by between 12 and 25 μm. They are flask-shaped, with somewhat purple contents.
2670:
Mlinarič A, Kreft S, Umek A, Štrukelj B, Popovič T (2000). "Iskanje inhibitorjev cisteinskih proteinaz v glivah s področja
Slovenije" [Cysteine proteinase inhibitors screening of fungal species growing in Slovenia].
1211:
is rust-coloured, while the spores themselves measure 12 to 15 μm by 7 to 8.5 μm. They are rough, from elliptical to almond-shaped, and covered in medium-sized warts. The spores are wider in
1355:
associations with several species of tree. In this symbiotic relationship, the fungus gains carbon from the plant and supplies it with beneficial minerals. In Nordic countries, its hosts include white birch
1003:
outside of hard-to-observe spore detail—the former has smaller spores with a detached perisporium (outer layer) and the latter has smaller spores and fruiting bodies. Another population, known from Borneo,
2172:
1917:
Revisio generum plantarum:vascularium omnium atque cellularium multarum secundum leges nomenclaturae internationales cum enumeratione plantarum exoticarum in itinere mundi collectarum
129:
1096:–6 in) in diameter with an incurved margin. It is dark violet to blue-black in colour, and is covered in fine, downy scales. This layer on the cap is known as the
1476:, according to Arora, is its beauty. Its similarity to some other (inedible or toxic) webcaps renders it risky to eat. The taste after cooking is reportedly bitter.
1265:
808:
were to be split from the rest of the current genus, then, according to the rules of the
International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, it would retain the name
1304:
is found across North
America, Europe and Asia. Although widespread, it is not common anywhere in Europe, and it is listed as endangered in the British Isles.
1449:. It is more common in old growth forest in the Pacific Northwest, though has sprung up in regrowth areas populated with fir, pine, aspen and alder in the
3038:
2883:
1247:
are dark purple and superficially similar, but can be differentiated based on host and geography as they do not occur in the same locations as
2162:
2935:
3012:
2782:
2015:
733:
575:
separate from the deciduous-preferring populations, the pine-preferring populations have been referred to either as a separate species,
266:
864:
relationship with pines, as well as multiple flowering plants; this may have facilitated its expansion across the
Northern Hemisphere.
1802:
1654:
3025:
2857:
915:
in 1983. However, Harrower and colleagues, on limited molecular testing, found no genetic or ecological difference between the two
1472:
are sometimes considered inedible, and sometimes considered edible, but not choice. Instead, the primary appeal of the species to
2297:
715:
had been set as 1 January 1821, to coincide with the date of the works of the "father of mycology", the
Swedish naturalist
2698:
1953:
2624:
2591:
2474:
2442:
2415:
2385:
2339:
2248:
1861:
1745:
1714:
1625:
3132:
45:
1771:
1108:
wide—or rarely an ixocutis, a layer of gelatinized hyphae 2–11 μm wide. The cap surface, unlike that of many other
766:, his response to what he perceived as poor methodology in existing nomenclatural practice. He called the violet webcap
1921:
1184:
is violet, but darker below the pileipellis and in the stipe. The flesh has a mild taste, indistinctly reminiscent of
2009:
1668:
3122:
1849:
1519:-dihydroxy-β-phenylalanine . It dissolves in water, turning the liquid dark purple before fading to blackish-grey.
2940:
1889:
1243:
of the southeastern United States has a slimy purple cap and paler violet stipe. The other species in the section
1150: in) thick. Due to its swollen, bulbous nature, the base of the stipe can sometimes be as wide as 4 cm (
3107:
2760:
2710:
1441:
favours conifers, and, though rare over much of the continent, is relatively common in certain areas, including
1016:, and awaits description as a new species after a phylogenetic study revealed it to represent a distinct taxon.
2331:
1196:
connection to the stipe, and can be very dark in older specimens. The mushroom stains red when in contact with
3064:
2922:
985:
1507:
that has been difficult to isolate; its identity was not known until 1998. This is an iron(III) complex of (
1660:
903:. Moser separated them once again as species in 1967, and Norwegian biologist Tor Erik Brandrud classified
2769:
1559:
1442:
1792:
1499:
1410:
973:
812:, while the other species would have to be reclassified. The species was one of only two placed in the
674:
621:
1193:
3079:
2950:
2849:
1737:
991:
762:
727:
by Fries (indicated in the name by a colon) to be considered valid. Thus, the species was written as
1844:
The Mycota: A Comprehensive
Treatise on Fungi as Experimental Systems for Basic and Applied Research
749:
555:, but is readily distinguished from other species in the genus by its dark colouration and distinct
230:
3112:
1461:
can be found in
Central and South America, Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, and Malaysia.
741:. Hence, the name no longer requires the ratification of Fries's authority, and is thus written as
32:
2914:
3137:
3127:
942:
825:
770:
in 1898. However, Kuntze's revisionary programme was not accepted by the majority of biologists.
603:
399:
2616:
539:, the appearance of these mushrooms is more distinctive than their taste. The species was first
3117:
3043:
2888:
2722:
2583:
1493:
1453:
region. Fruit bodies occur singly or in small groups, often near rotting wood, and can grow in
979:
955:
821:
647:
615:
609:
2577:
2432:
1999:
1853:
1731:
1585:
2171:] (in Latin). Vol. 1–2. Uppsala, Sweden: Regiae Academiae Typographia. p. 279.
1949:
1761:
1446:
936:
697:
658:
597:
218:
177:
156:
2976:
1841:
3102:
2818:
2534:
2503:
1029:
888:
789:
1796:
8:
1197:
1056:
927:
540:
2538:
2609:
2558:
2550:
2225:
2132:
1189:
840:
716:
712:
662:
572:
568:
449:
288:
186:
40:
595:
or close to that species have now been described as new and separate species, such as
3017:
2971:
2805:
2787:
2620:
2587:
2507:
2470:
2438:
2411:
2381:
2345:
2335:
2274:
2124:
2096:
2005:
1857:
1842:
1741:
1710:
1664:
1531:
1309:
1277:
1269:, have a similar color, but are easily differentiated due to their pink spore print.
1239:
1237:
and its close relatives are easily distinguished by their much darker purple colour.
1079:
785:
642:
445:
307:
2562:
2136:
1943:
934:. Two separate lineages discovered in populations from Costa Rica have been renamed
2652:
2542:
2499:
2221:
2116:
2070:
1523:
fruiting bodies contain around 100 times more iron than those of most other fungi.
1473:
1430:
1420:
1358:
1181:
1113:
884:
678:
529:
505:
453:
343:
2810:
2774:
2240:
1765:
1619:
3003:
2958:
1824:
1376:
1370:
1259:
1075:
828:
investigation of webcaps worldwide has increased this number to at least twelve.
724:
536:
517:
3069:
2927:
2490:
Harrison, Maria J. (2005). "Signaling in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis".
2097:"Long-distance dispersal and speciation of Australasian and American species of
1915:
737:
set the starting date at 1 May 1753, the date of publication of
Linnaeus's
2844:
2053:
Harrower E, Bougher NL, Winterbottom C, Henkel TW, Horak E, Matheny PB (2015).
1386:) are known from this region. Brandrud reported that what he described as spp.
1364:
1352:
1052:
1040:
831:
A 2015 genetic study by evolutionary biologist Emma
Harrower and colleagues of
525:
107:
87:
1829:. Vol. 1. London, United Kingdom: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy. p. 628.
3096:
2745:
2349:
2075:
2054:
1770:. Vol. 1–1. Paris and Liège, France: Panckoucke; Plomteux. p. 106.
1615:
1415:
637:
544:
173:
77:
1112:
species, is neither sticky nor slimy, though it is occasionally greasy. The
899:
as a separate species in 1794, though Fries regarded it as conspecific with
2511:
2128:
1551:
1344:
1293:
1177:
892:
777:
548:
437:
2797:
2325:
1012:
by Moser. It was noted as very similar to the original species concept of
2963:
2909:
2870:
2754:
2643:
Gill M (2001). "Review: The biosynthesis of pigments in
Basidiomycetes".
1995:
1911:
1450:
1392:
1208:
1097:
797:
757:
654:
432:
415:
383:
363:
242:
117:
2212:(Agaricales) in the Nordic countries, taxonomy, ecology and chorology".
3030:
2862:
2554:
2546:
1920:(in Latin). Vol. 3. Leipzig, Germany: A. Felix. p. 478.
1881:
1454:
1404:
1398:
1396:, generally in more alkaline soils and along with mosses of the genera
1185:
1005:
908:
853:
580:
509:
97:
2875:
922:
Some fungal populations around the world that have been classified as
3056:
2901:
2831:
1336:
1316:
1192:
are dark violet, changing to a purplish-brown with age. They have an
1188:, with a slight, pleasant smell, also reminiscent of cedar wood. The
861:
801:
560:
513:
57:
2716:
2656:
1580:
1578:
1164: in). The stipe is a similar colour to the cap, and covered in
3051:
2997:
2896:
2836:
2739:
2705:
2120:
1593:
1312:
areas of western Greenland. It has not been recorded from Iceland.
1253:
1217:
1173:
1104:
running perpendicular to the surface and forming a layer 6–22
960:
947:
556:
441:
325:
293:
272:
2525:
Trappe JM (1962). "Fungus associates of ectotrophic mycorrhizae".
2052:
1575:
1527:
1504:
1382:
1340:
1332:
844:
2469:. Cogenhagen, Denmark: Museum Tusculanum Press. pp. 77–80.
1801:(in Latin). Göttingen, Germany: Apud H. Dieterich. p. 277.
2823:
2693:
2095:
Harrower E, Bougher NL, Henkel TW, Horak E, Matheny PB (2015).
1624:(in Latin). Stockholm, Sweden: Laurentii Salvii. p. 1173.
1169:
996:
653:
refers to the deep violet colour of its cap. In English, it is
427:
67:
2579:
Field Guide to Mushrooms and Other Fungi of Britain and Europe
843:
from a common ancestor around twelve million years ago in the
2169:
A Critical Study of Mycology: A Synopsis of the Hymenomycetes
1328:
1324:
1101:
916:
887:
region of southern Germany. These species are differentiated
800:
considers this odd, due to the mushroom's unusual colour and
2461:
Elborne SA, Knudsen H (1990). "Larger fungi associated with
1105:
2164:
Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici: Seu Synopsis Hymenomycetum
1165:
835:
and its closest relatives suggests that the group (section
564:
547:
in 1753, and has undergone several name changes. It is the
2324:
Davis, R. Michael; Sommer, Robert; Menge, John A. (2012).
2094:
2669:
2380:. London, United Kingdom: HarperCollins. pp. 457–8.
1484:
1320:
520:) relationships with the roots of various plant species,
1176:
can be present at the base. Younger specimens feature a
657:
as the violet webcap, or violet cort. French naturalist
2090:
2088:
2086:
1729:
1204:
are less robust than those of the nominate subspecies.
2467:
The Greenland Mountain Birch Zone, Southwest Greenland
2410:. London, United Kingdom: HarperCollins. p. 322.
2004:. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. p. 446.
1709:. London, United Kingdom: Pan MacMillan. p. 186.
1100:, which is either classified as a trichoderm—parallel
2430:
1791:
930:
and hence reclassified as new species within section
2437:. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press. p. 127.
2083:
1541:
1428:
in Greenland, and is also associated with hazelnut (
977:. Yet another from Eastern Australia has been named
1216:. The species is the only one in the genus to have
571:between the two has been found. When identified as
504: in), sometimes with a thicker base. The dark
16:
Species of fungus native to the Northern Hemisphere
2608:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2327:Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America
1257:species in northwestern North America, including
559:. There are some populations that seem to prefer
3094:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2323:
1700:
731:(L.: Fr.) Gray. However, a 1987 revision of the
2371:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2063:(Agaricales) from the Americas and Australasia"
2029:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
696:was established as a genus by English botanist
2465:in Greenland". In Fredskild B, Ødum S (eds.).
2460:
2456:
2454:
2375:
1948:. New York, New York: H.W. Wilson Co. p.
1335:. It is also occasionally known from treeless
448:up to 15 cm (6 in) across, sporting
2569:
2424:
2394:
1941:
1464:
2356:
2186:
1935:
1730:Bessette A, Bessette AR, Fischer DW (1997).
1723:
1677:
1530:demonstrates an inhibitory activity against
734:International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
2638:
2636:
2575:
2451:
2434:Mushrooms of the Southeastern United States
2431:Bessette AE, Roody WC, Bessette AR (2007).
2203:
1904:
1760:
1288:
1233:species with some degree of violet colour,
636:was one of the few fungal species named by
436:native across the Northern Hemisphere. The
2611:Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America
2483:
2405:
2268:
2266:
2238:
2154:
1839:
1785:
1754:
1704:
1652:
1614:
1408:, and, in moister areas, big shaggy-moss (
1297:Younger specimens, highlighting scaled cap
31:
2524:
2074:
1990:
1910:
1875:
1873:
1457:. Closely related species that look like
1319:woodland during autumn, especially among
959:, and another from Western Australia and
2633:
2606:
2518:
2489:
2160:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1833:
1816:
1292:
1130:to 7 in) tall, and 1 to 2 cm (
669:) of a variable species he described as
2272:
2263:
1994:
1879:
1826:A Natural Arrangement of British Plants
1822:
1733:Mushrooms of Northeastern North America
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1596:. International Mycological Association
1380:). No records of association with oak (
1074:has a convex (becoming broadly convex,
702:A Natural Arrangement of British Plants
591:. Other populations once identified as
535:Though they are sometimes described as
3095:
2642:
2615:. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. p.
2504:10.1146/annurev.micro.58.030603.123749
1870:
926:have been found to belong to separate
839:) originated in Australasia and began
2721:
2720:
2319:
2317:
1967:
1503:. The colour is caused by an elusive
1331:, but is also found on occasion with
700:in the first volume of his 1821 work
3080:45075df0-4718-4b3f-8e85-6ce7c5d31765
2951:6a58b3b8-28f0-4605-bbee-27df4576875d
2232:
1892:from the original on 8 December 2015
1639:
860:—or its direct ancestor—developed a
704:, where the species was recorded as
891:by the latter population's rounder
13:
2314:
2226:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1983.tb01470.x
1767:Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique
1434:) in Central and Southern Europe.
1224:
1200:(KOH). Fruit bodies identified as
999:are almost indistinguishable from
804:. Because of this designation, if
14:
3149:
2686:
2251:from the original on 29 June 2011
1656:The Mushroom Hunter's Field Guide
1180:, but this vanishes quickly. The
1008:and New Zealand, was ascribed to
756:in 1877. In 1891, his countryman
2704:
2692:
1544:
1116:, or stalk, is 6 to 18 cm (
1039:
1028:
391:
374:
355:
336:
318:
300:
280:
265:
44:
2663:
2645:Australian Journal of Chemistry
2600:
2378:Mushrooms of Britain and Europe
2303:from the original on 2016-06-04
2175:from the original on 2016-03-04
2143:from the original on 2016-08-17
2018:from the original on 2016-11-26
1956:from the original on 2016-03-22
1924:from the original on 2016-09-21
1805:from the original on 2016-11-14
1774:from the original on 2016-09-21
1628:from the original on 2017-10-15
946:, one from Guyana—described as
2332:University of California Press
1942:Clements FE, Shear CL (1931).
1608:
1339:, where it is associated with
1019:
708:, "the violet curtain-stool".
456:measures 6 to 12 centimetres (
1:
2492:Annual Review of Microbiology
1569:
1374:) and rarely European beech (
986:Cortinarius subcalyptrosporus
563:trees and others that prefer
484: in) by 1 to 2 cm (
1661:University of Michigan Press
1487:, unlike that of some other
1082:of 3.5–15 centimetres (
711:The starting date of fungal
7:
3133:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
2582:. Cape Town, South Africa:
2247:. New York Botanic Garden.
1798:Synopsis Methodica Fungorum
1653:Weber NS, Smith AH (1980).
1537:
1443:Mount Rainier National Park
983:. The poorly known species
820:by the Austrian mycologist
690:Synopsis Methodica Fungorum
628:
508:has a smell reminiscent of
273:Mycological characteristics
10:
3154:
1882:"Kuntze, Otto (1843–1907)"
1840:Esser K, Lemke PA (1994).
1465:Edibility and biochemistry
1411:Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus
867:Some mycologists classify
675:Christiaan Hendrik Persoon
524:is found predominantly in
2987:
2729:
1738:Syracuse University Press
1618:(1753). "Tomus II".
1483:cannot be converted to a
1424:. The species grows with
992:Cortinarius atroviolaceus
763:Revisio Generum Plantarum
752:described the species as
390:
373:
353:
335:
317:
299:
279:
260:
192:
185:
162:
155:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
2607:Phillips, Roger (2010).
2214:Nordic Journal of Botany
2076:10.3897/mycokeys.11.5409
1289:Distribution and habitat
1229:Although there are many
895:. Persoon had described
871:as two distinct species—
3123:Fungi described in 1753
2376:Courtecuisse R (1999).
2283:in the SW-Pacific area"
1848:. Heidelberg, Germany:
1659:. Ann Arbor, Michigan:
1315:In Europe, it grows in
1308:is a rare component of
719:, which meant the name
3108:Fungi of North America
2584:New Holland Publishers
1736:. Syracuse, New York:
1500:C. semisanguineus
1343:. The species favours
1298:
1055:and spores stained in
974:C. hallowellensis
877:Cortinarius hercynicus
776:was designated as the
750:Friedrich Otto Wünsche
622:C. hallowellensis
2761:Cortinarius violaceus
2731:Cortinarius violaceus
2711:Cortinarius violaceus
2699:Cortinarius violaceus
2243:Cortinarius violaceus
2204:Brandrud TE (1983). "
2001:Mushrooms Demystified
1793:Persoon, Christian H.
1588:Cortinarius violaceus
1525:Cortinarius violaceus
1470:Cortinarius violaceus
1447:Olympic National Park
1349:Cortinarius violaceus
1306:Cortinarius violaceus
1302:Cortinarius violaceus
1296:
1266:L. nigroviolacea
1072:Cortinarius violaceus
1050:Cortinarius violaceus
937:Cortinarius palatinus
873:Cortinarius violaceus
774:Cortinarius violaceus
743:Cortinarius violaceus
729:Cortinarius violaceus
721:Cortinarius violaceus
698:Samuel Frederick Gray
659:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
528:in North America and
411:Cortinarius violaceus
262:Cortinarius violaceus
166:Cortinarius violaceus
25:Cortinarius violaceus
2701:at Wikimedia Commons
2576:Eppinger M. (2006).
2527:The Botanical Review
2334:. pp. 269–270.
790:Cornelius Lott Shear
430:in the webcap genus
2539:1962BotRv..28..538T
2408:Collins Fungi Guide
2406:Buczacki S (2012).
2245:Fries (with photo)"
2239:Halling RE (1996).
1945:The Genera of Fungi
1705:Phillips R (2006).
1663:. pp. 202–03.
1368:), European aspen (
1198:potassium hydroxide
943:C. neotropicus
794:The Genera of Fungi
792:in their 1931 work
706:Cortinaria violacea
604:C. neotropicus
2989:Agaricus violaceus
2673:Acta Pharmaceutica
2547:10.1007/bf02868758
1494:C. sanguineus
1437:In North America,
1414:), as well as the
1299:
1285:are also similar.
963:described as both
956:C. altissimus
905:C. hercynicus
897:C. hercynicus
717:Elias Magnus Fries
634:Agaricus violaceus
610:C. altissimus
577:C. hercynicus
569:genetic divergence
202:Agaricus violaceus
3090:
3089:
2972:Open Tree of Life
2723:Taxon identifiers
2697:Media related to
2626:978-1-55407-651-2
2593:978-1-84537-474-7
2476:978-87-635-1204-6
2444:978-0-8156-3112-5
2417:978-0-00-746648-1
2387:978-0-00-220012-7
2341:978-0-520-95360-4
2161:Fries EM (1838).
1863:978-3-540-66493-2
1747:978-0-8156-0388-7
1716:978-0-330-44237-4
1621:Species Plantarum
1532:cysteine protease
1491:species, such as
1481:C. violaceus
1459:C. violaceus
1439:C. violaceus
1362:), silver birch (
1278:Entoloma bloxamii
1249:C. violaceus
1240:Cortinarius iodes
1235:C. violaceus
1014:C. violaceus
1010:C. violaceus
1001:C. violaceus
965:C. violaceus
924:C. violaceus
913:C. violaceus
901:C. violaceus
869:C. violaceus
858:C. violaceus
849:C. violaceus
833:C. violaceus
806:C. violaceus
786:Frederic Clements
768:Gomphos violaceus
754:Inoloma violaceum
739:Species Plantarum
688:in his 1801 work
677:placed it in the
643:Species Plantarum
640:in his 1753 work
598:C. palatinus
593:C. violaceus
585:C. violaceus
530:deciduous forests
522:C. violaceus
407:
406:
255:Species of fungus
253:
252:
246:
238:Gomphos violaceus
234:
226:Inoloma violaceum
222:
206:
148:C. violaceus
3145:
3083:
3082:
3073:
3072:
3070:BMSSYS0000001172
3060:
3059:
3047:
3046:
3034:
3033:
3021:
3020:
3008:
3007:
3006:
2980:
2979:
2967:
2966:
2954:
2953:
2944:
2943:
2931:
2930:
2928:NHMSYS0001479566
2918:
2917:
2905:
2904:
2892:
2891:
2879:
2878:
2866:
2865:
2853:
2852:
2840:
2839:
2827:
2826:
2814:
2813:
2801:
2800:
2791:
2790:
2778:
2777:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2718:
2717:
2709:Data related to
2708:
2696:
2681:
2680:
2675:(in Slovenian).
2667:
2661:
2660:
2640:
2631:
2630:
2614:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2463:Betula pubescens
2458:
2449:
2448:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2403:
2392:
2391:
2373:
2354:
2353:
2321:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2302:
2287:
2273:Moser M (1986).
2270:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2201:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2092:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2055:"New species in
2050:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
1992:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1877:
1868:
1867:
1847:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1823:Gray SF (1821).
1820:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1779:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1702:
1675:
1674:
1650:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1582:
1554:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1518:
1514:
1474:mushroom hunters
1431:Corylus avellana
1426:Betula pubescens
1421:Hepatica nobilis
1416:buttercup-family
1359:Betula pubescens
1214:C. v. hercynicus
1202:C. v. hercynicus
1163:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1043:
1032:
885:Hercynian Forest
883:relating to the
748:German botanist
671:Amanita araneosa
648:specific epithet
503:
502:
498:
493:
492:
488:
483:
482:
478:
475:
469:
468:
464:
461:
452:underneath. The
440:are dark purple
395:
394:
378:
377:
359:
358:
340:
339:
322:
321:
304:
303:
284:
283:
269:
258:
257:
240:
228:
216:
210:Amanita araneosa
204:
168:
134:
49:
48:
35:
21:
20:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3113:Fungi of Europe
3093:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3078:
3076:
3068:
3063:
3055:
3050:
3042:
3037:
3029:
3024:
3016:
3011:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2983:
2975:
2970:
2962:
2959:Observation.org
2957:
2949:
2947:
2939:
2934:
2926:
2921:
2913:
2908:
2900:
2895:
2887:
2882:
2874:
2869:
2861:
2856:
2848:
2843:
2835:
2830:
2822:
2817:
2809:
2804:
2796:
2794:
2786:
2781:
2773:
2768:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2725:
2689:
2684:
2668:
2664:
2657:10.1071/CH01206
2641:
2634:
2627:
2605:
2601:
2594:
2586:. p. 114.
2574:
2570:
2523:
2519:
2488:
2484:
2477:
2459:
2452:
2445:
2429:
2425:
2418:
2404:
2395:
2388:
2374:
2357:
2342:
2322:
2315:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2285:
2271:
2264:
2254:
2252:
2237:
2233:
2202:
2187:
2178:
2176:
2159:
2155:
2146:
2144:
2093:
2084:
2051:
2030:
2021:
2019:
2012:
1993:
1968:
1959:
1957:
1940:
1936:
1927:
1925:
1909:
1905:
1895:
1893:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1838:
1834:
1821:
1817:
1808:
1806:
1790:
1786:
1777:
1775:
1759:
1755:
1748:
1740:. p. 112.
1728:
1724:
1717:
1703:
1678:
1671:
1651:
1640:
1631:
1629:
1613:
1609:
1599:
1597:
1584:
1583:
1576:
1572:
1550:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1516:
1512:
1467:
1377:Fagus sylvatica
1371:Populus tremula
1291:
1227:
1225:Similar species
1160:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1022:
889:morphologically
661:viewed it as a
631:
526:conifer forests
518:ectomycorrhizal
500:
496:
495:
490:
486:
485:
480:
476:
473:
471:
466:
462:
459:
457:
401:not recommended
392:
375:
360:
356:
337:
319:
301:
281:
275:
270:
256:
249:
198:
197:
181:
170:
164:
151:
132:
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3151:
3141:
3140:
3138:Fungus species
3135:
3130:
3128:Inedible fungi
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3074:
3061:
3048:
3035:
3022:
3009:
2993:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2968:
2955:
2945:
2932:
2919:
2906:
2893:
2880:
2867:
2854:
2841:
2828:
2815:
2802:
2792:
2779:
2766:
2751:
2735:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2715:
2714:
2713:at Wikispecies
2702:
2688:
2687:External links
2685:
2683:
2682:
2662:
2651:(12): 721–34.
2632:
2625:
2599:
2592:
2568:
2533:(4): 538–606.
2517:
2482:
2475:
2450:
2443:
2423:
2416:
2393:
2386:
2355:
2340:
2313:
2262:
2231:
2185:
2153:
2121:10.3852/14-182
2115:(4): 697–709.
2082:
2028:
2010:
1966:
1934:
1903:
1869:
1862:
1832:
1815:
1784:
1753:
1746:
1722:
1715:
1676:
1669:
1638:
1607:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1556:
1555:
1539:
1536:
1479:The colour of
1466:
1463:
1290:
1287:
1226:
1223:
1053:cheilocystidia
1048:
1047:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1018:
822:Meinhard Moser
780:for the genus
655:commonly known
630:
627:
416:commonly known
405:
404:
396:
388:
387:
379:
371:
370:
361:
354:
351:
350:
341:
333:
332:
323:
315:
314:
305:
297:
296:
285:
277:
276:
271:
264:
254:
251:
250:
248:
247:
235:
223:
207:
195:
194:
193:
190:
189:
183:
182:
171:
160:
159:
153:
152:
145:
143:
139:
138:
127:
123:
122:
115:
111:
110:
108:Cortinariaceae
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
88:Agaricomycetes
85:
81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
65:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3150:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3118:Fungi of Asia
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3081:
3075:
3071:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3014:
3010:
3005:
2999:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2942:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2793:
2789:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2756:
2752:
2747:
2741:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2719:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2678:
2674:
2666:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2639:
2637:
2628:
2622:
2618:
2613:
2612:
2603:
2595:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2572:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2521:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2486:
2478:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2457:
2455:
2446:
2440:
2436:
2435:
2427:
2419:
2413:
2409:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2389:
2383:
2379:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2328:
2320:
2318:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2269:
2267:
2250:
2246:
2244:
2235:
2227:
2223:
2220:(5): 577–92.
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2157:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2017:
2013:
2011:0-89815-169-4
2007:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1938:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1907:
1891:
1887:
1886:Botanicus.org
1883:
1880:Erickson RF.
1876:
1874:
1865:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1845:
1836:
1828:
1827:
1819:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1788:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1757:
1749:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1734:
1726:
1718:
1712:
1708:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1672:
1670:0-472-85610-3
1666:
1662:
1658:
1657:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1611:
1595:
1591:
1589:
1581:
1579:
1574:
1565:
1563:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1542:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1360:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1295:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1042:
1031:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1002:
998:
994:
993:
988:
987:
982:
981:
980:C. kioloensis
976:
975:
970:
967:and sp. aff.
966:
962:
958:
957:
952:
949:
945:
944:
939:
938:
933:
929:
925:
920:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
865:
863:
859:
855:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
829:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
796:. Mycologist
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
769:
765:
764:
759:
755:
751:
746:
744:
740:
736:
735:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
709:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
680:
676:
673:in 1783, and
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
649:
645:
644:
639:
638:Carl Linnaeus
635:
626:
624:
623:
618:
617:
616:C. kioloensis
612:
611:
606:
605:
600:
599:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
573:taxonomically
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
551:of the genus
550:
546:
545:Carl Linnaeus
542:
538:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
434:
429:
425:
421:
420:violet webcap
417:
413:
412:
403:
402:
398:Edibility is
397:
389:
386:
385:
380:
372:
369:
368:reddish-brown
365:
362:
352:
349:
345:
342:
334:
331:
327:
324:
316:
313:
309:
306:
298:
295:
291:
290:
286:
278:
274:
268:
263:
259:
244:
239:
236:
232:
227:
224:
220:
215:
211:
208:
203:
200:
199:
191:
188:
184:
179:
175:
169:
167:
161:
158:
157:Binomial name
154:
150:
149:
144:
141:
140:
137:
136:
128:
125:
124:
121:
120:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
89:
86:
83:
82:
79:
78:Basidiomycota
76:
73:
72:
69:
66:
63:
62:
59:
56:
53:
52:
47:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
2988:
2730:
2676:
2672:
2665:
2648:
2644:
2610:
2602:
2578:
2571:
2530:
2526:
2520:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2466:
2462:
2433:
2426:
2407:
2377:
2330:. Berkeley:
2326:
2305:. Retrieved
2293:
2289:
2280:
2279:Fr. subgen.
2276:
2253:. Retrieved
2242:
2234:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2177:. Retrieved
2168:
2163:
2156:
2145:. Retrieved
2112:
2108:
2102:
2098:
2069:(11): 1–21.
2066:
2060:
2056:
2020:. Retrieved
2000:
1958:. Retrieved
1944:
1937:
1926:. Retrieved
1916:
1906:
1894:. Retrieved
1885:
1843:
1835:
1825:
1818:
1807:. Retrieved
1797:
1787:
1776:. Retrieved
1766:
1756:
1732:
1725:
1706:
1655:
1630:. Retrieved
1620:
1610:
1598:. Retrieved
1587:
1561:
1552:Fungi portal
1524:
1521:C. violaceus
1520:
1508:
1498:
1492:
1488:
1480:
1478:
1469:
1468:
1458:
1438:
1436:
1429:
1425:
1419:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1348:
1314:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1282:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1228:
1213:
1206:
1201:
1109:
1071:
1070:
1063:
1059:
1049:
1013:
1009:
1000:
990:
984:
978:
972:
968:
964:
954:
953:—has become
950:
941:
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868:
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830:
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809:
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793:
781:
778:type species
773:
772:
767:
761:
753:
747:
742:
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732:
728:
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710:
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584:
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552:
549:type species
534:
521:
438:fruit bodies
431:
423:
419:
410:
409:
408:
400:
382:
367:
347:
329:
311:
287:
261:
237:
225:
213:
209:
201:
165:
163:
147:
146:
131:Cortinarius
130:
118:
24:
18:
3103:Cortinarius
2910:NatureServe
2871:iNaturalist
2755:Wikispecies
2679:(1): 39–48.
2281:Cortinarius
2277:Cortinarius
2210:Cortinarius
2206:Cortinarius
2103:Cortinarius
2099:Cortinarius
2061:Cortinarius
2057:Cortinarius
1896:28 November
1762:Lamarck J-B
1562:Cortinarius
1489:Cortinarius
1455:fairy rings
1451:Great Lakes
1393:Picea abies
1353:mycorrhizal
1345:acidic soil
1273:C. cotoneus
1245:Cortinarius
1231:Cortinarius
1209:spore print
1110:Cortinarius
1098:pileipellis
1062:and spores
1020:Description
971:has become
932:Cortinarius
854:angiosperms
837:Cortinarius
818:Cortinarius
814:Cortinarius
810:Cortinarius
798:David Arora
782:Cortinarius
758:Otto Kuntze
745:(L.) Gray.
694:Cortinarius
553:Cortinarius
532:in Europe.
433:Cortinarius
424:violet cort
384:mycorrhizal
381:Ecology is
364:Spore print
135:Cortinarius
119:Cortinarius
3097:Categories
2307:2016-05-23
2296:: 138–47.
2179:2016-05-17
2147:2016-08-16
2022:2016-10-17
1960:2016-05-17
1928:2018-02-21
1852:. p.
1809:2016-05-18
1778:2018-02-21
1632:2018-02-21
1616:Linnaeus C
1590:(L.) Gray"
1570:References
1405:Pleurozium
1399:Hylocomium
1390:grew with
1388:hercynicus
1365:B. pendula
1251:. Certain
1186:cedar wood
1006:New Guinea
909:subspecies
881:hercynicus
760:published
682:Cortinaria
589:hercynicus
581:subspecies
579:, or as a
512:. Forming
510:cedar wood
126:Subgenus:
98:Agaricales
74:Division:
3004:Q21870106
2498:: 19–42.
2350:797915861
2109:Mycologia
1912:Kuntze O.
1707:Mushrooms
1337:heathland
1317:deciduous
1310:subarctic
1283:E. parvum
1260:L. carnea
1172:; purple
1078:or flat)
969:violaceus
951:violaceus
862:symbiotic
841:diverging
826:Molecular
816:subgenus
723:required
667:violaceus
651:violaceus
567:, but no
561:deciduous
541:described
514:symbiotic
442:mushrooms
214:violaceus
205:L. (1753)
142:Species:
64:Kingdom:
58:Eukaryota
3052:MycoBank
3044:10515807
3018:60023442
3013:AusFungi
2998:Wikidata
2915:2.948829
2897:MycoBank
2889:11032588
2845:Fungorum
2795:BioLib:
2788:60023316
2783:AusFungi
2740:Wikidata
2563:42698903
2512:16153162
2298:Archived
2249:Archived
2208:subgen.
2173:Archived
2141:Archived
2137:24571818
2129:25911703
2067:MycoKeys
2059:section
2016:Archived
1998:(1986).
1954:Archived
1922:Archived
1914:(1898).
1890:Archived
1850:Springer
1803:Archived
1795:(1801).
1772:Archived
1764:(1783).
1626:Archived
1594:MycoBank
1560:List of
1538:See also
1333:conifers
1254:Leptonia
1218:cystidia
1174:mycelium
1076:umbonate
1064:(bottom)
961:Tasmania
948:sp. aff.
928:lineages
802:cystidia
725:sanction
713:taxonomy
686:Agaricus
629:Taxonomy
557:cystidia
326:Hymenium
294:hymenium
187:Synonyms
104:Family:
54:Domain:
3031:2528961
2863:2529040
2746:Q167887
2555:4353659
2535:Bibcode
2290:Sydowia
1996:Arora D
1564:species
1528:extract
1505:pigment
1383:Quercus
1341:bracken
1170:fibrils
1159:⁄
1145:⁄
1135:⁄
1125:⁄
1091:⁄
879:, with
856:), and
847:, with
845:Miocene
679:Section
663:variety
499:⁄
489:⁄
479:⁄
465:⁄
426:, is a
418:as the
231:Wünsche
114:Genus:
94:Order:
84:Class:
3077:NZOR:
3057:247773
2977:839006
2948:NZOR:
2902:239546
2876:124344
2850:239546
2837:CORAVI
2824:188017
2798:125741
2775:176592
2623:
2590:
2561:
2553:
2510:
2473:
2441:
2414:
2384:
2348:
2338:
2255:21 May
2135:
2127:
2101:sect.
2008:
1860:
1744:
1713:
1667:
1600:18 May
1418:shrub
1351:forms
1281:, and
1194:adnate
1168:-like
1102:hyphae
997:Borneo
893:spores
646:. The
537:edible
428:fungus
330:adnate
312:convex
245:(1898)
243:Kuntze
233:(1877)
221:(1783)
180:(1821)
3039:IRMNG
2964:14557
2941:47334
2884:IRMNG
2559:S2CID
2551:JSTOR
2301:(PDF)
2286:(PDF)
2167:[
2133:S2CID
1329:beech
1325:birch
1190:gills
1182:flesh
1114:stipe
1060:(top)
995:from
907:as a
587:ssp.
565:pines
506:flesh
454:stalk
450:gills
444:with
344:Stipe
289:Gills
241:(L.)
229:(L.)
217:(L.)
212:var.
133:subg.
68:Fungi
3026:GBIF
2936:NCBI
2858:GBIF
2832:EPPO
2811:YMZZ
2770:APNI
2621:ISBN
2588:ISBN
2508:PMID
2471:ISBN
2439:ISBN
2412:ISBN
2382:ISBN
2346:OCLC
2336:ISBN
2257:2016
2125:PMID
2006:ISBN
1898:2015
1858:ISBN
1742:ISBN
1711:ISBN
1665:ISBN
1602:2016
1497:and
1445:and
1402:and
1327:and
1263:and
1207:The
1178:veil
1166:wool
989:and
940:and
917:taxa
875:and
788:and
619:and
446:caps
348:bare
219:Lam.
196:List
178:Gray
3065:NBN
2923:NBN
2819:EoL
2806:CoL
2653:doi
2617:173
2543:doi
2500:doi
2222:doi
2117:doi
2113:107
2071:doi
1950:350
1511:)-3
1485:dye
1321:oak
1140:to
1080:cap
1057:KOH
911:of
784:by
684:of
543:by
494:to
470:to
422:or
366:is
346:is
328:is
310:is
308:Cap
292:on
3099::
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3054::
3041::
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2557:.
2549:.
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2531:28
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1106:μm
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692:.
625:.
613:,
607:,
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174:L.
2659:.
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2629:.
2596:.
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1963:.
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1866:.
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