5325:
40:
5275:
987:
890:-based film stock that was more durable in Earth orbit. The amount of film carried by the satellites varied over time. Initially, each satellite carried 8,000 ft (2,400 m) of film for each camera, for a total of 16,000 ft (4,900 m) of film. But a reduction in the thickness of the film stock allowed more film to be carried. In the fifth generation, the amount of film carried was doubled to 16,000 ft (4,900 m) of film for each camera for a total of 32,000 ft (9,800 m) of film. This was accomplished by a reduction in film thickness and with additional film capsules. Most of the film shot was black and white.
1109:
stable. Cameras would take photographs only when pointed at the Earth. The Itek camera company, however, proposed to stabilize the satellite along all three axes—keeping the cameras permanently pointed at the earth. Beginning with the KH-3 version of the satellite, a horizon camera took images of several key stars. A sensor used the satellite's side thruster rockets to align the rocket with these "index stars", so that it was correctly aligned with the Earth and the cameras pointed in the right direction. Beginning in 1967, two horizon cameras were used. This system was known as the Dual
Improved Stellar Index Camera (DISIC).
316:
304:
854:
5341:
137:
5287:
1027:
7917:
933:
115:, the first artificial Earth satellite. Officially, Sputnik was launched to correspond with the International Geophysical Year, a solar period that the International Council of Scientific Unions declared would be ideal for the launching of artificial satellites to study Earth and the solar system. However, the launch led to public concern about the perceived technological gap between the West and the Soviet Union. The unanticipated success of the mission precipitated the
5316:
5299:
800:
not attached an umbilical on the SRB properly. Although some failures continued to occur during the next few years, the reliability rate of the program significantly improved with KH-4. Maneuvering rockets were also added to the satellite beginning in 1963. These were different from the attitude stabilizing thrusters which had been incorporated from the beginning of the program. CORONA orbited in very low orbits to enhance resolution of its camera system. But at
340:
328:
60:
292:
280:
268:
5390:
152:
1070:. Beginning with flight number 69, a two-capsule system was employed. This also allowed the satellite to go into passive (or "zombie") mode, shutting down for as many as 21 days before taking images again. Beginning in 1963, another improvement was "Lifeboat", a battery-powered system that allowed for ejection and recovery of the capsule in case power failed. The film was processed at Eastman Kodak's Hawkeye facility in
618:. To the public, Discoverer missions were scientific and engineering missions, the film-return capsules being used to return biological specimens. To facilitate this deception, several CORONA capsules were built to house a monkey passenger. Many test monkeys were lost during ground tests of the capsule's life support system. The Discoverer cover proved to be cumbersome, inviting scrutiny from the scientific community.
52:
7219:
7174:
7132:
6922:
6889:
6809:
6781:
6750:
6184:
6152:
6061:
6029:
5997:
5936:
5841:
5750:
5635:
5603:
5300:
1129:(ARPA). In FY1958, WS-117L was funded by the USAF at a level of US$ 108.2 million (inflation adjusted US$ 1.14 billion in 2024). For DISCOVERER, the Air Force and ARPA spent a combined sum of US$ 132.3 million in FY1959 (inflation adjusted US$ 1.38 billion in 2024) and US$ 101.2 million in FY1960 (inflation adjusted US$ 1.04 billion in 2024). According to
5302:
217:. The Samos E-1 and Samos E-2 satellite programs used this system, but they were not able to take very many pictures and then relay them to the ground stations each day. Two later versions of the Samos program, such as the E-5 and the E-6, used the bucket-return approach pioneered with CORONA, but neither of the latter Samos series were successful.
945:
moved back and forth, eliminating the need to move the camera itself on a reciprocating mechanism. The drum permitted the use of up to two filters and as many as four different exposure slits, greatly improving the variability of images that CORONA could take. The first cameras could resolve images on the ground down to 40 ft (12 m) in
1035:
5303:
949:. Improvements in the imaging system were rapid, and the KH-3 missions could see objects 10 ft (3.0 m) in diameter. Later missions would be able to resolve objects just 5 ft (1.5 m) in diameter. 3 ft (0.91 m) resolution was found to be the optimum resolution for quality of image and field of view.
928:
was chosen because it could obtain a wider image. Although the best resolution was only obtained in the center of the image, this could be overcome by having the camera sweep automatically ("reciprocate") back and forth across 70° of arc. The lens on the camera was constantly rotating, to counteract
799:
at Launch
Complex 75 carrying the first KH-4 satellite. The launch of the new and unproven booster went awry as one SRB failed to ignite. Eventually the dead weight of the strap-on motor dragged the Thor off its flight path, leading to a Range Safety destruct. It was suspected that a technician had
944:
image could be obtained. Later in the program, the satellite employed three cameras. The third camera was employed to take "index" photographs of the objects being stereographically filmed. The J-3 camera system, first deployed in 1967, placed the camera in a drum. This "rotator camera" (or drum)
977:
of the components, improved film rollers that did not generate static electricity, improved temperature controls, and a cleaner internal environment. Although improvements were made to reduce the corona, the final solution was to load the film canisters with a full load of film and then feed the
1155:
The decisions regarding what to photograph were made by the CORONA Target
Program. CORONA satellites were placed into near-polar orbits. This software, run by an on-board computer, was programmed to operate the cameras based on the intelligence targets to be imaged, the weather, the satellite's
1108:
The first satellites in the program orbited at altitudes 100 mi (160 km) above the surface of the Earth, although later missions orbited even lower at 75 mi (121 km). Originally, CORONA satellites were designed to spin along their main axis so that the satellite would remain
978:
unexposed film through the camera onto the take-up reel with no exposure. This unexposed film was then processed and inspected for corona. If none was found or the corona observed was within acceptable levels, the canisters were certified for use and loaded with fresh film for a launch mission.
770:
Additionally, CORONA increased the pace at which intelligence could be received, with satellites providing monthly coverage from the start. Photographs were more easily assessed by analysts and political leaders than covert agent reports, improving not just the amount of intelligence but its
808:. In time, this could cause its orbit to decay and force the satellite to re-enter the atmosphere prematurely. The new maneuvering rockets were designed to boost CORONA into a higher orbit, and lengthen the mission time even if low perigees were used. For use during unexpected crises, the
693:, despite there not having been a successful test of the life-support unit for biological passengers. This proved to be a moot point by this time as the link between the Discoverer series and living payloads had been established by the attempted flight of Discoverer 3.
253:" or "Keyhole" (Code number 1010), with the name being an analogy to the act of spying into a person's room by peering through their door's keyhole. The incrementing number indicated changes in the surveillance instrumentation, such as the change from single-
836:
on 26 February 1962. Its bucket was successfully recovered in midair during the 65th orbit (the 13th recovery of a bucket; the ninth one in midair). Following this last use of the
Discoverer name, the remaining launches of CORONA satellites were entirely
205:. That program included several types of satellite which used a different photographic method. This involved capturing an image on photographic film, developing the film aboard the satellite and then scanning the image electronically. The image was then
123:
to authorize the Corona program, a top priority reconnaissance program managed jointly by the Air Force and the CIA. Satellites were developed to photograph denied areas from space, provide information about Soviet missile capability and replace risky
350:
Below is a list of CORONA launches, as compiled by the United States
Geological Survey. This table lists government's designation of each type of satellite (C, C-prime, J-1, etc.), the resolution of the camera, and a description of the camera system.
786:
In 1963, the KH-4 system was introduced with dual cameras and the program made completely secret by then president, John
Kennedy. The Discoverer label was dropped and all launches became classified. Because of the increased satellite mass, the basic
759:, which returned 16 lb (7.3 kg) of film and provided more coverage of the Soviet Union than all preceding U2 flights, for the first time the United States had a clear picture of the USSR's strategic nuclear capabilities. Before CORONA, the
1006:. The targets consisted of concrete arrows located in and to the south of the city, and may have helped to calibrate the cameras of the satellites. These claims about the purpose of the targets, perpetuated by online forums and featured in
9953:
5301:
3743:
Program anomaly occurred immediately after launch when both cameras operated for 417 frames. Main cameras ceased operation on rev 52D of first portion of mission negating second portion. About 65% of aft camera film is out of focus.
1152:. (The NRO was worried that, as CORONA was phased out, skilled technicians worried about their jobs would quit the program—leaving CORONA without staff. The move to Sunnyvale ensured that enough skilled staff would be available.)
952:
The initial CORONA missions suffered from mysterious border fogging and bright streaks which appeared irregularly on the returned film. Eventually, a team of scientists and engineers from the project and from academia (among them
9890:
9475:
9355:
646:
Satellite Return
Vehicle (SRV). The SRV was equipped with a small onboard solid-fuel retro motor to deorbit the payload at the end of the mission. Recovery of the capsule was done in mid-air by a specially equipped aircraft.
9502:
8497:
10680:
10382:
9557:
9993:
9527:
187:
CORONA ultimately encompassed eight separate but overlapping series of satellites (dubbed "Keyhole" or KH), launched from 1959 to 1972. CORONA was complemented and ultimately succeeded by the higher resolution
9749:
9572:
9373:
8519:
172:
in surveilling the Sino-Soviet Bloc, determining the disposition and speed of production of Soviet missiles and long-range bombers assets. The CORONA program was also used to produce maps and charts for the
163:
CORONA started under the name "Discoverer" as part of the WS-117L satellite reconnaissance and protection program of the U.S. Air Force in 1956. The WS-117L was based on recommendations and designs from the
5324:
9719:
11087:
9898:
9839:
9970:
9744:
8842:
1292:
1054:
towing an airborne claw which would then winch it aboard, or it could land at sea. A salt plug in the base would dissolve after two days, allowing the capsule to sink if it was not picked up by the
9567:
1050:. After the fierce heat of reentry was over, the heat shield surrounding the vehicle was jettisoned at 60,000 ft (18 km) and parachutes deployed. The capsule was intended to be caught in
5309:"A Point in Time: The CORONA Story" – a documentary movie about the first in history project of spy satellites, created by the CIA and NRO in 1995 to commemorate declassification of CORONA project
10690:
10370:
9562:
9259:
9251:
1136:
The procurement and maintenance of the CORONA satellites were managed by the
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), which used cover arrangements lasting from April 1958 to 1969 to get access to the
9759:
9485:
9067:
9045:
920:. The cameras themselves were initially 5 ft (1.5 m) long, but later extended to 9 ft (2.7 m) in length. Beginning with the KH-4 satellites, these lenses were replaced with
5500:
11124:
10255:
10240:
9930:
11018:
10832:
10086:
10013:
9540:
9515:
10790:
10402:
9958:
9918:
9878:
9281:
5534:
940:
The first CORONA satellites had a single camera, but a two-camera system was quickly implemented. The front camera was tilted 15° aft, and the rear camera tilted 15° forward, so that a
6551:
10777:
10730:
10615:
9343:
9306:
6931:
National
Reconnaissance Office, "National Reconnaissance Office Review and Redaction Guide for Automatic Declassification of 25-Year-Old Information, Version 1.0, 2006 edition, p. 118
6876:
National
Reconnaissance Office, "National Reconnaissance Office Review and Redaction Guide for Automatic Declassification of 25-Year-Old Information, Version 1.0, 2006 edition, p. 154
6759:
National Reconnaissance Office, "National Reconnaissance Office Review and Redaction Guide for Automatic Declassification of 25-Year-Old Information, Version 1.0, 2006 edition, p. 58
6104:
National Reconnaissance Office, "National Reconnaissance Office Review and Redaction Guide for Automatic Declassification of 25-Year-Old Information, Version 1.0, 2006 edition, p. 52
1227:
were responsible for the design, development, and operation of CORONA. For their role in creating the first space-based Earth photographic observation systems, they were awarded the
622:, launched 13 January 1962, was the last CORONA mission to bear the Discoverer name. Subsequent CORONA missions were simply classified as "Department of Defense satellite launches".
10432:
10038:
9789:
8472:
5274:
6582:
9945:
9784:
9697:
6241:
Sturdevant, Rick. "From the Pied Piper Infrared Reconnaissance Subsystem to the Missile Defense Alarm System: Space-Based Early Warning Research and Development, 1955–1970".
10810:
10565:
10560:
9403:
9015:
10570:
9330:
8784:
1239:
The CORONA program was officially classified top secret until 1992. On 22 February 1995, the photos taken by the CORONA satellites, and also by two contemporary programs (
9398:
9178:
715:(10 August 1960), which managed a fully successful capsule recovery for the first time. This was the first recovery of a man-made object from space, beating the Soviet
9655:
7883:
1144:
for the production. At this facility, the rocket's second stage Agena, the cameras, film cassettes, and re-entry capsule were assembled and tested before shipment to
654:
was a test vehicle carrying no SRV nor camera. Launched on 28 February 1959, it was the first man-made object put into a polar orbit, but only sporadically returned
662:(14 April 1959) carried a recovery capsule for the first time but no camera. The main bus performed well, but the capsule recovery failed, the SRV coming down over
10270:
8599:
8566:
696:
The three subsequent Discoverers were successfully orbited, but all of their cameras failed when the film snapped during loading. Ground tests determined that the
11318:
6986:
642:
with a f/5.0 aperture and 61 cm (24 in) focal length. It had a ground resolution of 12.9 m (42 ft). Film was returned from orbit by a single
9522:
7905:
812:(NRO) kept a CORONA in "R-7" status, meaning ready for launch in seven days. By the summer of 1965, NRO was able to maintain CORONA for launch within one day.
11184:
11109:
11308:
7867:
11303:
3798:
Discrepancies in planned and actual coverage due to telemetry problems during the first 6 revolutions. Small out-of-focus areas on film from aft camera.
1217:
1191:
10337:
9383:
8177:
1202:
882:
was 2-to-1. (By comparison, the best aerial photography film produced in World War II could produce just 50 lines per mm (1250 per inch) of film). The
5828:
This designation system came into use during 1962 with the 4th camera system, with its predecessors retroactively identified as KH-1, KH-2, and KH-3.
1180:
704:
was tasked with creating a more resilient replacement. Kodak developed a technique of coating a high-resolution emulsion on a type of polyester from
5509:
838:
8492:
7346:
7253:
7183:
7141:
1843:
Mission failed. Obtained orbit successfully. Film separated before any camera operation leaving only 1.7 ft (0.52 m) of film in capsule.
936:
A diagram of "J-1" type stereo/panoramic constantly rotating CORONA reconnaissance satellite camera system used on KH-4A missions from 1963 to 1969
829:(MIDAS), an early missile-launch-detection program that used infrared cameras to detect the heat signature of launch vehicles launching to orbit.
11240:
9980:
10445:
9988:
9935:
9826:
9687:
9660:
9552:
6680:
763:(NIE) of CIA were highly uncertain and strongly debated. Six months before Discoverer 14, an NIE predicted that the Soviets would have 140–200
6559:
11154:
11082:
11038:
10880:
10875:
10862:
10785:
10772:
10717:
10707:
10702:
10587:
10525:
10206:
10196:
10116:
9975:
9764:
9739:
9585:
9510:
9271:
9266:
4500:
Due to the failure of the booster cut-off switch, the satellite went into a highly eccentric orbit. There was significant image degradation.
894:
was used on mission 1104, and color film on missions 1105 and 1008. Color film proved to have lower resolution, and so was never used again.
7229:
11048:
10695:
10667:
10652:
10647:
10620:
10592:
10492:
10487:
9903:
5017:
Cameras operated satisfactorily and the mission carried 811 ft (247 m) of aerial color film added to the end of the film supply.
700:-based film became brittle in the vacuum of space, something that had not been discovered even in high altitude, low pressure testing. The
1600:
1125:) as being the "birthplace of the CORONA program". In May 1958, the Department of Defense directed the transfer of the WS-117L program to
708:. Not only was the resulting polyester-based film resistant to vacuum brittling, it weighed half as much as the prior acetate-based film.
11328:
10993:
10840:
10747:
10735:
10477:
10472:
10452:
10427:
9378:
8343:
5538:
7913:
1156:
operational status, and what images the cameras had already captured. Ground control for CORONA satellites was initially conducted from
9908:
9055:
7898:
3689:
Primary mode of recovery failed on second portion of the mission (1011-2). Small out of focus areas present at random on both cameras.
1066:
farmers in mid-1964, capsules were no longer labeled "SECRET" but offered a reward in eight languages for aerial footage return to the
315:
303:
7069:
7042:
39:
10827:
10752:
10675:
10610:
10582:
10555:
10550:
10545:
10540:
10392:
10347:
10327:
10277:
10227:
10184:
10179:
10166:
10154:
10149:
10134:
10129:
10106:
10096:
10068:
10063:
10058:
10028:
10008:
9851:
9702:
9682:
9620:
9615:
9460:
9390:
9348:
9191:
9186:
8894:
8691:
8666:
8621:
8604:
8586:
8576:
7857:
6790:
1126:
11164:
10000:
9490:
8216:
7529:
7480:
5378:
on 13 April 1959. While Soviet agents may have recovered the vehicle, it is more likely that the capsule landed in water and sank.
2803:
placed in highly eccentric orbit (207 x 670 km), capsule called down after one day, film suffered severe radiation fog due to
6607:
5850:
5340:
674:(3 June 1959), the first Discoverer to carry a biological package (four black mice in this case) failed to achieve orbit when its
11313:
5815:
7322:
6904:
5260:
Last KH-4B. Very successful, failure to deploy one solar panel and leak in Agena gas system shortened mission from 19 to 6 days
729:
Two days after the 18 August 1960 launch of Discoverer 14, its film bucket was successfully retrieved in the Pacific Ocean by a
10018:
9861:
9797:
9101:
8252:
8191:
6818:
88:
407:
First series of American imaging spy satellites. Each satellite carried a single panoramic camera and a single return vehicle.
10845:
7891:
6265:
5679:
878:, the film was initially 0.0003 in (7.6 μm) thick, with a resolution of 170 lines per mm (0.04 inch) of film. The
9143:
9094:
7323:"Corona", Mission and Spacecraft Library, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, No date
1295:
hosts more than 860,000 images of the Earth’s surface from between 1960 and 1972 from CORONA, ARGON, and LANYARD programs.
999:
9532:
9323:
174:
5759:
9590:
7340:
986:
764:
17:
9627:
9363:
8804:
8091:
7461:
7402:
5725:
5563:
689:
was so great that operational, camera-equipped KH-1 launches began 25 June 1959 with the (unsuccessful) launching of
5370:
were inspired, in part, by news accounts from 17 April 1959, about a missing experimental CORONA satellite capsule (
4230:
The aft-looking camera malfunctioned after the recovery of bucket 1. No material was received in bucket 2 (1031-2).
9707:
9077:
9072:
990:
A CORONA Target (Y4-7) is located on the northeast corner of Carmel Boulevard and West Cornman Road in the City of
1350:
Agena ullage/separation rockets ignited on the pad while the launch vehicle was being fueled prior to the flight.
924:
f/3.5 lens. The lenses were panoramic, and moved through a 70° arc perpendicular to the direction of the orbit. A
9050:
8581:
8336:
8101:
7724:
778:(13 September 1960), whose capsule successfully deorbited but sank into the Pacific Ocean and was not recovered.
639:
10043:
9772:
9712:
7539:
5286:
5044:
Cameras operated satisfactorily but the overall image quality of both the forward and aft records is variable.
3933:
All cameras operated satisfactorily. Erratic attitude caused an early recovery after the second day of 1020–2.
1267:
908:
was designed for the cameras. Each lens was 7 in (18 cm) in diameter. They were quite similar to the
809:
760:
606:
As American space launches were not classified until late 1961, the first CORONA satellites were cloaked with
11298:
8434:
5946:
730:
720:
5179:
Overall image quality good, comparable to the best of past missions. On-board program failed after pass 235
736:. This was the first successful return of a payload from orbit, occurring just one day before the launch of
261:. The "KH" naming system was first used in 1962 with KH-4, the earlier numbers being applied retroactively.
11293:
11288:
11283:
11278:
11273:
11268:
10950:
9089:
8874:
8794:
8734:
8237:
7522:
1902:
826:
581:(The stray "quote marks" are part of the original designations of the first three generations of cameras.)
9940:
9868:
9368:
8943:
8910:
8247:
8060:
7664:
7113:
6287:"Succeeding CORONA: declassified HEXAGON intelligence imagery for archaeological and historical research"
6193:
6161:
6070:
6038:
6006:
5612:
5249:
5222:
5195:
5168:
5141:
5114:
5087:
5060:
5033:
5006:
4979:
4952:
4925:
4894:
4867:
4840:
4813:
4786:
4759:
4732:
4705:
4678:
4651:
4624:
4597:
4570:
4543:
4516:
4489:
4462:
4435:
4408:
4381:
4354:
4327:
4300:
4273:
4246:
4219:
4192:
4165:
4138:
4122:
Erratic attitude necessitated recovery after two days of operation. All cameras operated satisfactorily.
4111:
4084:
4057:
4030:
4003:
3976:
3949:
3922:
3895:
3879:
Cameras operated successfully. First KH-4A reconnaissance system to be launched into a retrograde orbit.
3868:
3841:
3814:
3787:
3760:
3732:
3705:
3678:
3651:
3624:
3597:
3570:
3543:
3516:
3489:
3435:
3408:
3378:
3348:
3321:
3294:
3237:
3207:
3180:
3153:
3096:
3069:
3015:
2988:
2961:
2934:
2907:
2877:
2850:
2823:
2792:
2762:
2735:
2708:
2681:
2654:
2627:
2596:
2569:
2539:
2512:
2485:
2458:
2398:
2369:
2340:
2282:
2253:
2224:
2195:
2105:
2076:
2012:
1954:
1922:
1890:
1861:
1832:
1774:
1745:
1716:
1658:
1571:
1542:
1513:
1484:
1397:
1368:
796:
635:
84:
7350:
7260:
7190:
7148:
5785:
3462:
3267:
3123:
3042:
2523:
Mission failed. Parachute ejector squibs holding parachute container cover failed to fire. No recovery.
1803:
650:
There were three camera-less test launches in the first half of 1959, none of them entirely successful.
339:
327:
9470:
9432:
9335:
8925:
8789:
8754:
8717:
8529:
8372:
8329:
7999:
5440:
4392:
Second pan geometry mission. Higher than normal base plus fog encountered on both main camera records.
1426:
1228:
3716:
Vehicle attitude became erratic on the second portion of the mission necessitating an early recovery.
2431:
2311:
2166:
2134:
2044:
1983:
1687:
1629:
1611:
Agena accidentally damaged during on-pad servicing. Premature cutoff and staging signal sent to Thor.
767:
deployed by 1961. A month after the flight of Discoverer 14, that estimate was refined to just 10–25.
11323:
11174:
9814:
9724:
9667:
9447:
9437:
9241:
9010:
8504:
8027:
7613:
6956:
5444:
5362:
1455:
1165:
1145:
1122:
168:. The primary goal of the program was to develop a film-return photographic satellite to replace the
4905:
Best imagery to date on any KH-4. Bicolor and color infrared experiments conducted, incl. SO-180 IR
10287:
9672:
9229:
8722:
8042:
7924:
7507:
6973:
5367:
5125:
The forward camera failed on pass 104 and remained inoperative throughout the rest of the mission.
1315:
1255:" mandated by President Clinton's order led to the declassification in 2002 of the photos from the
80:
7503:
Swords into Ploughshares: Archaeological Applications of CORONA Satellite Imagery in the Near East
7236:
11114:
10033:
9819:
9318:
9209:
9161:
9060:
8514:
8509:
8377:
8352:
8242:
8116:
8032:
7618:
7515:
7023:
5458:
1251:. The further review by photo experts of the "obsolete broad-area film-return systems other than
1118:
596:
92:
291:
279:
267:
10920:
8960:
8809:
8749:
8727:
8399:
5464:
5408:
2804:
1157:
841:. The last CORONA launch was on 25 May 1972. The project ended when CORONA was replaced by the
795:
solid-fueled strap-on motors. On 28 February 1963, the first Thrust Augmented Thor lifted from
705:
145:
2264:
Mission failed. Power failure and loss of control gas on orbit 33. Capsule was not recovered.
711:
There were four more partially successful and unsuccessful missions in the KH-1 series before
11210:
10387:
10357:
10302:
9734:
9301:
9166:
9138:
9106:
8884:
8367:
7831:
7374:
Nuclear Weapons, Scientists, and the Post-Cold War Challenge: Selected Papers on Arms Control
4990:
Forward camera failed on pass 1 and remained inoperative throughout the rest of the mission.
1169:
1161:
1149:
792:
7468:
Secret Gadgets and Strange Gizmos: High-Tech (and Low-Tech) Innovations of the U.S. Military
755:
The impact of CORONA on American intelligence gathering was tremendous. With the success of
9873:
9777:
9082:
8955:
8948:
8556:
8384:
8211:
8167:
8139:
8124:
8074:
8055:
7932:
7779:
7751:
7678:
7659:
7073:
7046:
5434:
1222:
1196:
1098:
1042:
Film was retrieved from orbit via a reentry capsule (nicknamed "film bucket"), designed by
1003:
991:
974:
891:
816:
431:
Improved single panoramic camera (affording differing orbits) and a single return vehicle.
120:
6794:
4446:
Normal KH-4 mission. Light from horizon camera on both main camera records during 1039–1.
3419:
First mission of KH-4A. Some film was fogged. Two buckets but 1001-2 was never recovered.
499:
Film return with two reentry vehicles and two panoramic cameras. Large volume of imagery.
8:
10282:
9632:
9420:
9296:
8641:
8487:
8321:
8162:
8129:
7784:
7743:
7703:
4338:
All cameras operated satisfactorily. First mission flown with pan geometry modification.
1270:
to locate and explore ancient habitation sites, pottery factories, megalithic tombs, and
1207:
1071:
1007:
954:
805:
7486:
6825:
5854:
3906:
Cameras operated successfully. Malfunction in recovery mode on 1019-2 negated recovery.
3500:
Main cameras operated satisfactorily. Minor degradations due to static and light leaks.
719:
by nine days. Discoverer 13 is now on display in the "Milestones of Flight" hall in the
638:
in orbit. The KH-1 payload included the C (for CORONA) single panoramic camera built by
630:
The first series of CORONA satellites were the Keyhole 1 (KH-1) satellites based on the
10892:
10265:
9729:
9602:
9148:
8172:
8152:
8147:
7761:
7756:
7698:
7693:
7492:
6615:
5890:
5868:
5395:
5347:
4554:
Forward camera film came out of the rails on pass 230D. Film degraded past this point.
1185:
1055:
5807:
4014:
Program anomaly caused the fore camera to cease operation during revolutions 103–132.
10945:
9442:
9313:
8774:
8477:
8157:
8096:
8050:
8017:
7807:
7719:
7654:
7634:
7457:
7454:
Secret Empire: Eisenhower, the CIA, and the Hidden Story of America's Space Espionage
7398:
7336:
6897:
6306:
6261:
5955:
5917:
5731:
5721:
5675:
5649:
5559:
5479:
5474:
5469:
1240:
1051:
879:
853:
745:
600:
201:
31:
7483:: Photographic imagery from the CORONA, ARGON and LANYARD satellites (1959 to 1972).
10940:
10905:
10805:
9754:
8829:
8656:
8611:
8591:
8221:
7771:
7497:
6298:
5648:. Center for the Study of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency. p. xiii.
4770:
Imagery of both pan camera records is soft and lacks crispness and edge sharpness.
4284:
The stellar camera shutter of bucket 2 remained open for approximately 200 frames.
1213:
1043:
966:
737:
724:
716:
643:
611:
254:
165:
4311:
Failure of velocity altitude programmer produced poor imagery after revolution 5.
2351:
Mission failed. Improper launch angle resulted in extreme orbit. Gas valve failed
136:
9802:
9455:
9224:
9214:
9025:
8744:
8541:
8083:
7794:
6908:
5553:
3662:
Small out of focus areas on both cameras at random times throughout the mission.
1141:
1130:
1034:
958:
925:
141:
7447:
CORONA: Between the Sun and the Earth: The First NRO Reconnaissance Eye in Space
7095:
6638:
6216:
1756:
First successful recovery of IMINT from space. Cameras operated satisfactorily.
1026:
10467:
9923:
9883:
9035:
9003:
8990:
8837:
8636:
8009:
7428:
6715:
6516:
personal memoirs of Arthur R. Glines, CORONA program engineer, 1/1962 to 6/1967
6126:
5974:
5643:
3305:
Mission failed. Return capsule separated from satellite but remained in orbit.
1274:
1015:
733:
607:
214:
116:
7349:. National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution. 2002. Archived from
5921:
5580:
5071:
The overall image quality is less than that provided by recent missions and 2
1785:
Mission failed. Attained orbit successfully. Capsule sank prior to retrieval.
1266:
The declassified imagery has since been used by a team of scientists from the
932:
11262:
10365:
9545:
9236:
8864:
8764:
8709:
8524:
8444:
7989:
7921:
7916:
7587:
7328:
7223:
7178:
7136:
6926:
6893:
6813:
6785:
6754:
6310:
6188:
6156:
6065:
6033:
6001:
5959:
5940:
5845:
5754:
5639:
5607:
5425:
4041:
All cameras operated satisfactorily. Cameras not operated on passes 88D-93D.
2423:
2390:
2361:
2332:
2303:
2274:
2245:
2216:
2187:
2158:
2126:
2097:
2068:
2036:
2004:
1975:
1946:
1914:
1882:
1853:
1824:
1795:
1766:
1737:
1708:
1679:
1650:
1621:
1067:
917:
833:
775:
756:
712:
679:
619:
193:
76:
44:
7388:
Observation of the Earth and Its Environment: Survey of Missions and Sensors
5735:
5653:
4936:
Image quality is variable and displays areas of soft focus and image smear.
11230:
10235:
9597:
9497:
9415:
8920:
8824:
8551:
8546:
8536:
8394:
8022:
7994:
7979:
7597:
7592:
7577:
7004:
5430:
5417:
5371:
1592:
1563:
1534:
1505:
1476:
1447:
1418:
1389:
1360:
1271:
1248:
962:
921:
905:
871:
842:
741:
690:
686:
685:
The pressure to orbit a photographic surveillance satellite to succeed the
671:
659:
651:
181:
169:
156:
125:
96:
6850:
6286:
5644:
United States; Central Intelligence Agency; Ruffner, Kevin Conley (1995).
5315:
10935:
10930:
10925:
10870:
10815:
10520:
10292:
9219:
8998:
8965:
8814:
8686:
8646:
8417:
8412:
8389:
7984:
7941:
7582:
7372:
Drell, Sidney D., "Reminiscences of Work on National Reconnaissance", in
6583:"What the heck are these abandoned cement targets in the Arizona desert?"
6302:
5421:
5375:
4689:
Film in the forward camera separated and camera failed on mission 1048-2
1286:
1102:
1082:
941:
825:
At least two launches of Discoverer were used to test satellites for the
675:
631:
206:
189:
7254:"MEMO: PHOTOGRAPHIC RECONNAISSANCE SYSTEMS, PROGRESS TOWARDS OBJECTIVES"
6683:, Vol 15, No 48, Friday, 5 December 2008, Base newspaper from Hickam AFB
1148:. In 1969, assembly duties were relocated to the Lockheed facilities in
10627:
10440:
9856:
9834:
9580:
8681:
8676:
7974:
7572:
6366:
6364:
5413:
5331:
4906:
3825:
Smearing of highly reflective images due to reflections within camera.
1094:
788:
521:
Film return with two reentry vehicles and two panoramic rotator cameras
95:. The CORONA satellites were used for photographic surveillance of the
64:
59:
7502:
6930:
6875:
6758:
6103:
3852:
Capping shutter malfunction occurred during last 5 passes of mission.
2469:
First mission of the KH-4 series. Much of film slightly out of focus.
1466:
Insufficient Agena engine thrust. Vehicle fell into the Pacific Ocean
10530:
10482:
10250:
8854:
7409:
Spying With Maps: Surveillance Technologies and the Future of Privacy
7376:, Sidney D. Drell, ed. Hackensack, New Jersey, World Scientific, 2007
7230:"A History of Satellite Reconnaissance: Volume I – Corona (page 215)"
2719:
No filters on slave horizon cameras. Heavy corona and radiation fog.
1137:
1063:
887:
655:
210:
112:
7537:
6361:
1133:, the total cost of the CORONA program amounted to $ US850 million.
1062:
reported on a reentry vehicle's accidental landing and discovery by
7445:
Smith, F. Dow, "The Design and Engineering of Corona's Optics", in
7147:. National Reconnaissance Office. 21 September 1962. Archived from
7070:"Archaeological Applications of Declassified Satellite Photographs"
6552:"Zooming-In on Satellite Calibration Targets in the Arizona Desert"
5851:"Declassified Intelligence Satellite Photographs Fact Sheet 090-96"
5403:
2087:
Capsule recovered from water on orbit 32. Streaks throughout film.
946:
902:
663:
250:
6285:
Hammer, Emily; FitzPatrick, Mackinley; Ur, Jason (14 March 2022).
1285:
have used the imagery to identify prehistoric traveling routes in
151:
11028:
11023:
10575:
10048:
8306:
8106:
7872:
7862:
7802:
7222:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
7189:. National Reconnaissance Office. 31 October 1962. Archived from
7177:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
7135:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
6925:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
6892:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
6812:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
6784:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
6753:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
6187:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
6155:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
6064:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
6032:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
6000:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
5939:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
5844:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
5765:. Center for the Study of National Reconnaissance. September 2011
5753:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
5638:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
5606:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1669:
Attitude control system malfunctioned. No film capsule recovery.
1282:
1247:) were declassified under an Executive Order signed by President
1105:
as the second stage of the rocket lifting the CORONA into orbit.
1059:
913:
883:
697:
103:, and other areas beginning in June 1959 and ending in May 1972.
7381:
Remote Sensing of the Environment: An Earth Resource Perspective
7310:
Thunder Over the Horizon: From V-2 rockets to Ballistic Missiles
6540:
Drell, "Reminiscences of Work on National Reconnaissance", p. 42
5853:. United States Geological Survey. February 1998. Archived from
1408:
First three-axis stabilized satellite; capsule recovery failed.
10201:
8671:
8561:
7836:
5280:
Air Force Satellite Control Facility during recovery operations
3554:
Highest quality imagery attained to date from the KH-4 system.
1524:
Mission failed. Retro rockets malfunctioned negating recovery.
970:
909:
791:
vehicle’s capabilities were augmented by the addition of three
667:
258:
51:
7383:, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007
6801:
2692:
Aborted after 6 photo passes. Heavy corona and radiation fog.
2206:
Best mission to date. Same out-of-focus condition as in 9023.
822:
Some P-11 reconnaissance satellites were launched from KH-4A.
804:(the lowest point in the orbit), CORONA endured drag from the
10910:
9647:
8279:
8206:
7734:
5454:
5450:
4878:
Out-of-focus imagery is present on both main camera records.
4662:
Out-of-focus imagery is present on both main camera records.
2608:
2410:
1278:
1047:
929:
the blurring effect of the satellite moving over the planet.
875:
801:
749:
701:
100:
2380:
All cameras operated satisfactorily. Grainy emulsion noted.
1437:
Agena guidance failure. Vehicle fell into the Pacific Ocean
973:
were exposing the film. Corrective measures included better
199:
An alternative concurrent program to the CORONA program was
180:
The CORONA project was pushed forward rapidly following the
10915:
7852:
7470:, Grand Rapids, Michigan, Publishers Group Worldwide, 2006
3390:
3360:
3249:
3219:
3164:
Experimental camera carried. Film affected by light leaks.
3135:
2889:
2774:
2551:
2146:
2056:
2024:
1934:
1260:
1256:
1244:
898:
867:
558:
534:
8351:
2322:
Satellite failed to separate from Thor booster, no orbit.
2235:
First use of KH-3 camera system. All frames out of focus.
1727:
Tested capsule recovery system; first successful capture.
7024:"Ancient Syrian Settlements Seen in Spy Satellite Images"
6987:"Spy Satellites' Early Role As 'Floodlight' Coming Clear"
2293:
Capsule recovered on orbit 18. 96% of film out of focus.
1011:
7365:
Drell, Sidney D., "Physics and U.S. National Security",
7347:"Discoverer/Corona: First U.S. Reconnaissance Satellite"
7335:, Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Institution Press, 1998
7043:"Ancient Communication Networks in Northern Mesopotamia"
6639:"Candy CORN: analyzing the corona concrete crosses myth"
5720:. Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press.
5716:
Day, Dwayne A.; Logsdon, John M.; Latell, Brian (1998).
5152:
Failure of Thor booster, destroyed shortly after launch
3527:
Mission failed. Recovery vehicle impacted in Venezuela.
819:
subsatellites, which were launched into a higher orbit.
7411:, Chicago, Illinois, University of Chicago Press, 2004
7397:, New Haven, Connecticut, Yale University Press, 2002,
3026:
Erratic vehicle attitude. Frame ephemeris not created.
1872:
First successful mission employing KH-2 camera system.
7449:, Robert McDonald, ed. Bethesda, Maryland: ASPRS, 1997
7333:
Eye in the Sky: The Story of the Corona Spy Satellites
5718:
Eye in the Sky: The Story of the Corona Spy Satellites
4824:
First mission of the KH-4B series. Best film to date.
998:
CORONA satellites were allegedly calibrated using the
182:
shooting down of a U-2 spy plane over the Soviet Union
6871:
6869:
4743:
Due to abnormal rotational rates after revolution 22
4527:
Small out-of-focus area in forward camera of 1042–1.
2177:
Thor guidance failure. RSO destruct at T+60 seconds.
6370:
Brown, Stewart F., "America's First Eyes in Space",
6345:
Drell, "Physics and U.S. National Security", p. S462
5385:
5233:
Very successful mission and image quality was good.
4176:
Both panoramic cameras were operational throughout.
1640:
Control failure, RSO destruct T+52 sec after launch
832:
The last launch under the Discoverer cover name was
634:, which offered housing and an engine that provided
455:
Single panoramic camera and a single return vehicle.
321:
KH-4 CORONA-M (Agena-D service module) main features
309:
KH-4 CORONA-M (Agena-B service module) main features
7435:, Annapolis, Maryland, Naval Institute Press, 1997
7106:
6354:Brown, Stewart F. "America's First Eyes in Space",
6284:
4635:Image quality good for 1046-1 and fair for 1046–2.
1582:Mission failed. Eccentric orbit negating recovery.
1495:Mission failed. Power supply failure. No recovery.
965:) determined that electrostatic discharges (called
545:
Low-resolution mapping missions;single frame camera
7496:is available for free viewing and download at the
7433:The Corona Project: America's First Spy Satellites
7319:, New York, Smithsonian Books/HarperCollins, 2007
6866:
3473:Mission failed. Guidance system failed. No orbit.
3053:Mission failed. Destroyed by range safety officer
140:Lockheed's covert "advanced projects" facility at
7312:, Westport, Praeger Security International, 2006
6127:"Ike's gambit: The KH-8 reconnaissance satellite"
5498:
4257:Mission failed. Vehicle failed to achieve orbit.
2834:Erratic vehicle attitude. Radiation fog minimal.
2607:Mission failed. During air catch. Launch carried
1085:satellites, which took higher resolution photos.
1046:, which separated from the satellite and fell to
11260:
7303:This New Ocean: The Story of the First Space Age
6824:. National Reconnaissance Office. Archived from
5715:
744:that took into orbit the two Soviet space dogs,
7414:National Aeronautics and Space Administration,
7213:
7211:
7005:"Satellite images spy ancient history in Syria"
6881:
6853:. Federation of American Scientists. June 1995.
6791:"'Mission accomplished' for NRO at Onizuka AFS"
6428:
6426:
5948:A History of Satellite Reconnaissance, Volume 1
11319:Reconnaissance satellites of the United States
8272:
7184:"Photographic Evaluation Report: Mission 9043"
6709:
6707:
5883:
1698:Agena attitude control malfunction. No orbit.
866:The CORONA satellites used special 70 mm
815:Nine of the KH-4A and KH-4B missions included
128:reconnaissance flights over Soviet territory.
47:return capsule (typical for the CORONA series)
30:"KH4" redirects here. For the video game, see
27:American reconnaissance satellites (1959–1972)
8337:
7899:
7523:
7235:. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from
6382:
6380:
5861:
1121:credits the Sunnyvale Air Force Station (now
7331:; Logsdon, John M.; and Latell, Brian, eds.
7227:
7208:
6957:"2005 Draper Prize – Corona Historic Images"
6524:
6522:
6491:
6489:
6458:
6456:
6423:
6341:
6339:
6337:
6335:
6333:
6331:
6329:
6090:
6088:
5944:
5916:. Crowell-Collier Publishing Company. 1964.
2972:Mission failed. During air catch chute tore
1553:Mission failed. Satellite tumbled in orbit.
1018:proposed as a more likely purpose for them.
569:Experimental camera in a short-lived program
177:and other U.S. government mapping programs.
11309:Military space program of the United States
6704:
6243:AIAA SPACE 2010 Conference & Exposition
6118:
5330:CORONA full-frame stereo pair image of the
3107:Some imagery seriously affected by corona.
11304:Military equipment introduced in the 1950s
8344:
8330:
7906:
7892:
7530:
7516:
6819:"Chronology of Air Force space activities"
6536:
6534:
6398:
6396:
6394:
6392:
6377:
4851:Noticeable image smear for forward camera
1160:, an industrial park on Page Mill Road in
969:) caused by some of the components of the
8299:
7440:Corona: America's First Satellite Program
6519:
6503:
6501:
6486:
6470:
6468:
6453:
6326:
6260:. Exeter Books (A Bison Book), New York.
6176:
6144:
6085:
5966:
5674:. Exeter Books (A Bison Book), New York.
3960:Aft camera ceased operation on pass 102.
1014:articles, have since been disputed, with
7487:GlobalSecurity.org: Imagery Intelligence
7456:, New York, Simon & Schuster, 2003.
7425:Bellingham, Washington, SPIE Press, 2007
7317:After Sputnik: 50 Years of the Space Age
6851:"CIA Holds Landmark Symposium on CORONA"
5928:
5783:
5646:CORONA America's first satellite program
5502:CORONA America's First Satellite Program
1033:
1025:
985:
931:
852:
150:
135:
58:
50:
38:
7259:. NRO. 5 September 1972. Archived from
6985:Broad, William J. (12 September 1995).
6637:Page II, Joseph T. (21 December 2020).
6636:
6549:
6543:
6531:
6389:
6053:
5905:
5665:
5663:
89:Directorate of Science & Technology
14:
11261:
7142:"MISSION 9043 SUCCESSFUL AIR RECOVERY"
7114:"NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details"
6714:Day, Dwayne Allen (18 February 2008).
6498:
6465:
6450:Day, Logsdon, and Latell, pp. 192–196.
6249:
6240:
5551:
5508:. CIA Codl War Records. Archived from
4068:Main cameras operated satisfactorily.
2116:Main camera malfunctioned on pass 22.
886:-based film was later replaced with a
857:The CORONA Satellite Index Camera Lens
225:The CORONA satellites were designated
8325:
7887:
7511:
7481:US Geological Survey Satellite Images
7021:
6984:
6902:, BYE 140001-98, December 1988, p. 32
6793:. USAF. 23 April 2007. Archived from
6580:
6574:
6255:
6125:Day, Dwayne Allen (12 January 2009).
5812:Mission and Spacecraft Library - NASA
5784:McDowell, Jonathan (26 August 2000).
5777:
5742:
5711:
5709:
5707:
5705:
5703:
5701:
5699:
5697:
5695:
5669:
5355:
4608:All cameras operated satisfactorily.
4365:All cameras operated satisfactorily.
4203:All cameras operated satisfactorily.
4095:All cameras operated satisfactorily.
3987:All cameras operated satisfactorily.
2409:Best mission to date. Launch carried
1994:Agena control malfunction. No orbit.
897:The cameras were manufactured by the
91:with substantial assistance from the
7072:. Harvard University. Archived from
7045:. Harvard University. Archived from
6234:
5818:from the original on 2 February 2023
5660:
5595:
5578:
1814:Agena failed to separate from Thor.
7022:Britt, Robert Roy (7 August 2006).
6713:
6124:
5581:"RAND's Role in the CORONA Program"
5555:Encyclopedia of Space and Astronomy
5098:The overall image quality is good.
3332:Corona static fogged much of film.
2638:Corona static occurs on some film.
1234:
477:Film return. Two panoramic cameras.
111:In 1957, the Soviet Union launched
24:
11329:Satellites formerly orbiting Earth
7493:A Point in Time: The Corona Story
7423:Remote Sensing From Air and Space.
6600:
6217:"The wizard war in orbit (part 4)"
5954:. National Reconnaissance Office.
5692:
5541:from the original on 7 March 2010.
1965:Test of restartable rocket engine
781:
585:
25:
11340:
7474:
7096:"The Space Review: Battle's Laws"
6258:The Encyclopedia of US Spacecraft
5972:
5912:"Space Science and Exploration".
5760:"HEXAGON America's eyes in space"
5672:The Encyclopedia of US Spacecraft
5552:Angelo, Joseph A. (14 May 2014).
5374:) that inadvertently landed near
4149:Cameras operated satisfactorily.
2746:Severe corona and radiation fog.
1127:Advanced Research Projects Agency
7915:
7395:Spy Capitalism: Itek and the CIA
7217:
7172:
7130:
6920:
6898:National Reconnaissance Office,
6887:
6807:
6779:
6748:
6182:
6150:
6059:
6027:
5995:
5934:
5839:
5748:
5633:
5601:
5388:
5339:
5323:
5314:
5297:
5285:
5273:
5266:
4963:The best image quality to date.
3608:Cameras operated satisfactorily
3581:Out-of-focus area on some film.
2945:Some film exposed through base.
870:with a 24 in (610 mm)
338:
326:
314:
302:
290:
278:
266:
7442:, New York, Morgan James, 1995
7305:, New York, Random House, 1998
7278:
7246:
7166:
7124:
7088:
7061:
7034:
7015:
6997:
6978:
6967:
6949:
6936:
6914:
6857:
6843:
6773:
6764:
6742:
6733:
6695:
6686:
6674:
6665:
6656:
6630:
6550:Manaugh, Geoff (8 April 2014).
6510:
6477:
6444:
6435:
6414:
6405:
6348:
6317:
6278:
6214:
6208:
6109:
6097:
6021:
5989:
5833:
5800:
3771:Cameras operated successfully.
3635:Cameras operated successfully.
1175:
1030:A CORONA film recovery maneuver
761:National Intelligence Estimates
670:. The capsule was never found.
640:Fairchild Camera and Instrument
11314:National Reconnaissance Office
7540:National Reconnaissance Office
7418:, Washington, D.C., NASA, 2009
7416:Societal Impact of Spaceflight
7067:
7040:
6942:Chien, Phillip, "High Spies",
6581:Hider, Anna (3 October 2014).
5627:
5572:
5545:
5527:
5492:
5346:Stereo medium CORONA image of
2580:Slight corona static on film.
1268:Australian National University
981:
810:National Reconnaissance Office
748:, and safely returned them to
121:President Dwight D. Eisenhower
13:
1:
7228:Robery Perry (October 1973).
6770:Brown, p. 44; Burrows, p. 231
5945:Robert Perry (October 1973).
5485:
1142:Hiller Helicopter Corporation
1112:
1052:mid-air by a passing airplane
901:. A 12 in (30 cm),
848:
731:Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar
721:National Air and Space Museum
590:
465:February 1962 – December 1963
345:KH-4B CORONA-J3 main features
333:KH-4A CORONA-J1 main features
220:
83:produced and operated by the
7369:, 71:2 (1999), pp. S460–S470
6323:Yenne, p. 63; Jensen, p. 81.
4473:Satellite flown nose first.
2861:First use of stellar camera
1903:Missile Defense Alarm System
1038:A CORONA film bucket payload
827:Missile Defense Alarm System
7:
6071:"Discoverer 15 – 1960-012A"
6007:"Discoverer 13 – 1960-008A"
5381:
5206:Overall image quality good
4797:Last of the KH-4A missions
4581:All cameras operated fine.
2740:1962 A KAP 1
1298:
1281:. Similarly, scientists at
1021:
774:The KH-1 series ended with
614:development program called
531:February 1961 – August 1964
417:October 1960 – October 1961
131:
85:Central Intelligence Agency
63:Discoverer 14 launch 1960,
10:
11345:
8140:Geosynchronous Earth orbit
7295:
5499:CIA History Staff (1995).
5292:CORONA re-entry parameters
3278:Mission failed. No orbit.
2918:Camera door malfunctioned
2442:Mission failed. No orbit.
1293:The U.S. Geological Survey
1229:Charles Stark Draper Prize
1093:CORONA were launched by a
1081:was later adapted for the
861:
594:
487:August 1963 – October 1969
441:August 1961 – January 1962
395:June 1959 – September 1960
377:January 1959 – August 1960
106:
29:
11249:
11198:
11062:
10981:
10220:
10079:
9202:
8903:
8702:
8360:
8292:
8265:
8230:
8199:
8190:
8138:
8115:
8082:
8073:
8041:
8008:
7940:
7931:
7925:reconnaissance satellites
7845:
7824:
7793:
7770:
7742:
7733:
7712:
7686:
7677:
7647:
7627:
7606:
7560:
7553:
7546:
7390:, Berlin, Springer, 2002
7367:Reviews of Modern Physics
5869:"Discoverer 2, 3, 12, 13"
5788:. Jonathon's Space Report
5579:Rich, Michael D. (1998).
5558:. Infobase. p. 489.
5445:Manned Orbital Laboratory
1146:Vandenberg Air Force Base
1123:Onizuka Air Force Station
1088:
797:Vandenberg Air Force Base
509:September 1967 – May 1972
297:KH-3 CORONA main features
285:KH-2 CORONA main features
273:KH-1 CORONA main features
81:reconnaissance satellites
8043:Synthetic-aperture radar
6374:February 1996, pp. 46–47
5360:The 1963 thriller novel
1263:low-resolution cameras.
1166:Sunnyvale Air Force Base
1164:. It was later moved to
1158:Stanford Industrial Park
874:camera. Manufactured by
595:Not to be confused with
387:Engineering test flights
75:program was a series of
55:A KH-4B CORONA satellite
11251:Unknown or not assigned
8353:United States Air Force
8117:Highly elliptical orbit
8033:Enhanced Imaging System
7438:Ruffner, Kevin C., ed.
6039:"Sputnik 5 – 1960-011A"
1119:United States Air Force
625:
597:Space Shuttle Discovery
501:
489:
390:5 systems; 1 recovery
7100:www.thespacereview.com
6946:, February 1996, p. 49
5914:Collier's Encyclopedia
5465:Richard M. Bissell Jr.
5409:Deep Black (1986 book)
3191:Best mission to date.
3080:Best imagery to date.
2999:Best mission to date.
2805:South Atlantic Anomaly
2665:Severe corona static.
2496:Best mission to date.
1379:Decay: 17 March 1959.
1039:
1031:
995:
937:
858:
555:March 1963 – July 1963
196:series of satellites.
160:
148:
146:Menlo Park, California
68:
56:
48:
7301:Burrows, William E.,
6974:Executive Order 12951
6681:Hickam Kukini, p. A-4
6608:"CORONA Test Targets"
5977:. Gunter's Space Page
5893:. Gunter's Space Page
5871:. Gunter's Space Page
1365:28 Feb 1959
1181:Minoru S. "Sam" Araki
1170:Sunnyvale, California
1162:Palo Alto, California
1150:Sunnyvale, California
1097:rocket, which used a
1037:
1029:
1016:aerial photogrammetry
989:
961:, Arthur Glines, and
935:
856:
702:Eastman Kodak Company
449:(or "C-triple-prime")
175:Department of Defense
154:
139:
62:
54:
42:
11299:Lockheed Corporation
7407:Monmonier, Mark S.,
7393:Lewis, Jonathan E.,
7386:Kramer, Herbert J.,
7308:Chun, Clayton K.S.,
6692:Monmonier, pp. 22–23
6358:February 1996, p. 46
6303:10.15184/aqy.2022.22
6256:Yenne, Bill (1985).
5670:Yenne, Bill (1985).
5368:1968 film adaptation
4419:Fair image quality.
2939:1962 B RHO
1277:remains in northern
1004:Casa Grande, Arizona
992:Casa Grande, Arizona
912:lenses developed in
257:to double-panoramic
43:The recovery of the
11294:1972 in spaceflight
11289:1971 in spaceflight
11284:1962 in spaceflight
11279:1961 in spaceflight
11274:1960 in spaceflight
11269:1959 in spaceflight
7421:Olsen, Richard C.,
7325:Accessed 2012-60-06
7242:on 5 November 2010.
7118:nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov
6933:Accessed 2012-06-06
6911:Accessed 2012-06-06
6878:Accessed 2012-06-06
6761:Accessed 2012-06-06
6483:Ruffner, pp. 34, 36
6196:. NASA. 14 May 2020
6164:. NASA. 14 May 2020
6115:Ruffner, pp. 32–33.
6106:Accessed 2012-06-06
6073:. NASA. 14 May 2020
6041:. NASA. 14 May 2020
6009:. NASA. 14 May 2020
5615:. NASA. 14 May 2020
3446:Severe light leaks
1101:first stage and an
1072:Rochester, New York
1008:National Geographic
1002:located outside of
1000:calibration targets
806:atmosphere of Earth
632:Agena-A upper stage
610:as being part of a
159:, 25 September 1967
7538:Satellites of the
7353:on 17 January 2012
7049:on 5 February 2013
6991:The New York Times
6907:2016-01-22 at the
6831:on 16 October 2011
6420:Smith, pp. 111–114
5583:. RAND Corporation
5535:"Sputnik Launched"
5515:on 10 January 2019
5396:Spaceflight portal
5356:In popular culture
5348:Dinuba, California
2479:1962 Lambda 1
2452:Discoverer 38
1079:CORONA film bucket
1056:United States Navy
1040:
1032:
996:
957:, Sidney Beldner,
938:
859:
161:
149:
69:
67:"A" launch vehicle
57:
49:
18:Corona (satellite)
11256:
11255:
8319:
8318:
8315:
8314:
8288:
8287:
8261:
8260:
8231:Secondary mission
8186:
8185:
8168:Rhyolite/Aquacade
8069:
8068:
7881:
7880:
7820:
7819:
7816:
7815:
7752:Rhyolite/Aquacade
7673:
7672:
7643:
7642:
7379:Jensen, John R.,
7315:Collins, Martin,
6944:Popular Mechanics
6267:978-0-671-07580-4
5681:978-0-671-07580-4
5475:Satellite imagery
5363:Ice Station Zebra
5304:
5264:
5263:
4324:20 September 1966
2789:17 September 1962
2403:1961 A KAP 1
2374:1961 A ZET 1
2345:1961 A EPS 1
2287:1961 A GAM 1
2250:17 September 1961
1771:13 September 1960
1306:Mission No.
1218:Don H. Schoessler
1192:Francis J. Madden
967:corona discharges
746:Belka and Strelka
678:crashed into the
601:Discovery Program
582:
578:
577:
32:Kingdom Hearts IV
16:(Redirected from
11336:
11324:Satellite series
11237:
11227:
11222:
11217:
11207:
11191:
11181:
11171:
11161:
11151:
11146:
11141:
11136:
11131:
11121:
11106:
11101:
11096:
11076:
11071:
11055:
11045:
11035:
11015:
11010:
11005:
11000:
10990:
10974:
10969:
10964:
10959:
10899:
10889:
10859:
10854:
10824:
10799:
10769:
10764:
10759:
10744:
10724:
10714:
10664:
10659:
10644:
10639:
10634:
10604:
10599:
10514:
10509:
10504:
10499:
10464:
10459:
10424:
10419:
10414:
10409:
10399:
10354:
10344:
10334:
10324:
10319:
10314:
10309:
10299:
10213:
10193:
10173:
10163:
10143:
10123:
10113:
10103:
10093:
9967:
9848:
9811:
9694:
9679:
9644:
9639:
9609:
9429:
9412:
9293:
9288:
9278:
9248:
9175:
9155:
9135:
9130:
9125:
9120:
9115:
9042:
9032:
9022:
8987:
8982:
8977:
8972:
8937:
8932:
8917:
8891:
8881:
8871:
8861:
8851:
8821:
8801:
8781:
8771:
8761:
8741:
8663:
8653:
8633:
8628:
8618:
8573:
8466:
8461:
8456:
8451:
8441:
8431:
8426:
8406:
8346:
8339:
8332:
8323:
8322:
8297:
8296:
8270:
8269:
8197:
8196:
8080:
8079:
7938:
7937:
7920:
7919:
7908:
7901:
7894:
7885:
7884:
7740:
7739:
7684:
7683:
7558:
7557:
7551:
7550:
7532:
7525:
7518:
7509:
7508:
7498:Internet Archive
7362:
7360:
7358:
7289:
7282:
7276:
7275:
7273:
7271:
7265:
7258:
7250:
7244:
7243:
7241:
7234:
7221:
7220:
7215:
7206:
7205:
7203:
7201:
7196:on 16 March 2012
7195:
7188:
7176:
7175:
7170:
7164:
7163:
7161:
7159:
7154:on 16 March 2012
7153:
7146:
7134:
7133:
7128:
7122:
7121:
7110:
7104:
7103:
7092:
7086:
7085:
7083:
7081:
7065:
7059:
7058:
7056:
7054:
7038:
7032:
7031:
7019:
7013:
7012:
7011:. 3 August 2006.
7001:
6995:
6994:
6982:
6976:
6971:
6965:
6964:
6953:
6947:
6940:
6934:
6924:
6923:
6918:
6912:
6900:The Corona Story
6891:
6890:
6885:
6879:
6873:
6864:
6861:
6855:
6854:
6847:
6841:
6840:
6838:
6836:
6830:
6823:
6811:
6810:
6805:
6799:
6798:
6797:on 20 July 2011.
6783:
6782:
6777:
6771:
6768:
6762:
6752:
6751:
6746:
6740:
6737:
6731:
6730:
6728:
6726:
6720:The Space Review
6711:
6702:
6701:Monmonier, p. 23
6699:
6693:
6690:
6684:
6678:
6672:
6669:
6663:
6660:
6654:
6653:
6651:
6649:
6643:The Space Review
6634:
6628:
6627:
6625:
6623:
6618:on 24 April 2016
6614:. Archived from
6604:
6598:
6597:
6595:
6593:
6578:
6572:
6571:
6569:
6567:
6562:on 26 March 2016
6558:. Archived from
6547:
6541:
6538:
6529:
6526:
6517:
6514:
6508:
6505:
6496:
6493:
6484:
6481:
6475:
6472:
6463:
6460:
6451:
6448:
6442:
6441:Monmonier, p. 24
6439:
6433:
6430:
6421:
6418:
6412:
6409:
6403:
6400:
6387:
6384:
6375:
6368:
6359:
6352:
6346:
6343:
6324:
6321:
6315:
6314:
6297:(387): 679–695.
6282:
6276:
6271:
6253:
6247:
6246:
6238:
6232:
6231:
6229:
6227:
6221:The Space Review
6212:
6206:
6205:
6203:
6201:
6186:
6185:
6180:
6174:
6173:
6171:
6169:
6154:
6153:
6148:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6137:
6131:The Space Review
6122:
6116:
6113:
6107:
6101:
6095:
6092:
6083:
6082:
6080:
6078:
6063:
6062:
6057:
6051:
6050:
6048:
6046:
6031:
6030:
6025:
6019:
6018:
6016:
6014:
5999:
5998:
5993:
5987:
5986:
5984:
5982:
5970:
5964:
5963:
5953:
5938:
5937:
5932:
5926:
5925:
5909:
5903:
5902:
5900:
5898:
5887:
5881:
5880:
5878:
5876:
5865:
5859:
5858:
5843:
5842:
5837:
5831:
5830:
5825:
5823:
5808:"Corona Program"
5804:
5798:
5797:
5795:
5793:
5781:
5775:
5774:
5772:
5770:
5764:
5752:
5751:
5746:
5740:
5739:
5713:
5690:
5685:
5667:
5658:
5657:
5637:
5636:
5631:
5625:
5624:
5622:
5620:
5605:
5604:
5599:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5588:
5576:
5570:
5569:
5549:
5543:
5542:
5531:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5520:
5514:
5507:
5496:
5398:
5393:
5392:
5391:
5343:
5327:
5318:
5306:
5305:
5289:
5277:
1829:12 November 1960
1336:Discoverer Zero
1303:
1302:
1235:Declassification
1226:
1214:James W. Plummer
1211:
1203:Edward A. Miller
1200:
1189:
1044:General Electric
899:Itek Corporation
738:Korabl-Sputnik 2
725:Washington, D.C.
717:Korabl Sputnik 2
644:General Electric
636:attitude control
612:space technology
580:
354:
353:
342:
330:
318:
306:
294:
282:
270:
249:. KH stood for "
166:RAND Corporation
155:CORONA image of
21:
11344:
11343:
11339:
11338:
11337:
11335:
11334:
11333:
11259:
11258:
11257:
11252:
11245:
11235:
11225:
11220:
11215:
11205:
11194:
11189:
11179:
11169:
11159:
11149:
11144:
11139:
11134:
11129:
11119:
11104:
11099:
11094:
11074:
11069:
11058:
11053:
11043:
11033:
11013:
11008:
11003:
10998:
10988:
10977:
10972:
10967:
10962:
10957:
10897:
10887:
10857:
10852:
10822:
10797:
10767:
10762:
10757:
10742:
10722:
10712:
10662:
10657:
10642:
10637:
10632:
10602:
10597:
10512:
10507:
10502:
10497:
10462:
10457:
10422:
10417:
10412:
10407:
10397:
10352:
10342:
10332:
10322:
10317:
10312:
10307:
10297:
10216:
10211:
10191:
10171:
10161:
10141:
10121:
10111:
10101:
10091:
10075:
9965:
9846:
9809:
9692:
9677:
9642:
9637:
9607:
9427:
9410:
9291:
9286:
9276:
9246:
9198:
9173:
9153:
9133:
9128:
9123:
9118:
9113:
9040:
9030:
9020:
8985:
8980:
8975:
8970:
8935:
8930:
8915:
8899:
8889:
8879:
8869:
8859:
8849:
8819:
8799:
8779:
8769:
8759:
8739:
8698:
8661:
8651:
8631:
8626:
8616:
8571:
8464:
8459:
8454:
8449:
8439:
8429:
8424:
8404:
8356:
8350:
8320:
8311:
8284:
8273:Primary mission
8257:
8226:
8200:Primary mission
8182:
8134:
8111:
8084:Low Earth orbit
8065:
8037:
8010:Electro-optical
8004:
7927:
7914:
7912:
7882:
7877:
7841:
7812:
7789:
7766:
7729:
7708:
7669:
7639:
7623:
7602:
7542:
7536:
7477:
7452:Taubman, Phil,
7429:Peebles, Curtis
7356:
7354:
7345:
7298:
7293:
7292:
7283:
7279:
7269:
7267:
7263:
7256:
7252:
7251:
7247:
7239:
7232:
7218:
7216:
7209:
7199:
7197:
7193:
7186:
7182:
7173:
7171:
7167:
7157:
7155:
7151:
7144:
7140:
7131:
7129:
7125:
7112:
7111:
7107:
7094:
7093:
7089:
7079:
7077:
7076:on 8 April 2011
7066:
7062:
7052:
7050:
7039:
7035:
7020:
7016:
7003:
7002:
6998:
6983:
6979:
6972:
6968:
6955:
6954:
6950:
6941:
6937:
6921:
6919:
6915:
6909:Wayback Machine
6888:
6886:
6882:
6874:
6867:
6862:
6858:
6849:
6848:
6844:
6834:
6832:
6828:
6821:
6817:
6808:
6806:
6802:
6789:
6780:
6778:
6774:
6769:
6765:
6749:
6747:
6743:
6739:Peebles, p. 159
6738:
6734:
6724:
6722:
6712:
6705:
6700:
6696:
6691:
6687:
6679:
6675:
6671:Collins, p. 108
6670:
6666:
6662:Peebles, p. 48.
6661:
6657:
6647:
6645:
6635:
6631:
6621:
6619:
6612:borntourist.com
6606:
6605:
6601:
6591:
6589:
6579:
6575:
6565:
6563:
6548:
6544:
6539:
6532:
6527:
6520:
6515:
6511:
6506:
6499:
6494:
6487:
6482:
6478:
6473:
6466:
6461:
6454:
6449:
6445:
6440:
6436:
6431:
6424:
6419:
6415:
6410:
6406:
6401:
6390:
6386:Peebles, p. 157
6385:
6378:
6372:Popular Science
6369:
6362:
6356:Popular Science
6353:
6349:
6344:
6327:
6322:
6318:
6283:
6279:
6268:
6254:
6250:
6239:
6235:
6225:
6223:
6215:Day, Dwayne A.
6213:
6209:
6199:
6197:
6192:
6183:
6181:
6177:
6167:
6165:
6160:
6151:
6149:
6145:
6135:
6133:
6123:
6119:
6114:
6110:
6102:
6098:
6094:Ruffner, p. 32.
6093:
6086:
6076:
6074:
6069:
6060:
6058:
6054:
6044:
6042:
6037:
6028:
6026:
6022:
6012:
6010:
6005:
5996:
5994:
5990:
5980:
5978:
5973:Krebs, Gunter.
5971:
5967:
5951:
5935:
5933:
5929:
5911:
5910:
5906:
5896:
5894:
5889:
5888:
5884:
5874:
5872:
5867:
5866:
5862:
5857:on 5 July 2007.
5849:
5840:
5838:
5834:
5821:
5819:
5806:
5805:
5801:
5791:
5789:
5782:
5778:
5768:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5749:
5747:
5743:
5728:
5714:
5693:
5682:
5668:
5661:
5634:
5632:
5628:
5618:
5616:
5611:
5602:
5600:
5596:
5586:
5584:
5577:
5573:
5566:
5550:
5546:
5533:
5532:
5528:
5518:
5516:
5512:
5505:
5497:
5493:
5488:
5394:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5358:
5351:
5344:
5335:
5328:
5319:
5310:
5307:
5298:
5293:
5290:
5281:
5278:
5269:
5003:4 December 1969
4909:detection film
2490:1962 LAM 1
1597:4 February 1960
1339:21 January 1959
1301:
1237:
1220:
1205:
1194:
1183:
1178:
1131:John N. McMahon
1115:
1091:
1024:
984:
959:Malvin Ruderman
864:
851:
784:
782:Later KH Series
771:accessibility.
734:transport plane
628:
604:
593:
588:
586:Program history
573:
549:
525:
503:
481:
471:CORONA-M, Mural
459:
448:
435:
424:
411:
346:
343:
334:
331:
322:
319:
310:
307:
298:
295:
286:
283:
274:
271:
223:
215:ground stations
184:on 1 May 1960.
142:Hiller Aircraft
134:
119:, and prompted
109:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11342:
11332:
11331:
11326:
11321:
11316:
11311:
11306:
11301:
11296:
11291:
11286:
11281:
11276:
11271:
11254:
11253:
11250:
11247:
11246:
11244:
11243:
11238:
11233:
11228:
11223:
11218:
11213:
11208:
11202:
11200:
11196:
11195:
11193:
11192:
11187:
11182:
11177:
11172:
11167:
11162:
11157:
11152:
11147:
11142:
11137:
11132:
11127:
11122:
11117:
11112:
11107:
11102:
11097:
11092:
11091:
11090:
11085:
11077:
11072:
11066:
11064:
11060:
11059:
11057:
11056:
11051:
11046:
11041:
11036:
11031:
11026:
11021:
11016:
11011:
11006:
11001:
10996:
10991:
10985:
10983:
10979:
10978:
10976:
10975:
10970:
10965:
10960:
10955:
10954:
10953:
10948:
10943:
10938:
10933:
10928:
10923:
10918:
10913:
10908:
10900:
10895:
10890:
10885:
10884:
10883:
10878:
10873:
10865:
10860:
10855:
10850:
10849:
10848:
10843:
10835:
10830:
10825:
10820:
10819:
10818:
10813:
10808:
10800:
10795:
10794:
10793:
10788:
10780:
10775:
10770:
10765:
10760:
10755:
10750:
10745:
10740:
10739:
10738:
10733:
10725:
10720:
10715:
10710:
10705:
10700:
10699:
10698:
10693:
10685:
10684:
10683:
10678:
10670:
10665:
10660:
10655:
10650:
10645:
10640:
10635:
10630:
10625:
10624:
10623:
10618:
10613:
10605:
10600:
10595:
10590:
10585:
10580:
10579:
10578:
10573:
10568:
10563:
10558:
10553:
10548:
10543:
10535:
10534:
10533:
10528:
10523:
10515:
10510:
10505:
10500:
10495:
10490:
10485:
10480:
10475:
10470:
10465:
10460:
10455:
10450:
10449:
10448:
10443:
10435:
10430:
10425:
10420:
10415:
10410:
10405:
10400:
10395:
10390:
10385:
10380:
10375:
10374:
10373:
10368:
10360:
10355:
10350:
10345:
10340:
10335:
10330:
10325:
10320:
10315:
10310:
10305:
10300:
10295:
10290:
10285:
10280:
10275:
10274:
10273:
10268:
10260:
10259:
10258:
10253:
10245:
10244:
10243:
10238:
10230:
10224:
10222:
10218:
10217:
10215:
10214:
10209:
10204:
10199:
10194:
10189:
10188:
10187:
10182:
10174:
10169:
10164:
10159:
10158:
10157:
10152:
10144:
10139:
10138:
10137:
10132:
10124:
10119:
10114:
10109:
10104:
10099:
10094:
10089:
10083:
10081:
10077:
10076:
10074:
10073:
10072:
10071:
10066:
10061:
10053:
10052:
10051:
10046:
10041:
10036:
10031:
10023:
10022:
10021:
10016:
10011:
10003:
9998:
9997:
9996:
9991:
9983:
9978:
9973:
9968:
9963:
9962:
9961:
9956:
9948:
9943:
9938:
9933:
9928:
9927:
9926:
9921:
9913:
9912:
9911:
9906:
9901:
9893:
9888:
9887:
9886:
9881:
9876:
9866:
9865:
9864:
9854:
9849:
9844:
9843:
9842:
9837:
9829:
9824:
9823:
9822:
9812:
9807:
9806:
9805:
9800:
9792:
9787:
9782:
9781:
9780:
9775:
9767:
9762:
9757:
9752:
9747:
9742:
9737:
9732:
9727:
9722:
9717:
9716:
9715:
9705:
9700:
9695:
9690:
9685:
9680:
9675:
9670:
9665:
9664:
9663:
9658:
9650:
9645:
9640:
9635:
9630:
9625:
9624:
9623:
9618:
9610:
9605:
9600:
9595:
9594:
9593:
9588:
9583:
9575:
9570:
9565:
9560:
9555:
9550:
9549:
9548:
9543:
9535:
9530:
9525:
9520:
9519:
9518:
9513:
9505:
9500:
9495:
9494:
9493:
9488:
9480:
9479:
9478:
9473:
9465:
9464:
9463:
9458:
9450:
9445:
9440:
9435:
9430:
9425:
9424:
9423:
9413:
9408:
9407:
9406:
9401:
9393:
9388:
9387:
9386:
9381:
9376:
9371:
9366:
9358:
9353:
9352:
9351:
9346:
9338:
9333:
9328:
9327:
9326:
9321:
9311:
9310:
9309:
9304:
9294:
9289:
9284:
9279:
9274:
9269:
9264:
9263:
9262:
9254:
9249:
9244:
9239:
9234:
9233:
9232:
9227:
9222:
9217:
9206:
9204:
9200:
9199:
9197:
9196:
9195:
9194:
9189:
9181:
9176:
9171:
9170:
9169:
9164:
9156:
9151:
9146:
9141:
9136:
9131:
9126:
9121:
9116:
9111:
9110:
9109:
9099:
9098:
9097:
9087:
9086:
9085:
9075:
9070:
9065:
9064:
9063:
9058:
9048:
9043:
9038:
9033:
9028:
9023:
9018:
9013:
9008:
9007:
9006:
9001:
8993:
8988:
8983:
8978:
8973:
8968:
8963:
8958:
8953:
8952:
8951:
8946:
8938:
8933:
8928:
8923:
8918:
8913:
8907:
8905:
8901:
8900:
8898:
8897:
8892:
8887:
8882:
8877:
8872:
8867:
8862:
8857:
8852:
8847:
8846:
8845:
8840:
8832:
8827:
8822:
8817:
8812:
8807:
8802:
8797:
8792:
8787:
8782:
8777:
8772:
8767:
8762:
8757:
8752:
8747:
8742:
8737:
8732:
8731:
8730:
8725:
8720:
8712:
8706:
8704:
8700:
8699:
8697:
8696:
8695:
8694:
8689:
8684:
8679:
8669:
8664:
8659:
8654:
8649:
8644:
8639:
8634:
8629:
8624:
8619:
8614:
8609:
8608:
8607:
8602:
8594:
8589:
8584:
8579:
8574:
8569:
8564:
8559:
8554:
8549:
8544:
8539:
8534:
8533:
8532:
8527:
8522:
8517:
8512:
8502:
8501:
8500:
8495:
8490:
8482:
8481:
8480:
8475:
8467:
8462:
8457:
8452:
8447:
8442:
8437:
8432:
8427:
8422:
8421:
8420:
8415:
8407:
8402:
8397:
8392:
8387:
8382:
8381:
8380:
8370:
8364:
8362:
8358:
8357:
8355:system numbers
8349:
8348:
8341:
8334:
8326:
8317:
8316:
8313:
8312:
8310:
8309:
8303:
8301:
8294:
8290:
8289:
8286:
8285:
8283:
8282:
8276:
8274:
8267:
8263:
8262:
8259:
8258:
8256:
8255:
8250:
8245:
8240:
8234:
8232:
8228:
8227:
8225:
8224:
8219:
8214:
8209:
8203:
8201:
8194:
8188:
8187:
8184:
8183:
8181:
8180:
8175:
8170:
8165:
8160:
8158:Mentor (Orion)
8155:
8150:
8144:
8142:
8136:
8135:
8133:
8132:
8127:
8121:
8119:
8113:
8112:
8110:
8109:
8104:
8099:
8094:
8088:
8086:
8077:
8071:
8070:
8067:
8066:
8064:
8063:
8058:
8053:
8047:
8045:
8039:
8038:
8036:
8035:
8030:
8025:
8020:
8014:
8012:
8006:
8005:
8003:
8002:
7997:
7992:
7987:
7982:
7977:
7972:
7967:
7962:
7957:
7952:
7946:
7944:
7935:
7929:
7928:
7911:
7910:
7903:
7896:
7888:
7879:
7878:
7876:
7875:
7870:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7849:
7847:
7843:
7842:
7840:
7839:
7834:
7828:
7826:
7822:
7821:
7818:
7817:
7814:
7813:
7811:
7810:
7805:
7799:
7797:
7791:
7790:
7788:
7787:
7782:
7776:
7774:
7768:
7767:
7765:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7748:
7746:
7737:
7731:
7730:
7728:
7727:
7722:
7716:
7714:
7710:
7709:
7707:
7706:
7701:
7696:
7690:
7688:
7687:Radar location
7681:
7675:
7674:
7671:
7670:
7668:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7651:
7649:
7645:
7644:
7641:
7640:
7638:
7637:
7631:
7629:
7625:
7624:
7622:
7621:
7616:
7610:
7608:
7604:
7603:
7601:
7600:
7598:Kennen/Crystal
7595:
7590:
7585:
7580:
7575:
7570:
7564:
7562:
7555:
7548:
7544:
7543:
7535:
7534:
7527:
7520:
7512:
7506:
7505:
7500:
7489:
7484:
7476:
7475:External links
7473:
7472:
7471:
7464:
7450:
7443:
7436:
7426:
7419:
7412:
7405:
7391:
7384:
7377:
7370:
7363:
7343:
7341:978-1560988304
7329:Day, Dwayen A.
7326:
7320:
7313:
7306:
7297:
7294:
7291:
7290:
7277:
7266:on 14 May 2016
7245:
7207:
7165:
7123:
7105:
7087:
7060:
7033:
7014:
6996:
6977:
6966:
6948:
6935:
6913:
6880:
6865:
6863:Peebles, p. 51
6856:
6842:
6800:
6772:
6763:
6741:
6732:
6716:"Spysat down!"
6703:
6694:
6685:
6673:
6664:
6655:
6629:
6599:
6573:
6542:
6530:
6528:Ruffner, p. 31
6518:
6509:
6497:
6495:Ruffner, p. 36
6485:
6476:
6474:Kramer, p. 354
6464:
6462:Ruffner, p. 37
6452:
6443:
6434:
6422:
6413:
6404:
6388:
6376:
6360:
6347:
6325:
6316:
6277:
6266:
6248:
6233:
6207:
6175:
6143:
6117:
6108:
6096:
6084:
6052:
6020:
5988:
5965:
5927:
5904:
5891:"Discoverer 1"
5882:
5860:
5832:
5799:
5786:"9.3.1: SAMOS"
5776:
5741:
5726:
5691:
5680:
5659:
5626:
5613:"Discoverer 1"
5594:
5571:
5564:
5544:
5526:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5483:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5448:
5438:
5428:
5411:
5406:
5400:
5399:
5383:
5380:
5357:
5354:
5353:
5352:
5345:
5338:
5336:
5329:
5322:
5320:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5272:
5268:
5265:
5262:
5261:
5258:
5255:
5252:
5247:
5244:
5241:
5235:
5234:
5231:
5228:
5225:
5220:
5217:
5214:
5208:
5207:
5204:
5201:
5198:
5193:
5190:
5187:
5181:
5180:
5177:
5174:
5171:
5166:
5163:
5160:
5154:
5153:
5150:
5147:
5144:
5139:
5136:
5133:
5127:
5126:
5123:
5120:
5117:
5112:
5109:
5106:
5100:
5099:
5096:
5093:
5090:
5085:
5082:
5079:
5073:
5072:
5069:
5066:
5063:
5058:
5055:
5052:
5046:
5045:
5042:
5039:
5036:
5031:
5028:
5025:
5019:
5018:
5015:
5012:
5009:
5004:
5001:
4998:
4992:
4991:
4988:
4985:
4982:
4977:
4974:
4971:
4965:
4964:
4961:
4958:
4955:
4950:
4947:
4944:
4938:
4937:
4934:
4931:
4928:
4923:
4920:
4917:
4911:
4910:
4903:
4900:
4897:
4892:
4889:
4886:
4880:
4879:
4876:
4873:
4870:
4865:
4862:
4859:
4853:
4852:
4849:
4846:
4843:
4838:
4835:
4832:
4826:
4825:
4822:
4819:
4816:
4811:
4808:
4805:
4799:
4798:
4795:
4792:
4789:
4784:
4781:
4778:
4772:
4771:
4768:
4765:
4762:
4757:
4754:
4751:
4745:
4744:
4741:
4738:
4735:
4730:
4727:
4724:
4718:
4717:
4716:Degraded film
4714:
4711:
4708:
4703:
4700:
4697:
4691:
4690:
4687:
4684:
4681:
4676:
4673:
4670:
4664:
4663:
4660:
4657:
4654:
4649:
4646:
4643:
4637:
4636:
4633:
4630:
4627:
4622:
4619:
4616:
4610:
4609:
4606:
4603:
4600:
4595:
4592:
4589:
4583:
4582:
4579:
4576:
4573:
4568:
4565:
4562:
4556:
4555:
4552:
4549:
4546:
4541:
4538:
4535:
4529:
4528:
4525:
4522:
4519:
4514:
4511:
4508:
4502:
4501:
4498:
4495:
4492:
4487:
4484:
4481:
4475:
4474:
4471:
4468:
4465:
4460:
4457:
4454:
4448:
4447:
4444:
4441:
4438:
4433:
4430:
4427:
4421:
4420:
4417:
4414:
4411:
4406:
4403:
4400:
4394:
4393:
4390:
4387:
4384:
4379:
4376:
4373:
4367:
4366:
4363:
4360:
4357:
4352:
4349:
4346:
4340:
4339:
4336:
4333:
4330:
4325:
4322:
4319:
4313:
4312:
4309:
4306:
4303:
4298:
4295:
4292:
4286:
4285:
4282:
4279:
4276:
4271:
4268:
4265:
4259:
4258:
4255:
4252:
4249:
4244:
4241:
4238:
4232:
4231:
4228:
4225:
4222:
4217:
4214:
4211:
4205:
4204:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4190:
4187:
4184:
4178:
4177:
4174:
4171:
4168:
4163:
4160:
4157:
4151:
4150:
4147:
4144:
4141:
4136:
4133:
4130:
4124:
4123:
4120:
4117:
4114:
4109:
4106:
4103:
4097:
4096:
4093:
4090:
4087:
4082:
4079:
4076:
4070:
4069:
4066:
4063:
4060:
4055:
4052:
4049:
4043:
4042:
4039:
4036:
4033:
4028:
4025:
4022:
4016:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4006:
4001:
3998:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3985:
3982:
3979:
3974:
3971:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3958:
3955:
3952:
3947:
3944:
3941:
3935:
3934:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3920:
3917:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3901:
3898:
3893:
3890:
3887:
3881:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3871:
3866:
3863:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3850:
3847:
3844:
3839:
3836:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3817:
3812:
3809:
3806:
3800:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3758:
3755:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3687:
3684:
3681:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3664:
3663:
3660:
3657:
3654:
3649:
3646:
3643:
3637:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3595:
3592:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3573:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3556:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3541:
3538:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3514:
3511:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3444:
3441:
3438:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2429:
2426:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2396:
2393:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2367:
2364:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2338:
2335:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2309:
2306:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2280:
2277:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2251:
2248:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2222:
2219:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2193:
2190:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2164:
2161:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2132:
2129:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2103:
2100:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2074:
2071:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2042:
2039:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2010:
2007:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1981:
1978:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1952:
1949:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1920:
1917:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1888:
1885:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1859:
1856:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1830:
1827:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1801:
1798:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1772:
1769:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1743:
1740:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1714:
1711:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1685:
1682:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1656:
1653:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1627:
1624:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1598:
1595:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1569:
1566:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1540:
1537:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1511:
1508:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1482:
1479:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1453:
1450:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1424:
1421:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1395:
1392:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1366:
1363:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1300:
1297:
1275:archaeological
1236:
1233:
1177:
1174:
1114:
1111:
1090:
1087:
1023:
1020:
983:
980:
926:panoramic lens
863:
860:
850:
847:
783:
780:
627:
624:
608:disinformation
592:
589:
587:
584:
576:
575:
570:
567:
564:
561:
556:
552:
551:
546:
543:
540:
537:
532:
528:
527:
526:32 recoveries
522:
519:
516:
513:
510:
506:
505:
504:94 recoveries
500:
497:
494:
491:
488:
484:
483:
482:20 recoveries
478:
475:
472:
469:
466:
462:
461:
456:
453:
450:
445:
442:
438:
437:
432:
429:
426:
425:(or "C-prime")
421:
418:
414:
413:
408:
405:
402:
399:
396:
392:
391:
388:
385:
383:
381:
378:
374:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
358:
348:
347:
344:
337:
335:
332:
325:
323:
320:
313:
311:
308:
301:
299:
296:
289:
287:
284:
277:
275:
272:
265:
222:
219:
133:
130:
117:Sputnik Crisis
108:
105:
93:U.S. Air Force
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11341:
11330:
11327:
11325:
11322:
11320:
11317:
11315:
11312:
11310:
11307:
11305:
11302:
11300:
11297:
11295:
11292:
11290:
11287:
11285:
11282:
11280:
11277:
11275:
11272:
11270:
11267:
11266:
11264:
11248:
11242:
11239:
11234:
11232:
11229:
11224:
11219:
11214:
11212:
11209:
11204:
11203:
11201:
11197:
11188:
11186:
11183:
11178:
11176:
11173:
11168:
11166:
11163:
11158:
11156:
11153:
11148:
11143:
11138:
11133:
11128:
11126:
11123:
11118:
11116:
11113:
11111:
11108:
11103:
11098:
11093:
11089:
11086:
11084:
11081:
11080:
11078:
11073:
11068:
11067:
11065:
11061:
11052:
11050:
11047:
11042:
11040:
11037:
11032:
11030:
11027:
11025:
11022:
11020:
11017:
11012:
11007:
11002:
10997:
10995:
10992:
10987:
10986:
10984:
10980:
10971:
10966:
10961:
10956:
10952:
10949:
10947:
10944:
10942:
10939:
10937:
10934:
10932:
10929:
10927:
10924:
10922:
10919:
10917:
10914:
10912:
10909:
10907:
10904:
10903:
10901:
10896:
10894:
10891:
10886:
10882:
10879:
10877:
10874:
10872:
10869:
10868:
10866:
10864:
10861:
10856:
10851:
10847:
10844:
10842:
10839:
10838:
10836:
10834:
10831:
10829:
10826:
10821:
10817:
10814:
10812:
10809:
10807:
10804:
10803:
10801:
10796:
10792:
10789:
10787:
10784:
10783:
10781:
10779:
10776:
10774:
10771:
10766:
10761:
10756:
10754:
10751:
10749:
10746:
10741:
10737:
10734:
10732:
10729:
10728:
10726:
10721:
10719:
10716:
10711:
10709:
10706:
10704:
10701:
10697:
10694:
10692:
10689:
10688:
10686:
10682:
10679:
10677:
10674:
10673:
10671:
10669:
10666:
10661:
10656:
10654:
10651:
10649:
10646:
10641:
10636:
10631:
10629:
10626:
10622:
10619:
10617:
10614:
10612:
10609:
10608:
10606:
10601:
10596:
10594:
10591:
10589:
10586:
10584:
10581:
10577:
10574:
10572:
10569:
10567:
10564:
10562:
10559:
10557:
10554:
10552:
10549:
10547:
10544:
10542:
10539:
10538:
10536:
10532:
10529:
10527:
10524:
10522:
10519:
10518:
10516:
10511:
10506:
10501:
10496:
10494:
10491:
10489:
10486:
10484:
10481:
10479:
10476:
10474:
10471:
10469:
10466:
10461:
10456:
10454:
10451:
10447:
10444:
10442:
10439:
10438:
10436:
10434:
10431:
10429:
10426:
10421:
10416:
10411:
10406:
10404:
10401:
10396:
10394:
10391:
10389:
10386:
10384:
10381:
10379:
10376:
10372:
10369:
10367:
10364:
10363:
10361:
10359:
10356:
10351:
10349:
10346:
10341:
10339:
10336:
10331:
10329:
10326:
10321:
10316:
10311:
10306:
10304:
10301:
10296:
10294:
10291:
10289:
10286:
10284:
10281:
10279:
10276:
10272:
10269:
10267:
10264:
10263:
10261:
10257:
10254:
10252:
10249:
10248:
10246:
10242:
10239:
10237:
10234:
10233:
10231:
10229:
10226:
10225:
10223:
10219:
10210:
10208:
10205:
10203:
10200:
10198:
10195:
10190:
10186:
10183:
10181:
10178:
10177:
10175:
10170:
10168:
10165:
10160:
10156:
10153:
10151:
10148:
10147:
10145:
10140:
10136:
10133:
10131:
10128:
10127:
10125:
10120:
10118:
10115:
10110:
10108:
10105:
10100:
10098:
10095:
10090:
10088:
10085:
10084:
10082:
10078:
10070:
10067:
10065:
10062:
10060:
10057:
10056:
10054:
10050:
10047:
10045:
10042:
10040:
10037:
10035:
10032:
10030:
10027:
10026:
10024:
10020:
10017:
10015:
10012:
10010:
10007:
10006:
10004:
10002:
9999:
9995:
9992:
9990:
9987:
9986:
9984:
9982:
9979:
9977:
9974:
9972:
9969:
9964:
9960:
9957:
9955:
9952:
9951:
9949:
9947:
9944:
9942:
9939:
9937:
9934:
9932:
9929:
9925:
9922:
9920:
9917:
9916:
9914:
9910:
9907:
9905:
9902:
9900:
9897:
9896:
9894:
9892:
9889:
9885:
9882:
9880:
9877:
9875:
9872:
9871:
9870:
9867:
9863:
9860:
9859:
9858:
9855:
9853:
9850:
9845:
9841:
9838:
9836:
9833:
9832:
9830:
9828:
9825:
9821:
9818:
9817:
9816:
9813:
9808:
9804:
9801:
9799:
9796:
9795:
9793:
9791:
9788:
9786:
9783:
9779:
9776:
9774:
9771:
9770:
9768:
9766:
9763:
9761:
9758:
9756:
9753:
9751:
9748:
9746:
9743:
9741:
9738:
9736:
9733:
9731:
9728:
9726:
9723:
9721:
9718:
9714:
9711:
9710:
9709:
9706:
9704:
9701:
9699:
9696:
9691:
9689:
9686:
9684:
9681:
9676:
9674:
9671:
9669:
9666:
9662:
9659:
9657:
9654:
9653:
9651:
9649:
9646:
9641:
9636:
9634:
9631:
9629:
9626:
9622:
9619:
9617:
9614:
9613:
9611:
9606:
9604:
9601:
9599:
9596:
9592:
9589:
9587:
9584:
9582:
9579:
9578:
9576:
9574:
9571:
9569:
9566:
9564:
9561:
9559:
9556:
9554:
9551:
9547:
9544:
9542:
9539:
9538:
9536:
9534:
9531:
9529:
9526:
9524:
9521:
9517:
9514:
9512:
9509:
9508:
9506:
9504:
9501:
9499:
9496:
9492:
9489:
9487:
9484:
9483:
9481:
9477:
9474:
9472:
9469:
9468:
9466:
9462:
9459:
9457:
9454:
9453:
9451:
9449:
9446:
9444:
9441:
9439:
9436:
9434:
9431:
9426:
9422:
9419:
9418:
9417:
9414:
9409:
9405:
9402:
9400:
9397:
9396:
9394:
9392:
9389:
9385:
9382:
9380:
9377:
9375:
9372:
9370:
9367:
9365:
9362:
9361:
9359:
9357:
9354:
9350:
9347:
9345:
9342:
9341:
9339:
9337:
9334:
9332:
9329:
9325:
9322:
9320:
9317:
9316:
9315:
9312:
9308:
9305:
9303:
9300:
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7990:KH-8 Gambit 3
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7922:United States
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7713:Ship location
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7660:Lacrosse/Onyx
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7466:Yenne, Bill,
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7462:0-684-85699-9
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7286:Secret Empire
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6556:Atlas Obscura
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5975:"KH-1 Corona"
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5447:(MOL program)
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5426:KH-8 GAMBIT 3
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5267:Image gallery
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5219:19 April 1972
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5165:24 March 1971
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4891:7 August 1968
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3596:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3221:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:28 April 1962
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:18 April 1962
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2424:Discoverer 37
2422:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2391:Discoverer 36
2389:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2362:Discoverer 35
2360:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2333:Discoverer 34
2331:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2304:Discoverer 33
2302:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2275:Discoverer 32
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2246:Discoverer 31
2244:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2217:Discoverer 29
2215:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2188:Discoverer 30
2186:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2159:Discoverer 28
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2127:Discoverer 27
2125:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2098:Discoverer 26
2096:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2069:Discoverer 25
2067:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2037:Discoverer 24
2035:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2005:Discoverer 23
2003:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1976:Discoverer 22
1974:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1947:Discoverer 21
1945:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1915:Discoverer 20
1913:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1883:Discoverer 19
1881:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1854:Discoverer 18
1852:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1825:Discoverer 17
1823:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1796:Discoverer 16
1794:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1767:Discoverer 15
1765:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1738:Discoverer 14
1736:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1709:Discoverer 13
1707:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1680:Discoverer 12
1678:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:15 April 1960
1654:
1652:
1651:Discoverer 11
1649:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1622:Discoverer 10
1620:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:13 April 1959
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1232:
1230:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1204:
1198:
1193:
1187:
1182:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1140:plant of the
1139:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1110:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1068:United States
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1036:
1028:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
993:
988:
979:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
950:
948:
943:
934:
930:
927:
923:
919:
918:Carl Zeiss AG
915:
911:
907:
904:
900:
895:
893:
892:Infrared film
889:
885:
881:
877:
876:Eastman Kodak
873:
869:
855:
846:
844:
840:
835:
834:Discoverer 38
830:
828:
823:
820:
818:
813:
811:
807:
803:
798:
794:
790:
779:
777:
776:Discoverer 15
772:
768:
766:
762:
758:
757:Discoverer 14
753:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
732:
727:
726:
722:
718:
714:
713:Discoverer 13
709:
707:
703:
699:
694:
692:
688:
683:
681:
680:Pacific Ocean
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
648:
645:
641:
637:
633:
623:
621:
620:Discoverer 37
617:
613:
609:
602:
598:
583:
571:
568:
565:
562:
560:
557:
554:
553:
550:5 recoveries
547:
544:
541:
538:
536:
533:
530:
529:
523:
520:
517:
514:
511:
508:
507:
498:
495:
492:
486:
485:
479:
476:
473:
470:
467:
464:
463:
460:5 recoveries
457:
454:
451:
446:
443:
440:
439:
436:6 recoveries
433:
430:
427:
422:
419:
416:
415:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
394:
393:
389:
386:
384:
382:
379:
376:
375:
371:
368:
365:
362:
359:
356:
355:
352:
341:
336:
329:
324:
317:
312:
305:
300:
293:
288:
281:
276:
269:
264:
263:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
203:
197:
195:
194:KH-8 Gambit 3
191:
185:
183:
178:
176:
171:
167:
158:
153:
147:
143:
138:
129:
127:
122:
118:
114:
104:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
66:
61:
53:
46:
45:Discoverer 14
41:
37:
33:
19:
10377:
8023:KH-11 Kennen
8000:KH-10 Dorian
7995:KH-9 Hexagon
7980:KH-6 Lanyard
7970:KH-4B Corona
7969:
7965:KH-4A Corona
7964:
7959:
7954:
7949:
7942:Photographic
7757:Magnum/Orion
7567:
7491:
7467:
7453:
7446:
7439:
7432:
7422:
7415:
7408:
7394:
7387:
7380:
7373:
7366:
7355:. Retrieved
7351:the original
7332:
7316:
7309:
7302:
7285:
7280:
7268:. Retrieved
7261:the original
7248:
7237:the original
7198:. Retrieved
7191:the original
7168:
7156:. Retrieved
7149:the original
7126:
7117:
7108:
7099:
7090:
7078:. Retrieved
7074:the original
7063:
7051:. Retrieved
7047:the original
7036:
7027:
7017:
7008:
6999:
6990:
6980:
6969:
6960:
6951:
6943:
6938:
6916:
6899:
6883:
6859:
6845:
6833:. Retrieved
6826:the original
6803:
6795:the original
6775:
6766:
6744:
6735:
6723:. Retrieved
6719:
6697:
6688:
6676:
6667:
6658:
6646:. Retrieved
6642:
6632:
6620:. Retrieved
6616:the original
6611:
6602:
6590:. Retrieved
6587:Roadtrippers
6586:
6576:
6564:. Retrieved
6560:the original
6555:
6545:
6512:
6479:
6446:
6437:
6432:Lewis, p. 93
6416:
6411:Yenne, p. 64
6407:
6402:Olsen, p. 57
6371:
6355:
6350:
6319:
6294:
6290:
6280:
6273:
6257:
6251:
6242:
6236:
6224:. Retrieved
6220:
6210:
6198:. Retrieved
6178:
6166:. Retrieved
6146:
6134:. Retrieved
6130:
6120:
6111:
6099:
6075:. Retrieved
6055:
6043:. Retrieved
6023:
6011:. Retrieved
5991:
5979:. Retrieved
5968:
5947:
5930:
5913:
5907:
5895:. Retrieved
5885:
5873:. Retrieved
5863:
5855:the original
5835:
5827:
5820:. Retrieved
5811:
5802:
5790:. Retrieved
5779:
5767:. Retrieved
5744:
5717:
5687:
5671:
5645:
5629:
5617:. Retrieved
5597:
5585:. Retrieved
5574:
5554:
5547:
5529:
5517:. Retrieved
5510:the original
5501:
5494:
5431:KH-9 Hexagon
5418:KH-6 LANYARD
5372:Discoverer 2
5361:
5359:
5238:
5211:
5184:
5157:
5130:
5103:
5084:23 June 1970
5076:
5049:
5030:4 March 1970
5022:
4995:
4976:24 July 1969
4968:
4941:
4914:
4883:
4856:
4829:
4802:
4775:
4748:
4721:
4694:
4667:
4648:20 June 1968
4640:
4613:
4586:
4559:
4532:
4513:16 June 1967
4505:
4478:
4451:
4424:
4397:
4370:
4343:
4316:
4297:21 June 1966
4289:
4262:
4235:
4216:7 April 1966
4208:
4181:
4154:
4127:
4100:
4073:
4046:
4019:
3992:
3965:
3938:
3911:
3884:
3857:
3830:
3803:
3776:
3749:
3721:
3694:
3667:
3640:
3613:
3586:
3559:
3532:
3505:
3478:
3451:
3424:
3397:
3367:
3337:
3310:
3283:
3256:
3226:
3196:
3169:
3142:
3112:
3085:
3058:
3031:
3004:
2977:
2950:
2923:
2896:
2866:
2839:
2812:
2781:
2751:
2724:
2705:28 July 1962
2697:
2678:21 July 1962
2670:
2651:28 June 1962
2643:
2624:23 June 1962
2616:
2611:2 to orbit.
2585:
2558:
2528:
2501:
2474:
2447:
2418:
2413:1 to orbit.
2385:
2356:
2327:
2298:
2269:
2240:
2211:
2182:
2153:
2131:21 July 1961
2121:
2092:
2073:16 June 1961
2063:
2031:
2009:8 April 1961
1999:
1970:
1941:
1909:
1877:
1848:
1819:
1790:
1761:
1732:
1703:
1684:29 June 1960
1674:
1645:
1616:
1593:Discoverer 9
1587:
1564:Discoverer 8
1558:
1535:Discoverer 7
1529:
1506:Discoverer 6
1500:
1477:Discoverer 5
1471:
1452:25 June 1959
1448:Discoverer 4
1442:
1419:Discoverer 3
1413:
1390:Discoverer 2
1384:
1361:Discoverer 1
1355:
1331:
1323:Camera
1316:NSSDC ID No.
1291:
1272:Palaeolithic
1265:
1252:
1249:Bill Clinton
1245:KH-6 LANYARD
1238:
1179:
1176:Design staff
1154:
1135:
1116:
1107:
1092:
1078:
1076:
1041:
997:
963:Sidney Drell
955:Luis Alvarez
951:
942:stereoscopic
939:
906:triplet lens
896:
872:focal length
865:
843:KH-9 Hexagon
831:
824:
821:
814:
785:
773:
769:
754:
742:biosatellite
728:
710:
695:
691:Discoverer 4
687:Lockheed U-2
684:
672:Discoverer 3
666:rather than
660:Discoverer 2
652:Discoverer 1
649:
629:
615:
605:
579:
574:1 recovery
524:17 systems;
480:26 systems;
447:CORONA‴, C‴
423:CORONA′, C′
349:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
224:
200:
198:
186:
179:
170:U-2 spyplane
162:
157:The Pentagon
110:
97:Soviet Union
72:
70:
36:
8102:White Cloud
7985:KH-7 Gambit
7960:KH-3 Corona
7955:KH-2 Corona
7950:KH-1 Corona
7200:23 December
7158:23 December
7068:Ur, Jason.
7041:Ur, Jason.
7028:LiveScience
6961:NAE Website
6648:30 December
6507:Chun, p. 75
6194:"1970-098B"
6162:"1967-043B"
5422:KH-7 GAMBIT
5376:Spitzbergen
5246:25 May 1972
5192:10 Sep 1971
5138:17 Feb 1971
5111:18 Nov 1970
5057:20 May 1970
4837:09 Dec 1967
4810:15 Sep 1967
4783:22 Sep 1969
4729:19 Mar 1969
4702:12 Dec 1968
4675:18 Sep 1968
4621:14 Mar 1968
4594:24 Jan 1968
4459:30 Mar 1967
4432:22 Feb 1967
4405:14 Jan 1967
4270:24 May 1966
4135:24 Dec 1965
4081:28 Oct 1965
4027:22 Sep 1965
4000:17 Aug 1965
3973:19 Jun 1965
3946:18 May 1965
3892:29 Apr 1965
3865:25 Mar 1965
3838:25 Feb 1965
3811:15 Jan 1965
3784:19 Dec 1964
3757:18 Nov 1964
3702:17 Oct 1964
3648:14 Sep 1964
3594:10 Jun 1964
3567:19 Jun 1964
3540:4 June 1964
3513:27 Apr 1964
3486:15 Feb 1964
3459:24 Mar 1964
3432:23 Sep 1963
3405:24 Aug 1963
3375:13 Jun 1964
3345:21 Aug 1964
3318:21 Dec 1963
3291:27 Nov 1963
3234:29 Oct 1963
3204:29 Aug 1963
3177:19 Jul 1963
3150:26 Jun 1963
3120:26 Apr 1963
3093:12 Jun 1963
3039:28 Feb 1963
2985:14 Dec 1962
2931:24 Nov 1962
2847:29 Sep 1962
2820:29 Aug 1962
2732:2 Aug 1962
2593:2 June 1962
2566:30 May 1962
2536:15 May 1962
2455:27 Feb 1962
2428:13 Jan 1962
2395:12 Dec 1961
2366:15 Nov 1961
2308:23 Oct 1961
2279:13 Oct 1961
2221:30 Aug 1961
2192:12 Sep 1961
2102:7 July 1961
2041:8 June 1961
1980:30 Mar 1961
1951:18 Feb 1961
1919:17 Feb 1961
1887:20 Dec 1960
1800:26 Oct 1960
1742:18 Aug 1960
1713:10 Aug 1960
1626:19 Feb 1960
1568:20 Nov 1959
1510:19 Aug 1959
1481:13 Aug 1959
1423:3 June 1959
1373:1959 Beta 1
1312:Launch Date
1287:Mesopotamia
1221: [
1206: [
1195: [
1184: [
1083:KH-7 GAMBIT
982:Calibration
664:Spitzbergen
572:3 systems;
548:12 systems;
502:52 systems;
434:10 systems;
412:1 recovery
410:10 systems;
401:"CORONA", C
357:Time period
207:transmitted
190:KH-7 Gambit
11263:Categories
8300:USA number
7975:KH-5 Argon
7846:Technology
6274:Discoverer
5981:24 October
5922:1032873498
5897:24 October
5875:24 October
5792:24 October
5769:24 October
5519:23 January
5486:References
5443:DORIAN or
5414:KH-5 ARGON
5334:California
5332:Salton Sea
4949:5 Feb 1969
4922:3 Nov 1968
4907:camouflage
4864:1 May 1968
4756:2 May 1969
4567:2 Nov 1967
4540:7 Aug 1967
4486:9 May 1967
4378:8 Nov 1966
4351:9 Aug 1966
4243:3 May 1966
4189:9 Mar 1966
4162:2 Feb 1966
4108:9 Dec 1965
4054:5 Oct 1965
3919:9 Jun 1965
3729:2 Nov 1964
3675:5 Oct 1964
3621:5 Aug 1964
3264:9 Nov 1963
3066:1 Apr 1963
3012:7 Jan 1963
2993:1962 B PHI
2966:1962 B SIG
2958:4 Dec 1962
2912:1962 B OMI
2904:5 Nov 1962
2882:1962 B EPS
2874:9 Oct 1962
2855:1962 B BET
2828:1962 A SIG
2797:1962 A CHI
2767:1962 A UPS
2759:1 Sep 1962
2713:1962 A THE
2686:1962 A ETA
2659:1962 A GAM
2632:1962 A BET
2601:1962 CHI 1
2574:1962 PHI 1
2544:1962 SIG 1
2517:1962 RHO 1
2463:1962 EPS 1
2337:5 Nov 1961
2258:1961 A BET
2200:1961 OME 1
2163:4 Aug 1961
2017:1961 LAM 1
1927:1961 EPS 1
1858:7 Dec 1960
1539:7 Nov 1959
1489:1959 EPS 1
1309:Cover Name
1113:Operations
1095:Thor-Agena
1064:Venezuelan
849:Technology
839:TOP SECRET
789:Thor-Agena
616:Discoverer
591:Discoverer
515:CORONA J-3
493:CORONA J-1
458:6 systems;
366:Resolution
221:Spacecraft
79:strategic
65:Thor Agena
9162:A/B/E/F/N
7284:Taubman,
6311:0003-598X
6291:Antiquity
6226:29 August
6200:5 January
6168:5 January
6077:5 January
6045:5 January
6013:5 January
5960:794229594
5619:5 January
5254:1972-039A
5250:1972-039A
5227:1972-032A
5223:1972-032A
5200:1971-076A
5196:1971-076A
5173:1971-022A
5169:1971-022A
5142:1971-F01A
5119:1970-098A
5115:1970-098A
5092:1970-054A
5088:1970-054A
5065:1970-040A
5061:1970-040A
5038:1970-016A
5034:1970-016A
5011:1969-105A
5007:1969-105A
4984:1969-063A
4980:1969-063A
4957:1969-010A
4953:1969-010A
4930:1968-098A
4926:1968-098A
4899:1968-065A
4895:1968-065A
4872:1968-039B
4868:1968-039A
4845:1967-122A
4841:1967-122A
4818:1967-087A
4814:1967-087A
4791:1969-079A
4787:1969-079A
4764:1969-041A
4760:1969-041A
4737:1969-026A
4733:1969-026A
4710:1968-112A
4706:1968-112A
4683:1968-078A
4679:1968-078A
4656:1968-052A
4652:1968-052A
4629:1968-020A
4625:1968-020A
4602:1968-008A
4598:1968-008A
4575:1967-109A
4571:1967-109A
4548:1967-076A
4544:1967-076A
4521:1967-062A
4517:1967-062A
4494:1967-043A
4490:1967-043A
4467:1967-029A
4463:1967-029A
4440:1967-015A
4436:1967-015A
4413:1967-002A
4409:1967-002A
4386:1966-102A
4382:1966-102A
4359:1966-072A
4355:1966-072A
4332:1966-085A
4328:1966-085A
4305:1966-055A
4301:1966-055A
4278:1966-042A
4274:1966-042A
4247:1966-F05A
4224:1966-029A
4220:1966-029A
4197:1966-018A
4193:1966-018A
4170:1966-007A
4166:1966-007A
4143:1965-110A
4139:1965-110A
4116:1965-102A
4112:1965-102A
4089:1965-086A
4085:1965-086A
4062:1965-079A
4058:1965-079A
4035:1965-074A
4031:1965-074A
4008:1965-067A
4004:1965-067A
3981:1965-057A
3977:1965-057A
3954:1965-037A
3950:1965-037A
3927:1965-045A
3923:1965-045A
3900:1965-033A
3896:1965-033A
3873:1965-026A
3869:1965-026A
3846:1965-013A
3842:1965-013A
3819:1965-002A
3815:1965-002A
3792:1964-085A
3788:1964-085A
3765:1964-075A
3761:1964-075A
3737:1964-071A
3733:1964-071A
3710:1964-067A
3706:1964-067A
3683:1964-061A
3679:1964-061A
3656:1964-056A
3652:1964-056A
3629:1964-043A
3625:1964-043A
3602:1964-037A
3598:1964-037A
3575:1964-032A
3571:1964-032A
3548:1964-027A
3544:1964-027A
3521:1964-022A
3517:1964-022A
3494:1964-008A
3490:1964-008A
3440:1963-037A
3436:1963-037A
3413:1963-034A
3409:1963-034A
3383:1964-030A
3379:1964-030A
3353:1964-048A
3349:1964-048A
3326:1963-055A
3322:1963-055A
3299:1963-048A
3295:1963-048A
3242:1963-042A
3238:1963-042A
3212:1963-035A
3208:1963-035A
3185:1963-029A
3181:1963-029A
3158:1963-025A
3154:1963-025A
3101:1963-019A
3097:1963-019A
3074:1963-007A
3070:1963-007A
3020:1963-002A
3016:1963-002A
2989:1962-069A
2962:1962-066A
2935:1962-065A
2908:1962-063A
2878:1962-053A
2851:1962-050A
2824:1962-042A
2807:crossing
2793:1962-046A
2763:1962-044A
2736:1962-034A
2709:1962-032A
2682:1962-031A
2655:1962-027A
2628:1962-026A
2597:1962-022A
2570:1962-021A
2540:1962-018A
2513:1962-017A
2486:1962-011A
2459:1962-005A
2399:1961-034A
2370:1961-030A
2341:1961-029A
2283:1961-027A
2254:1961-026A
2225:1961-023A
2196:1961-024A
2106:1961-016A
2081:1961 XI 1
2077:1961-014A
2013:1961-011A
1955:1961-006A
1923:1961-005A
1891:1960-019A
1862:1960-018A
1833:1960-015A
1775:1960-012A
1746:1960-010A
1717:1960-008A
1659:1960-004A
1572:1959-011A
1543:1959-010A
1514:1959-006A
1485:1959-005A
1398:1959-003A
1369:1959-002A
1320:Alt. Name
1231:in 2005.
1138:Palo Alto
975:grounding
888:polyester
845:program.
656:telemetry
255:panoramic
211:telemetry
113:Sputnik 1
8125:Jumpseat
8056:Lacrosse
7780:Jumpseat
7588:Gambit 3
7583:Gambit 1
7080:20 March
7053:20 March
6905:Archived
6622:14 April
6592:14 April
6566:14 April
5816:Archived
5736:36783934
5688:Key Hole
5654:42006243
5539:Archived
5435:Big Bird
5404:Cold War
5382:See also
5366:and its
5243:OPS 6371
5216:OPS 5640
5189:OPS 5454
5162:OPS 5300
5146:1971-F01
5135:OPS 3297
5108:OPS 4992
5081:OPS 4324
5054:OPS 4720
5027:OPS 0440
5000:OPS 6617
4973:OPS 3654
4946:OPS 3890
4919:OPS 1315
4888:OPS 5955
4861:OPS 1419
4834:OPS 1001
4807:OPS 5089
4780:OPS 3531
4753:OPS 1101
4726:OPS 3722
4699:OPS 4740
4672:OPS 0165
4645:OPS 5343
4618:OPS 4849
4591:OPS 2243
4564:OPS 0562
4537:OPS 4827
4510:OPS 3559
4483:OPS 4696
4456:OPS 4779
4429:OPS 4750
4402:OPS 1664
4375:OPS 1866
4348:OPS 1545
4321:OPS 1703
4294:OPS 1599
4267:OPS 1778
4251:1966-F05
4240:OPS 1508
4213:OPS 1612
4186:OPS 3488
4159:OPS 7291
4132:OPS 4639
4105:OPS 7249
4078:OPS 2155
4051:OPS 5325
4024:OPS 7221
3997:OPS 7208
3970:OPS 5543
3943:OPS 8431
3916:OPS 8425
3889:OPS 5023
3862:OPS 4803
3835:OPS 4782
3808:OPS 3928
3781:OPS 3358
3754:OPS 3360
3726:OPS 5434
3699:OPS 3559
3672:OPS 3333
3645:OPS 3497
3618:OPS 3042
3591:OPS 3491
3564:OPS 3754
3537:OPS 3483
3510:OPS 2921
3483:OPS 3444
3467:1964-F04
3463:1964-F04
3456:OPS 3467
3429:OPS 1353
3402:OPS 1419
3372:OPS 3236
3342:OPS 2739
3315:OPS 1388
3288:OPS 2260
3272:1963-F14
3268:1963-F14
3261:OPS 2268
3231:OPS 2437
3201:OPS 1561
3174:OPS 1266
3147:OPS 0999
3128:1963-F07
3124:1963-F07
3117:OPS 1008
3090:OPS 0954
3063:OPS 0720
3047:1963-F02
3043:1963-F02
3036:OPS 0583
3009:OPS 0048
2982:FTV 1156
2955:FTV 1155
2928:FTV 1135
2901:FTV 1136
2871:FTV 1134
2844:FTV 1154
2817:FTV 1153
2786:FTV 1133
2756:FTV 1132
2729:FTV 1152
2702:FTV 1131
2675:FTV 1130
2648:FTV 1151
2621:FTV 1129
2590:FTV 1127
2563:FTV 1128
2533:FTV 1126
2506:FTV 1125
2436:1962-F01
2316:1961-F10
2229:1961 PSI
2171:1961-F08
2139:1961-F07
2049:1961-F05
1988:1961-F02
1959:1961 ZET
1901:Test of
1895:1960 TAU
1866:1960 SIG
1837:1960 OMI
1808:1960-F15
1804:1960-F15
1750:1960 KAP
1721:1960 THE
1692:1960-F08
1663:1960 DEL
1634:1960-F02
1605:1960-F01
1576:1959 LAM
1547:1959 KAP
1518:1959 ZET
1460:1959-U01
1431:1959-F02
1402:1959 GAM
1344:1959-F01
1299:Launches
1259:and the
1058:. After
1022:Recovery
947:diameter
880:contrast
363:Nickname
251:Key Hole
132:Overview
99:(USSR),
77:American
11236:957–967
11206:900–951
11199:900–999
11190:847–899
11180:835–845
11160:824–831
11120:808–816
11063:800–899
11054:755–799
11044:746–753
10989:700–735
10982:700–799
10366:A/B (I)
10221:600–699
10212:593–599
10192:581–589
10172:571–579
10162:561–569
10142:551–559
10122:543–549
10112:531–541
10102:521–529
10092:501–519
10080:500–599
9203:400–499
9174:381–397
9154:338–379
8904:300–399
8890:280–298
8880:240–278
8870:227–238
8703:200–299
8662:143–197
8361:100–199
8307:USA-193
8293:Unknown
8266:R&D
8163:Mercury
8130:Trumpet
8107:Samos-F
7863:USA-193
7858:GeoLITE
7803:Samos-F
7785:Trumpet
7704:Mercury
7593:Hexagon
7578:Lanyard
7561:Keyhole
7554:Optical
7547:Imaging
7296:Sources
7270:15 July
7009:PhysOrg
6835:13 July
6725:11 June
6136:11 June
5822:1 March
5587:9 March
2110:1961 PI
1779:1960 MU
1704:R&D
1675:R&D
1427:DISCOV3
1414:R&D
1385:R&D
1356:R&D
1332:R&D
1283:Harvard
1060:Reuters
971:cameras
922:Petzval
914:Germany
884:acetate
862:Cameras
802:perigee
698:acetate
563:LANYARD
372:Number
259:cameras
107:History
11088:L (II)
10951:S (II)
10681:A (II)
10616:A (II)
10371:B (II)
9994:L (II)
9778:L (II)
9516:G (II)
9374:M (II)
8192:MASINT
8173:Vortex
8153:Magnum
8148:Canyon
8075:SIGINT
7868:Colony
7837:SLDCOM
7762:Mentor
7694:Canyon
7679:SIGINT
7568:Corona
7460:
7401:
7357:6 June
7339:
7288:p. 287
7226::
7181::
7139::
6929::
6896::
6816::
6788::
6757::
6309:
6272:p. 37
6264:
6191::
6159::
6068::
6036::
6004::
5958:
5943::
5920:
5848::
5757::
5734:
5724:
5686:p. 82
5678:
5652:
5642::
5610::
5562:
3368:9066A
3338:9065A
3227:9059A
3197:9058A
3113:9055A
2867:9046A
2752:9042A
2529:9034A
2432:DISC37
2312:DISC33
2167:DISC28
2135:DISC27
2122:9020A
2045:DISC24
2032:9018A
2000:9016A
1984:DISC22
1910:9014A
1688:DISC12
1630:DISC10
1326:Notes
1253:CORONA
1216:, and
1089:Launch
910:Tessar
793:Castor
706:DuPont
668:Hawaii
496:2.75 m
87:(CIA)
73:Corona
11083:L (I)
10946:S (I)
10676:A (I)
10611:A (I)
10014:L (I)
9989:L (I)
9773:L (I)
9511:G (I)
9369:M (I)
9215:B/C/N
8280:MiTEx
8248:SBIRS
8238:MIDAS
8207:FORTE
8178:GSSAP
8097:Poppy
8051:Quill
8028:Misty
8018:Samos
7933:IMINT
7808:Poppy
7735:ELINT
7720:Poppy
7665:FIA-R
7655:Quill
7648:Radar
7635:Samos
7628:Other
7614:Misty
7607:Misty
7573:Argon
7264:(PDF)
7257:(PDF)
7240:(PDF)
7233:(PDF)
7194:(PDF)
7187:(PDF)
7152:(PDF)
7145:(PDF)
6829:(PDF)
6822:(PDF)
5952:(PDF)
5763:(PDF)
5513:(PDF)
5506:(PDF)
5480:Zenit
5470:SAMOS
5459:KH-13
5455:KH-12
5451:KH-11
5441:KH-10
5257:KH-4B
5230:KH-4B
5203:KH-4B
5176:KH-4B
5149:KH-4B
5122:KH-4B
5095:KH-4B
5068:KH-4B
5041:KH-4B
5014:KH-4B
4987:KH-4B
4960:KH-4B
4933:KH-4B
4902:KH-4B
4875:KH-4B
4848:KH-4B
4821:KH-4B
4794:KH-4A
4767:KH-4A
4740:KH-4A
4713:KH-4A
4686:KH-4A
4659:KH-4A
4632:KH-4A
4605:KH-4A
4578:KH-4A
4551:KH-4A
4524:KH-4A
4497:KH-4A
4470:KH-4A
4443:KH-4A
4416:KH-4A
4389:KH-4A
4362:KH-4A
4335:KH-4A
4308:KH-4A
4281:KH-4A
4254:KH-4A
4227:KH-4A
4200:KH-4A
4173:KH-4A
4146:KH-4A
4119:KH-4A
4092:KH-4A
4065:KH-4A
4038:KH-4A
4011:KH-4A
3984:KH-4A
3957:KH-4A
3930:KH-4A
3903:KH-4A
3876:KH-4A
3849:KH-4A
3822:KH-4A
3795:KH-4A
3768:KH-4A
3740:KH-4A
3713:KH-4A
3686:KH-4A
3659:KH-4A
3632:KH-4A
3605:KH-4A
3578:KH-4A
3551:KH-4A
3524:KH-4A
3497:KH-4A
3470:KH-4A
3443:KH-4A
3416:KH-4A
2609:OSCAR
2411:OSCAR
1601:DiSC9
1456:DISC4
1279:Syria
1241:ARGON
1225:]
1210:]
1199:]
1188:]
1168:near
1103:Agena
1048:Earth
817:ELINT
765:ICBMs
750:Earth
676:Agena
566:1.8 m
542:140 m
539:ARGON
518:1.8 m
512:KH-4B
490:KH-4A
474:7.5 m
452:7.5 m
428:7.5 m
404:7.5 m
369:Notes
247:KH-4B
243:KH-4A
202:SAMOS
101:China
11079:802
10902:695
10867:691
10837:687
10802:683
10782:681
10727:672
10687:666
10672:665
10607:655
10537:649
10517:648
10437:634
10362:621
10262:603
10247:602
10232:601
10176:580
10146:560
10126:550
10055:499
10025:498
10005:497
9985:495
9950:490
9915:485
9895:484
9831:478
9794:474
9769:471
9652:451
9612:445
9577:441
9537:435
9507:431
9482:428
9467:427
9452:426
9395:418
9360:416
9340:414
9256:405
9183:399
9158:380
8995:315
8940:306
8834:222
8714:201
8596:132
8484:118
8469:117
8409:107
8253:STSS
8222:Vela
8217:DMSP
8092:GRAB
7853:STEX
7725:NOSS
7458:ISBN
7399:ISBN
7359:2012
7337:ISBN
7272:2011
7202:2010
7160:2010
7082:2013
7055:2013
6837:2011
6727:2012
6650:2020
6624:2016
6594:2016
6568:2016
6307:ISSN
6262:ISBN
6228:2022
6202:2021
6170:2021
6138:2012
6079:2021
6047:2021
6015:2021
5983:2020
5956:OCLC
5918:OCLC
5899:2020
5877:2020
5824:2024
5794:2020
5771:2020
5732:OCLC
5722:ISBN
5676:ISBN
5650:OCLC
5621:2021
5589:2014
5560:ISBN
5521:2020
5350:1970
5239:1117
5212:1116
5185:1115
5158:1114
5131:1113
5104:1112
5077:1111
5050:1110
5023:1109
4996:1108
4969:1107
4942:1106
4915:1105
4884:1104
4857:1103
4830:1102
4803:1101
4776:1052
4749:1051
4722:1050
4695:1049
4668:1048
4641:1047
4614:1046
4587:1045
4560:1044
4533:1043
4506:1042
4479:1041
4452:1040
4425:1039
4398:1038
4371:1037
4344:1036
4317:1035
4290:1034
4263:1033
4236:1032
4209:1031
4182:1030
4155:1029
4128:1028
4101:1027
4074:1026
4047:1025
4020:1024
3993:1023
3966:1022
3939:1021
3912:1020
3885:1019
3858:1018
3831:1017
3804:1016
3777:1015
3750:1014
3722:1013
3695:1012
3668:1011
3641:1010
3614:1009
3587:1008
3560:1007
3533:1006
3506:1005
3479:1004
3452:1003
3425:1002
3398:1001
3391:KH-5
3389:See
3386:KH-5
3361:KH-5
3359:See
3356:KH-5
3329:KH-4
3311:9062
3302:KH-4
3284:9061
3275:KH-4
3257:9060
3250:KH-5
3248:See
3245:KH-5
3220:KH-5
3218:See
3215:KH-5
3188:KH-4
3170:9057
3161:KH-4
3143:9056
3136:KH-5
3134:See
3131:KH-5
3104:KH-4
3086:9054
3077:KH-4
3059:9053
3050:KH-4
3032:9052
3023:KH-4
3005:9051
2996:KH-4
2978:9050
2969:KH-4
2951:9049
2942:KH-4
2924:9048
2915:KH-4
2897:9047
2890:KH-5
2888:See
2885:KH-5
2858:KH-4
2840:9045
2831:KH-4
2813:9044
2800:KH-4
2782:9043
2775:KH-5
2773:See
2770:KH-5
2743:KH-4
2725:9041
2716:KH-4
2698:9040
2689:KH-4
2671:9039
2662:KH-4
2644:9038
2635:KH-4
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2604:KH-4
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2577:KH-4
2559:9035
2552:KH-5
2550:See
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2520:KH-4
2502:9033
2493:KH-4
2475:9032
2466:KH-4
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2439:KH-3
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2406:KH-3
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2377:KH-3
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2348:KH-3
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2319:KH-3
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2290:KH-3
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2261:KH-3
2241:9024
2232:KH-3
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2203:KH-3
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2174:KH-2
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2147:KH-5
2145:See
2142:KH-5
2113:KH-2
2093:9019
2084:KH-2
2064:9017
2057:KH-5
2055:See
2052:KH-5
2025:KH-5
2023:See
2020:KH-5
1991:KH-2
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1962:none
1942:RM-2
1935:KH-5
1933:See
1930:KH-5
1898:none
1878:RM-1
1869:KH-2
1849:9013
1840:KH-2
1820:9012
1811:KH-2
1791:9011
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1434:none
1405:none
1376:none
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1010:and
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11231:956
11226:855
11221:854
11216:853
11211:952
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11170:833
11165:832
11155:823
11150:822
11145:821
11140:820
11135:819
11130:818
11125:817
11115:807
11110:806
11105:805
11100:804
11095:803
11075:801
11070:800
11049:754
11039:745
11034:744
11029:743
11024:742
11019:741
11014:740
11009:739
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10973:699
10968:698
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10833:686
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10823:684
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10743:673
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10718:670
10713:669
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10668:664
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10658:662
10653:661
10648:660
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10638:658
10633:657
10628:656
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10598:653
10593:652
10588:651
10583:650
10513:647
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10503:645
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10493:643
10488:642
10483:641
10478:640
10473:639
10468:638
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10453:635
10433:633
10428:632
10423:631
10418:630
10413:629
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10403:627
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10348:618
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10338:616
10333:615
10328:614
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10318:612
10313:611
10308:610
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10298:608
10293:607
10288:606
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10228:600
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10202:591
10197:590
10167:570
10117:542
10107:530
10097:520
10087:500
10001:496
9981:494
9976:493
9971:492
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9946:489
9941:488
9936:487
9931:486
9891:483
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9869:482
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9847:479
9827:477
9815:476
9810:475
9790:473
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9765:470
9760:469
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9750:467
9745:466
9740:465
9735:464
9730:463
9725:462
9720:461
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9688:456
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9668:452
9648:450
9643:449
9638:448
9633:447
9628:446
9608:444
9603:443
9598:442
9573:440
9568:439
9563:438
9558:437
9553:436
9533:434
9528:433
9523:432
9503:430
9498:429
9448:425
9443:424
9438:423
9433:422
9428:421
9421:L/W
9416:420
9411:419
9391:417
9356:415
9336:413
9331:412
9314:411
9297:410
9292:409
9287:408
9282:407
9277:406
9252:404
9247:403
9242:402
9237:401
9225:G/H
9210:400
9179:398
9149:337
9144:336
9139:335
9134:334
9129:333
9124:332
9119:331
9114:330
9102:329
9090:328
9078:327
9073:326
9068:325
9061:M/N
9051:324
9046:323
9041:322
9036:321
9031:320
9026:319
9021:318
9016:317
9011:316
9004:A-2
8999:A-1
8991:314
8986:313
8981:312
8976:311
8971:310
8966:309
8961:308
8956:307
8944:A/L
8936:305
8931:304
8926:303
8921:302
8916:301
8911:300
8895:299
8885:279
8875:239
8865:226
8860:225
8855:224
8850:223
8830:221
8825:220
8820:219
8815:218
8810:217
8805:216
8800:215
8795:214
8790:213
8785:212
8780:211
8775:210
8770:209
8765:208
8760:207
8755:206
8750:205
8745:204
8740:203
8735:202
8723:B/W
8718:A/L
8710:200
8672:199
8667:198
8657:142
8652:141
8647:140
8642:139
8637:138
8632:137
8627:136
8622:135
8617:134
8612:133
8592:131
8587:130
8582:129
8577:128
8572:127
8567:126
8562:125
8557:124
8552:123
8547:122
8542:121
8537:120
8510:C/F
8505:119
8465:116
8460:115
8455:114
8450:113
8445:112
8440:111
8435:110
8430:109
8425:108
8418:A-2
8413:A-1
8405:106
8400:105
8395:104
8390:103
8385:102
8373:101
8368:100
8243:DSP
8212:GPS
8061:FIA
7873:RPP
7832:SDS
7795:LEO
7772:HEO
7744:GEO
7619:EIS
6299:doi
1012:NPR
916:by
903:f/5
723:in
599:or
360:No.
213:to
144:in
126:U-2
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10271:L
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10256:L
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10241:L
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10180:A
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10130:A
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10064:C
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10029:A
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