1077:. He also proposed that lawmakers consider a bill, based on which the wealth and property of all officials who have held high governmental posts since 1979 could be investigated. Out of the $ 700 billion earned by the state during the presidency of Ahmadinejad for the sale of oil, $ 150 billion could not be accounted for. On February 3, 2013, President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad played a video tape in the Iranian parliament that tied the heads of two branches of the government, the legislative and judiciary, to a documented financial corruption case related to the Larijani brothers.
1029:, the privatization drive that began around 2007 led mainly not to efficiently run private firms competing for business, but "quasi-governmental firms controlled by powerful insiders who earn economic rent from activities such as blocking competition", using public funds to stay afloat, "insider information to benefit from foreign exchange and gold price fluctuations when the government intervenes in the market", and circumventing sanctions to sell sanctioned goods at high prices.
5504:
5099:
5514:
5109:
1248:
30:
970:". The 2023 Index scored Iran at 24 on a scale from 0 ("highly corrupt") to 100 ("very clean") where 43 was the global average. The least corrupt country (Denmark) scored 90, and the most corrupt country (Somalia) scored 11. Regionally, the average score among Middle Eastern and North African countries was 34. The highest score in the region was 68 (the United Arab Emirates) and the lowest score was 13 (Syria).
1051:, "A lot of ministers and governors are from the Revolutionary Guard... They are using the money to buy loyalty and create power bases." Among the questionable activities the Corps has engaged in are the operation of an "an illegal airport" near Karaj City—discovered in 2005—where it imported and exported goods "without any oversight". In 2005, the IRGC forcibly closed the then-new
1012:
of above 0.40) in 2002, over 20 years after the revolution, as during the Shah's time in 1972, "pointing to the lack of inclusive economic growth". Corruption or the uncovering of corruption has led to unrest in the form of riots, strikes, anti-government demonstrations—likely connected with the
1157:
was not sensitive to the issue, but addressed every now and then petty matters of low-ranking officials. As Ganji writes, the group submitted at least 30 solid reports within 13 years on corruption of high-ranking officials and the royal circle, but the Shah called the reports "false rumors and
965:
evaluates perceived corruption in the public sector of 180 countries on a "combination of at least 3 data sources drawn from 13 different corruption surveys and assessments. ... collected by a variety of reputable institutions, including the World Bank and the
986:
shortcomings such as the 50 to 70% of workers "in danger of falling into poverty", lack of job creation, poor housing, inflation, stagnating incomes and unacceptable rates of poverty. One of the objectives of the
Iranian revolution was to have no
1021:
Ali
Fathollah-Nejad describes the impediment to economic function and justice as a "political economy that favors regime loyalists... 'insiders' (khodi) or those with access to state resources and privileges also enjoy privileged access to jobs."
2499:
Call girls from Madame Claude's establishment in Paris, and other services, were one thing. Hundreds passed through
Teheran for the Shah and for other members of the court. All this was taken for granted; it was part of the Pahlavi
1080:
Iranian Supreme Leader Ali
Khamenei has stated that although there “are cases of corruption; it is not systematic” in Iran. On the other hand, a Reuters special investigation found Khamenei controls
5469:
1003:
linked social ills, including poverty and homelessness, to corruption. (These problems have often been attributed to the economic sanctions imposed by the U.S., but
Hossein Raghfar, an economist at Tehran's
5479:
1500:
Algeria, Bahrain, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab
Emirates, and Yemen
5393:
1293:) which "penetrated almost every corner of the nation's economy". Bostock and Jones unambiguously declared of the Pahlavi Foundation that this "nominally charitable foundation fostered official
1040:, who gave up on the practice of commercial law as a waste of time, because in his words, "What was the point of knowing case law and preparing a defense when decisions were decided by bribes?"
1173:, "By 1977 the sheer scale of corruption had reached a boiling point.... Even conservative estimates indicate that such corruption involved at least a billion dollars between 1973 and 1976."
5438:
1008:, has suggested that they may be responsible for as little as 15% of Iran's economic woes.) A study of income inequality (by Djavad Salehi-Isfahani) found levels as discouragingly high (a
3601:
5474:
5433:
1348:
who served from 1965 to 1977 had no choice but to facilitate or condone "the ubiquitous corruption of the
Pahlavi Clan" and ignore "the corruption that saturated the regime".
5443:
3591:
1734:
5308:
1447:, "the unbridled misconduct of the Pahlavi clan undermined the Shah's proclaimed commitment to combating corruption and seriously damaged his credibility and Stature".
1766:
5484:
5428:
2213:"Dr. Abbas M. Milani Research Fellow and Co-Director, Iran Democracy Project, Hoover Institution, Stanford University - Abbas M. Milani: Why is Iran Protesting?"
1928:
5448:
1145:
as "large-scale". As oil prices rose in 1973, the scale of corruption also rose, particularly among the royal family, their partners and friends. According to
928:
5489:
5343:
1379:, the Shah's half-brother, was ostracized from the royal family because of his widespread scandals of promiscuity, addiction and involvement in drug trade.
5328:
5750:
4760:
3613:
1309:
of official and dynastical corruption, outside and inside Iran". The foundation, which was one of his main wealth sources alongside estates left from
202:
4866:
1897:
1463:
will not only no longer be repeated, but will in every respect be rectified... I guarantee that in future the government in Iran will be based on
4280:
4271:
4015:
3527:
1407:
1228:
1047:
has often been cited for its great power and privilege. According to
Hooshangt Amirahmadi, director of the Center for Middle Eastern Studies at
3512:
2320:
3803:
152:
2135:
3581:
1138:
5686:
3949:
3465:
2234:
1110:
the so-called circumvention of sanctions, which involve a small group close to the government and who are major culprits in corruption.
921:
950:, being widespread, mostly in the government. Reformists and conservatives alike – routinely criticize corruption in the government.]
5550:
2121:
Ebadi, Shirin, Iran
Awakening : A Memoir of Revolution and Hope by Shirin Ebadi with Azadeh Moaveni, Random House, 2006 (p.110)
5418:
3500:
1726:
1537:
1528:
1104:
the lack of power among civil society and non-governmental organizations active in reporting and attempting to fight corruption;
4125:
3976:
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1954:
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4115:
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2879:
1451:
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914:
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142:
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published a list of 178 prominent individuals who had recently transferred over $ 2 billion out of the country, among them:
5145:
3633:
3623:
574:
2190:
2165:
1993:
1974:
1704:
4831:
4781:
4507:
4041:
1052:
132:
1674:
5639:
4056:
4045:
3990:
3938:
3793:
3596:
137:
4486:
4430:
4410:
4226:
4201:
4097:
4021:
3923:
3553:
3395:
2795:
2492:
2145:
1561:
1305:, the Alavi foundation's $ 1.05 billion assets, $ 81 million capital and its declared devined $ 4.2 million was the "
1044:
147:
4320:
1818:
4951:
4517:
1610:
744:
589:
1642:"Analysis: Corruption Becomes An Issue In Iran's Presidential Campaign - Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty © 2010"
5228:
4461:
4001:
3837:
3832:
3571:
3198:
770:
212:
1898:"CPI 2023 for Middle East & North Africa: Dysfunctional approach to fighting corruption undermines progress"
5745:
5066:
4891:
4771:
4755:
4241:
4176:
4077:
4026:
3798:
3749:
3734:
3638:
3628:
3608:
3400:
3059:
2852:
2834:
2813:
2774:
2766:
2749:
2736:
2715:
2697:
2679:
2658:
2637:
2619:
2598:
2580:
898:
679:
4699:
3470:
3410:
1788:
5543:
5338:
4925:
4366:
4349:
4256:
4231:
4087:
3995:
3985:
2212:
1578:
674:
669:
488:
2075:
4929:
4765:
4481:
4221:
4211:
3959:
3815:
3415:
1464:
1235:
962:
4695:
5735:
5610:
4720:
4714:
4665:
4476:
4306:
4185:
3810:
2844:
2826:
1620:
1615:
232:
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5353:
4935:
4396:
4261:
3729:
3507:
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1314:
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developed an "unholy interest in land" and jailed families until they agreed to sell their properties.
958:
528:
297:
287:
2704:
The
Psychology of Genocide and Violent Oppression: A Study of Mass Cruelty from Nazi Germany to Rwanda
2482:
5740:
5713:
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5273:
5168:
5039:
4630:
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4107:
3969:
3944:
3867:
3618:
3517:
3460:
2872:
2572:
1847:
1444:
1101:
the lack of freedom of information undermining the ability of independent media to expose corruption;
893:
796:
734:
498:
478:
348:
302:
197:
1085:. He also said in 2023 that malpractice and corruption were "contagious" and leading to instability
5536:
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5288:
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5218:
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5178:
5160:
5138:
4750:
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4343:
4206:
3744:
3658:
3387:
2689:
1593:
786:
664:
654:
533:
513:
453:
448:
398:
368:
358:
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believed that the one important reason for the success of the regime's opposition was corruption.
5363:
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4946:
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4316:
4276:
4011:
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3719:
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2936:
2220:
1583:
979:
888:
872:
827:
811:
649:
503:
493:
413:
257:
54:
1306:
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5313:
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5203:
5071:
4710:
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4130:
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3820:
3576:
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1432:
857:
847:
806:
719:
714:
694:
579:
518:
483:
463:
383:
332:
312:
222:
187:
182:
2029:
2014:
1467:, social justice, and the will of the people, and will be free from despotism, injustice, and
5633:
5581:
5403:
5318:
5298:
5183:
5173:
4359:
4311:
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4006:
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3024:
1286:
1154:
867:
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832:
739:
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624:
619:
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584:
569:
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468:
458:
403:
363:
353:
317:
292:
282:
277:
267:
262:
247:
242:
217:
109:
89:
2744:. Edited by Gholamali Haddad Adel, Mohammad Jafar Elmi, Hassan Taromi-Rad. EWI Press, 2012,
2242:
5383:
5348:
5283:
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5253:
5213:
5198:
5193:
4910:
4812:
4705:
4645:
4620:
4599:
4579:
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4191:
3954:
3919:
3683:
2865:
1761:
1588:
1192:
988:
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942:
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729:
709:
704:
689:
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604:
523:
443:
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393:
378:
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327:
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252:
177:
21:
8:
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4650:
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1255:
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724:
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508:
473:
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388:
307:
272:
237:
227:
207:
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4821:
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4036:
4031:
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3475:
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3158:
2915:
2049:
1417:
1395:
1376:
1372:
1345:
1337:
1199:
1074:
1048:
1026:
991:. Yet, Iran's Department of Statistics reports that 10 million Iranians live under the
862:
791:
423:
192:
69:
1097:
Some explanations suggested for corruption in Iran by Mohammad Hossein Ziya include:
5513:
5108:
5024:
4941:
4847:
4837:
4746:
4655:
4640:
4635:
4604:
4594:
4584:
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4120:
3934:
3872:
3847:
3827:
3777:
3697:
3545:
3174:
3166:
3091:
3043:
2848:
2830:
2809:
2791:
2770:
2745:
2732:
2725:
Defying the Iranian Revolution: From a Minister to the Shah to a Leader of Resistance
2711:
2693:
2675:
2663:
2654:
2642:
2633:
2615:
2603:
2594:
2576:
2488:
2478:
2141:
2053:
1872:
1523:
1383:
1270:
was "the richest man in Iran" and "left to his heir a bank account of some 3 million
1205:
1086:
1059:
1033:
1641:
4995:
4986:
4896:
4886:
4842:
4682:
4670:
4624:
4569:
4386:
4251:
4082:
4051:
3896:
3877:
3586:
3206:
2754:
2720:
2137:
The Iran Agenda Today: The Real Story Inside Iran and What's Wrong with U.S. Policy
2041:
1573:
1412:
Some scholars have raised the point that widespread corruption among officials and
1298:
1290:
1146:
1009:
996:
992:
5662:
5656:
5604:
5559:
5029:
4966:
4901:
4876:
4861:
4800:
4589:
4441:
4331:
4153:
3852:
3788:
3692:
3540:
3442:
3214:
3190:
3126:
3107:
3099:
3075:
2960:
2902:
1997:
1978:
1697:"Iran's Attorney General Announces: All Three Branches of Government Are Corrupt"
1513:
1428:
1325:
1251:
1221:
1214:
1177:
1127:
1068:
983:
123:
59:
5598:
4871:
4391:
4216:
3704:
3668:
3331:
3249:
3182:
3008:
2186:
2161:
1990:
1971:
1696:
1443:
crisis as a result. According to Fakhreddin Azimi, Professor of History at the
1440:
1352:
1271:
1000:
2045:
5729:
5616:
5507:
5102:
5006:
4991:
4961:
4906:
4786:
4741:
4690:
4660:
3363:
3257:
3222:
2944:
2787:
2779:
2686:
Quest for democracy in Iran: a century of struggle against authoritarian rule
2468:
The Pahlavi Dynasty: An Entry from Encyclopedia of the World of Islam, p. 144
1666:
1598:
1568:
1518:
1391:
1185:
1159:
1150:
104:
64:
2295:
1757:"The seven-headed dragon of the mafia government in Iran - Washington Times"
1667:"Iran Economy: Population, GDP, Inflation, Business, Trade, FDI, Corruption"
5034:
5019:
4971:
4880:
4425:
4291:
3714:
3663:
3371:
3355:
3339:
3281:
2758:
2564:
2100:
2001:
1263:
1170:
1119:
1037:
2823:
Foucault and the Iranian Revolution: Gender and the Seductions of Islamism
1480:
repeatedly argued that the only way to eliminate corruption was through a
5517:
5112:
5076:
4827:
4512:
4435:
4266:
2818:
2805:
1848:"The ABCs of the CPI: How the Corruption Perceptions Index is calculated"
1413:
1329:
961:
defines corruption as "abuse of entrusted power for personal gain". Its
79:
74:
2802:
The Priest and the King: An Eyewitness Account of the Iranian Revolution
1367:
report declared that she has a "near legendary reputation for financial
1107:
the lack of transparency in state-owned and semi-state-owned companies;
1083:
a massive financial empire built on property seizures worth $ 95 billion
4466:
3857:
3379:
3347:
3273:
3241:
3051:
2587:
The Making of Modern Iran: State and Society under Riza Shah, 1921-1941
1481:
1468:
1460:
1436:
1368:
1333:
1294:
1131:
1055:
in Tehran, allowing it to reopen under Revolutionary Guard management.
1032:
An example of more explicit corruption in Iran (circa 1990s) came from
94:
1727:"Corruption, cronyism and flawed supervision: banes of banking system"
5575:
5123:
3592:
International military intervention against the Islamic State (2014–)
3312:
3289:
3083:
3016:
2984:
2742:
The Pahlavi Dynasty: An Entry from Encyclopedia of the World of Islam
2629:
2590:
1543:
1387:
1318:
1310:
1302:
1279:
1267:
1181:
1142:
2162:"News Analysis: Firing Tightens Iranian President's Economic Circle"
1929:"Four decades later did the Iranian revolution fulfill its promises"
1371:" and her son Shahram controls some-twenty companies that serve as "
4502:
3842:
3724:
2976:
2321:"Iran's supreme leader lashes out his own judiciary for corruption"
1796:
1477:
1247:
114:
84:
49:
5528:
5045:
2968:
1363:. She was regarded as Iran's main drug dealer until 1979. A 1976
1274:
and estates totalling over 3 million acres. A 1932 report of the
1180:'s view, corruption was the "glue" that kept the Pahlavi regime,
44:
4851:
4171:
3000:
1819:"Global Corruption Report 2008: Corruption in the Water Sector"
1360:
1356:
1332:
was described as a "center of licentiousness and depravity, of
99:
29:
2857:
2101:"Insider Explains Systematic Corruption In Iranian Government"
1242:
982:
and lack of "much needed" structural reforms), are blamed for
3709:
1991:
Iran's President Rouhani links 'grave-sleeping' to corruption
1328:
were among the chief perpetrators of corruption in Iran. The
1163:
1082:
3489:
2952:
2888:
1123:
947:
1955:"Regime corruption at the heart of Iran's economic crises"
4467:
Industrial Development and Renovation Organization (IDRO)
1459:
I pledge that past mistakes, lawlessness, injustice, and
1364:
1341:
2073:
978:
As of 2019, corruption, nepotism, cronyism, (along with
2235:"Corruption in Iran: Clerics Plan to Hang Businessmen"
2027:
1981:. Radio Zamaneh, May 29, 2010. Retrieved May 28, 2010.
2129:
2127:
2841:
Resistance to the Shah: Landowners and Ulama in Iran
2784:
The Iranians: Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation
2223:
from the original on 2021-12-21 – via YouTube.
2030:"Poverty, inequality, and populist politics in Iran"
1789:"الف - فرمان رهبر انقلاب در مبارزه با مفاسد اقتصادی"
1394:'s establishment in Paris passed through Tehran for
1359:
carrying a suitcase containing $ 2 million worth of
1926:
1169:According to a report of a journal associated with
2124:
1972:Ten Million Iranians Under "Absolute Poverty Line"
2268:
1431:is described as an example of governments losing
1416:led to the public dissatisfaction and helped the
5727:
2312:
2296:"Reuters Investigates - Assets of the Ayatollah"
1401:
3528:December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum
2015:"Wirtschaftliche Lage im Iran wird schwieriger"
2004:, December 29, 2016. Retrieved January 3, 2016.
1408:Background and causes of the Iranian Revolution
3614:2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests
3513:March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum
1013:decline in economic growth corruption brings.
5544:
5139:
3396:Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911)
2873:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1605:Institutions in charge of fighting corruption
1375:for Ashraf's quasi-legal business ventures".
922:
4472:Iran Aviation Industries Organization (IAIO)
2487:. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 96.
1786:
153:United Nations Convention against Corruption
3582:2009 Iranian presidential election protests
2626:Handbook of Crisis and Emergency Management
2074:Mohammad Reza Farzanegan (30 August 2022).
1952:
1425:Handbook of Crisis and Emergency Management
1243:Corruption among the royal family and court
5751:Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran
5551:
5537:
5146:
5132:
4088:Islamic Consultative Assembly (parliament)
3950:Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran
3466:1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election
2880:
2866:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2076:"Corruption and Internal Conflict in Iran"
1915:
1865:
1134:was a serious problem during this period.
953:
929:
915:
3597:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (2015)
2484:The Shah's last ride: the fate of an ally
1873:"Corruption Perceptions Index 2023: Iran"
1355:, the Shah's twin sister was arrested in
3416:Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020)
2428:
2426:
2424:
2067:
1289:founded the Pahlavi Foundation (now the
1246:
4202:Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)
2414:
2412:
2257:
2187:"Iran may Probe into Officials' Assets"
1538:History of the Islamic Republic of Iran
1454:appeal to the nation, Shah said :
1450:Right before the revolution, in a 1978
1141:describes corruption under the rule of
5728:
5153:
3740:History of democracy in classical Iran
2318:
2133:
2103:. Iran International. 13 December 2012
973:
5532:
5127:
4538:
4462:Defense Industries Organization (DIO)
4247:Iran and the World Trade Organization
4151:
3894:
3775:
2900:
2861:
2511:Harney, pp. 37, 47, 67, 128, 155, 167
2477:
2421:
1639:
143:International Anti-Corruption Academy
3634:2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests
3624:2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests
2409:
1927:Ali Fathollah-Nejad (11 July 2019).
1737:from the original on 23 January 2018
5558:
4867:Chicago Persian antiquities dispute
4508:Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone
4482:National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC)
4281:UN Security Council Resolution 1747
4016:UN Security Council Resolution 1747
1258:was designed for Pahlavi Foundation
1053:Imam Khomeini International Airport
133:International Anti-Corruption Court
13:
3406:Kurdish separatism in Iran (1918–)
2210:
1016:
138:Group of States Against Corruption
14:
5762:
4477:Iran Electronics Industries (IEI)
4098:Supreme National Security Council
3924:Persian Constitutional Revolution
3554:Interim Government of Iran (1981)
3461:Insurgency in Balochistan (1948–)
3451:Shatt al-Arab dispute (1936–1975)
1953:Pooya Stone (21 September 2021).
1707:from the original on 4 March 2016
1677:from the original on 21 June 2016
1562:2011 Iranian embezzlement scandal
1351:In 1960, there were rumours that
1045:Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps
148:International Anti-Corruption Day
5691:
5512:
5503:
5502:
5107:
5098:
5097:
4073:Assembly (or Council) of Experts
203:Democratic Republic of the Congo
28:
5687:Human rights in the Pahlavi Era
4272:Military equipment manufactured
3838:Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests
3602:United States withdrawal (2018)
3523:Iran hostage crisis (1979–1981)
2887:
2550:
2541:
2532:
2523:
2514:
2505:
2471:
2462:
2453:
2444:
2435:
2400:
2391:
2382:
2373:
2364:
2355:
2346:
2337:
2288:
2227:
2204:
2193:from the original on 2011-06-04
2179:
2168:from the original on 2010-09-16
2154:
2115:
2093:
2028:Djavad Salehi-Isfahani (2009).
2021:
2007:
1984:
1965:
1946:
1890:
1769:from the original on 2018-08-23
1648:from the original on 2010-09-13
1494:
5470:British Indian Ocean Territory
4832:modern / contemporary
4078:Expediency Discernment Council
3401:1908 bombardment of the Majlis
3390:Caucasus (18th–20th centuries)
2914:
2767:Johns Hopkins University Press
2418:Abrahamian (1982), pp. 437-438
2034:Journal of Economic Inequality
1840:
1811:
1780:
1749:
1719:
1689:
1659:
1633:
1149:who created a study group for
1114:
995:and 30 million live under the
1:
5692:Corruption in the Pahlavi Era
4046:state-sponsorship allegations
3776:
2239:informationclearinghouse.info
1626:
1579:Marjan Sheikholeslami Aleagha
1402:Impact on the 1979 revolution
1262:Built up by forced sales and
1162:, a high-ranking official of
4503:Asaluyeh industrial corridor
3895:
3804:twin towns and sister cities
3110:Persis (after 132 BC–AD 224)
2987:Mannai (10th–7th century BC)
2963:Empire (c.2334 BC–c.2154 BC)
2647:Iran Between Two Revolutions
2319:Kenyon, Peter (2023-07-01).
1236:National Iranian Oil Company
1130:, lasted from 1925 to 1979.
963:Corruption Perceptions Index
7:
5611:Soraya Esfandiary-Bakhtiary
4782:Water supply and sanitation
4539:
4513:Kish Island Free Trade Zone
4152:
3572:KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)
2947:civilization (3100–2700 BC)
2901:
2845:University Press of Florida
2827:University of Chicago Press
2271:"The 13 crises facing Iran"
2189:. Payvand.com. 2006-11-22.
2164:. Payvand.com. 2006-11-22.
1621:Islamic Revolutionary Court
1616:Supreme Audit Court of Iran
1507:
10:
5767:
4262:Economy of the Middle East
3639:2021–2022 Iranian protests
3629:2019–2020 Iranian protests
3609:2017–2018 Iranian protests
3070:Cappadocia (320s BC–AD 17)
2729:Greenwood Publishing Group
2672:Cambridge University Press
2651:Princeton University Press
1877:Transparency International
1640:Samii, Bill (2005-04-05).
1405:
1398:and members of his court.
1191:After the revolution, the
1120:The Imperial State of Iran
999:. In 2016, then-president
959:Transparency International
5705:
5674:
5649:
5626:
5591:
5568:
5498:
5457:
5417:
5159:
5093:
5059:
5005:
4808:
4799:
4729:
4681:
4613:
4560:
4551:
4547:
4534:
4495:
4487:National Development Fund
4450:
4407:Telecommunications and IT
4401:Anglo-Persian Oil Company
4330:
4227:Foreign direct investment
4172:Bonyad (charitable trust)
4164:
4160:
4147:
4106:
4065:
3907:
3903:
3890:
3784:
3771:
3651:
3518:1979 Khuzestan insurgency
3508:Interim Government (1979)
3487:
3435:
3428:
3324:
3234:
3151:
3142:
3119:
3036:
2929:
2922:
2913:
2909:
2896:
2573:Syracuse University Press
2397:Abrahamian (1982), p. 137
2388:Abrahamian (1982), p. 517
2379:Afary and Anderson, p. 79
2046:10.1007/s10888-007-9071-y
1611:General Inspection Office
1445:University of Connecticut
1276:British Embassy in Tehran
1092:
5219:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
4237:International oil bourse
4002:Ministry of Intelligence
3587:Syrian civil war (2011–)
3411:1921 Persian coup d'état
2690:Harvard University Press
2668:A History of Modern Iran
2556:Abrhamian (1982), p. 478
2432:Chehabi and Linz, p. 199
2406:Abrahamian (2008), p. 71
2370:Abrhamian (1982), p. 118
2140:. Rutledge. p. 80.
1594:Mehdi Hashemi Rafsanjani
1487:
1137:Stephanie Cronin of the
946:is a serious problem in
5480:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
4761:scientists and scholars
4267:Milad Tower and complex
4057:Women's rights movement
4052:White Revolution (1963)
3720:Peoples of the Caucasus
3062:Armenia (321 BC–AD 428)
2955:dynasties (2700–540 BC)
2821:and Kevin B. Anderson.
2708:McFarland & Company
2269:Mohammad Hossein Ziya.
2080:Economic Research Forum
1584:Mahafarid Amir Khosravi
1344:report. Prime Minister
954:In the Islamic Republic
55:Economics of corruption
5072:Anti-Iranian sentiment
5067:Science and technology
4892:Intellectual movements
4772:International rankings
4756:Intellectual movements
4242:International rankings
3735:Heads of state of Iran
3541:Nojeh coup plot (1980)
3102:Empire (247 BC–AD 224)
2939:culture (3400–2000 BC)
2134:Erlich, Reese (2019).
1529:Fuel smuggling in Iran
1474:
1259:
989:social classes in Iran
575:Bosnia and Herzegovina
5746:Corruption by country
4360:Shetab Banking System
4350:Banking and insurance
4312:Tehran Stock Exchange
4232:Intellectual property
3577:PJAK conflict (2004–)
3350:Turcomans (1378–1508)
3342:Turcomans (1374–1468)
3291:Ilkhanate (1256–1335)
3094:Pontus (281 BC–AD 62)
2839:Mohammad Gholi Majd.
2275:Middle East Institute
1456:
1406:Further information:
1287:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
1250:
1155:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
997:relative poverty line
993:absolute poverty line
161:Corruption by country
110:State-corporate crime
90:Pyrrhic defeat theory
5663:Yasmine Etemad-Amini
5394:United Arab Emirates
4321:Technology start-ups
4222:Environmental issues
4212:Economic Reform Plan
4126:Provincial governors
3816:Environmental issues
3564:Iran Air Flight 655
3305:Jalayirid Sultanate
3177:Caliphate (750–1258)
3019:Kingdom (652–625 BC)
2612:Simon & Schuster
2608:The Shah's Last Ride
2520:Mackay, pp. 236, 260
1762:The Washington Times
1589:Mahmoud Reza Khavari
1324:Many members of the
1238:", over $ 60 million
1211:Namazi, $ 9 million,
1193:Central Bank of Iran
1139:University of Oxford
1122:, the government of
968:World Economic Forum
22:Political corruption
5682:Pahlavi family tree
5421:limited recognition
4721:Freedom of religion
4307:Supreme Audit Court
4186:Automotive industry
3833:Iranian Balochistan
3559:1987 Mecca incident
3456:Iran crisis of 1946
3445:dynasty (1925–1979)
3374:Dynasty (1751–1794)
3315:dynasty (1338–1357)
3307:dynasty (1335–1432)
3299:dynasty (1314–1393)
3284:dynasty (1244–1381)
3268:dynasty (1077–1231)
3252:dynasty (1011–1215)
3169:Caliphate (661–750)
3161:Caliphate (632–661)
3129:Empire (AD 224–651)
3046:Empire (550–330 BC)
3027:Empire (626–539 BC)
3011:Empire (678–549 BC)
2995:Empire (911–609 BC)
2763:Sultanistic Regimes
2755:Houchang E. Chehabi
2211:Milani, Dr. Abbas.
1733:. 26 October 2016.
1476:On the other hand,
1256:Manhattan, New York
1073:at all echelons of
1063:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
974:Associated problems
5736:Corruption in Iran
5697:Great Civilization
5582:Mohammad Reza Shah
5154:Corruption in Asia
4852:Persian New Year (
4257:Main economic laws
3828:Iranian Azerbaijan
3730:Monarchs of Persia
3674:Persianate society
3382:Empire (1789–1925)
3366:Empire (1736–1796)
3358:Empire (1501–1736)
3334:Empire (1370–1507)
3260:Empire (1037–1194)
3225:dynasty (934–1062)
3217:dynasty (931–1090)
3209:dynasty (861–1003)
3078:Empire (312–63 BC)
2979:(c.1595–c.1155 BC)
2684:Fakhreddin Azimi.
2585:Stephanie Cronin.
2479:Shawcross, William
1996:2017-01-02 at the
1977:2012-01-05 at the
1787:Behnegarsoft.com.
1418:Iranian Revolution
1396:Mohammad Reza Shah
1346:Amir Abbas Hoveyda
1338:influence peddling
1321:for his holdings.
1307:tip of the iceberg
1260:
1229:Minister of Health
1200:Jafar Sharif-Emami
1069:economic/oil Mafia
1049:Rutgers University
1027:Iran International
1006:Alzahra University
984:country's economic
70:Influence peddling
37:Forms and concepts
5723:
5722:
5667:
5526:
5525:
5463:other territories
5121:
5120:
5089:
5088:
5085:
5084:
5055:
5054:
4962:Opium consumption
4795:
4794:
4631:Ethnic minorities
4605:Iranian languages
4530:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4143:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4022:Political parties
3960:Children's rights
3945:Foreign relations
3939:2009 presidential
3886:
3885:
3848:Iranian Kurdistan
3767:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3647:
3646:
3619:COVID-19 pandemic
3478:Revolution (1979)
3424:
3423:
3244:Empire (977–1186)
3201:dynasty (864–928)
3193:dynasty (821–873)
3185:dynasty (819–999)
3138:
3137:
3054:(c.323 BC–AD 226)
2702:Richard Morrock.
2664:Ervand Abrahamian
2643:Ervand Abrahamian
2604:William Shawcross
2547:Azimi, pp. 212-13
2529:Farazmand, p. 118
2325:WUSF Public Media
1799:on 6 October 2011
1524:Smuggling in Iran
1384:William Shawcross
1377:Prince Hamid Reza
1340:" in a mid-1970s
1234:"Director of the
1206:Gholam Ali Oveisi
1065:vouched to fight
1034:Nobel Peace Prize
939:
938:
906:
905:
213:Equatorial Guinea
5758:
5741:Politics of Iran
5665:
5650:Crown Princesses
5562:
5553:
5546:
5539:
5530:
5529:
5516:
5506:
5505:
5475:Christmas Island
5161:Sovereign states
5148:
5141:
5134:
5125:
5124:
5111:
5101:
5100:
4952:National symbols
4806:
4805:
4621:Iranian citizens
4558:
4557:
4549:
4548:
4536:
4535:
4518:Research centers
4207:Economic history
4162:
4161:
4149:
4148:
4083:Guardian Council
3905:
3904:
3892:
3891:
3773:
3772:
3750:Electric history
3745:Military history
3659:Ancient Persians
3567:
3566:shootdown (1988)
3549:
3536:
3533:Iranian Embassy
3503:
3492:
3490:Islamic Republic
3479:
3471:1953 coup d'état
3446:
3433:
3432:
3391:
3388:Khanates of the
3383:
3375:
3367:
3359:
3351:
3343:
3335:
3316:
3308:
3300:
3292:
3285:
3277:
3269:
3261:
3253:
3245:
3226:
3218:
3210:
3202:
3194:
3186:
3178:
3170:
3162:
3149:
3148:
3130:
3111:
3103:
3095:
3087:
3079:
3071:
3063:
3055:
3047:
3028:
3020:
3012:
3004:
2996:
2988:
2980:
2972:
2964:
2956:
2948:
2940:
2927:
2926:
2911:
2910:
2898:
2897:
2882:
2875:
2868:
2859:
2858:
2800:Desmond Harney.
2721:Manouchehr Ganji
2569:Eminent Persians
2557:
2554:
2548:
2545:
2539:
2536:
2530:
2527:
2521:
2518:
2512:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2475:
2469:
2466:
2460:
2457:
2451:
2448:
2442:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2419:
2416:
2407:
2404:
2398:
2395:
2389:
2386:
2380:
2377:
2371:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2353:
2350:
2344:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2266:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2241:. Archived from
2231:
2225:
2224:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2131:
2122:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2011:
2005:
1988:
1982:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1924:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1902:Transparency.org
1894:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1852:Transparency.org
1844:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1826:Transparency.org
1823:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1795:. Archived from
1784:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1637:
1574:Shahram Jazayeri
1501:
1498:
1465:the Constitution
1299:Houchang Chehabi
1297:". According to
1291:Alavi Foundation
1147:Manouchehr Ganji
1087:in the Judiciary
1010:Gini coefficient
931:
924:
917:
899:Papua New Guinea
680:Northern Ireland
167:
166:
32:
18:
17:
5766:
5765:
5761:
5760:
5759:
5757:
5756:
5755:
5726:
5725:
5724:
5719:
5701:
5670:
5657:Fawzia of Egypt
5645:
5622:
5605:Fawzia of Egypt
5587:
5564:
5561:Pahlavi dynasty
5560:
5557:
5527:
5522:
5494:
5462:
5453:
5434:Northern Cyprus
5420:
5413:
5155:
5152:
5122:
5117:
5081:
5051:
5030:Rap and hip-hop
5001:
4982:Public holidays
4967:Persian gardens
4956:Imperial Anthem
4947:National Jewels
4902:Iranian studies
4791:
4725:
4677:
4609:
4570:Persian (Farsi)
4543:
4522:
4491:
4453:
4446:
4381:Pharmaceuticals
4326:
4317:Venture capital
4292:Rial (currency)
4277:Nuclear program
4156:
4135:
4102:
4061:
4012:Nuclear program
3977:Judicial system
3899:
3882:
3853:Iranian plateau
3780:
3759:
3643:
3565:
3547:
3534:
3502:History (1979–)
3501:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3477:
3444:
3420:
3389:
3381:
3373:
3365:
3357:
3349:
3341:
3333:
3320:
3314:
3306:
3298:
3290:
3283:
3275:
3267:
3259:
3251:
3243:
3230:
3224:
3216:
3208:
3200:
3192:
3184:
3176:
3168:
3160:
3144:
3134:
3128:
3115:
3109:
3101:
3093:
3085:
3077:
3069:
3061:
3053:
3045:
3032:
3026:
3025:Neo-Babylonian
3018:
3010:
3003:(860 BC–590 BC)
3002:
2994:
2986:
2978:
2971:(c.2300–675 BC)
2970:
2962:
2954:
2946:
2938:
2918:
2905:
2892:
2886:
2624:Ali Farazmand.
2561:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2542:
2537:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2506:
2495:
2476:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2459:Morrock, p. 144
2458:
2454:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2422:
2417:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2338:
2329:
2327:
2317:
2313:
2304:
2302:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2279:
2277:
2267:
2258:
2248:
2246:
2245:on 6 March 2013
2233:
2232:
2228:
2209:
2205:
2196:
2194:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2171:
2169:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2148:
2132:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2106:
2104:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2084:
2082:
2072:
2068:
2058:
2056:
2026:
2022:
2013:
2012:
2008:
1998:Wayback Machine
1989:
1985:
1979:Wayback Machine
1970:
1966:
1951:
1947:
1937:
1935:
1925:
1916:
1906:
1904:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1881:
1879:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1856:
1854:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1831:
1829:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1802:
1800:
1785:
1781:
1772:
1770:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1740:
1738:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1710:
1708:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1680:
1678:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1651:
1649:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1514:Economy of Iran
1510:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1429:Pahlavi dynasty
1410:
1404:
1353:Princess Ashraf
1317:revenue, was a
1278:indicates that
1252:Piaget Building
1245:
1222:Mayor of Tehran
1215:Nasser Moghadam
1178:Michel Foucault
1158:fabrications".
1128:Pahlavi dynasty
1117:
1095:
1019:
1017:Characteristics
976:
956:
935:
779:Central America
675:North Macedonia
124:Anti-corruption
60:Electoral fraud
12:
11:
5:
5764:
5754:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5721:
5720:
5718:
5717:
5709:
5707:
5703:
5702:
5700:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5678:
5676:
5672:
5671:
5669:
5668:
5660:
5653:
5651:
5647:
5646:
5644:
5643:
5637:
5630:
5628:
5624:
5623:
5621:
5620:
5614:
5608:
5602:
5599:Tadj ol-Molouk
5595:
5593:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5585:
5579:
5572:
5570:
5566:
5565:
5556:
5555:
5548:
5541:
5533:
5524:
5523:
5521:
5520:
5510:
5499:
5496:
5495:
5493:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5466:
5464:
5455:
5454:
5452:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5425:
5423:
5415:
5414:
5412:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5165:
5163:
5157:
5156:
5151:
5150:
5143:
5136:
5128:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5115:
5105:
5094:
5091:
5090:
5087:
5086:
5083:
5082:
5080:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5063:
5061:
5057:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5049:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5011:
5009:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4999:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4933:
4919:
4914:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4825:
4819:
4809:
4803:
4797:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4744:
4739:
4733:
4731:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4718:
4708:
4703:
4693:
4687:
4685:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4628:
4617:
4615:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4566:
4564:
4555:
4545:
4544:
4532:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4458:
4456:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4444:
4439:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4414:
4404:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4363:
4362:
4357:
4347:
4336:
4334:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4179:
4174:
4168:
4166:
4158:
4157:
4145:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4131:Supreme Leader
4128:
4123:
4118:
4112:
4110:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4095:
4093:Local councils
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4069:
4067:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3993:
3988:
3979:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3970:Women's rights
3967:
3962:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3932:
3927:
3917:
3911:
3909:
3901:
3900:
3888:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3821:Climate change
3813:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3801:
3791:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3769:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3705:Jiroft culture
3702:
3701:
3700:
3693:Iranic peoples
3690:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3681:
3669:Persianization
3666:
3661:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3543:
3538:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3497:
3495:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3439:
3437:
3430:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3385:
3377:
3369:
3361:
3353:
3345:
3337:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3310:
3302:
3294:
3287:
3279:
3276:(1135/36-1225)
3271:
3263:
3255:
3247:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3220:
3212:
3204:
3196:
3188:
3180:
3172:
3164:
3155:
3153:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3105:
3097:
3089:
3086:(c.295–220 BC)
3081:
3073:
3065:
3057:
3049:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3022:
3014:
3006:
2998:
2990:
2982:
2974:
2966:
2958:
2950:
2945:Proto-Elamite
2942:
2933:
2931:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2907:
2906:
2894:
2893:
2885:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2837:
2816:
2798:
2777:
2752:
2739:
2718:
2700:
2682:
2661:
2640:
2622:
2601:
2583:
2559:
2558:
2549:
2540:
2531:
2522:
2513:
2504:
2493:
2470:
2461:
2452:
2443:
2434:
2420:
2408:
2399:
2390:
2381:
2372:
2363:
2354:
2345:
2343:Milani, p. 471
2336:
2311:
2287:
2256:
2226:
2203:
2178:
2153:
2146:
2123:
2114:
2092:
2066:
2020:
2006:
1983:
1964:
1945:
1914:
1889:
1864:
1839:
1810:
1779:
1748:
1718:
1688:
1658:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1540:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1516:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1441:public service
1403:
1400:
1386:, hundreds of
1285:In the 1950s,
1244:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1232:
1231:", $ 7 million
1225:
1224:", $ 6 million
1218:
1212:
1209:
1208:, $ 15 million
1203:
1202:, $ 31 million
1116:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1094:
1091:
1018:
1015:
1001:Hassan Rouhani
975:
972:
955:
952:
937:
936:
934:
933:
926:
919:
911:
908:
907:
904:
903:
902:
901:
896:
891:
883:
882:
878:
877:
876:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
822:
821:
817:
816:
815:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
781:
780:
776:
775:
774:
773:
768:
763:
755:
754:
750:
749:
748:
747:
745:United Kingdom
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
590:Czech Republic
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
554:
553:
549:
548:
547:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
343:
342:
338:
337:
336:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
172:
171:
163:
162:
158:
157:
156:
155:
150:
145:
140:
135:
127:
126:
120:
119:
118:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
39:
38:
34:
33:
25:
24:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5763:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5733:
5731:
5716:
5715:
5711:
5710:
5708:
5704:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5679:
5677:
5673:
5664:
5661:
5658:
5655:
5654:
5652:
5648:
5641:
5638:
5635:
5634:Mohammad Reza
5632:
5631:
5629:
5627:Crown Princes
5625:
5618:
5615:
5612:
5609:
5606:
5603:
5600:
5597:
5596:
5594:
5590:
5583:
5580:
5577:
5574:
5573:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5554:
5549:
5547:
5542:
5540:
5535:
5534:
5531:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5509:
5501:
5500:
5497:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5460:
5456:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5444:South Ossetia
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5426:
5424:
5422:
5416:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5162:
5158:
5149:
5144:
5142:
5137:
5135:
5130:
5129:
5126:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5104:
5096:
5095:
5092:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5058:
5048:
5047:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5008:
5004:
4997:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4957:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4937:
4934:
4931:
4927:
4926:news agencies
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4912:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4882:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4833:
4829:
4826:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4814:
4811:
4810:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4798:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4728:
4722:
4719:
4716:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4701:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4684:
4680:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4632:
4629:
4626:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4612:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4563:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4537:
4533:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4494:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4449:
4443:
4440:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4418:
4415:
4412:
4408:
4405:
4402:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4382:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4348:
4345:
4341:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4329:
4322:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4287:Privatization
4285:
4282:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4187:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4150:
4146:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4105:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4064:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4047:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4017:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3893:
3889:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3783:
3779:
3774:
3770:
3756:
3755:Years in Iran
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3691:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3679:Turco-Persian
3677:
3676:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3548:War (1980–88)
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3480:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3434:
3431:
3427:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3386:
3384:
3378:
3376:
3370:
3368:
3362:
3360:
3354:
3352:
3346:
3344:
3340:Qara Qoyunlu
3338:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3317:
3311:
3309:
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3301:
3295:
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3205:
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3058:
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3042:
3041:
3039:
3037:550 BC–AD 224
3035:
3029:
3023:
3021:
3015:
3013:
3007:
3005:
2999:
2997:
2993:Neo-Assyrian
2991:
2989:
2983:
2981:
2975:
2973:
2967:
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2817:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2797:
2796:0-452-27563-6
2793:
2789:
2788:Penguin Group
2785:
2781:
2780:Sandra Mackey
2778:
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2596:
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2588:
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2582:
2578:
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2570:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2553:
2544:
2538:Azimi, p. 204
2535:
2526:
2517:
2508:
2501:
2496:
2494:0-671-55231-7
2490:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2474:
2465:
2456:
2450:Azimi, p. 194
2447:
2441:Azimi, p. 203
2438:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2415:
2413:
2403:
2394:
2385:
2376:
2367:
2361:Ganji, p. 8-9
2358:
2349:
2340:
2326:
2322:
2315:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2276:
2272:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2222:
2218:
2217:World Affairs
2214:
2207:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2149:
2147:9780977825356
2143:
2139:
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2130:
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2102:
2096:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2016:
2010:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1987:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1968:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1921:
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1903:
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1728:
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1702:
1698:
1692:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1647:
1644:. Rferl.org.
1643:
1636:
1632:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1599:Babak Zanjani
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1569:Fatemi Circle
1567:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1557:Banking cases
1555:
1554:
1551:Notable cases
1550:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1519:Crime in Iran
1517:
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1479:
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1472:
1470:
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1439:and facing a
1438:
1434:
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1426:
1421:
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1415:
1409:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1392:Madame Claude
1389:
1385:
1382:According to
1380:
1378:
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1354:
1349:
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1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1264:confiscations
1257:
1254:, located in
1253:
1249:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1217:, $ 2 million
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1189:
1187:
1186:modernization
1183:
1179:
1174:
1172:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1160:Parviz Sabeti
1156:
1152:
1151:Farah Pahlavi
1148:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1109:
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1099:
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1064:
1061:
1058:In 2016 then-
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1025:According to
1023:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
985:
981:
980:mismanagement
971:
969:
964:
960:
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949:
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944:
932:
927:
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920:
918:
913:
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849:
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839:
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826:
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824:
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820:South America
819:
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769:
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751:
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623:
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266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
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246:
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239:
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233:Guinea-Bissau
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
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139:
136:
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131:
130:
129:
128:
125:
122:
121:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
105:State capture
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
66:
65:Elite capture
63:
61:
58:
56:
53:
51:
48:
46:
43:
42:
41:
40:
36:
35:
31:
27:
26:
23:
20:
19:
16:
5712:
5459:Dependencies
5389:Turkmenistan
5354:Saudi Arabia
5243:
5060:Other topics
5044:
4972:Persian name
4911:Islamization
4853:
4813:Architecture
4766:universities
4736:
4711:Zoroastrians
4706:Christianity
4696:Baháʼí Faith
4646:Azerbaijanis
4553:Demographics
4367:Construction
4355:Central Bank
4297:Space Agency
4196:
4192:Child labour
4027:Principlists
4007:Cyberwarfare
3955:Human rights
3929:
3920:Constitution
3715:Azerbaijanis
3684:Indo-Persian
3664:Greater Iran
3535:siege (1980)
3494:1979–present
3145:early modern
3143:Medieval and
2937:Kura-Araxes
2840:
2822:
2801:
2783:
2762:
2759:Juan J. Linz
2741:
2724:
2703:
2685:
2667:
2646:
2625:
2607:
2586:
2568:
2565:Abbas Milani
2552:
2543:
2534:
2525:
2516:
2507:
2498:
2483:
2473:
2464:
2455:
2446:
2437:
2402:
2393:
2384:
2375:
2366:
2357:
2352:Cronin, p. 6
2348:
2339:
2328:. Retrieved
2324:
2314:
2303:. Retrieved
2299:
2290:
2278:. Retrieved
2274:
2247:. Retrieved
2243:the original
2238:
2229:
2216:
2206:
2195:. Retrieved
2181:
2170:. Retrieved
2156:
2136:
2117:
2105:. Retrieved
2095:
2083:. Retrieved
2079:
2069:
2057:. Retrieved
2037:
2033:
2023:
2009:
2002:Tehran Times
1986:
1967:
1958:
1948:
1936:. Retrieved
1932:
1905:. Retrieved
1901:
1892:
1880:. Retrieved
1876:
1867:
1855:. Retrieved
1851:
1842:
1830:. Retrieved
1825:
1813:
1801:. Retrieved
1797:the original
1792:
1782:
1771:. Retrieved
1760:
1751:
1739:. Retrieved
1731:mehrnews.com
1730:
1721:
1709:. Retrieved
1700:
1691:
1679:. Retrieved
1671:heritage.org
1670:
1661:
1650:. Retrieved
1635:
1542:
1496:
1475:
1458:
1457:
1449:
1424:
1422:
1411:
1381:
1350:
1326:Pahlavi clan
1323:
1284:
1266:of estates,
1261:
1190:
1175:
1171:The Pentagon
1168:
1136:
1118:
1096:
1079:
1066:
1057:
1042:
1038:Shirin Ebadi
1031:
1024:
1020:
977:
957:
941:
940:
529:Turkmenistan
418:
298:South Africa
288:Sierra Leone
15:
5659:(1939–1941)
5642:(1967–1979)
5636:(1926–1941)
5619:(1959–1979)
5613:(1951–1958)
5607:(1941–1948)
5601:(1925–1941)
5584:(1941–1979)
5578:(1925–1941)
5518:Asia portal
5419:States with
5339:Philippines
5279:South Korea
5274:North Korea
5169:Afghanistan
5077:Tehrangeles
5040:Traditional
4777:Nationality
4715:persecution
4700:persecution
4651:Circassians
4600:Neo-Aramaic
4580:Azerbaijani
4452:State-owned
4377:Health care
4340:Agriculture
4177:Brain drain
4116:Ambassadors
3811:Earthquakes
3348:Aq Qoyunlu
3297:Muzaffarid
3274:Eldiguzids
3266:Anushtegin
3092:Kingdom of
3068:Kingdom of
3060:Kingdom of
3052:Atropatene
3044:Achaemenid
2985:Kingdom of
2930:3400–539 BC
2819:Janet Afary
2806:I.B. Tauris
1828:. p. 6
1701:payvand.com
1452:National TV
1435:because of
1414:royal court
1330:royal court
1126:during the
1115:Pahlavi era
894:New Zealand
797:El Salvador
787:Costa Rica
735:Switzerland
670:Netherlands
499:South Korea
489:Philippines
479:North Korea
349:Afghanistan
303:South Sudan
80:Mafia state
75:Kleptocracy
5730:Categories
5617:Farah Diba
5399:Uzbekistan
5374:Tajikistan
5289:Kyrgyzstan
5269:Kazakhstan
5189:Bangladesh
5179:Azerbaijan
4977:Philosophy
4936:newspapers
4917:Literature
4822:architects
4817:Achaemenid
4737:Corruption
4197:Corruption
4037:Reformists
4032:Propaganda
3930:Corruption
3915:Censorship
3858:Lake Urmia
3546:Iran–Iraq
3242:Ghaznavid
3120:AD 224–651
3084:Frataraka
2916:Prehistory
2853:0813017319
2835:0226007871
2814:1860643744
2775:0801856949
2750:1908433019
2737:0275971872
2716:0786456280
2698:0674020367
2680:1139471597
2659:0691101345
2638:1420002457
2620:067168745X
2599:1136026940
2581:0815609078
2330:2023-07-02
2305:2020-05-16
2197:2010-08-21
2172:2010-08-21
1959:Iran Focus
1882:31 January
1773:2018-08-23
1652:2010-08-09
1627:References
1482:revolution
1469:corruption
1461:corruption
1437:corruption
1433:legitimacy
1388:call girls
1369:corruption
1334:corruption
1315:Iran's oil
1295:corruption
1188:together.
1132:Corruption
1075:government
943:Corruption
665:Montenegro
655:Luxembourg
534:Uzbekistan
514:Tajikistan
454:Kazakhstan
449:Kyrgyzstan
399:East Timor
369:Bangladesh
359:Azerbaijan
95:Slush fund
5666:(titular)
5576:Reza Shah
5485:Hong Kong
5439:Palestine
5364:Sri Lanka
5359:Singapore
5239:Indonesia
4942:Mythology
4848:Calendars
4838:Astronomy
4747:Education
4656:Georgians
4641:Assyrians
4636:Armenians
4562:Languages
4454:companies
4417:Transport
4397:Petroleum
4182:Companies
4121:President
4108:Officials
4042:Terrorism
3991:Air Force
3935:Elections
3873:Provinces
3868:Mountains
3778:Geography
3698:languages
3436:1925–1979
3364:Afsharid
3325:1370–1925
3313:Chobanid
3207:Saffarid
3159:Rashidun
3127:Sasanian
3108:Kings of
3100:Parthian
3076:Seleucid
3017:Scythian
2977:Kassites
2961:Akkadian
2630:CRC Press
2591:Routledge
2054:154248887
1933:Brookings
1544:Aghazadeh
1319:tax haven
1311:Reza Shah
1303:Juan Linz
1280:Reza Shah
1268:Reza Shah
1182:despotism
1143:Reza Shah
1060:President
889:Australia
873:Venezuela
828:Argentina
812:Nicaragua
650:Lithuania
504:Sri Lanka
494:Singapore
414:Indonesia
258:Mauritius
5714:Hostages
5508:Category
5429:Abkhazia
5379:Thailand
5334:Pakistan
5314:Mongolia
5309:Maldives
5304:Malaysia
5204:Cambodia
5103:Category
4996:football
4987:Scouting
4897:Iranians
4887:Folklore
4683:Religion
4595:Georgian
4575:Armenian
4436:shipping
4431:railways
4421:airlines
4387:Industry
4252:Taxation
4066:Councils
3982:Military
3897:Politics
3878:Wildlife
3843:Caucasus
3725:Persians
3652:See also
3476:Iranian
3443:Pahlavi
3356:Safavid
3332:Timurid
3235:977–1432
3215:Ziyarid
3191:Tahirid
3183:Samanid
3175:Abbasid
3167:Umayyad
3152:632–1090
2969:Lullubi
2953:Elamite
2847:, 2000,
2829:, 2010,
2808:, 1999,
2790:, 1996,
2769:, 1998,
2731:, 2002,
2710:, 2010,
2692:, 2009,
2674:, 2008,
2653:, 1982,
2632:, 2001,
2614:, 1989,
2593:, 2012,
2575:, 2008,
2280:15 March
2221:Archived
2191:Archived
2166:Archived
2107:16 March
2085:16 March
2059:16 March
2040:: 5–28.
1994:Archived
1975:Archived
1938:15 March
1907:25 March
1857:16 April
1832:16 April
1767:Archived
1741:24 April
1735:Archived
1705:Archived
1675:Archived
1646:Archived
1508:See also
1478:Khomeini
1036:winner,
858:Paraguay
848:Colombia
807:Honduras
720:Slovenia
715:Slovakia
695:Portugal
580:Bulgaria
519:Thailand
484:Pakistan
464:Malaysia
384:Cambodia
333:Zimbabwe
313:Tanzania
223:Ethiopia
188:Cameroon
183:Botswana
115:Throffer
85:Nepotism
50:Cronyism
5675:Related
5404:Vietnam
5319:Myanmar
5299:Lebanon
5229:Georgia
5184:Bahrain
5174:Armenia
5046:Ey Iran
4994: (
4954: (
4930:student
4928: (
4924: (
4909: (
4877:Cuisine
4862:Fashion
4850: (
4830: (
4815: (
4801:Culture
4749: (
4713: (
4698: (
4671:Turkmen
4623: (
4614:Peoples
4585:Kurdish
4541:Society
4442:Tourism
4419: (
4409: (
4399: (
4379: (
4372:Defense
4342: (
4332:Sectors
4319: (
4279: (
4184: (
4165:General
4154:Economy
4044: (
4014: (
3984: (
3937: (
3922: (
3908:General
3863:Islands
3799:largest
3789:Borders
3258:Seljuk
3250:Ghurid
3199:Alavid
3009:Median
3001:Urartu
2923:Ancient
2903:History
2300:Reuters
2249:24 June
1803:24 June
1793:alef.ir
1711:24 June
1681:24 June
881:Oceania
868:Uruguay
853:Ecuador
833:Bolivia
740:Ukraine
700:Romania
660:Moldova
630:Ireland
625:Iceland
620:Hungary
610:Germany
600:Finland
595:Denmark
585:Croatia
570:Belgium
565:Austria
560:Albania
539:Vietnam
469:Myanmar
459:Lebanon
404:Georgia
364:Bahrain
354:Armenia
318:Tunisia
293:Somalia
283:Senegal
278:Nigeria
268:Namibia
263:Morocco
248:Liberia
243:Lesotho
218:Eritrea
198:Comoros
45:Bribery
5592:Queens
5449:Taiwan
5384:Turkey
5349:Russia
5284:Kuwait
5264:Jordan
5254:Israel
5214:Cyprus
5199:Brunei
5194:Bhutan
5113:Portal
4872:Cinema
4854:Nowruz
4751:higher
4625:abroad
4590:Hebrew
4496:Places
4392:Mining
4217:Energy
3794:Cities
3710:Aryans
3429:Modern
3380:Qajar
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2891:topics
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1357:Geneva
1272:pounds
1093:Causes
838:Brazil
766:Mexico
761:Canada
730:Sweden
710:Serbia
705:Russia
690:Poland
685:Norway
645:Latvia
640:Kosovo
615:Greece
605:France
552:Europe
524:Turkey
444:Kuwait
439:Jordan
429:Israel
394:Cyprus
379:Brunei
374:Bhutan
328:Zambia
323:Uganda
253:Malawi
178:Angola
170:Africa
100:Simony
5706:Media
5569:Kings
5490:Macau
5409:Yemen
5369:Syria
5344:Qatar
5324:Nepal
5259:Japan
5234:India
5224:Egypt
5209:China
5007:Music
4992:Sport
4922:Media
4907:Islam
4843:Blogs
4787:Women
4742:Crime
4730:Other
4691:Islam
4661:Kurds
4426:metro
4344:fruit
4302:Setad
3372:Zand
3282:Kart
2050:S2CID
1822:(PDF)
1488:Notes
1390:from
1373:cover
1164:SAVAK
843:Chile
802:Haiti
725:Spain
635:Italy
544:Yemen
509:Syria
474:Nepal
434:Japan
409:India
389:China
308:Sudan
273:Niger
238:Kenya
228:Ghana
208:Egypt
5640:Reza
5329:Oman
5294:Laos
5249:Iraq
5244:Iran
5035:Rock
5020:Jazz
5015:Folk
4881:wine
4666:Jews
3996:Navy
3986:Army
3965:LGBT
2889:Iran
2849:ISBN
2831:ISBN
2810:ISBN
2792:ISBN
2771:ISBN
2746:ISBN
2733:ISBN
2712:ISBN
2694:ISBN
2676:ISBN
2655:ISBN
2634:ISBN
2616:ISBN
2595:ISBN
2577:ISBN
2489:ISBN
2282:2023
2251:2016
2142:ISBN
2109:2023
2087:2023
2061:2023
1940:2023
1909:2024
1884:2024
1859:2023
1834:2023
1805:2016
1743:2018
1713:2016
1683:2016
1336:and
1313:and
1301:and
1184:and
1124:Iran
1043:The
948:Iran
863:Peru
792:Cuba
424:Iraq
419:Iran
341:Asia
193:Chad
5461:and
5025:Pop
4828:Art
4411:TCI
2042:doi
1423:In
1365:CIA
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