738:, and 77,000 enslaved people; Quamina had been one of five chosen to become deacons by the congregation soon after Smith's arrival. Following the arrival of news from Britain that measures aimed at improving the treatment of enslaved people in the colonies had been passed, Jack had heard a rumour that their masters had received instructions to set them free but were refusing to do so. In the weeks before the revolt, he sought confirmation of the veracity of the rumours from other enslaved people, particularly those who worked for those in a position to know: he thus obtained information from Susanna, housekeeper/mistress of John Hamilton of Le Resouvenir; from Daniel, the Governor's servant; Joe Simpson from Le Reduit, and others. Specifically, Joe Simpson had written a letter saying their freedom was imminent, which heeded them to be patient. Jack wrote a letter (signing his father's name) to the members of the chapel informing them of the "new law".
43:
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and Seaton on this mission. When he knew the rebellion was imminent, he urged restraint and made his fellow slaves promise a peaceful strike. Jack led tens of thousands of enslaved people to rise against their enslavers. After the enslaved people's defeat in a major battle at
Bachelor's Adventure, Jack fled into the woods. A "handsome reward" of one thousand guilders was offered for the capture of Jack, Quamina, and about twenty other "fugitives". Jack and his wife were captured by Capt. McTurk at Chateau Margo on 6 September after a three-hour standoff. Quamina remained at large until he was captured on 16 September in the fields of Chateau Margo. He was executed, and his body was hung up in chains by the side of a public road in front of Success.
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people surrender, Oroonoko and the others are punished and whipped. Oroonoko decides to kill Byam to avenge his honor and express his natural worth. But to protect
Imoinda from violation and subjugation after his death, he decides to kill her. The two lovers discuss the plan, and with a smile on her face, Imoinda willingly dies by his hand. A few days later, Oroonoko is found mourning by her decapitated body and is kept from killing himself, only to be publicly executed. During his death by dismemberment, Oroonoko calmly smokes a pipe and stoically withstands all the pain without crying out.
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299:. A militia formed and eventually suppressed the rebellion, hanging the leader. Several rebels fled and joined the Maroons. Long also describes the incident where an enslaver was overpowered by a group of Coromantees who, after killing him, cut off his head and turned his skull into a drinking bowl. However, the "drinking of blood" is more than likely anti-African propaganda, though Coromantee and especially Asante war tactics were known to use fear in their opponents. In 1739, the leader of the Western Maroons,
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Onahal and Aboan. They are eventually discovered, and because she has lost her virginity, Imoinda is sold into slavery. The king's guilt, however, leads him to falsely inform
Oroonoko that she has been executed since death was thought to be better than slavery. Later, after winning another tribal war, Oroonoko is betrayed and captured by an English captain who plans to enslave him and his men. The captain transports both Imoinda and Oroonoko to the
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467:. The leaders, Cuffee and Quack (Kwaku), were tried for arson, found guilty, and burned at the stake. In total, they burnt 13 black men at the stake and hung 17, along with four whites. Among those arrested when the plot was discovered were 12 men and women of Akan origin. Seventy people were deported from New York. There is considerable historical debate as to how these fires were started.
340:(Kojo and Nana), the First Maroon War was a conflict between Maroons in Jamaica and the colonial British authorities that reached a climax in 1731. In 1739–40, the British government in Jamaica recognized that it could not defeat the Maroons, so they agreed with them instead. The Maroons were to remain in their five main towns:
437:, in what white observers thought was a colourful spectacle, but was for the Africans a ritual declaration of war on the white enslavers. Due to information obtained from other enslaved people, colonists discovered and suppressed the plot. Prince Klaas and four accomplices were caught and executed by the
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Other
Coromantee revolts followed, but these were all quickly suppressed. Coromantees (enslaved and runaway Maroons) and their Akan, imported from Ghana (the Gold Coast), ultimately influenced most of the black Jamaican culture: language, architecture, and food. After the British abolition of slavery
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Upon
Imoinda's pregnancy, Oroonoko petitions for their return to the homeland. But after being continuously ignored, he organizes a slave revolt. The enslaved people are hunted down by the military forces and compelled to surrender on Deputy Governor Byam's promise of amnesty. Yet, when the enslaved
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was created in
Jamaica and the Caribbean by enslaved Akans who sided with the man known as John Canoe. John Canoe was a man from Axim, Ghana, an Akan from the Ahanta. He was a soldier for the Germans until one day, he turned his back on them for his Ahanta people and sided with Nzima and Dutch Fante
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Being very close to Jack, he supported his son's aspirations to be free by supporting the fight for the rights of enslaved people. But being a rational man, and heeding the advice of Rev. Smith, he urged him to tell the other enslaved people, particularly the
Christians, not to rebel. He sent Manuel
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On Monday, 18 August 1823, Quamina and Jack
Gladstone, both enslaved on Success plantation – who had adopted the surname of their master by convention – led their peers to revolt against the harsh conditions and maltreatment. Those on Le Resouvenir, where Smith's chapel was situated, also rebelled.
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to execute their enslavers and temporarily liberate the city of
Charleston. Vesey and his followers planned to sail to Haiti to escape retaliation. Two enslaved men opposed to Vesey's scheme leaked the plot. Charleston authorities charged 131 men with conspiracy. In total, 67 men were convicted and
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and kill the white plantation owners. However, they were ultimately betrayed by an enslaved man named Yankee, whom Long describes as wanting to defend his master's house and "assist the white men". Yankee ran to the neighbouring estate and, with the help of another enslaved man, alerted the rest of
558:, Jamaica, as well as other whites in the area. They intended to ally with the Maroons to split up the island. The Coromantins were to give the Maroons the forests while the Coromantins would control the cultivated land. The Maroons did not agree because of their treaty and existing agreement with
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or Kofi and his deputy Akra or Akara. The slave rebellion lasted from
February 1763 into 1764. Cuffy, like Tacky, was born in West Africa before being trafficked and enslaved. He led a revolt of more than 2,500 against the colony's regime. After acquiring firearms, the rebels attacked plantations.
317:
On the night of 6 April 1712, a group of more than twenty black enslaved people, the majority of whom were believed to be Coromantee, set fire to a building on Maiden Lane near Broadway. While the white traffickers tried to put out the fire, the enslaved black folks, armed with guns, hatchets, and
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The king, too, falls in love with Imoinda. He gives her the sacred veil, thus commanding her to become one of his wives, even though she has already married Oroonoko. After unwillingly spending time in the king's harem (the Otan), Imoinda and Oroonoko plan a tryst with the help of the sympathetic
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According to Long, Akan or "Coromantee" culture obliterated any other African customs, and incoming non-Akan Africans had to submit to the culture of the dominant Akan population in Jamaica. Akan deities referred to as Abosom in the Twi and Fante dialects were documented, and enslaved Akans would
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troops to take the area from the Germans and other Europeans. The news of his victory reached Jamaica, and he was celebrated ever since that Christmas of 1708 when he had first defeated German forces for Axim. Twenty years later, his stronghold was broken by neighboring Fante forces supported by
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was also a central commercial point to which enslaved people from the Gold Coast were imported before further dispersal to other British colonies such as Jamaica and British Guiana. Enslaved people were imported from the Gold Coast to Barbados from the 17th century onward to about the early 19th
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saying that he did not want a war against the whites and proposed a partition of Berbice with the whites occupying the coastal areas and the blacks the interior. Akara's faction won, and Cuffy killed himself. The anniversary of Cuffy's slave rebellion, 23 February, is Republic Day in Guyana, and
253:
Most European slave merchants came to understand that the Akan, while primarily peaceful and hardworking, were a proud and fiercely independent people who fought vehemently to protect their vast territories from encroachment by other expanding groups and also fought off the Dutch, Prussians, and
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Colonists later devised ways of separating Coromantins from each other by housing them separately, placing them with other enslaved people, and stricter monitoring. Since groups such as the Igbos were hardly reported to have been maroons, Igbo women were paired with Coromantee men to subdue the
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Such a bill, if passed into law would have struck at very root of evil. No more Coromantins would have been brought to infest this country, but instead of their savage race, the island would have been supplied with Blacks of a more docile tractable disposition and better inclined to peace and
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swords, defended themselves from the whites and then ran off. Eight whites died, and seven were wounded. Over the next few days, colonial forces arrested seventy black people and jailed them. Twenty-seven were put on trial, 21 of whom were convicted and sentenced to death.
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in Jamaica and elsewhere in the Americas. Their fierce and rebellious nature became so notorious among European slave traders in the 18th century that an Act was proposed to ban the importation of Akan people from the Gold Coast despite their reputation as strong workers.
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was hatched. Long claims that almost all enslaved Coromantin on the island were involved without any suspicion from the whites. They planned to overthrow British rule and establish an African kingdom in Jamaica. Tacky and his forces were able to take over several
633:, was led by an enslaved man named Bussa. Not much is known about his life before the revolt; scholars today are currently debating his possible origins. Bussa was likely a Coromantee, yet there is also reasonable speculation that he may have descended from the
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Coromantee enslaved people were also behind a conspiracy in 1765 to revolt. The leaders of the rebellion sealed their pact with an oath. Coromantee leaders Blackwell and Quamin (Kwame) ambushed and killed a group of colonial militiamen at a fort near
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They gained an advantage after taking the house of Peerboom. They told the whites inside that they could leave, but the rebels killed many as they did and took several prisoners, including the wife of a plantation owner, whom Cuffy kept as his wife.
234:. The Fantes and British captured their rivals the Asantes and these captives were sent to British colonies such as Jamaica. While Dutch Komenada Fantes allied themselves to capture British allied Fantes to Dutch colonies such as Suriname.
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peoples of modern-day south-eastern Nigeria. It is also possible that Bussa had both ancestries since enslaved peoples trafficked before the rebellion (mid- to late 16th-century shift in colonial demand for enslaved Africans from the
726:. He was implicated in the revolt by the colonial authorities, apprehended, and executed on 16 September 1823. He is considered a national hero in Guyana, and there are streets named after him in Georgetown and the village of
606:
The Second Maroon War of 1795–1796 was an eight-month conflict between the Maroons of Trelawney Town, a maroon settlement created at the end of the First Maroon War, located in the parish of St James, but named after governor
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of the island's enslaved African population. The Bussa's Rebellion, along with other persistent slave rebellions throughout the Caribbean, had given the British Colonial government a further incentive to pass and enact the
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and the Fante Confederacy. Akan states were not all the same, but the 40 groups in the mid-17th century shared a common political language and culture. These groups also had shared mythology – and a single, supreme God,
919:. The two lovers are reunited there, under the new Christian names of Caesar and Clemene, even though Imoinda's beauty has attracted the unwanted desires of other enslaved people and the Cornish gentleman, Trefry.
673:-speaking people) origin, based on remembrance by a free black carpenter who knew Vesey toward the end of his life. Inspired by the revolutionary spirit and actions of enslaved Africans during the 1791
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The History of Jamaica Or, A General Survey of the Antient and Modern State of that Island: With Reflexions on Its Situation, Settlements, Inhabitants, Climate, Products, Commerce, Laws, and Government
722:
led the Demerara rebellion of 1823, one of the most significant slave revolts in the British colonies before slavery was abolished. He was a carpenter by trade and worked on an estate owned by
433:(whose real name was thought to be Court or Kwaku Takyi) planned an uprising in which whites would be massacred. Court was crowned "King of the Coromantees" in a pasture outside the capital of
611:, and the British colonials who controlled the island. The other Jamaican Maroon communities did not participate in this rebellion, and their treaty with the British remained in place.
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merchants. This resulted in the Ahanta, Nzima and Asante warriors becoming captives of the Fante and being taken to Jamaica as prisoners of war, numbering some 20,000 men.
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was allegedly conducted by three enslaved men, Cuffee, Prince, and Caesar. These three men were alleged to have burned several buildings, including the home of
1333:
1783:
Williams, Brackette (1990), "Dutchman Ghosts and the History Mystery: Ritual, Colonizer, and Colonized Interpretations of the 1763 Berbice Slave Rebellion",
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War, the State, and Religious Norms in "Coromantee" Thought: The Ideology of an African American Nation-- Possible pasts: becoming colonial in early America
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Planters regained control by the end of May 1734, after the Akwamu were defeated by several hundred better-armed French and Swiss troops sent in April from
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and took control of most of the island. They intended to resume crop production under their own authority and use Africans of other tribes as slave labor.
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Edwards, B. (1972). The History, Civil and Commercial, of the British Colonies in the West Indies. United States: Arno Press.
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in 1833, their influence and reputation began to wane as Coromantins were fully integrated into the larger British-influenced Jamaican society.
303:(Prince Kojo), signed a treaty with the British, ensuring the Maroons would be left alone, provided they did not help other slave rebellions.
1665:
Deason, Michael L.; Salas, Antonio; Newman, Simon P.; MacAulay, Vincent A.; St a Morrison, E. Y.; Pitsiladis, Yannis P. (23 February 2012).
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In 1822, an alleged conspiracy by enslaved Africans in the United States brought from the Caribbean was organized by an enslaved man named
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In 1765, a bill was proposed to prevent the importation of Coromantees but was not passed. Edward Long, an anti-Coromantee writer, states:
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is the grandson of a Coromantin African king, Prince Oroonoko, who falls in love with Imoinda, the daughter of that king's top general.
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592:, Jamaica. It was discovered when a young enslaved girl gave up their plans. All of the conspirators were either executed or sold.
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876:. Also, Patois has Akan arrangement and grammar. The Akan language has also influenced the Jamaican Maroon population with their
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Account of an insurrection of the negro slaves in the colony of Demerara, which broke out on the 18th of August, 1823
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Sebro, Louise (2013), "The 1733 Slave Revolt on the Island of St. John: Continuity and Change from Africa to the Americas",
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295:, Jamaica, who, after killing a white owner, seized firearms and provisions and killed an overseer at the neighbouring
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Account of an insurrection of the negro slaves in the colony of Demerara, which broke out on the 18th of August, 1823.
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Before becoming enslaved, Coromantins were usually part of highly organized and stratified Akan groups such as the
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441:. They hung and starved six Africans and burnt another 58 at the stake. The site of these executions is now the
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Several rebellions in the 1700s were attributed to Coromantees. According to enslaver and colonial administrator
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Africa in America: slave acculturation and resistance in the American South and the British Caribbean, 1736–1831
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term to mean "black person". Similarly, a white individual was called "obroni" (Akan) by the enslaved populace.
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1382:"The Condition of slaves on the sugar plantations of Sir John Gladstone in the colony of Demerara 1812 to 1849"
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After several months, a dispute between Cuffy and Akra led to a war. On 2 April 1763, Cuffy wrote to Governor
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802:(erroneously written as "Assarci") and Bosom Epo the sea god. Bonsam was referred to as the god of evil. The
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841:– correspond to the Akan day names Kojo, Kwame, Kofi, and Kwamena, respectively. The word maroon became the
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1100:"Antigua's Disputed Slave Conspiracy of 1736: Does the evidence against these 44 slaves really stack up?"
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Quamina Gladstone was a member of Smith's church, and the population there included: 2,500 whites, 2,500
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Slavery, Family, and Gentry Capitalism in the British Atlantic: The world of the Lascelles, 1648–1834
1040:, Contributions to Global Historical Archaeology, vol. 37, Springer New York, pp. 261–274,
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837:(Kojo), or Nanny (Nana) Bump. Names of some notable Coromantee leaders – such as Cudjoe, Cuffy, and
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praise Nyankopong (erroneously written by the British as Accompong); libations would be poured to
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1667:"BMC Evolutionary Biology – Full text – Interdisciplinary approach to the demography of Jamaica"
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688:, and along the Carolina coast. The plot called for Vesey and his group of enslaved people and
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718:(Kwamina) Gladstone, a Coromantee enslaved man in British Guiana (now Guyana), and his son
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and furious at the closing of the African Church, Vesey began to plan a slave rebellion.
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903:(1640–1689), published in 1688, concerning the love of its hero, an enslaved African in
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or Telemaque. Historian Douglas Egerton suggested that Vesey could be of Coromantee (an
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latter due to the idea that Igbo women were bound to their first-born sons' birthplace.
291:, the first rebellion occurred in 1690 between three or four hundred enslaved people in
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651:, officially abolishing slavery as an institution in all of its Caribbean territories.
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However, Akan loanwords make up the most significant part of the African influence in
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in the 1660s, and the author's own experiences in the new South American colony.
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Leonard Parkinson, Maroon Leader, Jamaica, 1796. Engraving by Abraham Raimbach.
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Narrative of a Five Years Expedition Against the Revolted Negroes of Surinam
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When I Die I Shall Return to MY Own Land: The New York Slave Revolt of 1712
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When I Die I Shall Return to My Own Land: The New York Slave Revolt of 1712
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century. The slave revolt on 14 April 1816 in Barbados, also known as the
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Cuffy is a national hero commemorated in a large monument in the capital,
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Slaves force the retreat of European soldiers led by Lt. Brady in Guyana
642:) were kidnapped primarily from the Gold Coast and underwent subsequent
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Historic representation of Fort Amsterdam (AKA Fort Kormantin) in Ghana
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Due to their militaristic background, Coromantins organized dozens of
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Crowns of Glory, Tears of Blood: the Demerara Slave Rebellion of 1823
1817:. Georgetown, Demerara: A. Stevenson at the Guiana Chronicle Office.
1477:"PART II Blood, sweat, tears and the struggle for basic human rights"
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illustrating "A negro hung by his ribs from a gallows," from Captain
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625:
399:
223:
3647:
3250:
417:
and finally declared the rebellion at an end in late August 1734.
4844:
4834:
3205:
3129:
3080:
2748:
2266:
2107:
2015:
1945:
838:
715:
521:
496:
426:
219:
78:
950:
Records Relating to the Gold Coast Settlements from 1750 to 1874
4128:
4046:
4004:
3679:
3048:
3038:
2993:
2732:
2071:
1999:
834:
775:
684:, 14 July 1822, became known to thousands of blacks throughout
525:
413:, a French colony. The colonial militia continued to hunt down
333:
300:
1894:
4521:
4145:
3016:
2694:
2241:
2191:
2186:
2176:
2161:
942:
771:
387:
207:
131:
127:
66:
1598:"A Philosophy of Survival: Anancyism in Jamaican Pantomime"
858:
390:) revolted against the owners and managers of the island's
1605:
The Society for Caribbean Studies Annual Conference Papers
758:
was observed by Akan groups, drawn in the 19th century by
360:, living under their own rulers and a British supervisor.
2307:
1664:
398:
was one of the earliest and longest slave revolts in the
114:
1779:
Bedford Cultural Editions. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's.
491:
the plantation owners. The British enlisted the help of
1430:
The Abolition of Slavery – The British Debate 1787–1840
1749:
1747:
1187:
The Guyana Story: From Earliest Times to Independence
614:
502:
Eventually, Tacky was killed by a sharpshooter named
21:
For the songs named after the Coromantee people, see
1826:
Rereading Aphra Behn: History, Theory, and Criticism
1432:. Presse Universitaire de France. pp. 105–106.
218:
The name Coromantee, Kromantyn or Kromanti, in both
1342:
The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina
1318:
The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina
1744:
1038:Scandinavian Colonialism and the Rise of Modernity
402:. The Akwamu enslaved people captured the fort in
186:(derived from the name of the Ghanaian slave fort
194:, Central Ghana) is an English-language term for
4896:
1807:, 2nd edn. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 2004.
1805:He Shall Go Out Free: The Lives of Denmark Vesey
848:
654:
1873:
1775:Behn, A., C. Gallagher, & S. Stern (2000).
1717:"Oroonoko: or, the Royal Slave. A True History"
1120:, London and Oxford: Macmillan Education, 2000.
899:is a relatively short work of prose fiction by
420:
394:. Lasting several months into August 1734, the
374:The 1733 slave insurrection on St. John in the
2626:
1075:. Sombrero Publishing Co. 2000. Archived from
509:
3555:
3365:
3188:
1910:
1208:
825:Akans also shared the concept of the soul or
680:His insurrection, which was to take place on
499:man as each having killed three Coromantins.
306:
1276:. University of Illinois Press. p. 26.
1256:
1254:
506:, who was a Maroon officer in Scott's Hall.
565:
448:
3562:
3548:
3372:
3358:
3195:
3181:
2567:Rulers of the Akan state of Assin Atadanso
2562:Rulers of the Akan state of Assin Apimenem
1917:
1903:
1595:
1589:
1479:. Guyana Caribbean Network. Archived from
1357:. National Trust of Guyana. Archived from
696:
363:
41:
2572:Rulers of the Akan state of Bono-Tekyiman
2530:Rulers of the Akan state of Akuapem Anafo
2525:Rulers of the Akan state of Akuapem Okere
1692:
1682:
1410:
1400:
1251:
1097:
595:
459:In 1741, a supposed plot of arson in the
2557:Rulers of the Akan state of Akyem Kotoku
2552:Rulers of the Akan state of Akyem Bosume
2535:Rulers of the Akan state of Akuapem Guan
1852:
1782:
1513:
1424:
1418:
1379:
1061:
749:
700:
382:) started on 23 November 1733, when 150
321:
261:
236:
2587:Rulers of the Akan state of Manya Krobo
1874:Viotti da Costa, EmĂlia (18 May 1994).
1180:
952:(London: Taylor & Francis), p. 62.
4897:
1810:
1762:Behn, Gallagher, and Stern (2000), 13.
1471:
1469:
1467:
1269:
1156:. Cambridge University Press. p.
1010:
968:
966:
380:St. John, United States Virgin Islands
3543:
3379:
3353:
3176:
1898:
1635:
1633:
1147:
1035:
778:stories. These stories spread to the
481:In 1760, another conspiracy known as
4879:
3569:
972:
693:35 hanged, including Denmark Vesey.
528:, was led by a Coromantin man named
230:town of their imprisonment known as
53:Regions with significant populations
2520:Rulers of the Akan state of Akuapem
1464:
1316:", Knob Knowledge, Daniel Library,
963:
782:and became Anancy, Anansi Drew, or
470:
370:1733 slave insurrection on St. John
13:
2582:Rulers of the Akan state of Dwaben
1797:10.1111/j.1467-6443.1990.tb00094.x
1630:
615:1816 Bussa's Rebellion in Barbados
548:
14:
4951:
2597:Rulers of the Fante Confederation
1753:Behn, Gallagher and Stern (2000).
583:
465:Lieutenant Governor George Clarke
282:
35:Coromantins, Kromanti, Kromantse
4915:History of the Colony of Jamaica
4878:
4869:
4868:
3751:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
3522:
3510:
3498:
3486:
3474:
3462:
3450:
3438:
3426:
3414:
3402:
3390:
3204:
3157:
3156:
2542:Rulers of Akwamu and Twifo-Heman
1828:, University of Virginia Press.
71:
59:
1924:
1785:Journal of Historical Sociology
1756:
1735:
1709:
1658:
1580:
1571:
1562:
1553:
1544:
1535:
1504:
1495:
1455:
1446:
1373:
1347:
1323:
1299:
1290:
1263:
1242:
1233:
1202:
1174:
1141:
1132:
1123:
1110:
982:, vol. 2, pp. 445–475
863:
429:, an enslaved African known as
1777:Oroonoko, or, The royal slave.
1577:Thornton, John (2000), p. 182.
1501:da Costa (1994), pp. 180, 196.
1091:
1029:
1004:
995:
986:
933:
520:In 1763, a slave rebellion in
1:
1523:. Guyana News and Information
1521:"The Demerara Slave Uprising"
1380:Sheridan, Richard B. (2002),
1340:", Office of Public Affairs,
1073:St. John Off the Beaten Track
926:
896:Oroonoko: or, the Royal Slave
883:
849:From Kumfu or Myal to Revival
655:1822 Denmark Vesey conspiracy
346:Cudjoe's Town (Trelawny Town)
313:New York Slave Revolt of 1712
2091:Afro–Antiguans and Barbudans
1098:Mike Dash (2 January 2013).
1046:10.1007/978-1-4614-6202-6_15
948:Crooks, John Joseph (1973),
814:
730:on the East Coast Demerara.
421:1736 Antigua slave rebellion
213:
7:
1611:: 1471–2024. Archived from
1148:Smith, Simon David (2006).
510:1763 Berbice Slave Uprising
455:New York Conspiracy of 1741
352:(formerly New Nanny Town),
16:Afro-Caribbean ethnic group
10:
4956:
4763:African diaspora religions
3887:Indigenous Black Canadians
3104:Ashanti Empire (Asanteman)
2499:Akan Orthography Committee
2079:Afro-Dominicans (Dominica)
1853:Thornton, John K. (2000).
1769:
1452:da Costa (1994), p. xviii.
1217:(2): 20–22. Archived from
1069:"St. John Slave Rebellion"
887:
852:
818:
745:
711:Demerara rebellion of 1823
708:
686:Charleston, South Carolina
658:
649:Slavery Abolition Act 1833
618:
599:
513:
474:
452:
425:In 1736, on the island of
367:
325:
310:
307:1712 New York Slave Revolt
257:
20:
4864:
4753:
4738:African Hebrew Israelites
4723:
4677:
4614:
4603:
4583:
4514:Afro-Asians in South Asia
4479:
4392:
4227:
4077:
3862:
3788:
3598:
3584:
3577:
3385:
3336:
3293:
3257:
3245:
3217:
3154:
3138:
3122:
3004:
2981:
2940:
2870:
2857:
2762:
2741:
2710:
2682:
2656:
2649:
2507:
2280:
2118:
1965:
1933:
1596:Egglestone, Ruth (2001).
1568:Bryant (1824), pp. 87–88.
1559:Bryant (1824), pp. 83–84.
1402:10.1163/13822373-90002536
1336:20 September 2006 at the
443:Antigua Recreation Ground
150:
145:
125:
120:
89:
84:
57:
52:
40:
4930:Ethnic groups in Jamaica
3780:Turks and Caicos Islands
1842:, Westholme Publishing.
1671:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1550:da Costa (1994), p. 180.
1510:da Costa (1994), p. 182.
1461:da Costa (1994), p. 145.
1296:Egerton (2004), pp. 3–4.
1270:Mullin, Michael (1995).
1248:Long (1774), pp. 460–70.
1015:. Westholme Publishing.
855:Jamaican Maroon religion
566:Anti-Coromantee measures
449:1741 New York Conspiracy
190:in the Ghanaian town of
4925:18th-century rebellions
2547:Rulers of Akyem Abuakwa
2489:Adamorobe Sign Language
1811:Bryant, Joshua (1824).
1684:10.1186/1471-2148-12-24
1586:Egglestone (2001), pdf.
1355:"Historic Cummingsburg"
1312:1 December 2008 at the
697:1823 Demerara Rebellion
364:1733 Slave Insurrection
4768:Anti-African sentiment
2290:Central Tano languages
1824:Hutner, Heidi (1993),
1209:David Granger (1992).
878:Maroon Spirit language
792:Southern United States
762:
706:
596:1795 Second Maroon War
577:
516:Berbice Slave Uprising
354:Scott's Hall (Jamaica)
279:
242:
226:, is derived from the
105:Maroon Spirit language
4820:Civil rights movement
4708:Afro-Caribbean people
4017:Chestnut Ridge people
3939:African-American Jews
3741:Saint Kitts and Nevis
2862:Ashantiland Peninsula
2494:Nanabin Sign Language
1957:Ashantiland Peninsula
1541:Bryant (1824), p. 83.
1389:New West Indian Guide
973:Long, Edward (1774),
760:Thomas Edward Bowdich
753:
704:
572:
358:Charles Town, Jamaica
322:1731 First Maroon War
265:
240:
146:Related ethnic groups
4778:Atlantic slave trade
4466:United Arab Emirates
2820:Fetu Afahye Festival
2790:Fancy Dress Festival
2775:Ashanti Yam Festival
1838:Hughes, Ben (2021),
1803:Egerton, Douglas R.
1618:on 11 September 2011
1361:on 30 September 2009
1260:Long (1774), p. 471.
1239:Long (1774), p. 465.
1138:Long (1774), p. 468.
1129:Long (1774), p. 451.
1118:A History of Antigua
1104:Smithsonian Magazine
1011:Hughes, Ben (2021).
1001:Long (1774), p. 345.
992:Long (1774), p. 447.
786:stories in Jamaica,
461:Province of New York
4667:Sierra Leone Creole
4518:India and Pakistan
3763:Trinidad and Tobago
3613:Antigua and Barbuda
2973:Western Ashantiland
2963:Eastern Ashantiland
2958:Central Ashantiland
2871:Geographic entities
2634:New Patriotic Party
2096:Antigua and Barbuda
1980:List of Akan people
804:John Canoe festival
590:Westmoreland Parish
560:colonial government
37:
4810:Black Lives Matter
4417:Ethiopian Israelis
4067:African immigrants
4042:Louisiana Redbones
3978:Chickasaw freedmen
3907:African immigrants
3675:Dominican Republic
2845:Mmoaninko Festival
2825:Fofie Yam Festival
2770:Akwasidae Festival
2577:Rulers of Denkyira
1741:Hutner 1993, p. 1.
763:
724:Sir John Gladstone
707:
675:Haitian Revolution
386:from (present-day
376:Danish West Indies
280:
243:
31:
4920:Conflicts in 1760
4892:
4891:
4860:
4859:
4773:Anti-Black racism
4713:British Jamaicans
4703:African Americans
4688:African Americans
4642:Americo-Liberians
4627:African Americans
4599:
4598:
4422:Sudanese refugees
4223:
4222:
3993:Seminole freedmen
3973:Cherokee freedmen
3954:Black Southerners
3929:African Americans
3877:African Americans
3537:
3536:
3380:Ghanaian diaspora
3347:
3346:
3170:
3169:
3118:
3117:
2997:
2982:Major settlements
2922:Cape Three Points
2918:
2902:
2890:
2853:
2852:
2795:Aboakyer Festival
2785:Awukudae Festival
2698:
2645:
2644:
2638:
2619:
2592:Rulers of Gyaaman
2454:
2447:
2406:
2399:
2392:
2385:
2378:
2371:
2364:
2357:
2350:
2340:
2331:
2324:
2317:
2310:
2303:
2111:
2099:
2087:
2075:
2063:
2055:Afro–Costa Ricans
2051:
2039:
2027:
2019:
2007:
1953:
1483:on 3 January 2013
1439:978-2-13-057110-0
1331:About The Citadel
1055:978-1-4614-6201-9
958:978-0-7146-1647-6
917:colony of Surinam
631:Bussa's Rebellion
621:Bussa's rebellion
602:Second Maroon War
524:, in present-day
384:enslaved Africans
204:Gold Coast region
202:, taken from the
200:Akan ethnic group
169:
168:
36:
4947:
4935:Jamaican Maroons
4910:Slave rebellions
4882:
4881:
4872:
4871:
4612:
4611:
4000:Creoles of color
3983:Choctaw freedmen
3949:Black Mennonites
3882:Black Mennonites
3729:Jamaican Maroons
3685:Samaná Americans
3596:
3595:
3582:
3581:
3571:African diaspora
3564:
3557:
3550:
3541:
3540:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3374:
3367:
3360:
3351:
3350:
3209:
3208:
3197:
3190:
3183:
3174:
3173:
3160:
3159:
3111:
2991:
2908:
2896:
2880:
2868:
2867:
2815:Bakatue Festival
2805:Akwambo Festival
2800:Akrokre Festival
2692:
2669:Akan Goldweights
2654:
2653:
2636:
2624:
2623:
2616:Akan chieftaincy
2609:
2602:Rulers of Asante
2515:Rulers of Adanse
2484:Avatime language
2450:
2443:
2440:Avikam–Alladian
2416:Lagoon languages
2402:
2395:
2388:
2383:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2348:
2336:
2327:
2320:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2105:
2093:
2081:
2069:
2067:Afro-Panamanians
2057:
2045:
2033:
2025:
2013:
1989:
1943:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1870:
1821:
1799:
1763:
1760:
1754:
1751:
1742:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1723:on 6 August 2012
1719:. Archived from
1713:
1707:
1706:
1696:
1686:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1637:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1617:
1602:
1593:
1587:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1551:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1502:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1473:
1462:
1459:
1453:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1428:(October 2008).
1426:RĂ©vauger, CĂ©cile
1422:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1404:
1395:(3/4): 243–269,
1386:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1351:
1345:
1327:
1321:
1303:
1297:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1267:
1261:
1258:
1249:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1155:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1121:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1008:
1002:
999:
993:
990:
984:
983:
981:
970:
961:
946:
940:
937:
843:Jamaican English
794:, respectively.
493:Jamaican Maroons
471:1760 Tacky’s War
328:First Maroon War
293:Clarendon Parish
266:An engraving by
247:slave rebellions
93:Jamaican English
77:
75:
74:
65:
63:
62:
45:
38:
34:
30:
4955:
4954:
4950:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4945:
4944:
4895:
4894:
4893:
4888:
4856:
4830:Genetic history
4755:
4749:
4725:
4719:
4699:United Kingdom
4673:
4652:Afro-Brazilians
4607:
4605:
4595:
4579:
4484:
4475:
4388:
4231:
4219:
4079:
4073:
3944:Alabama Creoles
3864:
3858:
3790:
3784:
3589:
3573:
3568:
3538:
3533:
3523:
3521:
3511:
3509:
3499:
3497:
3487:
3485:
3475:
3473:
3463:
3461:
3451:
3449:
3439:
3437:
3427:
3425:
3415:
3413:
3403:
3401:
3391:
3389:
3381:
3378:
3348:
3343:
3332:
3289:
3253:
3241:
3213:
3203:
3201:
3171:
3166:
3150:
3134:
3114:
3102:
3005:Historic states
3000:
2977:
2936:
2927:Bobowasi Island
2859:
2849:
2840:Kundum Festival
2835:Kobine Festival
2830:Gmayem Festival
2758:
2737:
2706:
2678:
2641:
2627:Political party
2622:
2503:
2467:Potou languages
2282:
2276:
2114:
2031:Afro-Barbadians
1961:
1929:
1923:
1888:
1867:
1772:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1726:
1724:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1663:
1659:
1649:
1647:
1639:
1638:
1631:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1600:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1526:
1524:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1486:
1484:
1475:
1474:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1440:
1423:
1419:
1384:
1378:
1374:
1364:
1362:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1338:Wayback Machine
1328:
1324:
1314:Wayback Machine
1304:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1284:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1224:
1222:
1221:on 26 June 2008
1207:
1203:
1193:
1191:
1179:
1175:
1168:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1115:
1111:
1096:
1092:
1082:
1080:
1079:on 21 June 2008
1067:
1066:
1062:
1056:
1034:
1030:
1023:
1009:
1005:
1000:
996:
991:
987:
979:
971:
964:
947:
943:
938:
934:
929:
892:
886:
874:Jamaican patois
866:
861:
853:Main articles:
851:
823:
817:
748:
728:Beterverwagting
713:
699:
663:
657:
623:
617:
609:Edward Trelawny
604:
598:
586:
568:
551:
549:1765 Conspiracy
518:
512:
504:Davy the Maroon
479:
473:
457:
451:
423:
396:slave rebellion
372:
366:
330:
324:
315:
309:
285:
260:
216:
196:enslaved people
188:Fort Kormantine
109:
107:
101:Jamaican Patois
91:
72:
70:
60:
58:
48:
33:
29:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4953:
4943:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4886:
4876:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4854:
4853:
4852:
4842:
4840:Pan-Africanism
4837:
4832:
4827:
4825:Creole peoples
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4806:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4759:
4757:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4747:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4729:
4727:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4717:
4716:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4697:
4696:
4695:
4690:
4681:
4679:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4669:
4661:
4660:
4659:
4654:
4646:
4645:
4644:
4636:
4635:
4634:
4629:
4620:
4618:
4609:
4601:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4593:
4587:
4585:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4577:
4576:
4575:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4549:
4548:
4543:
4541:Black Dutchmen
4533:
4532:
4531:
4530:
4529:
4516:
4511:
4510:
4509:
4504:
4494:
4488:
4486:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4462:
4461:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4425:
4424:
4419:
4409:
4404:
4398:
4396:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4385:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4357:United Kingdom
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4282:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4239:
4237:
4225:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4206:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4159:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4138:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4121:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4094:
4089:
4083:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4008:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3990:
3988:Creek freedmen
3985:
3980:
3975:
3961:
3959:Black Hispanic
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3925:United States
3923:
3922:
3921:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3868:
3866:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3855:
3854:
3844:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3830:Miskito people
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3806:
3805:
3794:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3770:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3704:
3694:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3640:
3638:Cayman Islands
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3604:
3602:
3593:
3579:
3575:
3574:
3567:
3566:
3559:
3552:
3544:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3519:
3517:United Kingdom
3507:
3495:
3483:
3471:
3459:
3447:
3435:
3423:
3411:
3399:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3376:
3369:
3362:
3354:
3345:
3344:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3299:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3223:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3200:
3199:
3192:
3185:
3177:
3168:
3167:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3146:Akan Knowledge
3142:
3140:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3063:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3014:
3008:
3006:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2903:
2891:
2874:
2872:
2865:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2660:
2658:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2630:
2628:
2621:
2620:
2612:Manhyia Palace
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2517:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2448:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2358:
2345:Bia languages
2343:
2342:
2341:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2304:
2295:Akan languages
2286:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2103:Afro-Jamaicans
2100:
2088:
2076:
2064:
2052:
2043:Afro-Bahamians
2040:
2028:
2020:
2008:
2004:Coffy (person)
1984:
1983:
1982:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1922:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1886:
1871:
1865:
1850:
1836:
1822:
1808:
1801:
1791:(2): 133–165,
1780:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1755:
1743:
1734:
1708:
1657:
1645:Dictionary.com
1629:
1588:
1579:
1570:
1561:
1552:
1543:
1534:
1512:
1503:
1494:
1463:
1454:
1445:
1438:
1417:
1372:
1346:
1322:
1298:
1289:
1282:
1262:
1250:
1241:
1232:
1211:"Guyana coins"
1201:
1190:(1st ed.)
1182:Ishmael, Odeen
1173:
1166:
1140:
1131:
1122:
1109:
1106:. Smithsonian.
1090:
1060:
1054:
1028:
1021:
1003:
994:
985:
962:
941:
931:
930:
928:
925:
888:Main article:
885:
882:
865:
862:
850:
847:
816:
813:
747:
744:
720:Jack Gladstone
709:Main article:
698:
695:
659:Main article:
656:
653:
619:Main article:
616:
613:
600:Main article:
597:
594:
585:
584:1766 Rebellion
582:
567:
564:
550:
547:
538:van Hoogenheim
514:Main article:
511:
508:
475:Main article:
472:
469:
453:Main article:
450:
447:
439:breaking wheel
422:
419:
368:Main article:
365:
362:
326:Main article:
323:
320:
311:Main article:
308:
305:
284:
283:1690 Rebellion
281:
259:
256:
215:
212:
206:in modern-day
167:
166:
164:Afro-Jamaicans
148:
147:
143:
142:
134:; (presently)
123:
122:
118:
117:
87:
86:
82:
81:
55:
54:
50:
49:
46:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4952:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4885:
4877:
4875:
4867:
4866:
4863:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4752:
4746:
4743:
4739:
4736:
4735:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4722:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4676:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4663:Sierra Leone
4662:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4617:
4613:
4610:
4606:Afro-American
4602:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4582:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4537:
4534:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4482:
4478:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4395:
4391:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4230:
4226:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4142:
4141:French Guiana
4139:
4137:
4134:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4076:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4057:Somali Bantus
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3965:
3964:Black Indians
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3934:Affrilachians
3932:
3931:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3915:
3912:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3892:New Brunswick
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3861:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3836:
3835:Miskito Sambu
3833:
3832:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3787:
3781:
3778:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3768:Dougla people
3766:
3765:
3764:
3761:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3712:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3659:
3658:Ganga-Longoba
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3591:Latin America
3587:
3583:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3565:
3560:
3558:
3553:
3551:
3546:
3545:
3542:
3530:
3529:United States
3520:
3518:
3508:
3506:
3496:
3494:
3484:
3482:
3472:
3470:
3460:
3458:
3448:
3446:
3436:
3434:
3424:
3422:
3412:
3410:
3400:
3398:
3388:
3387:
3384:
3375:
3370:
3368:
3363:
3361:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3342:
3341:
3335:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3207:
3198:
3193:
3191:
3186:
3184:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3165:
3164:
3153:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2995:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2968:Greater Accra
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2916:
2915:Lake Bosumtwi
2912:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2899:Kwahu Plateau
2895:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2856:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2810:Apoo Festival
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2780:Adae Festival
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
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2713:
2709:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2691:
2690:Akan Religion
2688:
2687:
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2681:
2675:
2674:Akan calendar
2672:
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2185:
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2178:
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2138:
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2131:
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2109:
2104:
2101:
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2073:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2029:
2026:(Ivory Coast)
2024:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1996:French Guiana
1993:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1955:
1951:
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1932:
1927:
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1915:
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1908:
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1900:
1897:
1889:
1887:0-19-510656-3
1883:
1879:
1878:
1872:
1868:
1866:0-8014-8392-1
1862:
1858:
1857:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1835:
1834:0-8139-1443-4
1831:
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1498:
1482:
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1468:
1458:
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1427:
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1408:
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1398:
1394:
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1360:
1356:
1350:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1326:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1307:Denmark Vesey
1302:
1293:
1285:
1283:0-252-06446-1
1279:
1275:
1274:
1266:
1257:
1255:
1245:
1236:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1189:
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1183:
1177:
1169:
1167:0-521-86338-4
1163:
1159:
1154:
1153:
1144:
1135:
1126:
1119:
1113:
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1101:
1094:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1064:
1057:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1032:
1024:
1022:9781594163562
1018:
1014:
1007:
998:
989:
978:
977:
969:
967:
959:
955:
951:
945:
936:
932:
924:
920:
918:
912:
910:
906:
902:
898:
897:
891:
881:
879:
875:
870:
860:
856:
846:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
822:
812:
810:
805:
801:
795:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
768:
767:Asante Empire
761:
757:
752:
743:
739:
737:
731:
729:
725:
721:
717:
712:
703:
694:
691:
687:
683:
678:
676:
672:
668:
667:Denmark Vesey
662:
661:Denmark Vesey
652:
650:
645:
641:
636:
632:
627:
622:
612:
610:
603:
593:
591:
581:
576:
571:
563:
561:
557:
546:
544:
539:
534:
531:
527:
523:
517:
507:
505:
500:
498:
494:
489:
484:
478:
468:
466:
462:
456:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
418:
416:
412:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
371:
361:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
329:
319:
314:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
277:
273:
269:
268:William Blake
264:
255:
251:
248:
239:
235:
233:
229:
225:
221:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
144:
141:
137:
133:
129:
126:(originally)
124:
119:
116:
112:
106:
102:
98:
94:
88:
83:
80:
68:
56:
51:
44:
39:
24:
19:
4782:
4591:Saint Helena
4527:in Karnataka
4444:Saudi Arabia
4012:Brass Ankles
3718:
3653:Cape Verdean
3456:
3338:
3226:
3161:
2883:Akosombo Dam
2702:Akan Judaism
2397:Jwira-Pepesa
2226:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2010:
1972:
1966:Demographics
1876:
1855:
1839:
1825:
1818:
1813:
1804:
1788:
1784:
1776:
1758:
1737:
1725:. Retrieved
1721:the original
1711:
1674:
1670:
1660:
1648:. Retrieved
1644:
1620:. Retrieved
1613:the original
1608:
1604:
1591:
1582:
1573:
1564:
1555:
1546:
1537:
1525:. Retrieved
1515:
1506:
1497:
1485:. Retrieved
1481:the original
1457:
1448:
1429:
1420:
1392:
1388:
1375:
1363:. Retrieved
1359:the original
1349:
1325:
1301:
1292:
1272:
1265:
1244:
1235:
1223:. Retrieved
1219:the original
1214:
1204:
1192:. Retrieved
1186:
1176:
1151:
1143:
1134:
1125:
1117:
1116:Brian Dyde,
1112:
1103:
1093:
1081:. Retrieved
1077:the original
1072:
1063:
1037:
1031:
1012:
1006:
997:
988:
975:
949:
944:
935:
921:
913:
908:
894:
893:
871:
867:
864:Assimilation
824:
796:
784:Br'er Rabbit
764:
756:Yam ceremony
740:
736:freed blacks
732:
714:
682:Bastille Day
679:
664:
644:creolization
624:
605:
587:
578:
575:agriculture.
573:
569:
552:
535:
519:
501:
480:
458:
431:Prince Klaas
424:
408:
373:
331:
316:
286:
275:
272:John Stedman
254:Portuguese.
252:
244:
217:
183:
179:
175:
171:
170:
136:Christianity
28:Ethnic group
18:
4850:Reparations
4815:Black power
4563:New Zealand
4394:Middle East
4347:Switzerland
4307:Netherlands
4022:Dominickers
3897:Nova Scotia
3815:El Salvador
3746:Saint Lucia
3736:Puerto Rico
3481:Netherlands
3270:East Indian
3054:Twifo-Heman
2953:Brong-Ahafo
2941:Territories
2932:Dodi Island
2906:Birim River
2894:Atewa Range
2281:Linguistics
2048:The Bahamas
1974:Akan people
1650:14 February
1622:29 December
1527:20 November
1487:21 November
1365:25 November
1344:, May 2001.
788:The Bahamas
690:free blacks
640:Slave Coast
488:plantations
483:Tacky's War
477:Tacky's War
392:plantations
338:Queen Nanny
289:Edward Long
176:Coromantins
32:Coromantee
4899:Categories
4783:Coromantee
4198:Paramaccan
4112:Quilombola
4052:Melungeons
3810:Costa Rica
3719:Coromantee
3227:Coromantee
2607:Asantehene
2283:(language)
2227:Coromantee
2060:Costa Rica
2011:Coromantee
1941:Bono state
1848:1594163561
1727:7 February
1412:1808/21075
927:References
901:Aphra Behn
884:In fiction
821:Akan names
819:See also:
790:, and the
556:Port Maria
543:Georgetown
435:St. John's
411:Martinique
350:Moore Town
297:plantation
184:Kormantine
172:Coromantee
140:Revivalism
108:Historical
4604:Secondary
4568:Sri Lanka
4546:Mardijker
4536:Indonesia
4507:Hong Kong
4502:Guangzhou
4492:Australia
4439:Palestine
4367:Liverpool
4362:Cambridge
4215:Venezuela
4087:Argentina
3842:Nicaragua
3820:Guatemala
3600:Caribbean
3578:Geography
3397:Australia
3211:Jamaicans
3139:Knowledge
3066:Mankessim
2911:Pra River
2887:Kpong Dam
2858:Geography
2763:Festivals
2754:Akan Drum
2384:South Bia
2349:North Bia
2157:Adjoukrou
2119:Subgroups
1677:(1): 24.
1641:"Quashee"
1215:El Dorado
827:day names
815:Day names
800:Asase Yaa
780:New World
404:Coral Bay
342:Accompong
232:Kormantse
214:Etymology
198:from the
192:Kormantse
180:Coromanti
85:Languages
23:Koromanti
4874:Category
4724:Asia and
4693:Haitians
4648:Nigeria
4638:Liberia
4608:diaspora
4584:Atlantic
4558:Malaysia
4459:Africans
4377:Scotland
4322:Portugal
4243:Abkhazia
4203:Saramaka
4178:Suriname
4168:Paraguay
4156:Saramaka
4124:Colombia
4102:Kalungas
4032:Garifuna
3968:Freedmen
3919:Mascogos
3852:CimarrĂłn
3825:Honduras
3803:Garifuna
3773:Merikins
3756:Garifuna
3670:Dominica
3628:Barbados
3608:Anguilla
3586:Americas
3323:Scottish
3285:Lebanese
3275:Japanese
3246:Americas
3163:Category
3108:Ashantis
3098:Denkyira
2878:Akosombo
2723:Asasa Ya
2664:Akan Art
2508:Politics
2445:Alladian
2232:Denkyira
2084:Dominica
2036:Barbados
1992:Suriname
1950:Denkyira
1703:22360861
1334:Archived
1310:Archived
1184:(2005).
980:(google)
909:Oroonoko
890:Oroonoko
833:(Kofi),
626:Barbados
400:Americas
224:Suriname
121:Religion
90:Current
4940:Berbice
4884:Commons
4845:Slavery
4835:Maroons
4754:Related
4726:Oceania
4684:France
4573:Kaffirs
4485:Oceania
4352:Ukraine
4327:Romania
4297:Ireland
4280:Germany
4263:Finland
4258:Denmark
4253:Belgium
4248:Austria
4210:Uruguay
4188:Matawai
4136:Ecuador
4107:Macombo
4092:Bolivia
4080:America
3902:Ontario
3865:America
3791:America
3789:Central
3714:Jamaica
3702:Marabou
3692:Grenada
3665:Curaçao
3633:Bermuda
3623:Bahamas
3493:Surinam
3457:Jamaica
3433:Germany
3328:Spanish
3303:English
3265:Chinese
3237:Maroons
3130:Oheneba
3081:Gyaaman
3077:Dwabena
3044:Akuapem
3027:Abuakwa
2948:Ashanti
2749:Hiplife
2711:Deities
2650:Culture
2431:Adjukru
2369:Chakosi
2315:Akuapem
2267:Tchaman
2222:Chokosi
2202:Avatime
2134:Akuapem
2127:Ashanti
2108:Jamaica
2016:Jamaica
1946:Gyaaman
1934:History
1770:Sources
1694:3299582
1083:19 July
905:Surinam
839:Quamina
809:English
746:Culture
716:Quamina
522:Berbice
497:Mulatto
427:Antigua
415:maroons
332:Led by
278:, 1792.
258:History
220:Jamaica
160:Ashanti
79:Jamaica
4803:Yoruba
4756:topics
4733:Israel
4678:Europe
4623:Ghana
4616:Africa
4454:Turkey
4429:Jordan
4412:Israel
4372:London
4342:Sweden
4332:Russia
4317:Poland
4312:Norway
4290:Blacks
4285:Greece
4268:France
4234:Blacks
4229:Europe
4193:Ndyuka
4183:Kwinti
4163:Guyana
4151:Ndyuka
4129:Raizal
4097:Brazil
4062:Yoruba
4047:Lumbee
4027:Fulani
4005:Gullah
3914:Mexico
3872:Canada
3847:Panama
3798:Belize
3707:Marron
3680:Cocolo
3505:Sweden
3421:France
3409:Canada
3340:Portal
3313:German
3308:French
3295:Europe
3219:Africa
3123:Titles
3049:Akwamu
3039:Adanse
3032:Kotoku
3022:Bosome
2994:Obuasi
2989:Kumasi
2733:Anansi
2728:Abosom
2683:Faiths
2657:Topics
2477:M'Bato
2452:Avikam
2426:Abidji
2390:Ahanta
2362:Baoulé
2322:Asante
2252:Ndyuka
2247:M'Bato
2237:Evalue
2212:Baoule
2207:Avikam
2172:Akwamu
2167:Ahanta
2152:Abidji
2072:Panama
2023:Baoule
2000:Guyana
1987:Ndyuka
1928:topics
1884:
1863:
1846:
1832:
1701:
1691:
1436:
1280:
1225:6 July
1194:6 July
1164:
1052:
1019:
956:
835:Cudjoe
776:Anansi
774:– and
526:Guyana
334:Cudjoe
301:Cudjoe
97:French
76:
64:
4798:Tikar
4793:Kongo
4745:Japan
4632:Tabom
4553:Japan
4522:Siddi
4497:China
4471:Yemen
4449:Syria
4382:Wales
4337:Spain
4302:Italy
4273:Paris
4146:Aluku
4119:Chile
4078:South
4037:Igbos
3863:North
3724:Igbos
3697:Haiti
3648:Arará
3618:Aruba
3469:Japan
3445:Italy
3318:Irish
3251:TaĂno
3086:Abron
3071:Fante
3017:Akyem
3012:Efutu
2742:Music
2718:Nyame
2695:Nyame
2637:(NPP)
2472:Ebrié
2436:Attié
2404:Nzema
2376:Sehwi
2355:Anyin
2301:Fante
2262:Sefwi
2257:Nzema
2242:Kwahu
2197:Attie
2192:Assin
2187:Aowin
2177:Akyem
2162:Ahafo
2141:Fante
1616:(PDF)
1601:(PDF)
1385:(pdf)
831:Cuffy
772:Nyame
530:Cuffy
388:Ghana
378:(now
228:Fanti
208:Ghana
156:Fanti
132:Obeah
128:Kumfu
67:Ghana
4905:Akan
4788:Igbo
4657:Saro
4481:Asia
4434:Oman
4407:Iraq
4402:Iran
4173:Peru
3643:Cuba
3258:Asia
3232:Igbo
3093:Bono
3061:Asen
2338:Wasa
2329:Bono
2272:Wasa
2217:Bono
2182:Anyi
2147:Abbe
1998:and
1926:Akan
1882:ISBN
1861:ISBN
1844:ISBN
1830:ISBN
1729:2006
1699:PMID
1652:2015
1624:2012
1529:2009
1489:2009
1434:ISBN
1367:2009
1278:ISBN
1227:2008
1196:2008
1162:ISBN
1085:2008
1050:ISBN
1017:ISBN
954:ISBN
859:Myal
857:and
754:The
671:Akan
635:Igbo
356:and
336:and
222:and
152:Akan
138:and
111:Akan
4483:and
3280:Jew
2460:Ega
2421:Abé
2308:Twi
1793:doi
1689:PMC
1679:doi
1407:hdl
1397:doi
1158:116
1042:doi
274:'s
210:.
182:or
115:Twi
4901::
2913:•
2885:•
2614:•
2002:•
1994:,
1948:•
1880:.
1859:.
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1746:^
1697:.
1687:.
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1253:^
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1160:.
1102:.
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880:.
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3106:(
2996:)
2992:(
2917:)
2909:(
2901:)
2897:(
2889:)
2881:(
2864:)
2860:(
2697:)
2693:(
2618:)
2610:(
2110:)
2106:(
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2094:(
2086:)
2082:(
2074:)
2070:(
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2058:(
2050:)
2046:(
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2034:(
2018:)
2014:(
2006:)
1990:(
1952:)
1944:(
1918:e
1911:t
1904:v
1890:.
1869:.
1800:.
1795::
1789:3
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1442:.
1409::
1399::
1369:.
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1320:.
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1229:.
1198:.
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1044::
1025:.
960:.
25:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
